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Jian Cu deposit is hosted by Surian volcano-sedimentary complex of Permo-Triassic age on the eastern edge of the Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic zone at a distance of 195 km from Shiraz, southwestern Iran. The complex consists mainly of metabasalt, chlorite-quartz schist, chlorite-muscovite schist, mica schist and graphite schist. Pyrite is the most important sulfide and chalcopyrite is the major Cu-bearing mineral occurring as disseminated grains and veinlets in host chlorite-quartz schist and chlorite-muscovite schist. Chondrite-normalized REE pattern of metabasalt with La/LuN=2/9 indicates mantle tholeiitic basalt as the source of metamorphosed igneous rocks. Geochemical data on the metabasalts, especially the content of immobile elements (e.g., Ti) and High Field Strength Elements (HFSE) (e.g., Zr، Nb and Y), show low degree of partial melting for parental magma with E-MORB affinity. Chloritic, silicification and minor sericitic assemblages are the main alteration types associated with the Jian Cu deposit. The Y/Ho ratio of Cu ores varies from 29.9 to 32.5, indicating the important role of sea water in the mineralizing system. Petrographical and geochemical data indicate that the Jian Cu deposit was formed as volcano-sedimentary hosted massive sulfide. The Ishikawa alteration index (AI) in association with chlorite-carbonate-pyrite index (CCP) is useful for the geochemical exploration of Cu deposits in the study area.

ر E-commerceis one of the introduced important issues in recent years that has directed much attentionsto itself in the field of ICT. Lowering the cost of collecting information from customers, accessing to a wide range of customers and interacting with a network of the environmentalfactorsare only some of the benefits of this business. However, this business is a emerging business in our country and therefore require to cognition different angles and aspects of by the Researchers attempt.So we in this search with introducing it, have been discussed effective factors onacceptinga such business on based a survey-descriptive research in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) Food Andbeverageindustries of Fars Province. The results of the research show thatfivefactorsare effective factors on accepting including interorganizational,supportive,background,technologicaland environmental. Also, analyzing by model of Grey Topsis showed that among the above factors, supportive and environmental factorare most important factors in accepting this business.

Background & Objectives: Burns is one the important injuries which may result vital impairment and disability. Burn injuries are still common particularly in developing countries. Assessment of the epidemiology of burns is very important to make effective preventive methods. This study was conducted in Fars province to assess and describe the epidemiology of burns including its main causes, and its demographic factors. Methods: All epidemiological data of patients with burn admitted to the hospitals in Fars province during 2010 were analyzed in this descriptive study. Results: Total of 328 patients with mean age 25.93±17.94 were included. It consisted of 178 male patients (54.3%) and 150 female patients (45.7%), The most common accident age was 26 years, the average percentage of burn was 36.63± 26.63%, average hospital stay in hospital was 13.40±12.72 days, 249 cases had unintentional injury (91/75%) and 79 cased had intentional (24.9%), The main reason for intentional burns was divorce (16.76%), the most common month accident was December, the overall cumulative incidence of burn injuries was 7.28% in 100000 people (person per year) and the burn fatality rate was 29.88% Conclusion: Epidemiology of burn injuries in Fars province indicates that effective public health programs on this issue would help to reduce the incidence of burn injuries in this region.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a viral hemorrhagic disease and a zoonosis disease that has been developed in people who deal with animals such as cattle and butchers. The diagnosis of CCHF is performed by detection of human antibodies (IgG and IgM) against CCHF virus. Five Patients with CCHF occurred in Fath Abad’s village (in Fars province) in the summer of 2011. All patients were men and aged 25-46 years old. Three patients were farmer and two other ones were butchers. The samples were sent to the National Reference Laboratory for Arboviruses and Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers (Pasteur Institute of Iran) in Tehran. The result of laboratory test for all patients was positive. None of the patients had died. Since the CCHF is rare, present study was aimed to assess the causes of the disease’s epidemic and clinical and laboratory symptoms stones.

Objective(s): To determine the trend of crude and age standardized incidence rate of lung cancer in Fars province, southern Iran, from 2001 to 2008. In this epidemiological study, using Fars province cancer registry data the incidence rates were calculated per 100,000 people a year and age standardized incidence rate was performed by direct method using the world standard population.Methods: Data were analyzed by SPSS, version 16 and Microsoft Excel version 2007. Out of 743 lung cancer cases, 72 percent were male and 28 percent were female.Results: The results showed that through an eight-year period the age standardized incidence rate has increased 3.9 times from 1.5 in 2001 to 5. 9 in 2008 per 100,000 people a year. Also, the lung cancer incidence rate in Fars province exhibited an increasing trend and proved to be higher in male and elderly age groups.Conclusion: According to the results, Fars province considered as low incidence rate area in terms of age standardized incidence rate of lung cancer.

Ziziphus genus, belongs to Rhamnaceae family wich contains several species and varieties, and is a most important drought and heat resistant plant and covers an area of about 450000 ha in Fars province. Phenological stages of the two main species: Ziziphus spina-christi and Z. nummularia, were studied. Three regions in Fars province including Khonj, Farrashband, and Mamassani were chosen and these habitats were visited at 2-3 week intervals annually from 2000 to 2007 and tree’s phenological events and characteristics were recorded. These characteristics included: the time of bud break, flowering, fruiting, ripening, and fruit and leaf shedding. Climatic and the vegetation composition data of the areas were also gathered and studied. The results showed that there are significant differences between the three regions in terms of the initiation of all phenological stages as well as between the two species in the three regions with regard to time of flowering, fruit ripening and tree shedding. However, the interaction of region and species was not significant. The results also indicated that growth patterns of the of Ziziphus species may alter with drought and heat variation in different seasons of the year and as the result, they usually have two distinctive growth and seed production seasons, annually. Z. spina-christi is an evergreen tree in its natural habitats, while Z. nummularia is a deciduous small tree. The flowering and seed production of this species happen two times annually as well. The result of this research helps the farmers to plan their utilization of the species such as grazing, fruit and leaf collection as well as bee keeping according to the phenological events and guarantee a sustainable yield production and utilization.

