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El presente artículo tiene como objetivo medir el nivel de impacto de los factores sociales de la cultura de paz que promueve la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura, -UNESCO-, para la transformación de los conflictos sociales, en este caso aplicado a la violencia estructural que experimenta la población migrante centroamericana del Triángulo Norte por México. La metodología de la investigación, de carácter cuantitativo, se lleva a cabo en tres zonas del país: Tapachula, Veracruz y Monterrey, en la cual se pudo identificar el bajo nivel de impacto de la cultura de paz y la diferencias entre los distintos lugares donde se obtuvo la muestra, debido entre otros factores, a la presencia de organismos internacionales en la frontera sur.

In recent years, both globally and locally, a profound change in the paradigm has been seen with respect to what has been traditionally accepted as a manifestation of heritage. In part, this conceptual and methodological transformation is due to the emergence of patrimonialization processes, driven by social conflicts that go against the institutionalized discourses of heritage. This results in resignifications of the stories and memories in the territory, the city and the architecture, associated with new categories of heritage that need to be addressed. This work is about this new paradigm, taking as a case the so-called 'social uprising, which has affected Chile since October 18th, 2019. Beyond being perceived as a destructive phenomenon, which initially targets aspects of a socio-political nature, the presence of the conflict in Chilean society points to a sharp criticism of the heritage representation system. In its spatio-temporal trajectory, new socio-spatial practices arise that satisfy the memory expectations of the communities regarding a transforming reality. The article aims to contribute to the field of architecture and the built environment, insofar as it allows reflecting on the transformation of meanings and values of heritage that emerges in the daily reality of our cities. Using a descriptive methodology, based on recent media documents, some emblematic situations of the problem are addressed, manifested in the consolidated urban areas of La Serena, Valparaíso, Santiago, Concepción, Temuco, and Punta Arenas. In them, the patrimonialization operations make visible the contrasts between the discourses of the State and those produced by social organizations, the resignification of elements of traditional heritage and the emergence of the city as a space for negotiation of memories. From all this, the renewal of the values and attributes, traditionally assigned to monuments, is inferred, whether in their objectual, architectural or urban condition, as well as the potentiality of heritage, as a channel for dialogue, coexistence, and cohesion in the ongoing debate about conflicting stories and memories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The active participation of young people in the illicit acts related to organized crime is growing, factors such as poverty, marginalization, lack of opportunity, social and human development, among others, continue to impact vulnerable groups, and create more conditions that further violate the already unprotected, as well as new generations, so it is observed that the ages of young people range from 18 to 30, but the presence of minors has been observed, finding children and adolescents in gangs of criminal groups. This paper sets out an analysis of this problem from a holistic approach of the criminology, first offering the articulation between this and the study of youth, as well as an explanation of organized crime, the objective is to analyze some social conditions that reflect the involvement of minors in organized crime, based on figures and journalistic cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archivos de Criminología, Criminalística y Seguridad Privada is the property of Sociedad Mexicana de Criminologia Capitulo Nuevo Leon, A.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Anuari del Conflicte Social is the property of Universitat de Barcelona - Facultat d'Economia i Empresa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En los últimos años, las poblaciones de langostino crecieron inusitadamente promoviendo que una buena parte de la flota fresquera y merlucera que tradicionalmente operaba en Mar del Plata se reorientara hacia esta especie de localización patagónica. El presente trabajo, apunta a demostrar que mientras las exportaciones pesqueras nacionales marcan récords históricos, la conflictividad social en la formación social y espacial pesquera de Mar del Plata se ha revitalizado motivada por la falta de pescado fresco descargado en tierra. En este sentido, analizamos: la evolución de las descargas de merluza y langostino en el paí­s; el comportamiento de las distintas flotas y las caracterí­sticas y recurrencia de la conflictividad social en Mar del Plata. A tales fines, trabajamos con bibliografí­a especí­fica, estadí­sticas oficiales, prensa periódica, publicaciones especializadas del sector pesquero y entrevistas a informantes calificados.

