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Introduction: Previous studies have examined dietary nitrate supplementation and its effects on dry static apnea, and peak power. Dietary nitrate supplementation has been found to increase maximal apnea and peak power output. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of beetroot juice on dry static apnea and Wingate performance. Hypothesis: Dietary nitrate will improve maximal breath hold time and peak power output. Dietary nitrate will improve tolerance to CO2, thereby improving maximal breath hold time and anaerobic capacity. Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced study, five healthy males (20.4±0.89 years) visited the lab on 3 separate occasions each separated by one week. Visit 1 served as a Wingate and breath hold familiarization visit. Prior to visits 2 and 3 participants were instructed to drink a beverage either a placebo (negligible nitrate content, PL) or dietary nitrate rich beverage (12.4 mmol nitrate, NIT) during the 4 days leading up to their next visit. Visits 2 and 3 consisted of two submaximal breath holds (80% of maximal determined during visit 1), with 2 minutes of rest between and three minutes of rest preceding the final breath hold for maximal duration. Finally, participants completed a standardized 10-minute warmup on the cycle ergometer before completing a 30-second maximal effort Wingate test. Results: A linear mixed effects model was used to determine whether treatment (NIT vs. PL) was associated with differences in VCO2 or PetCO2. Time (0, 10, 20, 30 min post-breath hold) and Treatment both served as repeated measures. Models were developed using multiple repeated measures covariance matrix structures, and the model with the lowest AIC was chosen as the final model. The interaction between time and treatment was included in the original models, and was removed if it was not statistically significant. Time was a statistically significant factor for VCO2 and PetCO2 (p < 0.001). Treatment, and the Time x Treatment interaction was not significant for either variable. No differences between NIT and PL were observed during the Wingate test for either time to peak power (5.02±2.45 and 6.2±2.43 sec, respectively) or maximal power (9.73±1.01 and 9.72±1.03 watts/kg, respectively) and fatigue index (49.42±14.98 and 47.30±6.99 watts/sec, respectively). Conclusion: Preliminary data indicates that in a general population four days of dietary nitrate supplementation may not improve breath hold time, tolerance to carbon dioxide in the lungs, or Wingate performance.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of metabolic abnormalities, which together lead to increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), as well as reduced quality of life. Dietary nitrate, betalains and anthocyanins may improve risk factors for MetS and reduce the risk of development of CHD and T2DM. Beetroot is a rich source of dietary nitrate, and anthocyanins are present in high concentrations in blackcurrants. This narrative review considers the efficacy of beetroot and blackcurrant compounds as potential agents to improve MetS risk factors, which could lead to decreased risk of CHD and T2DM. Further research is needed to establish the mechanisms through which these outcomes may occur, and chronic supplementation studies in humans may corroborate promising findings from animal models and acute human trials.

Contains fulltext : 251516.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Previous studies suggest that nitric oxide is involved in the regulation of the intraocular pressure (IOP) and in the pathophysiology of open-angle glaucoma (OAG). However, prospective studies investigating the association between dietary nitrate intake, a source of nitric oxide, and incident (i)OAG risk are limited. We aimed to determine the association between dietary nitrate intake and iOAG, and to evaluate the association between dietary nitrate intake and IOP. From 1991 onwards, participants were followed each five years for iOAG in the Rotterdam Study. A total of 173 participants developed iOAG during follow-up. Cases and controls were matched on age (mean ± standard deviation: 65.7 ± 6.9) and sex (%female: 53.2) in a case:control ratio of 1:5. After adjustment for potential confounders, total dietary nitrate intake was associated with a lower iOAG risk (odds ratio (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.95 (0.91-0.98) for each 10 mg/day higher intake). Both nitrate intake from vegetables (OR (95% CI): 0.95 (0.91-0.98) for each 10 mg/day higher intake) and nitrate intake from non-vegetable food sources (OR (95% CI): 0.63 (0.41-0.96) for each 10 mg/day higher intake) were associated with a lower iOAG risk. Dietary nitrate intake was not associated with IOP. In conclusion, dietary nitrate intake was associated with a reduced risk of iOAG. IOP-independent mechanisms may underlie the association with OAG.

