Search

This paper investigates the role of technology levels in shaping the structure of the global value chain (GVC) at the macro level. We incorporate the Ricardian comparative advantage into the production of intermediate goods involving both snake-and spider-type supply chains to capture the overall GVC integration. We analytically find that the country with a higher technology level produces the intermediate inputs at production stages involving a higher degree of complexity, which is consistent with the real data. Finally, we calibrate the GVC participation value and wages and document the good fit of our model to the real-world data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study utilized panel data from 31 provinces in China from 2006 to 2020 to investigate the impact of the digital economy on the upgrading of the manufacturing industry's global value chain. Two types of spatial weighting matrices were used to construct SAR, SEM, SAC, and SDM models. The results revealed that technological innovation plays a direct mediating role in the upgrading of the manufacturing industry, and the global value chain has a positive regulatory effect on the relationship between the digital economy and the manufacturing industry's upgrading. Under the economic distance spatial weighting matrix, the spatial spillover effect of the digital economy on the manufacturing industry's global value chain is not significant, whereas, under the geographic distance spatial weighting matrix, the digital economy has a positive and significant spatial spillover effect. The SDM model showed the best explanatory effect. This implies that geographic spatial dependence has a significant impact on the upgrading of the manufacturing industry's industrial structure, and it is positively influenced by nearby provinces. Understanding the impact mechanism and spatial spillover effects of the digital economy on the manufacturing industry's upgrading can help promote efficient, fair, and balanced regional development. It can also aid in constructing a new domestic and international "dual circulation" development pattern that evolves with the global manufacturing value chain, sharing the dividends of the digital economy's impact on the global value chain's development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the rapid development of global value chain, the global industrial division is increasingly turning to the division of production based on vertical specialization. The value creation of products is no longer completed independently by one country, but is realized jointly by multiple countries through division of labor and cooperation, thus connects the industries of all countries into the global trade network. The centrality in the trade network has increasingly become a comprehensive indicator reflecting the breadth and depth of a country's trade and the security of the supply chain and has caused widespread concern. However, the research on the structure and impact mechanism of the global trade network in the existing literature is relatively scarce, especially the research on the impact of industrial digitalization on the global trade network in the context of the digital economy. Under the background of deep adjustment and reconstruction of global value chain, exploiting the opportunity of digital transformation to promote the centrality in trade network is an important way for China to advance the modernization of industrial chain and supply chain. Based on the 2005-2015 world input-output table published by OECD, this paper uses the social network analysis method to investigate the characteristic facts of the evolution of the trade network pivot position of various economies, and empirically analyzes the impact of industrial digitalization on the position of the global trade network with semiparametric estimation, panel threshold models, etc. The findings indicate that the pivot position of most developed economies had declined, and the pivot position of emerging developing economies, especially Asian economies, had improved. In the global trade network in 2018, China entered the core circle layer of the network and as the only developing country, has successfully upgraded from a regional hub to a global hub. Industrial digitalization could promote the pivot position of the global trade network, but this promotion effect is heterogeneous due to the industrial characteristics and different digital penetration of agriculture, primary manufacturing, advanced manufacturing and service industries, and presents a nonlinear marginal decreasing effect with the improvement of industrial digital penetration. The penetration of industry digitalization could promote the industrial pivot position by deepening the embedding of the global value chain, enhancing export competitive advantage, and improving the division of labor in the value chain. Compared with the previous literature, this paper expands from the following two aspects: firstly, unlike the previous literature, which studies the structure or influence factors of the global trade network of a single or a few industries, this paper includes most of the industries in the world input-output table, thus the research conclusions have more general significance. Secondly, most scholars pay attention to the role of the global trade network position on other economic variables, while this paper analyzes the impact mechanism of industrial digitalization on the position of the global trade network centrality from the theoretical and empirical perspectives and expands the relevant literature on the impact mechanism of the global trade network. The research in this paper reveals the effect and mechanism of the level of industrial digitalization on the position of the global trade network, analyzes the structural changes of the global trade network, and helps China improve its position in the global trade network under the background of anti-globalization and trade protectionism. Based on the research, this paper proposes policy suggestions that China should build a new ecosystem of the global value chain with open cooperation, a win-win situation by digitalization, and promote China's