A partir de casos de estudio situados en Las Condes y Peñalolén, ambos municipios del Gran Santiago, se propone un examen de los conflictos que gatilla la integración a través de instrumentos subsidiarios impulsados por el Estado en el marco de nuevas orientaciones políticas para la integración social y territorial. La propuesta teórica se enmarca en tres ejes: la crisis del vínculo social, el principio del reconocimiento y los conflictos en torno al fenómeno NIMBY. Los casos de estudio contemplan distintas etapas para estos conflictos, lo que permite entregar como consideraciones finales un ensayo de clasificación, para avanzar en su estudio y contribuir en el futuro en una política aún novedosa en el contexto chileno.

Este trabajo se desarrolla a partir de la idea de sociabilidad, desde la cual, se establece una conexión conceptual con los estudios urbanos, por medio de las nociones de espacio público, barrio y comunidad. A partir de la relación de estos tres conceptos, se exponen las manifestaciones culturales de la sociabilidad, las cuales están conectadas con el espacio construido. En este marco, se pretende entender la relación que tiene el espacio construido —desde su dimensión física y simbólica— con la organización local-vecinal frente al surgimiento, cada vez más frecuente, de los conflictos derivados de la reconfiguración del espacio urbano.

El barrio Cova da Moura, ubicado en la periferia de Lisboa, alberga un serio conflicto entre dos formas antitéticas de entender el derecho a la ciudad. De un lado las instituciones públicas intentan habilitar este derecho mediante una ordenación higienista que homologue este espacio al resto del territorio portugués. De otro los vecinos del barrio, inmigrantes en su mayoría, rechazan los planes urbanísticos propuestos por el Estado portugués, y entienden que su derecho a la ciudad pasa por un reconocimiento de la singularidad cultural del vecindario y unas políticas urbanísticas que la protejan. En este trabajo se analiza en detalle este conflicto, que enfrenta dos modelos de territorialización contrapuestos: uno que se construye sobre la categoría abstracta del ciudadano y a través de criterios cartesianos, y otro que remite a la noción del vecino y que se apoya sobre la especificidad de experiencias concretas.

En el presente artículo se propone estudiar la dinámica de la conflictualidad sociopolítica en el campo costarricense durante el período 2014-2018. Para esto se utilizan los datos recolectados por la base de datos de acciones colectivas protestas y se concluye que durante el período de estudio, este tipo de conflictualidad se ha articulado alrededor de cuatro ejes: 1) la producción agropecuaria y pesquera; 2) la relación capital-trabajo; 3) el medio ambiente y los recursos naturales; y 4) la tierra-territorio.

En este artículo se abordan aspectos teórico-prácticos de la Bitácora Zombi como acto narrativo y representativo del paisaje arquitectónico y urbano de San José, Costa Rica. Se sustenta en una mirada estética del entorno, con el fin de potenciar la información del espacio público al evidenciar conflictos de convivencia y marginación en el régimen escópico. A su vez, se reflexiona sobre la reconfiguración de la construcción visual de la realidad a partir de nociones como: ciudad posmoderna, hauntologías, ecología zombi, ruina moderna, turismo negro y ecología del miedo. Se emplean dos herramientas metodológicas de observación aportadas por la sociología visual: la primera se sustenta en la mirada urbana propuesta por el flâneur creativo mediante el andar figital (físico y digital) ejercido por derivas geolocalizadas, y la segunda implica la elaboración de un dibujo creativo del entorno transformado en cuaderno y documentación de viaje, que se subió a la red social Instagram, como arte urbano en línea.

La criminalidad organizada en México es un fenómeno que ha conducido al país a una crisis. Según el Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública (2019), ocurren cerca de 90 muertes cada día, relacionadas mayormente al crimen organizado. Desde hace años el problema que enfrentan las administraciones públicas en México, es duro de derrotar, pues se han producido alrededor de 300 mil muertes en alrededor de 12 años. La participación activa de los jóvenes en el crimen organizado va en crecimiento. Factores como pobreza, marginación, falta de oportunidades, desarrollo social y humano, entre otros, vulneran aún más a los ya desprotegidos y afectan a las nuevas generaciones. Se observa que las edades de los jóvenes que se involucran en el crimen organizado oscilan entre los 18 y 30, pero también se advierte la presencia de menores de edad, encontrando niños y adolescentes en grupos criminales. El presente artículo de investigación expone un análisis de este problema desde un enfoque integral de la criminología; primeramente, desde la articulación entre esta y el estudio de la juventud y, segundo, abordando la explicación del crimen organizado. Se plantea el objetivo de analizar algunas condiciones sociales que reflejan el involucramiento de los menores en la criminalidad organizada, basado en casos periodísticos. Finalmente, se presentan soluciones desde un actuar gubernamental y cívico.