Arjan-Parishan protected area with two very beautiful Parishan and Arjan wetlands is situated in the 60 km west of Shiraz in Fars province which covers an area of 60000 hectares. In this study, the flora, life form and geographical features of the protected area were investigated. In this area, a total of 393 species including 3 pteridophyta, 2 gymnosperma, 337 dicotyledons and 56 monocotyledons were identified. They belonged to 81 families and 268 genera. The following families had the highest number of species: Asteraceae, Papilonaceae, Poaceae, Brassicaceae, Apiaceae,and Boraginaceae. The following genera had the highest number of species: Astragalus, Juncus, Convolvulus, Anthemis and Plantago. 230 species (58.52%) were Irano-Turanian region. Therophytes with 215 species (54.70%) was the most frequent life form of the protected area.

The aim of this study is investigation on the effect of personal and professional characteristics of board members in agricultural production cooperatives on the psychological empowerment of them. The research design of this study was a survey utilizing descriptive technique. Used sampling method was proportional classified. The statistical population consisted of board members of active agricultural cooperatives in Fars province. In order to identify the sample volume, Bartllet table was used. According to statistical population (N=1540) 193 of board members in Fars Province randomly selected. The instrument validity was acknowledged by the panel of agricultural extension and education. The reliability analysis of questionnaire was conducted for each variable by Cronbach`s alpha. The results show that there was a positive and significant correlation between such individual variables as: gender, income, number of educational classes, self esteem, and psychological empowerment of board members.

Background: Cancer diseases especially gastric cancer is one of the most important problems in Iran and many other countries. Whereas, determination of epidemiological characteristics of gastric cancer is very important, this study carried out with the aim of epidemiologic survey of gastric cancer in Fars province. Methods: This study was performed on total gastric cancer cases that registered in Tumor Registry Center of Fars province between2001-2006. Necessary information was gathered from cancer registry forms and hospital files. All statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS (V.13) software. Results: Of 442 gastric cancer patients 68.6% were males and 31.4% were females. Mean age at diagnosis was 58.4 years (SD=14.46), for men 60.72 years (SD=13.82) and for women 53.29 years (SD=14.48). In total, 91.5% of patients were married, most of men were farmer and greatest parts of women were housewife. History of smoking reported by 52.8% of cases. Most prevalent clinical finding in patients were epigastric pain, loss weight and loss appetite, respectively. In 74% of patients, time interval between beginnings of first symptoms until diagnosis of disease was more than one month and in 40.7% of cases, grade of tumor at diagnosis time was poorly differentiated. Conclusion: According to these results, deduction of risk factors and early detection in at risk subjects such as smokers, high risk occupations and individuals with family history of cancer, is important for prevention and control of gastric cancer.

The main purpose in this research was to identify effective factors for participation of stakeholders in watershed management project from the opinion of natural resources and watershed management extension specialist, in Fars province, Iran. The method of data collection was whole counting. The tool of data collection is questionnaire. The specialty panel of experts was used to gain assurance of the validity of the questionnaire. Corenbach Alpha method was used to gain assurance of the reliability of the questionnaire (α=0.87). In addition to descriptive statistics (such as man, median, variance and standard deviation) and correlation coefficient and inferential statistics such as, multivariate regression and path analysis technique used for analyzing data. The results of multivariate regression using Enter technique indicate that attention to the stakeholders economical needs in watershed management projects, attention to the indigenous knowledge, rate of stakeholders participation in watershed management extension programs, rate of participation of stakeholders in the type and features of plans, rate familiarity of stakeholders with watershed management projects and extension agents ability to set communication are the most important obstacles for the participation of stakeholders in watershed management projects from the viewpoint of the natural resources and watershed management extension specialists. The results of Path Analysis technique also showed that the rate of participation of stakeholders in the type and features of plans have the most direct and indirect effect (0.552) on dependent variable, and extension agents ability for communication has the lowest direct and indirect effect (0.311) on dependent variable of the study (participation in watershed management).

Faunal study of Odonata in Fars province began, in 1380 (2002) for the first time at the department of biology, Shiraz University, This article presents a part of the results of this study, which is related to their adult stage. According to accessible references, there was no other detailed study on this group of insects until this project started. In addition to some specimens which had been collected and kept at the Insect Collection of biology department, Shiraz University (CBSU), during the past few years, several new collections of Odonata were also added to this study from different habitats of the province. A total of 650 adults, 264 of the suborder Anisoptera (dragonfly) and 386 of the suborder Zygoptera (damselfly) were collected and identified during one-year sampling. Among 22 identified species, 15 species belonged to Anisoptera and 7 to Zygoptera. Nine species were reported from Fars province for the first time. Line drawings, photos and distribution maps of the species were prepared separately some of them are presented in here as a sample.

In new millennium, sustainability of natural resources is a goal which is pursued by development experts and policy makers. Establishing watershed management co-operatives is one of the strategies to attract and convene farmers to participate in decision-making process and present ideas to stop natural resources degradation and to trap damaging waters. The main purpose of this study was to assess farmers' perspective toward factors affecting participation in establishing watershed management co-operatives. Descriptive research design was conducted using survey method. The population consisted of affiliated farmers in Navayegan Darab co-operative. A random sampling was done to select 30 farmers. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. A panel of specialists confirmed face validity and a pilot study was done to assess the reliability. The findings indicated that the efforts made by co-operative board members and the amount of their orientation training programs are two main factors that affect their participation in establishing watershed management co-operative. In addition, benefits considered according farmers' perspective were being provided with agricultural inputs and financial credits. The participation constraints for setting up watershed management co-operatives that were expressed by co-operative members were workload and shortage of time; and lack of commitment on the duties and functions of board members

Culture is the most important issue affecting the development of human societies. The term of cultural development is common in recent years and can give an end to the conflict between tradition and modernity, between places and habitat. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the development process in rural areas after culture. Central County of Rostam Township can be remarkable in terms of great capabilities, especially in agriculture and patient talent strategic location and it’s potential. Population statistics in this study included 53 villages of central county of Rostam township. Method used in this study, is descriptive method – analysis. Method of data collection is library – documents and field studies too and for data analysis software SPSS and Arc GIS and in analysis and assumptions to achieve the result of “Morris inharmonious index”. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the level of villages having a population conditions and cultural facilities. Between planning and social conditions of cultural geography found no significant relationship. Also, there was no significant relationship between social and geographical factors and cultural planning.