industries to build new advantages in international competition, improve the ability to cope with global supply chain risks and promote high-level international exchange and cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trade in services has grown more rapidly than trade in manufactured goods in recent decades. Countries from the Global South are chiefly responsible for this shift. The research note draws attention to service investment that originates in Southern economies and is directed at markets of the same (sub)continent. Such dynamics have been neglected by academic debates focussed on global value chains and offshored, largely generic services. The authors argue that direct integration into global markets is often disadvantageous for firms from the South, as they tend to play a subordinate role, face the risk of disinvestment and hardly upgrade. Regional markets offer better opportunities. These ideas are applied to Argentina and South Africa. The fDi Markets database and qualitative information from secondary sources are used to get a better grasp of the expansion of Argentinean and South African providers of advanced services into Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa, respectively. It is shown that regional markets matter. It appears that they allow companies from Argentina and South Africa to be lead firms, internationalize their business activities and achieve various forms of upgrading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the configuration of the global value chain of berries (GVCB) by analysing the trajectories and strategies of global trading firms; as well as the local advantages of Chile and Mexico that allowed them to integrate into this chain. The study applies the basis of the methodology of multiple case studies. The results show that the trading companies configured the GVCB by making use of their knowledge of the berry market, the plant genetic improvement, the growth in the world consumption, and the advances in the logistics for long-distance trading. Trading companies promoted the berry production of Chile and Mexico to reduce the seasonality of the offer considering their comparative advantages, such as access to destination markets, the agro-climatic conditions, the availability and cost of production factors, and the institutional context. Multinational berry traders have driven the configuration of GVCB through global expansion strategies and use their governance power to coordinate global chain operations. Local actors from both countries took the opportunity to integrate into global markets and developed highly dynamic production clusters, which they adapted to their conditions. The GVCB also faces challenges due to growing concerns about environmental care and social responsibility for workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global value chain has promoted foreign direct investments in emerging markets. Not only resources but also public policies can affect the inflows or outflows of foreign direct investments (FDI). This study investigates the effect of economic policy uncertainty on net foreign direct investment inflows in 48 Asian countries. We use the panel dataset from different sources from 1995 to 2020. Our core dependent variable is net foreign direct investment inflows, and the explanatory variable is economic policy uncertainty. The study's control variables include trade, GDP per capita, GDP growth, population, financial development, inflation, and employment. We use the generalized system method of moment (SYS_GMM). Furthermore, the robustness of our empirical results is checked by using the different proxy variables of policy uncertainty. Our results confirm the negative effect of policy uncertainty on foreign direct investment inflows in 48 Asian countries. Our results show that foreign investment inflows are more sensitive than domestic investment. The influence of domestic and global uncertainty on inward FDI is greater than domestic investment. Furthermore, the interaction effect of financial development (FD) shows that FD does not affect mitigation of the negative impact of global economic policy uncertainty on foreign investment inflow. In contrast, FD mitigates the adverse effects of domestic policy uncertainty on foreign and domestic investment. The findings imply that policies need to be attractive, effective, and transparent to woo FDI to the emerging markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Critique of Law: Independent Legal Studies / Krytyka Prawa: Niezalezne Studia nad Prawem is the property of Akademia Leona Kozminskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Religación: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades is the property of Religacion: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A new route perspective measure based on the global value chain (GVC) distinguishes the embodied emission transfer destinations while concurrently considering the transfer process and GVC embedding position. This study applies this measure to reassess the characteristics of China's foreign trade embodied emissions and their impacts on global emissions. The results show that: (1) China's domestic embodied emission exports are mainly concentrated in manufacturing and dominated by final goods exports and simple GVC routes. China primarily imports foreign emissions via simple GVC routes. (2) The embodied emission intensity of China's exports is much higher than that of its imports, and China's expansion in imports indirectly promoted global emission reduction. (3) China's foreign trade increases global emissions with a waning trend, while GVC-related trade reduces global emissions. Additionally, it is feasible to reduce global emissions by adjusting China's bilateral trade structures with different countries. We conclude that China's GVC-related trade has increased, but exports through complex GVC tend to be the resource-input type. We emphasize that China needs to actively participate in globalization and upgrade its GVC to step off the low-end locking predicament in global production and cope with the multiple pressures of global and domestic emission reduction and