La historia del conflicto de clase en Argentina es una historia plagada de muy diversos acontecimientos; victorias, derrotas, empates; heroicismos, romances, fracasos; todo esto, más, y como es lógico, una historia plagada de imágenes, una historia en imagen. ¿Cuál es hoy la imagen de la clase obrera argentina? ¿Qué quedó después de los treinta mil desaparecidos? ¿Qué permanece? ¿Cómo pervive? ¿Y qué a partir del 2001? ¿Cuánto hay de memoria en esa imagen y cuánto de actualidad? ¿Cómo agencian las imágenes actuales, las de las jornadas de diciembre de 2017, por ejemplo, en el imaginario social? Preguntas, todas, que se hacen a contracorriente, en un contexto en que el conflicto de clase pretende ser abolido por decreto. Se analizan en este artículo una serie de imágenes, una serie de específicas distribuciones históricas del espacio y del tiempo, con el eje puesto en estas y otras preguntas, con el eje puesto en el rol del fotoperiodismo y la fotografía histórica, con el eje puesto en la inseparable relación entre imagen y política.

Este artículo propone un esquema explicativo del desarrollo de conflictos entre poblaciones y alcaldes. Con base en la propuesta teórica y metodológica de Charles Tilly y Sidney Tarrow, este trabajo organiza un total de 699 eventos contenciosos ocurridos en 44 distritos del Perú entre 2003 y 2006. La simultaneidad de estos conflictos configuró uno de los principales ciclos de protesta a inicios de siglo XXI. El trabajo describe la estructura de oportunidades políticas que hizo posible la emergencia de este ciclo de conflictividad, pero encuentra que las decisiones de las partes (descritas como un conjunto articulado de mecanismos y procesos) es la principal variable explicativa. Un elemento importante de esta dinámica es la mayor importancia otorgada por los actores a medios institucionales antes que a repertorios tradicionales de confrontación.

Emily Brontë publicó Wuthering Heights en 1847, una historia de ficción basada en una realidad social. El lector será testigo del triunfo y declive de Heathcliff en una sociedad clasista. Después de tres años de ausencia, Heathcliff comenzará su vendetta y logrará apropiarse de las dos casas de las familias. Tras su fallecimiento, el conflicto social desaparece y la paz se reestablece en la segunda generación.

En el presente artículo presentamos un avance preliminar sobre algunos aspectos de la identidad moral, ideológica y emocional de un universo de trabajadores/as de la industria de procesamiento de pescado de la ciudad puerto de Mar del Plata (provincia de Buenos Aires/Argentina). En primer lugar, interesa conocer la diversidad de juicios morales desde las cuales estos trabajadores/as describen y evalúan la conflictividad laboral en la industria pesquera. Buscamos conocer los juicios involucrados en la reflexión moral sobre la conflictividad laboral del año 2007. En un segundo momento, nos proponemos hacer observable el papel funcional de las emociones en la producción y reproducción del orden social. Retomando a Norbert Elias, entendemos que las emociones refuerzan los comportamientos socialmente aceptados, advienen como reguladoras de las relaciones sociales y reemplazan el castigo físico y a la sanción. Para lograr los objetivos planteados, se utilizaron principalmente fuentes primarias construidas a partir de una entrevista semiestructurada aplicada en terreno a 161 trabajadores y trabajadoras.