Nitrate-rich food can increase nitric oxide production and improve vascular and brain functions. This study examines the feasibility of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) testing the effects of prolonged consumption of different doses of dietary nitrate (NO3-) in the form of beetroot juice (BJ) in overweight and obese older participants. A single-blind, four-arm parallel pilot RCT was conducted in 62 overweight and obese (30.4 ± 4 kg/m2) older participants (mean ± standard deviation (SD), 66 ± 4 years). Participants were randomized to: (1) high-NO3- (HN: 2 × 70 mL BJ/day) (2) medium-NO3- (MN: 70 mL BJ/day), (3) low-NO3- (LN: 70 mL BJ on alternate days) or (4) Placebo (PL: 70 mL of NO3--depleted BJ on alternate days), for 13 weeks. Compliance was checked by a daily log of consumed BJ, NO3- intake, and by measuring NO3- and NO2- concentrations in plasma, saliva, and urine samples. Fifty participants completed the study. Self-reported compliance to the interventions was &gt, 90%. There were significant positive linear relationships between NO3- dose and the increase in plasma and urinary NO3- concentration (R2 = 0.71, P &lt, 0.001 and R2 = 0.46 P &lt, 0.001, respectively), but relationships between NO3- dose and changes in salivary NO3- and NO2- were non-linear (R2 = 0.35, P = 0.002 and R2 = 0.23, P = 0.007, respectively). The results confirm the feasibility of prolonged BJ supplementation in older overweight and obese adults.

Aim To test if 6 months' intervention with dietary nitrate and spironolactone could affect carotid subclinical atherosclerosis and stiffness, respectively, versus placebo/doxazosin, to control for blood pressure (BP). Methods A subgroup of participants in our double-blind, randomized-controlled, factorial VaSera trial had carotid imaging. Patients with hypertension and with/at risk of type 2 diabetes were randomized to active nitrate-containing beetroot juice or placebo nitrate-depleted juice, and spironolactone or doxazosin. Vascular ultrasound for carotid diameter (CD, mm) and intima-media thickness (CIMT, mm) was performed at baseline, 3- and 6-months. Carotid local stiffness (CS, m/s) was estimated from aortic pulse pressure (Arteriograph®) and carotid lumen area. Data was analysed by modified intention to treat and using mixed-model effect, adjusted for confounders. Results 93 subjects had a baseline evaluation and 86% had follow-up data. No statistical interactions occurred between the juice and drug arms and BP was similar between the juices and between the drugs. Nitrate-containing versus placebo juice significantly lowered CIMT [-0.06 (95% Confidence Interval -0.12, -0.01), p=0.034], an overall difference of ~8% relative to baseline; but had no effect on carotid diameter (CD) or carotid stiffness (CS). Doxazosin appeared to reduce CS from baseline [-0.34 (-0.62, -0.06)] however, no difference was detected versus spironolactone [-0.15 (-0.46, 0.16)]. No differences were detected between spironolactone or doxazosin on CIMT and CD. Conclusion Our results show that 6 months' intervention with dietary nitrate influences vascular remodelling, but not carotid stiffness or diameter. Neither spironolactone nor doxazosin had a BP-independent effect on carotid structure and function.

Simple Summary Over recent decades, the number of piglets and, therefore, the number of stillborn piglets per litter have been increasing. Blood and oxygen supply are crucial for piglets to survive the birth process. Blood flow might be increased through vasodilation by dietary nitrate supplementation, which is known in sports nutrition to increase endurance. The current study evaluated the effects of nitrate supplementation to sows on the incidence of stillbirth at a commercial farm. In total, 120 sows received either a control diet or a diet containing 0.1% of calcium nitrate from approximately 5 days until 4 days after farrowing. The number of piglets born alive, stillborn, or that died from birth to weaning were recorded. Piglets were weighed at birth, after cross-fostering, 24 h after cross-fostering, at 3 days of age, and at weaning. Placentas were collected after expulsion and were visually scored on redness. No effect of nitrate supplementation to the sow was found on placental redness, piglet weights, and growth or incidence of death after being born. Dietary nitrate supplementation decreased the stillbirth percentage from 9.9 to 7.4%, making it a potential approach to decrease stillbirth. Abstract The objective of the current experiment was to investigate whether or not maternal dietary nitrate supplementation, a nitric oxide (NO) precursor, could reduce piglet losses under commercial circumstances. In the current experiment, 120 hyper prolific gilts and sows (Landrace x Yorkshire: Danbred) on a commercial farm in Denmark received either a control lactation diet or a lactation diet containing 0.1% of calcium nitrate (containing 63.1% of nitrate) from approximately 5 days pre-farrowing until day 4 of lactation. The number of piglets born total, alive, and stillborn, as well as birth weights, weights after cross-fostering (approximately 1 day of age), 24 h after cross-fostering, day 3 of age, and at weaning was recorded. Placentas of sows were collected after expulsion and scored on redness. No effect of nitrate supplementation was found on piglet weight, piglet growth, placental redness score, and pre-weaning mortality during lactation. Maternal dietary nitrate supplementation decreased stillbirth percentage with 2.5% (9.9 vs. 7.4%; p = 0.05). It can be concluded that maternal dietary nitrate supplementation shows the potential to decrease the incidence of stillbirth in hyper prolific sows.