stable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being an active member in the global value chain (GVC), Vietnam yet remains in a low position due to its main participation in processing and assembling stages. Therefore, Vietnamese businesses are required to improve their capacity to seize opportunities and upstream positions in GVC. Based on a survey on businesses operated in the manufacturing, processing industries and import-export activities by the Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the paper identifies Vietnam's businesses in the GVC, reviews and evaluates policies to support their participation in the GVC, thereby proposing solutions to promote their dynamic capabilities and position in the GVC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central Asia borders China and was the first stop of China's opening to the west. Studying the evolving status of agricultural products in the global value chain since China and Kyrgyzstan established diplomatic relations in 1992 can facilitate China's "Belt and Road" initiative and strengthen agricultural cooperation. Based on FAOSTAT and UN Comtrade data, this paper classifies agricultural products into three categories: primary agricultural products, rough-processed agricultural products, and deep-processed industrial products. An indicator system was constructed for measuring the status of agricultural products in the global value chain. Using the results of the NET trade index, this paper analyzed the evolving status of Chinese and Kyrgyzstani agricultural products in the global value from 1995 to 2020. The results showed that the status of Chinese and Kyrgyzstani primary agricultural products has continued to decline, with Kyrgyzstan slightly better than China. The status of Chinese rough-processed agricultural products was slowly declining, while Kyrgyzstan's status dropped sharply by 2020. China has a solid foundation in deep-processed agricultural products, while Kyrgyzstan's status was relatively low. Suggestions for future cooperation between China and Kyrgyzstan are discussed, such as strengthening agricultural technology exchanges and cooperation, expanding trade in high-quality agricultural products, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction sector plays a significant role in national economic development and accounts for a dominant portion of national economic growth. The international construction industry’s development has been explored from the perspective of the economy. Internationalization improves awareness about participation in international trade activities. This paper aims to quantify the internationalization of the construction industry in the global value chain. The sectoral participation index and interaction index are conducted to evaluate the internationalized degree of the construction industries. In the results, the distribution of the backward participation indices shows nearly all countries’ internationalization processes were still at the stage of benefiting from primary resources. The forward support index is easily influenced by the scale effect. The backward independence index accounts for a small percentage of national imports measured by value added. The main source of value-added supply was the local construction sector. This study proposes a comprehensive indicator to quantify the internationalization of the construction industries in the sight of national and global points. The references have a positive value for policymakers in the management of value-added flows in the international market and adjustment of the foreign trade environment.

As there are a large number of risk factors affecting green innovation under the global value chain, the screening of risk indicators is a key link in developing green innovation activities. Through the analysis of the influencing factors of current green innovation risk, the primary index of green innovation risk is established. The group decision characteristic root method is used to identify the key importance of primary indicators of green innovation risk and construct the global value chain’s green innovation risk index system, which provides a scientific method and new ideas for measuring and evaluating green innovation risk in the global value chain. The empirical results of this paper are as follows: 1) green R&D risk measurement indicators under the global value chain include the proportion of global green R&D personnel investment, the proportion of global green R&D capital investment, the stability of global green R&D in manufacturing, the ease of international transfer of green technology, and the international protection of green technology patents; 2) Green manufacturing risk measurement indicators under the global value chain have seven risk factors: the proportion of global green manufacturing personnel investment, the proportion of global green manufacturing capital investment, the global green manufacturing product production scale, the global green manufacturing product quality performance level, the global outsourcing scale of green products, the global green manufacturing technology transformation degree of manufacturing industry, and the global green manufacturing cost increase; 3) green marketing risk measurement indicators under the global value chain have seven risk factors: the proportion of global green marketing personnel investment, the proportion of global green marketing capital investment, the international demand level for green products, the international market competition intensity of green products, the possession of green products to existing international marketing channels, the commercialization and internationalization level of green technology, and the intensity of green technical barriers to trade in the international community; and 4) green service risk measurement indicators under the global value chain have five risk factors: the proportion of global green service personnel investment, the proportion of global green service capital investment, the 1coverage of global green service outlets, the globalization level of global green product supply chain, and the global after-sales technical service capability of green products.