Among the avian influenza A virus subtypes, H5N1 and H9N2 viruses have the potential to cause an influenza pandemic because they are widely prevalent in avian species in Asia and have demonstrated the ability to infect humans. This study was carried out to determined the seroprevalence of H9N2 avian influenza virus in different human populations in Fars province, which is situated in the south of Iran. Antibodies against H9N2 avian influenza virus were measured using hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test in sera from 300 individuals in five different population in Fars province, including poultry-farm workers, slaughter-house workers, veterinarians, patients with clinical signs of respiratory disease, and clinically normal individuals, who were not or rarely in contact with poultry. Mean antibody titers of 7.3, 6.8, 6.1, 4.5, and 2.9 and seroprevalences of 87%, 76.2%, 72.5%, 35.6%, and 23% were determined in those groups, respectively. Higher prevalences were detected in poultry-farm workers, slaughter-house workers, and veterinarians, possibly due to their close and frequent contact with poultry.

The objective of this study was to shed light on the present role of rural cooperatives in marketing of agricultural products and their potential to expand such activities. The data were collected from a randomly selected sample of cooperative members (765) in rural cooperatives (17) of Fars province. The required information was collected through questionnaires which were filled by selected cooperative members of Shiraz, Darab, Eghlid, Kazeroun and Marvdasht in 2005. For more accurate investigation of member’s characteristics in tendency to participate in participating marketing and sales of products through cooperatives, diagnosis-analysis method was used. The results of study revealed that rural cooperatives were active, to some extent, in supplying inputs such as fertilizer and pesticides but did not participated in marketing of agricultural products. In spite of this, cooperative members had tendency to market their products through their cooperatives because of advantages such as higher prices and access to a fair marketing channel. The results of the study also indicated that most of cooperative members because of financial troubles are not able to store and market their products after harvest and because of vast amount of intermediate dealers, a considerable amount of harvest are pre-purchased before or after harvesting. The most important limitations that cooperative faces in marketing are lack of financial and physical facilities. In conclusion the article suggest solutions for these limitations.

The Gorm mountain with an area of 80000 ha is located in northwest of Jahrom city in Fars province, south of Iran. The area is registered as a no- hunting zone since 1995. In order to study the Herpetofauna of this region, a survey was conducted during Apr. 2007 to Apr. 2008. In this study, three quadrates (size 100×100 m) in different elevations were selected and a total of 225 pitfall traps of two different sizes were placed in the quadrates. Quadrates were visited within three weeks for three months. The trapped samples were collected, transferred to the laboratory, fixed in 10% formalin solution and identified using different valid documents. On the basis of different field works and study of trapped samples in quadrates, 20 reptile species consisting of two species of turtle and tortoise belonging to two genera and two families, eight species of snakes belonging to eight genera and three families and 10 lizard species belonging to ten genera and five families were identified and their conservation status were worked out.

Intensive usage of farm inputs has resulted in environment pressure. The pressure is mainly due to the widely use of chemical inputs and the overdraft of groundwater resources. So, there is a conflict between environmental objectives in the form of lowering resources use and farmers’ objectives in form of maximizing production by using more inputs. In this study, environmental and farmers’ objectives are considered by using multi objective programming. Environmental objectives include the reduction of water, chemical fertilizer, and pistons consumption and farmer' objectives consist of increasing gross return and decreasing risk. The data required to this study are collected from Marvdashst agricultural crops farmers in Fars province. Based on the results, there are trade offs among objectives and a desired combination of objectives. The findings show that the crops of cucumber, canola and barley are consistent with both environmental policy makers and farmers’ considerations. Onion and wheat crops are important from the farmers’ point of view rather than environmental policy makers. Rice, maize and hay maize crops have no priority to cultivate.

The results of this research recount that by factor analytical model, 40 indexes diminished into 12 factors which each factor portion in human development was defined and finally Fars province townships were ranked in integrative indexes by using compound index of human development. According to inspections, in compound indexes of 14 townships in 1976, one township was wealthy, three were semi- wealthy and the others (10 townships) were deprived. In 1986, in compound index field, just one township was wealthy, four were semi- wealthy and nine were deprived, although in 1996, in compound index field, have been well-known three wealthy, four semi- wealthy and nine deprived. The imbalance rate during three periods of 1976, 1986, 1996 was %0.66, %0.59, %0.44 respectively. The townships of Fars province have been enjoyed of different development in variant fields in several periods which shows the absence of concordant development with their population needs. These imbalances are the reflection and the resultant of nature factors, political economy, insufficiency of planning systems and growth polarity of Shiraz city. During three decades because of political- administrative centrality and distinguished polarity, Shiraz has kept its superiority and success in whole development indexes fields in provincial system at the province and as a growth polarity has attracted facilities and expert human forces from environs of townships. It has made an economical, political and populous center in space organization of the province. The space development pattern of Fars province is center- environ model.