BACKGROUND Nitrate supplements can improve vascular and muscle function. Whether higher habitual dietary nitrate is associated with better muscle function remains underexplored. OBJECTIVE The aim was to examine whether habitual dietary nitrate intake is associated with better muscle function in a prospective cohort of men and women, and whether the relation was dependent on levels of physical activity. METHODS The sample (n = 3759) was drawn from the Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab) (56% female; mean ± SD baseline age: 48.6 ± 11.1 y). Habitual dietary intake was assessed over 12 y by obtaining an average [of at least 2 time points, e.g., baseline (2000/2001) and 2004/2005 and/or 2011/2012] from a food-frequency questionnaire. Nitrate intake was calculated from a validated nitrate database and other published literature. Muscle function was quantified by knee extension strength (KES) and the 8-ft-timed-up-and-go (8ft-TUG) test performed in 2011/2012. Physical activity was assessed by questionnaire. Generalized linear models and logistic regression were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Median (IQR) total nitrate intake was 65 (52-83) mg/d, with ∼81% derived from vegetables. Individuals in the highest tertile of nitrate intake (median intake: 91 mg/d) had 2.6 kg stronger KES (11%) and 0.24 s faster 8ft-TUG (4%) compared with individuals in the lowest tertile of nitrate intake (median intake: 47 mg/d; both P

Supplemental digital content is available in the text., Although over 100 studies and reviews have examined the ergogenic effects of dietary nitrate (NO3−) supplementation in young, healthy men and women, it is unclear if participant and environmental factors modulate the well-described ergogenic effects—particularly relevant factors include biological sex, aerobic fitness, and fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) during exercise. To address this limitation, the literature was systematically reviewed for randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled studies reporting exercise performance outcome metrics with NO3− supplementation in young, healthy adults. Of the 2033 articles identified, 80 were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Random-effects meta-analysis demonstrated that exercise performance improved with NO3− supplementation compared with placebo (d = 0.174; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.120–0.229; P < 0.001). Subgroup analyses conducted on biological sex, aerobic fitness, and FiO2 demonstrated that the ergogenic effect of NO3− supplementation was as follows: 1) not observed in studies with only women (n = 6; d = 0.116; 95% CI, −0.126 to 0.358; P = 0.347), 2) not observed in well-trained endurance athletes (≥65 mL·kg−1·min−1; n = 26; d = 0.021; 95% CI, −0.103 to 0.144; P = 0.745), and 3) not modulated by FiO2 (hypoxia vs normoxia). Together, the meta-analyses demonstrated a clear ergogenic effect of NO3− supplementation in recreationally active, young, healthy men across different exercise paradigms and NO3− supplementation parameters; however, the effect size of NO3− supplementation was objectively small (d = 0.174). NO3− supplementation has more limited utility as an ergogenic aid in participants with excellent aerobic fitness that have optimized other training parameters. Mechanistic research and studies incorporating a wide variety of subjects (e.g., women) are needed to advance the study of NO3− supplementation; however, additional descriptive studies of young, healthy men may have limited utility.

Dietary nitrate (NO3−) supplementation, which can enhance performance in exercise settings involving repeated high-intensity efforts, has been linked to improved skeletal muscle contractile function. Although muscular strength is an important component of explosive movements and sport-specific skills, few studies have quantified indices of muscular strength following NO3− supplementation, particularly isokinetic assessments at different angular velocities. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether dietary NO3− supplementation improves peak torque, as assessed by the gold standard method of isokinetic dynamometry, and if this effect was linked to the angular velocity imposed during the assessment. Dialnet, Directory of Open Access Journals, MEDLINE, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus were searched for articles using the following search strategy: (nitrate OR beet*) AND (supplement* OR nutr* OR diet*) AND (isokinetic OR strength OR “resistance exercise” OR “resistance training” OR “muscular power”). The meta-analysis of data from 5 studies with 60 participants revealed an overall effect size of −0.01 for the effect of nitrate supplementation on isokinetic peak torque, whereas trivial effect sizes ranging from −0.11 to 0.16 were observed for independent velocity-specific (90°/s, 180°/s, 270°/s, and 360°/s) isokinetic peak torque. Four of the five studies indicated that dietary NO3− supplementation is not likely to influence voluntary knee extensor isokinetic torque across a variety of angular velocities. These results suggest that NO3− supplementation does not influence isokinetic peak torque, but further work is required to elucidate the potential of NO3− supplementation to influence other indices of muscular strength, given the dearth of experimental evidence on this topic.