The text whose main objective is to arouse in the reader the need to look at chocolate production differently as a strategy that can contribute to the elimination of slave labour. Therefore, it aims to answer the following research problem: How does the cocoa production chain contribute to the maintenance of this heinous practice and how to counteract it? It is a theoretical and normative study that, through qualitative, bibliographic and documentary research, uses a deductive method to achieve the proposed objective. First, the persistence of slavery in the workplace today is analysed. Then, the study discusses the cocoa production chain and the need to control labour abuses in the chocolate industry. Finally, it points out the extremely important role that companies have to play in combating and eliminating the exploitation of human labour by applying strict controls in their value chain, coinciding with the idea of sustainable development.

In the context of global value chains (GVCs), the impact of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on China’s bilateral trade with Belt and Road countries (BRCs) is controversial. This study constructed a GVC accounting framework based on a multiregional input–output model, aiming to clarify the trends and transfer characteristics of the value added (VA) and the embodied carbon emissions (ECEs) in China–BRCs bilateral trade from 2000 to 2018 at the overall country, Belt and Road region (BRR), and typical country levels. The relevant results are threefold. (1) At the overall country level, the BRCs VA and ECEs imports and exports have shown overall increasing trends. (2) Most BRRs are net ECE exporters to China. Southeast Asia and Northeast Asia are the main ECEs destinations and sources. (3) In China–typical BRCs bilateral trade, China is a net ECEs exporter to most typical BRCs, and the net ECE transfers through route 1 (onefold value chain) are all positive, implying that route 1 can reduce ECEs in BRCs. These findings can help formulate policies and measures to reduce carbon emissions and provide a scientific basis for realizing the coordinated development of carbon emission reduction and economy in China and BRCs.

This article innovatively proposes a new display comparative advantage index (NB*). Based on the characteristics of existing comparative advantage indices and practical research needs, the NB* index can more accurately measure whether a country’s products have comparative advantages among other countries within the selected region, which to some extent expands the research boundary of industrial international competitiveness evaluation indicators. Meanwhile, this article takes China’s wood-based panel industry as an example to calculate the comparative advantage level of China’s wood-based panel industry among Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) member countries and further explores the impact of global value chain participation and division of labor status on the international competitiveness of the industry. Research has found that, firstly, although China’s wood-based panel industry has a relatively lower level of comparative advantage among RCEP member countries, it still has a certain level of competitiveness in some developed and developing countries’ markets; Secondly, in terms of the wood-based panel industry, a higher level of global value chain participation can effectively improve the international comparative advantage level of the domestic wood-based panel industry. Thirdly, the level of division of labor in the industrial chain has a significant positive impact on the comparative advantage level of China’s wood-based panel industry in RCEP member countries. Therefore, in order to enhance the international competitiveness of the domestic wood-based panel industry, it is necessary to actively participate in the global value chain and continuously move towards a higher level of division of labor in the industry chain.