Background & Objectives: Cancer has been traditionally regarded as a fatal disease; it is a major public health problem in many countries throughout the world. In recent years, cancer morbidity and mortality has increased in our country and notably stomach cancer now ranks second or third among all cancers types with regard to morbidity.Methods: Our study included all gastric cancer patients registered in the cancer registry of Fars province. The patients' survival status was followed using phone calls and death records from hospitals, other medical centers, and the city's cemetery. Data analysis involved the use of the nonparametric Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models and was performed with the software package SPSS V.13.Results: Of the 442 patients with gastric cancer, 303 cases (68.6 percents) were male, and the mean age of patients was 58.41 years (SD=14.46). In univariate analysis with the KM method, a statistically significant association was found between survival rates and the following factors: age at diagnosis (P

The most important impacts of climate change relate to temperature and precipitation. Precipitation is particularly important, because changes in precipitation patterns may lead to floods or droughts in different areas. Also, precipitation is a major factor in agriculture and in recent years interest has increased in learning about precipitation variability for periods of months to annual and seasonal trends and change points had been analyzed for 22 rainfall stations in Fars province during 1972 to 2011. Mann-Kendall non-parametric test and Sen's method had been used to determine positive or negative trends; also Pettitt test, Standard normal homogeneity test, Buishand range test, Von Neumann ratio, for detection of change points in the time series had been implemented. The TFPW approach had been used in order to decline the effects of autocorrelation and serial correlation on Mann-Kendall test. The results of Mann-Kendall test and Sen's Method showed decreasing trend for all rainfall stations except for the Monje station. But, no significant trends were observed in all stations. Also, the results indicated that the precipitation has not occurred nonhomogeneity; whereas all test indicated there is no change point on precipitation time series. No change and abrupt shift were visible in the precipitation time series except in winter for Ali Abad Khafr; and Ali Abad Khafr; Tangab and Ramjerd based on pettitt test and Standard normal homogeneity test, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last years, lake tourism, as one of the newest forms of natural tourism has gone under attention of academic assemblies. The experts of the tourism believe lakes of a large capacity to attract tourists. These experts are somehow realistic, as the lakes and ponds are some of the most unique, beautiful, original and amazing phenomena, each including so exquisite, attractive, unknown and mysterious sights, that can attract lots of tourists. In this view, the numerous lakes of Fars province, shows a series of attractive visual interconnected elements for tourists. Therefore, the goal of this paper is positioning qualified lakes for tourism development in Fars province. Identifying the potential capable sights for lake tourism development, calls for Identification and analyzing the criteria, sub criteria, and several options of information layers. Thus, in the article, as the first step, the required information layers for positioning the Potential areas of lake tourism development are prepared, and then, because of the differences in the level of criteria, sub criteria and affecting options, 20 authors and experts in the field of tourism, made a binary comparison between these components, and calculated the final weight of each, using AHP Model. After that, regarding the final weight of sub criteria and options, the information layers were combined, using GIS software. The results of the combination of these information layers showed that the capable areas (lakes) for tourism development in Fars province are prioritized for suitable development, so that three lakes (Pareeshan, Herm- Kariyan, and Hiramm) are placed in very suitable domain; "Arjan desert" lake is placed in very suitable and suitable domain; "Maharlou", "Tashk" and "Bakhtigan" are placed in suitable domain; and finally, the lake "Kaaftar" is placed in suitable and very unsuitable domains for lake tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Multi-criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) and the Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are used to provide more accurate decisions for decision makers in order to evaluate the effective factors of the natural science. One of the popular algorithms of the multi-criteria analysis is the Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA). The OWA procedure depends on some parameters which can be specified by means of the fuzzy logic. The aim of this study is to take the advantage of incorporating the fuzzy logic into GIS-based soil fertility analysis by OWA in the west of Shiraz, Fars province, Iran. In fact, different soil fertility maps with different risk level are prepared in the present study. This study introduces a method for farmers in case of make balance between their budget and their farm soil parameters. A farmer can accept more risk it can use more areas for farming and also the amount of needed budget increases too. For determining the soil fertility maps, the OWA parameters such as potassium (K), phosphor (P), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), organic carbon (OC) and zinc (Zn) were used. After generating the interpolation maps with the Inverse Distance Weighted ( IDW), the fuzzy maps were generated by the membership functions for each parameter. Finally, by utilizing OWA, six fertility maps with different risk levels (degrees of uncertainty) were made. The results show that by decreasing the risk (no trade-off), increasing the risk, more area within the study area was suitable in terms of the soil fertility. Therefore, using OWA can generate many maps with different risk levels. This leads to different managements based on different financial conditions of farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity is a major and structural problem in arid and semi-arid regions across the world that greatly concerns environmental policy-makers. The problem of adjusting the demand exceeding the sustainable supply has been mainly tackled with demand policies, particularly through investment in water saving technology and promotion of irrigation efficiency programs. However, there have been very few evaluations of these programs and many of those that exist raise serious doubt about the programs' effectiveness in reducing the consumptive use of water, due to the occurrence of the rebound effect. In this study, a sample of 243 farmers in Fars province who have the sprinkler irrigation system installed in their farms was interviewed to collect needed data for investigating the rebound effect using AHP and ordered logit regression model. The results indicated that 74.5 percent of sampled farmers have experienced medium to large rebound effect. It was also found that the amount of dry and fallow land during installation of sprinkler irrigation system have a positive relationship with the probability of occurrence of the rebound effect. Finally, the results of this study can be used to determine the probability of the rebound effect occurrence after installment of the sprinkler system for farms where data is available. For example, in the farms with farm features 24, probability of the rebound effect as a result of water saving measures at the low, medium and high levels are 0.4, 32 and 67.4 percent, respectively. Therefore, we must apply specific water conservation and efficiency practices in such farms based on a combined use of technical, economic, social and political tools to reduce pressure on scarce water supplies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Downward shortwave radiation is a key quantity in the land-atmosphere interaction. Since the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer data has a coarse temporal resolution, which is not suitable for estimating daily average radiation, many efforts have been undertaken to estimate instantaneous solar radiation using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer data. In this study, the principal