Background: In whole foods, polyphenols exist alongside a wide array of other potentially bioactive phytochemicals. Yet, investigations of the effects of combinations of polyphenols with other phytochemicals are limited. Objective: The current study investigated the effects of combining extracts of beetroot, ginseng and sage with phenolic-rich apple, blueberry and coffee berry extracts. Design: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design investigated three active beverages in 32 healthy adults aged 18&ndash, 49 years. Each investigational beverage comprised extracts of beetroot, ginseng and sage. Each also contained a phenolic-rich extract derived from apple (containing 234 mg flavanols), blueberry (300 mg anthocyanins) or coffee berry (440 mg chlorogenic acid). Cognition, mood and CBF parameters were assessed at baseline and then again at 60, 180 and 360 min post-drink. Results: Robust effects on mood and CBF were seen for the apple and coffee berry beverages, with increased subjective energetic arousal and hemodynamic responses being observed. Fewer effects were seen with the blueberry extract beverage. Conclusions: Either the combination of beetroot, ginseng and sage was enhanced by the synergistic addition of the apple and coffee berry extract (and to a lesser extent the blueberry extract) or the former two phenolic-rich extracts were capable of evincing the robust mood and CBF effects alone.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) causes exercise intolerance likely due to impaired skeletal muscle function and low nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Dietary nitrate improves hemodynamic and metabolic control during exercise in humans and animals. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the impact of nitrate supplementation on exercise capacity as measured by the running speed to exercise duration relationship [critical speed (CS)]in mice with SCD. We tested the hypothesis that nitrate supplementation via beetroot juice (BR) would attenuate the exercise intolerance observed in mice with SCD. Ten wild-type (WT) and 18 Berkley sickle-cell mice (BERK) received water (WT: n = 10, BERK: n = 10) or nitrate-rich BR (BERK+BR: n = 8, nitrate dose 1 mmol/kg/day) for 5 days. Following the supplementation period, all mice performed 3–5 constant-speed treadmill tests that resulted in exhaustion within 1.5 to 20 min. Time to exhaustion vs. treadmill speed was fit to a hyperbolic model to determine CS. CS was significantly lower in BERK vs. WT and BERK+BR with no significant difference between WT and BERK+BR (WT: 36.6 ± 1.6, BERK: 23.8 ± 1.5, BERK+BR: 31.1 ± 2.1 m/min, P < 0.05). Exercise tolerance, measured via CS, was significantly lower in BERK mice relative to WT. However, BERK mice receiving 5 days of nitrate supplementation exhibited no difference in exercise tolerance when compared with WT. These results support the potential utility of a dietary nitrate intervention to improve functionality in SCD patients. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sickle cell disease compromises muscle O(2) delivery resulting in exercise intolerance. Dietary nitrate supplementation increases skeletal muscle blood flow during exercise and may improve exercise capacity in a mouse model of sickle cell disease. We investigated the effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on exercise tolerance in a mouse model of sickle cell disease using the treadmill speed-duration relationship (critical speed). Mice with sickle cell disease provided with a dietary nitrate supplement had a critical speed not significantly different from healthy wild-type mice.

The preservative sodium nitrite is added to processed meat with the intention of preventing the growth of Clostridium botulinum, but this also influences product flavour and colour. The World Health Organisation has declared nitrites to be ‘probably carcinogenic’. Use is permitted by the European Union but its addition is limited to 100 mg/kg in all processed meat, except bacon, which is limited to 175 mg/kg. At present, there is no independent peer-reviewed literature assessing the residual nitrite levels in bacon in the United Kingdom. Furthermore, this is the largest study of residual nitrite concentrations in bacon that has ever been conducted. A total of 89 different commercially available bacon samples were collected, and analysed using flow injection analysis to determine their residual nitrite content. The mean residual nitrite concentration for all bacon samples was 10.80 mg/kg. Residual nitrite levels did not differ between smoked and unsmoked bacon. Middle cut bacon (26.00 mg/kg) had significantly higher residual nitrite concentrations than back bacon (8.87 mg/kg; p = 0.027), and medallion bacon (4.47 mg/kg; p = 0.008). This study shows that there is large variation in the mean residual nitrite levels of bacon sold in the UK and all the reported values are within current regulatory limits. Despite this, it appears that many manufacturers could decrease the amount that they are currently using in their products.

PurposeWe have recently demonstrated that dietary nitrate, a source of nitric oxide via the enterosalivary pathway, can improve muscle contractile function in healthy older men and women. Nitrate ingestion has also been shown to reduce blood pressure in some, but not all, studies of older individuals. However, the optimal dose for eliciting these beneficial effects is unknown.MethodsA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study was performed to determine the effects of ingesting 3.3 mL/kg of concentrated beetroot juice (BRJ) containing 0, 200, or 400 µmol/kg of nitrate in nine healthy older subjects (one man, eight women; mean age 70±1 y). Maximal knee extensor power (Pmax) and speed (Vmax) were measured 2 h after BRJ ingestion using isokinetic dynamometry. Blood pressure was monitored periodically throughout each study.ResultsPmax (in W/kg) was higher (P< 0.05) after the low dose (3.9±0.4) compared to the placebo (3.7±0.4) or high dose (3.7±0.4). Vmax (in rad/s) also tended higher (P = 0.08) in the low (11.9±0.7) compared to the placebo (10.8±0.8) or high dose (11.2±0.8) trials. Eight out of nine subjects achieved a higher Pmax and Vmax after the lower vs. the higher dose. These dose-related changes in muscle contractility paralleled changes in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, as reflected by changes in breath NO and plasma 3-nitrotyrosine levels. No significant changes were found in systolic, diastolic, or mean arterial pressure.ConclusionsVarying doses of dietary nitrate have differential effects on muscle function and blood pressure in older individuals. A moderate dose of nitrate increases muscle speed and power, but these improvements are lost at a higher dose. Blood pressure, on the other hand, is not reduced even with a higher dose.