Abstract Trade in animal‐pollinated crops plays an important role in global food systems: in many low‐income countries, export of pollinated crops such as coffee and cocoa plays a significant role in livelihoods, while food systems in many higher income nations depend on international trade in these crops to satisfy their local demands. Losses of pollination services therefore pose a significant risk to economies beyond the area directly affected. Using a simple extension of a common economic model, we explore which countries are most affected by a loss of pollination services in three case study groups of 25 countries that are vulnerable to different risks: pesticide use, natural disasters and economic debts. In all three cases, large, developed economies such as the United Kingdom, Germany and Japan, are estimated to suffer the greatest economic losses, even if pollinator losses only affect smaller, less‐developed economies. In cases where higher income countries are affected by pollinator losses, there is a significant shift in the value of global pollinated crop production towards other large, unaffected countries. Our findings highlight the need for richer countries to invest in pollinator conservation beyond their own borders to maintain resilient food systems. We provide suggestions for further economic research to better understand and identify system vulnerabilities to pollinator losses. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

The disaggregation and geographic dispersion of global value chains (GVCs) have expanded the responsibility of international buyers from firm-level corporate social responsibility (CSR) towards social sustainability of their emerging country suppliers. We theorize, in this paper, that the effectiveness of lead firms' GVC governance strategies for social sustainability—which can be audit-based or cooperation-based—depends on the local institutional context of the supplier. Supplier country institutions exert legal and civil society pressures for social sustainability, which shape suppliers' attitude and receptiveness towards lead firm requests. Using unique primary data from 356 garment and footwear suppliers in 11 emerging countries, which supply to Western European or North American buyers, we show that GVC governance strategies are particularly effective for suppliers' social sustainability implementation when there is 'contextual fit' with local institutional pressures for social sustainability in the supplier country. Our study identifies the boundary conditions of GVC governance modes, and demonstrates a complementary relationship between organizational arrangements and their institutional-level counterparts in the context of social sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 has had a dramatic impact on the fashion industry. Fashion brands had to restructure their value chains and refine their strategies to overcome the negative consequences of the lockdown. An analysis of the Italian fashion industry is used to examine how companies responded to the challenges of the pandemic and how they were able to find competitive solutions. Qualitative analysis is used to discuss the case of Italy, a country that was particularly affected by COVID-19. The research shows that companies invested in three different directions to overcome the obstacles posed by the COVID-19 emergency: refocusing on manufacturing, investing in sustainability (especially social), and relying on digital technologies (e.g., e-commerce and videoconferencing) to interact with remote customers. The theoretical and practical contributions of this study are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research asks: To what extent has America's reliance on the global supply network aggravated the country's public health and economic crisis; and how did the American government respond to supply chain weaknesses during the early years of the Covid‐19 pandemic? This study first assesses important conceptual considerations that explain the expansion of global value chains and the growth of trade interdependencies among nations. Next, an analytical case study observes (1) America's supply chain vulnerability through three major waves of infection, (2) the difficulty to mend weaknesses in the supply linkages once the novel coronavirus spread globally and (3) American government's failures to both anticipate and respond to supply shortages, especially in the health sector. Trump administration's policies failed to ensure a reliable supply of simple personal protective equipment (PPE) for healthcare professionals and hospitals throughout the first three waves of infection. Moreover, state and federal governments' substantial reliance on large manufacturers who have established procurement relationship with government led to continuous nationwide supply shortages throughout 2020. The federal government's inability to engage small and medium manufacturers in the production of critical supplies of PPE and diagnostic tests deepened and prolonged the devastating impacts of the pandemic. Our case study demonstrates that the American government needs to rethink the country's substantial reliance on the global supply chain, and the specific requirements to boost domestic manufacturing capacity. The revitalisation of America's manufacturing ability and the local supply networks will boost the productive power of the nation, strengthen resiliency, reduce vulnerability in disruptive times and prepare the nation for future crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Papeles de Europa is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Economic Science / Jingji Kexue is the property of Economic Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The focus of this research is on analysing the effects of institutional quality and trade agreements on Indonesia bilateral trade in four commodity groups in the era of global value chain (GVC). Employing a panel data gravity model of Indonesian export of four commodities to Indonesia's trading partners from 2000 to 2018 and estimating the Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) and the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood Method (PPML), the results of this study find that institutional quality plays a different role in explaining Indonesia's export performance of those four commodities, despite the fact that institutions contribute positively. On two commodities that are prospective to increase Indonesia participation in the global value chain, exported intermediates and consumer goods, we find that although both domestic institutions and trading partner institutions are significant to Indonesian export, but we argue that domestic institutions contribute more. This study also reveals that through tariff reductions, Indonesian trade agreements are significant regarding export of all the four commodities group. However, even though tariffs are significant, we find that the quality of institutions, especially domestic institutions, has a greater effect on Indonesia's exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: recreating, comparing and evaluating research approaches of the supply chains management and the global value chains. Design/methodology/approach: comparative analysis based on the reconstruction of theoretical assumptions. Findings: e similarities and differences between the supply chains management theory