components analysis technique was applied to capture the information of moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer bands, extraterrestrial radiation, aerosol optical depth, and atmospheric water vapour. A regression model based on the principal components was used to estimate daily average shortwave radiation for ten synoptic stations in the Fars province, Iran, for the period 2009-2012. The Durbin-Watson statistic and autocorrelation function of the residuals of the fitted principal components regression model indicated that the residuals were serially independent. The results indicated that the fitted principal components regression models accounted for about 86-96% of total variance of the observed shortwave radiation values and the root mean square error was about 0.9-2.04 MJ m-2 d-1. Also, the results indicated that the model accuracy decreased as the aerosol optical depth increased and extraterrestrial radiation was the most important predictor variable among all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is one the most important zoonotic diseases has different invertebrate hosts in different parts of its range, the vectors are often closely related. Leishmaniasis is a world-wide vector borne disease, affecting 88 countries: especially in the Middle East and southwestern Asia. Nesokiaindica or M. libycuserythrourus are confirmed as reservoir and Phlebotomine sand flies are proven as vectors of the disease in the south of Iran. Patients' information collected from Firouzabad and Ghirokarzin county, Fars province in Iran during 2006-2014. Data analyzed by Chi square test using SPSS19 statistic software. 613 cases (61.91 %) lived in rural and 377 (38.08 %) lived in urban areas. All ages were grouped between 1 and ≥30 years. 479 (48.38 %) of patients being male and 511 (51.61 %) female. 39.49 % of patients were with dry lesions and 60.5 % were with wet lesions. Hand ulcers were the highest prevalence part of body (39.59 %). The common frequent size of lesions was lesser than 2 cm. Regarding the most prevalence rate (47.67 %) raised in autumn season. This study showed that cutaneous leishmaniasis was an endemic disease in Firouzabad and Ghirokarzin regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze and evaluated the position of townships of Fars province by using the component of information and communication technology. Research method have been analytical-quantitative. The results of models show that township of the Fars province in which communication services are not distributed in the form of balanced and unbalanced. The results of concentration index show that maximum concentration of this services in Shiraz Township and this Township Whit composite index 305 is located in the first rank and over concentration level. Townships of Gahrom whit composite index 40.29, Kazeron with composite index 36.45 and Lar whit composite index 32.5 is located in the rank of two to four and medium concentration level of this province. Other Townships is located in the low concentration level. The results of standard score model show that Shiraz township whit composite index 56.6 is located in the first rank and over concentration level of province. Townships of Darab whit composite index 2.9967, Mamasani with composite index 2.7758, Lar whit composite index 2.39, Kazeron whit composite index 2.1946, Marvdasht whit composite index 1.2753, Nayriz whit composite index 0.9105 and Fasa whit composite index 0.3742 is located in the rank of two to eight and medium concentration level of this province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique was used to evaluate aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) levels in 168 samples of raw milk (135 samples and 33 samples from bulk tanks of farms and milk collection centers, respectively) and 12 samples of pasteurized milk in Fars province, Southern Iran. AFM1 was found in 55.56% of the samples with a mean concentration of 21.31 ng/L. The concentration of AFM1 in raw milk samples from farms was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that in samples from collection centers and pasteurized milk. The concentration of AFM1 was not influenced by season, location, or type of farm. The concentrations of AFM1 in all samples were lower than the Iranian national standard limit (100 ng/L), but in 30% of raw cow milk samples they were higher than the maximum tolerance limit accepted by the European Union (50 ng/L); therefore, more effort is needed to control AFM1 levels in milk produced in Southern Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to identify the plant parasitic nematodes of the families Dolichodoridae and Pratylenchidae (Nematoda: Tylenchomorpha) collected from green space and gardens in Shiraz, Iran, 67 soil and root samples were collected from different localities of the region during 2014-2015. The nematodes were extracted, fixed and transferred to glycerin according to the De Grisse method. The permanent slides were prepared from the extracted nematodes and studied by light microscope. In this study 15 species namely Amplimerlinius globigerus, Merlinius brevidens, Trophurus pakendorfi, Tylenchorhynchus clarus, T. dubius, T. iphilus, T. mashhoodi, T. teeni, Pratylenchus ekrami, P. thornei, P. unzenensis, Zygotylenchus guevarai, Helicotylenchus digonicus, H. pseudorobustus and Rotylenchus buxophilus were identified. The species T. pakendorfi, T. iphilus and P. ekrami as new records of Iranian nematode fauna, along with P. unzenensis are redescribed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the potential of wind energy development for the purpose of hydrogen production in the Fars province of Iran is investigated. To achieve this, wind speeds at 10 m, 30 m and 40 m heights and wind direction at 30 m and 37.5 m recorded in 10 min intervals for the period of one year for four cities of Abadeh, Juyom, Eqleed, and Marvdasht are utilized. Wind energy characteristics have been statistically analyzed to determine the potential of wind power to generate hydrogen in the examined cities. It is found that city of Abadeh has better potential for harnessing wind energy than other cities. Statistical analysis of Abadeh at 40 m height indicates the nominal wind speed of 7.47 m/s which generates maximum energy with the annual power density of 220 W/m 2 . The performances of four different large-scale wind turbines for producing wind power in Abadeh are evaluated. It is found that hydrogen from wind energy in Abadeh using a small hydrogen producing unit would fuel approximately 22 cars per week if a EWT Direct wind 52/900 model wind turbine to be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the influences of variations in life history traits and developmental patterns of Pelophylax ridibunda. The causes of this variation were investigated by comparing observed patterns of interpopulational differences from geographic variables. The aim of the study was to investigate whether embryos and larvae from different populations of P. ridibunda show the same pattern of development when they are reared in the same conditions in the laboratory and to find out further whether if any differences appearing in the pattern among populations is environmentaly or geneticaly based. Egg masses of P. ridibunda were collected from four sites in Fars Province, Iran and reared in the same conditions. Samples from most of the developmental stages were fixed and clutch parameters were measured at early developmental stages. Morphological characters in embryos and larvae including egg diameter, growing size of embryos and larvae at different stages, external gill, cement gland and mouth parts structures were examined with light and scanning electron microscopy. Statistical analysis showed that the mean diameter of eggs and jelly coats were significantly different (p

The genes glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and GSTT1 code for cytosolic enzymes GSTµ and GSTθ, respectively, which are involved in phase II metabolism. In human, both genes may be deleted. In the present study, the genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 were detected by PCR method in 236 healthy individuals from Shiraz population, Fars province, south of Iran. The frequency of GSTM1 and GSTT1-null genotypes were 37.7 and 31.8 percent, respectively. The studied population was then compared with reported frequencies for neighboring populations, as well as, with those for European and African populations.