Dietary nitrate has been shown to increase cytosolic calcium concentrations within the heart, which would necessitate greater calcium sequestration for relaxation. In the present study we demonstrate that while nitrate supplementation reduced blood pressure, calcium-handling protein content, sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase 2a (SERCA) enzymatic properties, and left ventricular function were not altered. In addition, nitrite did not alter in vitro SERCA activity. Combined, these data suggest that in healthy rats, dietary nitrate does not increase left ventricle SERCA-related calcium-handling properties. Novelty Dietary nitrate decreases blood pressure but does not alter left ventricular calcium-handling protein content or SERCA activity in healthy rats.

Rocket cultivation is increasing to supply the expanding ready-to-eat market because of its unique taste, but crops are often over fertilized to avoid nitrogen deficiencies. This leads to nitrate accumulation in leaves, and the products of their degradation (nitrites and nitrosamines) have been related to several health problems. Nitrate concentrations in rocket and other leafy vegetables are subject to limits by the EU legislation, yet rocket holds a great nutritional value. Degradation products of glucosinolates (isothiocyanates) have been consistently linked with benefits to human health. We investigated the influence of nitrogen application (1 and 8 mM), species [Eruca sativa (L.) Cav. and Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.] and light spectrum (full spectrum, red, blue and red + blue) on the nitrate concentration, nitrate reductase activity and glucosinolate content of rocket grown in a soil-less system. Red light decreased the nitrate concentration with respect to the blue spectrum (4,270 vs. 7,100 mg.kg(-1) of fresh weight, respectively), but such reduction was influenced by the species and the nitrogen level (significantly higher in D. tenuifolia and with the higher concentration of N). The nitrate reductase activity increased under red light in D. tenuifolia, with the lower N concentration. Rocket is known to contain several health-promoting compounds mainly antioxidants and glucosinolates, as secondary metabolites that act as part of plant defense mechanisms. The total content of glucosinolates was mainly affected by the species (D. tenuifolia showed the highest concentrations). Our results will help growers to tailor light spectra with the aim of reducing nitrate concentration and to remain within EU legislative limits, without any detrimental influence on other qualitative parameters in rocket.

The consumption of nitrate-rich vegetables can acutely lower blood pressure and improve mediators shown to optimise vascular health. However, we do not yet understand the impact of long-term habitual dietary nitrate intake and its association with CVD. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to examine the relationship between habitual dietary nitrate intakes and risk of CHD in women from the Nurses’ Health Study. We prospectively followed 62 535 women who were free from diabetes, CVD and cancer at baseline in 1986. Information on diet was updated every 4 years with validated FFQ. The main outcome was CHD defined by the occurrence of non-fatal myocardial infarction or fatal CHD. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate the relative risks (RR) and 95 % CI. During 26 years of follow-up, 2257 cases of CHD were identified. When comparing the highest quintile of nitrate intake with the lowest quintile, in aged-adjusted analysis there was a protective association for CHD (RR=0·77, 95 % CI 0·68, 0·97; P=0·0002) which dissipated after further adjustment for smoking, physical activity, BMI and race (RR=0·91; 95 % CI 0·80, 1·04; P=0·27). This magnitude of association was further attenuated once we adjusted for the Alternative Healthy Eating Index excluding vegetable and fruit consumption (RR=1·04, 95 % CI 0·91, 1·20; P=0·34). Dietary nitrate intake was not related to the risk of CHD after adjustment for other lifestyle and non-vegetable dietary factors in a large group of US women.

The formation potentials of trichloronitromethane (TCNMFPs) of four natural amino acids (glycine, threonine, lysine and tryptophane) were investigated during chlorination and preozonation-chlorination. The effects of initial ozone dosage, reaction time, pH, and nitrite concentration on the TCNMFP of selected amino acid (AA) solutions were carried out in detail. During preozonation-chlorination, TCNMFPs of glycine- and lysine-containing solutions were more significant than that containing the other two AAs. Increasing the initial ozone concentration resulted in a considerable increase of TCNMFPs from glycine, lysine, and tryptophane. The concentration of trichloronitromethane (TCNM) of glycine, threonine, and lysine solutions increased during preozonation-chlorination with the ozonation time extended. The effect of pH on TCNMFPs of amino acid by preozonation was compound-specific. In addition, the presence of nitrite ions contributes greatly to TCNMFP for all four types of amino acids. However, as the concentration of NO2− increased to higher levels, there was no significant further enhancement of TCNMFP. For chlorination alone, TCNM formed in all four amino acid solutions, with tryptophane solution having the highest TCNMFP.