and the global value chains theory. Research limitations/implications: simplifications resulting from the level of approach generalization. Practical implications: better understanding of tasks by managers. Social implications: revealing the links between economically oriented management and social effects. Originality/value: reconstruction of the theories and identification of similarities and differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article takes a public policy perspective and captures the implications of sectoral logistical capabilities for export competitiveness to obtain directives for developmental interventions in the logistics sector. We specifically develop a logistical policy intervention framework that links trade logistics performance and exports at the country-level with the objective to identify strategies for a nation's logistics policy formulation. Theoretically, the framework relies on the “macro-institutional view of the logistics systems environment,” which is an emerging global value chain perspective to model global trade scenarios. This perspective accounts for the influence of diverse operational capabilities at a sectoral scale, multiple institutions, and socio-economic environments in governing the performance of a nation's logistics systems in global trade. Methodologically, a rigorous nonlinear regression modeling approach highlights nonlinear discontinuities associated with the impact of logistical policy interventions fostering sectoral logistical capabilities (for example, developing logistics infrastructure or improving the state of logistics service quality in the nation) to boost the export viability of a country in the global economy. The results also highlight critical environmental bottlenecks that govern the efficacy of such interventions. This article pioneers to mainstream the public policy underpinning of logistics systems, and via this contextualization, it contributes to the agenda of mastering policy challenges in engineering and technology management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we characterize the position of Singapore in global value chains and identify Singapore's key upstream and downstream trade partners. We trace how the position of Singapore in global value chains has changed in the past two decades: whether it has moved upstream or downstream, how involved it is in global value chains, how its trend compares with the other major Asian exporters (China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong), and which key sectors of Singapore play a major role in these global trade networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CPTPP, or the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans‐Pacific Partnership, is an example of a 'mega‐regional' free trade agreement, whose provisions on the rules of origin and trade facilitation can potentially have large impacts on CPTPP‐wide supply chains. In this paper, we analyse how intensively the CPTPP members participate in the global value chain (GVC), whether they have stronger linkages with members than with non‐members, the position of the members in the global and regional network, and whether the CPTPP members are key upstream and downstream trade partners to each other. We develop formulas of GVC position, and importance of bilateral upstream and downstream partners, based on the gross‐export decomposition framework of Koopman et al. (2014, American Economic Review, 104, 459) and Borin and Mancini (2017). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is one of the vital economic sectors in the economic development of Vietnam. Using two datasets from UNCTAD's MRIO database, the paper aims at assessing Vietnam's participation in the global agricultural value chain in 2010-2017 and comparing it with ASEAN-5 countries' participation by calculating backward linkage, forward linkage, position, and participation index. Research results show that Vietnam is moving towards the upstream position and the country's level of participation tends to increase mainly due to forward linkage participation. There is more diversification in the agricultural export markets but a high concentration of the import markets in Asia. While some commodity groups such as forestry, pocks, sugarcane, rubber, and paddy have more advantages when participating in the global value chain, other groups such as fishery, poultry, cow, and tea have faced passive participation. In comparison with ASEAN-5 countries, Vietnam's participation index is relatively high, but its position index is quite lagging. The paper ends by providing some policy implications for Vietnam to improve its participation in the agricultural global value chain, focusing on taking advantage of free trade agreements, applying advanced technologies in agriculture, strengthening brand names for agricultural products, and improving the quality of logistics services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing studies mainly focus on the evolutionary characteristics of the global crude oil trade network under a steady state, neglecting to analyze the competition and cooperation among countries regarding crude oil as a strategic resource from a spatial–geographical perspective. There needs to be more studies analyzing the impact of crude oil trade disruptions on the resilience of the whole network from the perspective of supply and demand shocks in different influential countries, thus promoting the sustainable development of the global economy and the transition to green energy. Based on the global crude oil trade data from 2007 to 2020, this paper examines the structural evolution of the trade network using a complex network approach and simulates the impact of disruptions on its resilience. Results indicate that the global crude oil trade network expands and becomes more closely connected, and five major trade groups have been formed. Further simulation reveals that the impact of national disruptions on global trade resilience is not linear. Moreover, the influence from core countries is significantly higher than peripheral countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

From the time of mercantilism onwards, international trade has always been an arena of geopolitical rivalry, and the unipolar international order that emerged after the end of the cold war essentially created a special security architecture in the strategic Middle East so that it could maintain its status quo. Powers inevitably have to choose between two options to work within the framework or to challenge it. This paper examines the competition between the US and china in the form of strategic hedging and under the global value chain structure. The authors will seek to answer the question: What is china's middle east economic strategy in competition with the US? The research hypothesis is that China's middle East economic strategy in competing with the US is targeted influence through the most effective sections of the international value chain. The research findings are based on its explanatory-analytical method, that in the Middle East look, China according to the United States' efforts to build a unified trade front to counter Beijing's state-owned capitalism and in order to reduce its energy security risk, has focused on technology security at targeting growth in the value chain hierarchy and gaining a foothold at its highest levels.