Objective: Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral zoonotic disease with potentially fatal systemic effects on man. We aimed to determine the presence of CCHF virus among collected ticks from domestic livestock from October 2012 to September 2013.Methods: A total of 1245 hard and soft ticks were collected from naturally infested ruminants in Marvdasht County, Fars Province, south of Iran. Nine tick species and one unidentified species in four disparate genera were detected. A total of 200 ticks were randomly selected and analysed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the presence of CCHF virus genome.Results: The viral genome was detected in 4.5% (9 samples) of the studied tick population. The infected ticks belonged to the species of Hyalomma marginatum' Hyalomma anatolicum and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The viruses detected in these three tick species were clustered in the same lineage as Matin and SR3 strains in Pakistan and some other Iranian strains. These results indicate that the ticks were wildly infected with a genetically closely related CCHF virus in the region.Conclusion: Regular controls and monitoring of livestock to reduce the dispersion of ticks and providing information to those involved in high-risk occupations are urgently required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicting the mass of solid waste generation plays an important role in integrated solid waste management plans. In this study, the performance of two predictive models, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) was verified to predict mean Seasonal Municipal Solid Waste Generation (SMSWG) rate. The accuracy of the proposed models is illustrated through a case study of 20 cities located in Fars Province, Iran. Four performance measures, MAE, MAPE, RMSE and R were used to evaluate the performance of these models. The MLR, as a conventional model, showed poor prediction performance. On the other hand, the results indicated that the ANN model, as a non-linear model, has a higher predictive accuracy when it comes to prediction of the mean SMSWG rate. As a result, in order to develop a more cost-effective strategy for waste management in the future, the ANN model could be used to predict the mean SMSWG rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective soil phosphorus (P) management requires the understanding of P forms and its availability. The amount and distribution of P in different fractions of 15 soil samples of Fars province, Iran were determined by sequential extraction methods. The relationships of the P distribution among each other and with soil characteristics were investigated. Total P of different soils ranged from 349 to 994.3 cmol.kg-1. The clay contents of different samples ranged from 18% to 53%, CEC from 8.5 to 24.9 (cmol(+)kg-1) and the CCE from 20.6% to 64%. The amount of different P forms Ca2-P (dicalcium phosphates), Ca8-P (octacalcium phosphates), Al-P (Alphosphates), Fe-P (Fe-phosphates) and P as Ca10-P (apatite) were determined. The relative abundance of other inorganic P forms was in the order of Ca10 - P > Ca8- P > Al -P> Fe-P>Ca2-P > Occl-P. Simple correlation coefficients showed that Olsen-P had a significant correlation with total-P, Ca2-P, Ca8-P and Al-P. A Significant correlation was also observed between the P forms, which is presumably a reflection of the existence of a dynamic relation between the chemical forms of Phosphorus in soil. Clay with total-p and Apatite; total P with Olsen, Al-P and Organic-P; CEC with total-P and Organic-P have positive significant correlation. Sand with Ca10-P and Al-P; organic-p and Al-P with pH have negative significant correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquatic insects as bioindicators and in order to determine water quality in relation to organic matters were used to evaluate the water quality of Fars Province streams and two drainages. Eighteen springs that were presumed to be undisturbed by human activities and two others, disturbed by human activities were chosen to show the effects of the pollutions. Insects fauna or each stream were sampled seasonally in a year period by D. framed aquatic net. Each species (with index value) was used for calculating the biotic index pollutants of these water resources. Water quality determined for 18 springs and two drainages, Based on these values. Chel Cheshmeh, Salavat, Shirin and streams had excellent water qualities (no organic pollution). Paeen, Tang-e-Bostanak and Kamfirooz had good water quality with possible slight organic pollution. Kavar and Barm-e-delak streams had fair water quality (significant organic pollution) and two drainages had poor water qualities (very significant and sever organic pollution). To compare the results, some physical and chemical parameters of water were measured.