Nitrite-embedded packaging film was investigated for potential effects on the color stability of alternatively cured meats. The impact of nitrite-embedded film on color stability of large-diameter sandwich bologna was assessed over a 125-d lighted display period. Five treatments of large-diameter bologna were manufactured: (1) a conventionally cured control packaged with conventional film (“CON-CF”), (2) an alternatively cured formulation (cultured celery juice powder plus cherry powder) packaged with conventional film (“CJP-CF”), and (3) an alternatively cured formulation (cultured celery juice powder plus cherry powder) packaged with nitrite-embedded film (“CJP-NEF”). An additional alternatively cured formulation (4) Natpre T-10 EML Plus S was packaged with conventional film (“NT10-CF”) and (5) with nitriteembedded film (“NT10-NEF”). In-package surface a* values were significantly higher (P 0.05) by use of the packaging film and did not differ compared to the conventional film. Thus, nitrite-embedded film packaging technology can improve the color stability of alternatively cured meats without increasing the measurable nitrite concentration in the product.

Endurance can be defined as the capacity to maintain one’s velocity or power output for the longest possible time. Maintaining such activity can lead to the onset of fatigue. Dietary nitrate supplementation produces an ergogenic effect due to the improvement of mitochondrial oxygen efficiency through a reduction in the oxygen cost of exercise that increases vasodilation and blood flow to the skeletal muscle in recreationally active subjects. However, the effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on well-trained endurance athletes remain unclear; such supplementation could affect more performance areas. In the present study, a systematic review of the literature was conducted to clarify the use and effects of nitrate as a dietary supplement in endurance athletes trained in cyclic sports (repetitive movement sports). A systematic search was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines in the databases of SCOPUS, Web of Science (WOS), Medline (PubMed), and Sport Discus from 1 January 2010 to 30 November 2019. Twenty-seven studies were included in the study. The methodological quality of the articles was assessed using the McMaster Critical Review Form. Statistically significant ergogenic results were obtained in 8 (29.63%) of the 27 studies investigated, with significant results obtained for cardiorespiratory parameters and performance measures. Improvement in exercise tolerance was obtained, which could help with exhaustion over time, while the improvement in exercise economics was not as clear. Additionally, the dose necessary for this ergogenic effect seems to have a direct relationship with the physical condition of the athlete. The acute dose is around 6–12.4 mmol/day of nitrate administered 2–3 h before the activity, with the same amount given as a chronic dose over 6–15 days. Further studies are required to understand the factors that affect the potential ergogenic impacts of nitrate on athletic performance among endurance athletes Sin financiación 5.717 JCR (2020) Q1, 17/89 Nutrition & Dietetics 1.418 SJR (2020) Q1, 18/332 Food Science No data IDR 2019 UEM

Introduction: Previous studies have examined dietary nitrate's and caffeine’s combined effects on time-trial and peak power output with caffeine improving performance while nitrate exhibits no additive benefit with co-ingestion. However, less is known about their combined effect on submaximal intensity exercise. Dietary nitrate may reduce submaximal oxygen cost while caffeine may increase submaximal cost. Hypothesis: Co-ingestion of dietary nitrate may attenuate the rise in oxygen consumption following caffeine intake. Methods: Ten healthy individuals (4 males; 28 ± 10 years of age) and (6 females; 21 ± 3 years of age) participated in a double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover experiment. The first of five visits consisted of a maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max ) treadmill test. Prior to visits 2 - 5, participants consumed either a dietary nitrate (~12.4 mmol, NIT) or placebo nitrate supplement (PLN) combined with either a caffeine (3 mg/kg, CAF) or placebo caffeine (PLC) dose for a total of 4 days. The final dose of NIT or PLN and CAF or PLC was consumed 2.5 and 1-hr pre-exercise, respectively. Visits 2 - 5 consisted of a 30-min treadmill run at ~65% VO 2max . During exercise, VO 2 and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously. A linear mixed effects model analysis was performed to determine how each supplementation influenced each dependent variable. Treatments (NIT+CAF, CAF+PLN, NIT+PLC, PLN+PLC) and exercise timepoints (10 and 30 min) served as fixed factors. If post-hoc pairwise comparisons were performed. Results: Exercise VO 2 was significantly elevated for NIT+CAF at 10 and 30 minutes (36.2±4.1 and 37.7±5.0 ml/kg/min, respectively) compared to placebo (33.4±3.4 and 35.3±3.8 ml/kg/min, respectively) (p2 /HR) at the end of exercise was elevated in NIT+CAF (15.1±2.5 ml/beat) compared to CAF+PLN, NIT+PLC, PLN+PLC (14.5±2.5, 14.2±2.5, 13.8±2.5 ml/beat, respectively). Conclusion: When consumed independently, a low-moderate dose of caffeine or dietary nitrate had no impact on oxygen consumption during 30 minutes of moderate intensity exercise. However, co-ingestion of dietary nitrate and caffeine elevated submaximal oxygen consumption compared to a placebo control; both overall (main effect) and at individual time points of 10 and 30 minutes. Additionally, oxygen-pulse was elevated with co-ingestion compared to all treatments perhaps due to enhanced tissue uptake or altered mitochondrial efficiency. Future work may examine such mechanisms.