En la presente trabajo analizamos la dinámica que asume en la provincia de Mendoza el proceso de ocupaciones de espacios públicos y privados, durante el gobierno de Cámpora, tomando solamente aquellas realizadas por los asalariados -que representan un tercio del total de tomas-. Si bien la mayoría de las acciones analizadas se expresan “contra el continuismo”, detrás de dicha consigna aparecen diversas motivaciones, expresando las ocupaciones una lucha por la reapropiación del sistema social y político, por parte de los distintos alineamientos político-sociales que cortaban transversalmente a la sociedad del período. Estas ocupaciones: ¿implicaban un cuestionamiento al orden jerárquico? ¿Expresaban mayores grados de autonomía de clase? ¿O eran formas de lucha radicalizadas pero que podríamos alinear con la lucha antidictatorial del período anterior?

In Argentina, the model of extractive agricultural development has generated profound and irreversible impacts. To the loss of biodiversity due to deforestation, must be added the increasing territorial conflict linked to the expulsion and destruction of peasant and indigenous ways of life, and the affections to the health of the fumigated peoples. Based on primary and secondary sources, the article explores the emergence and trajectory of conflicts and controversies surrounding the use of agrochemicals in the provinces of Salta and Santiago del Estero.

In recent years, shrimp populations have grown unusually, encouraging a good part of the wet-fish and hake fleet traditionally operating in Mar del Plata to redirect their efforts towards this Patagonian species. This article aims to show that, while national fishery exports have set historical records, social conflict in the social and spatial fishing formation in Mar del Plata has been revitalized due to the lack of landed fresh fish. Thus, we study the evolution of hake and shrimp landings in the country, the behavior of different fleets, and social conflict features and recurrence in Mar del Plata. To this end, we have worked with specific bibliography, official statistics, periodical press, specialized publications from the fishing sector, and interviews with qualified informants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the actions taken by the Municipal Corporation of Danlí, Honduras in the face of the threat of a cholera outbreak that was expected to come from Nicaragua in 1867. The problem is approached from the theoretical proposal of Michel Foucault's social control, while the main analysis technique is problematization. The data has been extracted from primary sources, specifically, the municipal acts of the mayor. It was concluded that the authorities of Danlí applied excessively strict policies to augment their control over the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research finds support on Mikhail Bakhtin and the Russian Circle's ideas, concerning the language and its interaction within a social context. With this theoretical basis, the paper analyzes the Brazilian works No chão da fábrica, by Roniwalter Jatobá, and De mim já não se lembra, by Luiz Ruffato, both written in the 20th century. We focused on the socioeconomically deprived characters from poor regions of Brazil that migrated to São Paulo in search of a better (material) life. They restrain in their own speech, where stand out the social class contradictions, since there is a conflict between the degrading work conditions in the factory activities with which they are involved and a certain ennobling ideology within the labor universe. The working class assimilates what discursively elevates the bourgeois' labor, but the last clashes with the inhospitable reality of the labor setting; consequently, that conflict dislocates the discourse in relation to the quotidian praxis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Universitas, Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas is the property of Universidad Politecnica Salesiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mediante la aplicación de técnicas de minería de textos, se desarrolló una metodología para medir el número de conflictos sociales relacionados con la explotación de recursos naturales no renovables. Este estudio se centra en los conflictos de cuatro países mineros (Australia, Canadá, Chile y Perú) entre 2003 y 2016, sobre la base de más de 20.000 artículos de los principales periódicos de cada país. Se halló una correlación estadísticamente significativa entre el principal índice y las rentas procedentes de la minería como porcentaje del producto interno bruto (PIB). No obstante, estos resultados deben interpretarse con cautela, dado que no se han abordado los problemas de endogeneidad, y los índices podrían presentar sesgos a causa de diversos factores específicos de cada país. El principal resultado del estudio es una base datos con diferentes índices de conflictos menores relacionados con la explotación de recursos naturales no renovables y su cobertura mediática en los cuatro países. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of collective public transport law in Colombia is explained, exposing how the Covid-19 affects the mobility of people. We analyze the conflict over the protection of public transport in the context of the pandemic and the emergency regulations that restrict this right. The social composition of the pandemic conflict is studied, establishing criteria for the geostrategic union of states for the issuance of an international statute based on axiological and sociological criteria and ended with the choice between fundamental rights and health: Covid1-9 and the current challenges of democracy in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities today are going through a process that deepens socio-territorial inequalities based on the advance of the spatial materialization of financial capitals and the appropriation of urban territories as a profitability strategy. However, diverse social groups dispute the spaces that this capital