Podothrips erami Minaei sp. nov. is described and illustrated from Fars Province in southern Iran. This is the first record of the genus from Iran. The new species is bicolored and conforms with P. denticeps Hood and P. distinctus Ananthakrishnan in bearing a lateral forward-directed tooth behind the compound eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pedestrians are the most vulnerable group to accidents among road users. Due to the well-known concerns and complications of accidents involving pedestrians, the aim of this study was to identify the rate of such accidents for five-year period. Methods: We analyzed all fatalities among pedestrians caused by traffic accidents during years of 2009-2013 in Fars Province in Iran. The study was a cross-sectional study in which logistic regression analysis was used to predict the death rate among pedestrians. Sensitivity analysis using the Monte Carlo method was used to increase the accuracy of the results. Then, we predicted the death rates for the years 2014-2018 predicted and compared the results with the actual data from the previous five-year period (2009-2013). Results: During 2009-2013, 1723 out of 8689 (20.3%) of the people killed in traffic accidents were pedestrians. The death rate for male pedestrians in 2011 was estimated to be 10.86 per 100,000 (with an uncertainty interval of 95% giving a range of 9.85-12.05 per 100,000). Compared to the data for 2006, this represented a decrease of 20% (with a mean decrease of 4% per year). Based on these data, the death date in 2018n was projected to be 8.08 per 100,000 (with an uncertainty interval of 95% giving a range of 7.26-8.87). Similar data and analysis for women indicated that the reduction in the rate of fatalities has been smaller than that for men in recent years, i.e., 2.2% versus 4%. Conclusion: Although great progress has been made in reducing traffic accidents, to date, the death rate is still high among pedestrians. It is essential to continue to find ways to reduce traffic accidents and the pedestrians' deaths associated with them, especially among the elderly, who make up a disproportionate fraction of the deaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nickel-rich regolith outcrops discontinuously in varying thickness between the Sedimentary Zagros Orogenic (SZO) and Metamorphic Sanandaj-Sirjan (MSS) belts in Fars province, southwest Iran. It is the only known Ni-bearing regolith in the country. The laterites occur as residual and transported regolith in the Bavanat region. Profiles of the residual regolith from bottom to top include protolith, hard and soft saprolite, and oxide horizon. The parent rock is a highly serpentinized harzburgite containing relicts of olivine and orthopyroxene. From the hard saprolite to the oxide horizon, the proportions of hematite, goethite, talc, dolomite, and quartz increase, while chlorite, olivine, serpentine, and pyroxene decrease. Hematite and goethite are the dominant mineral phases in the oxide horizon. Part of the profile of transported regolith, especially oxide horizon has moved downslope due to landslide, slip, creep, and likely faulting. The Ni concentration varies gradually along the laterite profiles, with a maximum grade of 1.2 wt% in the oxide horizon. SEM-EDS data show that Ni released from serpentine group minerals in the parent rock was concentrated in the hematite of the oxide horizon. The isotopic fractionation of Ni along the soil profiles is controlled by the circulation of meteoric water and the intensity of weathering with formation of secondary minerals. [Display omitted] • Nickel laterites derived from the serpentinized harzburgite in the Bavanat region. • Residual soils show a complete succession of different horizons of the laterites. • Nickel was concentrated in iron oxides and secondary silicates of the oxide horizon. • Topography controls the Ni isotopic signatures in the laterite profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Brucella, causative of brucellosis, has some potential virulence factors involved in Brucella replication and its strategies to circumvent the immune response. One of them is the virB gene that encodes the type ІV secretion system proteins (T4SS) involved in intracellular replication of organism. Brucella virulence factor A (bvfA), and urease (ure) has also been described as being implicated in survival, and virulence in the hosts. The aim of this study was to investigate the B. melitensis virulence factor genes among Brucella isolated from aborted fetuses of sheep and goats in Fars province, southern Iran. Materials and Methods: A total of 42 isolates of B. melitensis isolated from aborted fetuses between 2005-2011 in Fars province of Iran was used in this study. PCR assay was performed in order to detect the virB, bvfA, and ure genes using specific primers. Results and Conclusions: The frequency of bvfA, virB, and ure genes was 78.50%, 73.80%, and 88.09% among all isolates respectively. The results of the present study showed that most Brucella isolates from this region have virulence factors genes (virB, bvfA, ure) in their genome, and most B. melitensis had ure genes that has been hypothesized to play a role in the pathogenesis of disease.