Item does not contain fulltext Increased consumption of dietary nitrate increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations, and has been shown to elicit cardio-protective effects and improve exercise performance. Nitrate consumption in the habitual diet is mainly dependent on nitrate-rich vegetables, such as green leafy and root vegetables, with total vegetable consumption accounting for approximately 50-85% of our daily nitrate intake. Whereas 'supplementation' with dietary nitrate in research studies has mainly been accomplished through the use of (concentrated) nitrate-rich beetroot juice, dietary strategies focusing on increased intake of nitrate-rich vegetables may represent a similarly effective alternative for increasing dietary nitrate intake and, as such, obtaining the associated cardiovascular health and ergogenic benefits. 01 november 2018

The Western Cape Department of Agriculture (Elsenburg, South Africa), the Western Cape Agricultural Research Trust (Elsenburg, South Africa) the National Research Foundation (NRF; Pretoria, South Africa) the National Research Foundation (NRF; Pretoria, South Africa).

Supplementation with dietary inorganic nitrate ([Formula: see text]) is increasingly recognized to confer cardioprotective effects in both healthy and clinical populations. While the mechanism(s) remains ambiguous, in skeletal muscle oral consumption of NaNO3 has been shown to improve mitochondrial efficiency. Whether NaNO3 has similar effects on mitochondria within the heart is unknown. Therefore, we comprehensively investigated the effect of NaNO3 supplementation on in vivo left ventricular (LV) function and mitochondrial bioenergetics. Healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were supplemented with NaNO3 (1 g/l) in their drinking water for 7 days. Echocardiography and invasive hemodynamics were used to assess LV morphology and function. Blood pressure (BP) was measured by tail-cuff and invasive hemodynamics. Mitochondrial bioenergetics were measured in LV isolated mitochondria and permeabilized muscle fibers by high-resolution respirometry and fluorometry. Nitrate decreased ( P < 0.05) BP, LV end-diastolic pressure, and maximal LV pressure. Rates of LV relaxation (when normalized to mean arterial pressure) tended ( P = 0.13) to be higher with nitrate supplementation. However, nitrate did not alter LV mitochondrial respiration, coupling efficiency, or oxygen affinity in isolated mitochondria or permeabilized muscle fibers. In contrast, nitrate increased ( P < 0.05) the propensity for mitochondrial H2O2 emission in the absence of changes in cellular redox state and decreased the sensitivity of mitochondria to ADP (apparent Km). These results add to the therapeutic potential of nitrate supplementation in cardiovascular diseases and suggest that nitrate may confer these beneficial effects via mitochondrial redox signaling.

The physiological and exercise performance adaptations to sprint interval training (SIT) may be modified by dietary nitrate ([Formula: see text]) supplementation. However, it is possible that different types of [Formula: see text] supplementation evoke divergent physiological and performance adaptations to SIT. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 4-wk SIT with and without concurrent dietary [Formula: see text] supplementation administered as either [Formula: see text]-rich beetroot juice (BR) or potassium [Formula: see text] (KNO3). Thirty recreationally active subjects completed a battery of exercise tests before and after a 4-wk intervention in which they were allocated to one of three groups: 1) SIT undertaken without dietary [Formula: see text] supplementation (SIT); 2) SIT accompanied by concurrent BR supplementation (SIT + BR); or 3) SIT accompanied by concurrent KNO3 supplementation (SIT + KNO3). During severe-intensity exercise, V̇o2peak and time to task failure were improved to a greater extent with SIT + BR than SIT and SIT + KNO3 ( P < 0.05). There was also a greater reduction in the accumulation of muscle lactate at 3 min of severe-intensity exercise in SIT + BR compared with SIT + KNO3 ( P < 0.05). Plasma [Formula: see text] concentration fell to a greater extent during severe-intensity exercise in SIT + BR compared with SIT and SIT + KNO3 ( P < 0.05). There were no differences between groups in the reduction in the muscle phosphocreatine recovery time constant from pre- to postintervention ( P > 0.05). These findings indicate that 4-wk SIT with concurrent BR supplementation results in greater exercise capacity adaptations compared with SIT alone and SIT with concurrent KNO3 supplementation. This may be the result of greater NO-mediated signaling in SIT + BR compared with SIT + KNO3. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We compared the influence of different forms of dietary nitrate supplementation on the physiological and performance adaptations to sprint interval training (SIT). Compared with SIT alone, supplementation with nitrate-rich beetroot juice, but not potassium [Formula: see text], enhanced some physiological adaptations to training.