captures through collective strategies of resistance and by raising awareness, highlighting the dimension of "the common", giving the exercise of the collective, the collaborative and/or community-based senses. This article aims at analyzing and interpreting the resistance of the residents who have socially produced their territories from the common in the face of expulsion strategies derived from speculative real estate processes, within the framework of the particularities assumed by this dispossession process in the metropolitan region of Córdoba (Argentina). In particular, we present the analysis of the Barrio Parque Esperanza case, which when faced with a process of judicial eviction from its neighborhood in 2018, has stood its ground for 14 months in a process of collective resistance and negotiation with the provincial state towards making the right to land and housing effective. The epistemological approach recovers the idea of the dialogue of knowledge proposed by the southern and decolonial epistemologies, since it seeks to recover the experiences from the perspective of the players in their own territories, looking to contribute with knowledge to demonstrate a specific social reality situation characterized by processes of fragility and, at the same time, with potential to boost the production of the habitat from the common. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with theoretical and practical aspects of the Bitácora Zombie as a production and representation of the architectural and urban landscape of San José (Costa Rica). It is based on an aesthetic view of the environment, potentiating information about the public space by evidencing conflicts of coexistence and marginalization through the scopic regime. At the same time, the article discusses some theoretical notions that reconfigure the visual construction of reality: postmodern city, hauntology, zombie ecology, modern ruin, black tourism, and fear ecology. Two methodological observation tools provided by visual sociology are used. The first addresses an urban view proposed by the creative flâneur through the "phygital" (physical and digital) walk carried out through geo-located wanderings. The second tool involves the development of a creative urban sketch or drawing of the environment transformed into a notebook and travel document uploaded to the Instagram social network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dixit. Comunicación, Profesión, Conocimiento is the property of Universidad Catolica del Uruguay Damaso Antonio Larranaga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Inciso is the property of Universidad La Gran Colombia, Seccional Armenia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Verba Iuris is the property of Universidad Libre Bogota, Centre de Investigaciones Socio Juridicas de la Facultad de Derecho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Migraciones is the property of Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Instituto Universitario de Estudios sobre Migraciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although Argentina has great mining potential, large-scale metal mining has developed with little knowledge of its economic potential and parallel to social conflict. In the province of Chubut, the project known as Navidad acts as the main incentive to modify the provincial legal framework and allow its progress. Through different scenarios, the purpose of this work is to measure and contextualize the potential economic benefits (exports, profits, tax collection, employment) that this project could generate, especially for the provincial State. Taxation results reveal that contributions to the province would be limited, representing 1.9 % of the provincial budget and 7.5 % of revenues from hydrocarbon royalties. The greatest local impact could be generated by jobs in the communes near the site, something rather unlikely given the agricultural profile of the population there. The public and legislative debate on mining in Argentina requires more evaluations of this type in order to be better informed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Universitaria de Historia Militar (RUHM) is the property of Centro de Estudios de la Guerra and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article proposes an investigation for the construction of a pre-analysis model, based on the phenomenological conception from the psychology referred to by Fisas Vicenç, to then address the construct of violence, based on the cultural perspective from Rojas Blanco, stripping himself from the dualistic conception of gender that arises from the Cartesian philosophical conception, aspect that prevents addressing the issue of violence as a great psychosocial phenomenon, leaving it in a purely legal problem, without transcending the psychological as an alternative solution to the current problem. The methodology used is of a hermeneutical nature, focusing the interpretation on the theoretical position, the statistics are analyzed, as the interpretative scenario related to the topic, using the main elements of the pre-model as a form of empirical application of the same, to the social contexts that require it. For this, then, the interpretative analysis of the primary elements of the family violence category is used, in relation to the various manifestations of this, at the social level. Essentially, the pre-model, its elements and the way of articulating them to the phenomenological world are presented as a result, for a more objective view at the reality of violence in the different scenarios. It is important to refer to the need to transform the perspective of violence from the complex, dissolving the notion of duality that stands around this category at the level of national and international institutions. A more humane and in-depth look at this category allows more objective decisions to be made, about the different issues that emerge around the concept of violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]