BACKGROUND: The incidence and mortality rates of cancer are increasing worldwide, particularly in the developing countries. Valid data are needed for measuring the cancer burden and making appropriate decisions toward cancer control. We evaluated the completeness of death registry with regard to cancer death in Fars Province, I.R of Iran. METHODS: We used data from three sources in Fars Province, including the national death registry (source1), the follow-up data from the pathology-based cancer registry (source 2) and hospital based records (source 3) during 2004 - 2006. We used the capture-recapture method and estimated underestimation and the true age standardized mortality rate (ASMR) for cancer. We used log-linear (LL) modeling for statistical analysis. RESULT: We observed 1941, 480, and 355 cancer deaths in sources 1, 2 and 3, respectively. After data linkage, we estimated that mortality registry had about 40% underestimation for cancer death. After adjustment for this underestimation rate, the ASMR of cancer in the Fars Province for all cancer types increased from 44.8 per 100,000 (95% CI 42.8 - 46.7) to 76.3 per 100,000 (95% CI 73.3 - 78.9), accounting for 3309 (95% CI 3151-3293) cancer deaths annually. CONCLUSION: The mortality rate of cancer is considerably higher than the rates reported by the routine registry in Iran. Improvement in the validity and completeness of the mortality registry is needed to estimate the true mortality rate caused by cancer in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nomad's livelihood is based on continuous migration between summer and winter pastures to obtain forage for their animals and access to contented weather. This living way has long history in Iran which formed in accord with climate. In recent century, many changes have been made in traditional living way of nomads. Therefore, nomads have no more their role and function as in the past. One of changes in nomads' living way is about migration time which usually leads to early entering in rangelands. This has deteriorative effect on rangelands. Present article delivers results of a survey research on factors affecting early migration of nomads and early entering of their animals in summer pastures of Fars province. Findings indicated that early entering in summer pastures are a common phenomenon among nomads. The mean of days which nomads enter early in summer pasture is 13 days. The means are 17.5, 2.1 and 41.4 days for nomads of Qhashqay clan, Khamseh clan and Mamasani clan respectively. Most nomads have migrated their animals from winter pasture to summer pastures by walk. This way of migration, in comparison to migration by machine, has resulted in decreasing the days which nomads enter early in summer pasture. The results also indicated that nomads have low sense of security in migration time. From point of their view, the mediterranean steppe grass (Stipa capensis) and drought could increase the days of entering early in summer pasture for 18 and 26 days respectively. Nomads also believed that fresh water and animal forage deficiencies are important determinant factors in early migration of nomads. Preservation of tribal pathways, hiring grazing hinderer for summer pasture, increasing nomads' migration security, create a temporary lodge places throughout migration path to provide support services for livestock, take the necessary measures to control mediterranean steppe grass in winter rangelands, supplying water to the nomads with appropriate methods, providing part of the animal forage requirements in drought years are the recommendations of this research to control nomads outdate spring migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Today, medicinal plants are widely used in remedies for several ailments and improvement of human health because of their pharmaceutical properties. This study aimed to document important useful medicinal plants and their medicinal characteristics for treatment of human ailments in the Arjan _ Parishan protected area in Fars province of Iran during 2010-2012. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained using direct interviews with 80 informants particularly those who were more familiar with the herbs and their medicinal properties. Collected plants were recognized and families, genera, and species determined using indispensable references. In this paper, scientific name, local name, parts used, and ways of application and ailments treated using traditional medicinal plant species have been provided. Results: We documented 85 plant species belonging to 39 families and 78 genera used for treating ailments. Among which, Asteraceae with 13 species was the most frequently used family and fruits and leaves were the favored parts for local users. Our results indicated that in this area, the highest compliance in the use of plants in treating ailments were related to the intestinal digestive system (40.8%). Conclusion: The present study is the first contribution to the ethnobotany of this region. Our results showed that some plants are used for medicinal purposes in this region, either for the same or for different purposes. Generally, the results of the present investigation can be used as a basis for selecting useful medicinal plants and also help to preserve precious information that may otherwise be lost to future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1-Introduction The supply of affordable housing for every citizen is an important governmental policy with a particular consideration of low- income groups. This group of residents would not be able to provide independent housing without governmental intervention. Social housing program is regarded as an effective policy in the pursuit of justice in accessing to proper housing in many parts of the world. The Mehr social housing program as supportive housing and social policy has been implemented to meet the housing needs of low-income classes since 2008 in Iranian major cities. So far, the Mehr housing project has been influential in changing many aspects of the urban systems, and consequently impacting on social, economic and environmental characteristics of them. The evaluation and criticism of this policy from different aspects to set up the goals and actions for the future planning is essential. According to the evaluation report of the Iranian Ministry of Road and Urbanism, by the end of 2012 Fars Province ranked the third in terms of social housing production. And at the end of 2012, the average progress in the implementation of housing projects in this province was reported by 80 percent. Totally, Fars province authorities are committed to build 112 thousand units. The structure of this paper is as follow: the first part includes the introduction, state of the problem, the objectives of the research, and the theoretical and conceptual background of the research. Subsequently, the method of the research and analytical approach of the collected data are presented. Discussion and conclusions are provided in the final section. 2-Theoretical bases Housing is not only regarded as a physical entity for living but also as an economic good and service. It also has a social role including a set of services covering the life. Housing as a residential environment can be studied from different perspectives. Housing is a social creature which provides most of the needs a family. Each housing unit is a representative of social and cultural identity. A suitable housing environment provides a place for rest and makes people mentally ready for the next activity. Social housing is equal to affordable rental property which is planned for low and middle income groups. This type of housing is administrated by the government, non-beneficial agents or cooperation estates of both of them in order to providing affordable shelter. Social housing may provide only basic and primary needs, while other aspects of life such as psychological, social, aesthetics, are neglected. Three dimensions of sustainability which should be considered for housing include: economic, social and environmental. In this paper, only economic and social aspects are investigated. 3-Discussion The importance of investigating the socioeconomic characteristics of households arises when housing planning is conducted. In this way, those who are from low-income group should be carefully considered because of their lower economic power to afford proper housing. In fact, most of low- income households need financial support and subsidy to improve their status of housing. The primary results from the analysis of 384 questionnaires collected in five sampled cities are below: the average household size is different among the residents of five cities and ranges between three and five. This difference shows the necessity of different housing planning approaches in different geographical regions. The ratio of household to housing unit is close to one for all sampled cities. For most of cases, men are the head of household. The average age of household age is about 36 years and the results confirm that owning a property takes longer time in bigger cities due to higher price of housing in such cities. About 30 percent of those who are the head of household have an academic degree; therefore, social housing is welcomed by this group as well. The job type of the head of households is a mix of white-collar and blue-collar jobs; however, the later one has a greater share. Around two-third of residents have had no earlier living experience in apartments, rather they were in single family houses. Also most of them used to live in rental houses. This is the main reason to leaving former place and moving in to social housing. Interestingly, rental cost is the most important factor which encouraged the residents to move out from their former places. Other causes such as getting closer to workplace are in second priority. In regard to income level, the majority of the residents of Mehr housing projects belong to low-income groups who need financial support to afford housing. The government has been successful in providing about 30 percent of housing cost. Most of residents' previous places of living were not in good and safe conditions; therefore, Mehr housing projects provide them an opportunity to live in better situation. For further analysis of collected data, some statistical tests including Smirnov-Kolmogrov, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and LSD were used. 4-Conclusion Because of large geographical extent of Mehr housing projects, it is required to investigate different dimensions of this housing supply program. This paper is about the social and economic impacts of Mehr housing residents throughout Fras province. For this purpose, five cities including Shiraz, Firouzabad, Abadeh, Noorabad, and Estahban which are located in different climatic and geographic situations were selected and 384 households were surveyed. Some of interesting findings of the returned questionnaires which resulted from descriptive and analytical methods include: According to ANOVA result, Noorabad and Firouzabad are two cities with higher level of social coherence. This is probably due to the greater homogeneity of ethical groups live in these cities. Participation level was found highest for Shiraz residents. This is probably due to having had better access to the information of housing projects and better involvement. In terms of overall satisfaction level, residents of Estahban were found to have greater level, due to limited number of residents who lived in apartments with higher quality. 5-Suggestions Mehr housing policy based on mass affordable housing by reducing the cost of land and offering supplementary funds is suggested in order to controlling the housing market. The review of the literature showed that using tax policy is necessary in addition to increasing housing supply. Therefore, supporting of housing production and supply should be associated with controlling for price and inflation in housing market. Enabling the capacity of all professional companies and non-governmental agencies in housing supply can improve the quality of construction thus giving more opportunity to the government for controlling the market. The satisfaction level of residents would increase if daily land use services get improved within Mehr housing projects. Furthermore, the result of this research can be used for future procedures of social housing planning in order to emphasizing local and cultural needs. This research can be extended by including further dimensions of the social and economic consequents of social housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Eryngyothrips Bhatti, 1979 is recorded from Iran for the first time. Eryngyothrips banihashemii sp. nov. is described and illustrated from specimens collected at the base of Cirsium sp. in Fars province. The problems in morphological character interpretation for discrimination of two genera, Eryngyothrips and Oxythrtips Uzel, 1895 are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]