We investigated the influence of inorganic nitrate ( $${\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - }$$ ) supplementation on local sweating and cutaneous vascular responses during exercise in hot conditions. Eight healthy, young subjects were assigned in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design to receive $${\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - }$$ -rich beetroot (BR) juice (140 mL/day, containing ~ 8 mmol of $${\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - }$$ ) and $${\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - }$$ -depleted placebo (PL) juice (140 mL/day, containing ~ 0.003 mmol of $${\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - }$$ ) for 3 days. On day 3 of supplementation, subjects cycled at an intensity corresponding to 55% of $$\dot{V}$$ O2max for 30 min in hot conditions (30 °C, 50% relative humidity). Chest and forearm sweat rate (SR) and skin blood flow (SkBF), were measured continuously. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated by SkBF/mean arterial pressure (MAP). Prior to exercise, plasma $${\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - }$$ (21 ± 6 and 581 ± 161 µM) and nitrite ( $${\text{NO}}_{2}^{ - }$$ , 87 ± 28 and 336 ± 156 nM) concentrations were higher after BR compared to PL supplementation (P ≤ 0.011, n = 6). Oesophageal, mean skin, and mean body temperatures during exercise were not different between conditions. In addition, BR supplementation did not affect SR, SkBF, and CVC during exercise. A lower MAP was found after 30 min of exercise following BR supplementation (112 ± 6 and 103 ± 6 mmHg for PL and BR, respectively, P = 0.021). These results suggest that inorganic $${\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - }$$ supplementation, which increases the potential for O2-independent NO production, does not affect local sweating and cutaneous vascular responses, but attenuates blood pressure in young healthy subjects exercising in a hot environment.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death and morbidity as well as imposing a huge economic burden at both country and household level. Upto 90% cardiovascular disease may be preventable if established risk factors are avoided. In this context, dietary nitrate from vegetables was highlighted as a potential candidate for cardio protection. Hence, by supplying dietary nitrate and other bio-active compounds to ease the risk of cardiovascular disease, present research work was carried out. Among the tested vegetables, the highest nitrate content (745 mg/100g) was determined in Indian spinach. In addition, Indian spinach also possesses more chlorophyll (150mg/100g), beta carotene (40mg/100g) and lycopene (34mg/100g) than other tested vegetables in the current study. In case of anti-oxidant content, Indian spinach showed the highest (103mg/100g) vitamin C content. Taken all together, Indian spinach may be a good and cheapest source of cardio protective molecule (nitrate) bioactive compounds to avoid risk of cardiovascular disease.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 16(1): 82-87, April 2018

Impaired excitation-contraction coupling occurs in eccentric contraction (ECC)-induced damaged muscles. It has been suggested that sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is susceptible to damage in the overstretched regions possibly marking the basis of excitation-contraction coupling damage. Recent studies have shown that dietary nitrate supplementation enhances SR function in fast-twitch muscles. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether dietary nitrate supplementation can alleviate a decline in muscle contractile properties and SR function following ECC. To this end, force production, Ca2+ uptake, Ca2+ release, and Ca2+-ATPase activity of the SR were examined in rat fast-twitch muscles immediately following ECC for 200 repetitions. In comparison with contralateral resting muscles, nitrate supplementation for up to 3 days resulted in an obvious decline in force production. However, there were no differences in terms of force production between 6-day nitrate-treated and contralateral muscles. Similar to the observations regarding force production, the SR Ca2+ release rate changed from an obvious decrease following the 0- and 3-day dietary nitrate supplementation to no difference following the 6-day nitrate supplementation. In contrast, ECC decreased the Ca2+-ATPase activity and Ca2+ uptake rate, irrespective of the period of dietary nitrate supplementation. Overall, these results indicate that dietary nitrate supplementation can alleviate ECC-related decreases in force production mediated through inhibited reductions in the SR Ca2+ release function.

A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model predicting the listeriosis risk related to the consumption of Ready- To- Eat (RTE) cooked meat products sliced at retail stores in Greece was developed. The probability of illness per serving assessed for 87 products available in the Greek market was found highly related to the nitrite concentration; products having a lower concentration showed a higher risk per serving. The predicted 95th percentiles of the annual listeriosis cases totaled 33 of which 13 cases were