This article aims to examine and present trade relations in global value chains (GVCs) and their impact on Polish trade, emphasizing Poland's ability to react to rapid changes in the global economy, as in the case of the COVID-19 pandemic. For this purpose, the author proposed a two-stage study. The first stage focuses on analyzing selected indexes describing the Polish share and position in GVCs against the background of the European Union (EU) and OECD countries. The second stage is related to the analysis of the latest economic trade data and the reaction of Poland, the EU, and OECD to changes in international trade in 2020 and 2021 in the context of GVC. The study uses data from the OECD and WTO Trade in Value Added Database and the Eurostat Database. The relatively quick adaptation of Poland to the world's standards indicates great possibilities for adaptation of the Polish economy. The share of foreign value added in Polish exports was consistent with global trends. The export orientation of Polish production increased during the analyzed period, proving Poland's deep commitment to global production chains. Despite a similar decline in import and export in the first months of 2020, as in the OECD and the EU26, the growth dynamics in the following months were higher in Poland. Many industries in Poland are highly dependent on the smooth operation of GVCs. At the same time, the service sector is gaining importance, and its share in exports is systematically growing. The highly flexible nature of Poland's international trade allowed it to reduce the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on its economy.

Voluntary sustainability standards have been used as a governance mechanism to ensure the sustainability of fisheries products traded from developing countries. Different standards have become market forces that actors along the value chain are expected to follow to access markets and remain competitive. Recent attention is also being paid to small-scale fisheries, but there is relatively little information about the efficacy of the translation of standards by all actors in the value chain. This study examines how a voluntary sustainability standard is translated from an international buyer down to the producer and the effectiveness of this on social and environmental sustainability. The global value chain (GVC) modular framework is applied to assess the implementation of and compliance with the standard. The analysis is done at the micro, meso, and macro levels. We use the first-ever Fair Trade USA certification for handline small-scale tuna fishery in Maluku, Indonesia, as our case study. The findings indicate that the captive forms of governance prevailing at the micro and meso levels of the value chain vary considerably. This adds a layer of complexity to the extent to which a sustainability standard changes the structure and governance of the value chain. The efficacy of such changes in promoting social and environmental sustainability is constrained by the unequal power dynamics among the various actors operating at the different levels. The findings from this study may contribute to optimizing the value chain for greater sustainability outcomes by involving local actors and accommodating various governance mechanisms to organize the value chain. • The locally embedded governance approach is important for successfully certifying small-scale fishers. • The multi-tier captive relationship is shared as a result of the locally embedded governance approach. • Understanding impacts requires examining the interactions and dynamics of value chain actors at different analysis levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• There is a significant non-linear inverted U-shaped relationship between global value chain participation and wage inequality. • Compared to state-owned enterprises, global value chain embedding has a more significant impact on income inequality within non-state-owned enterprises. • The inverted U-shaped effect of global value chain embedding on internal income inequality is significant in large companies, but has no significant impact on internal income inequality in small companies. • As the integration of the global value chain deepens, income inequality within companies with lower bargaining power among employees gradually expands; however, income inequality within companies with higher bargaining power among employees first increases and then decreases. • The embedding of global value chains has an inverted U-shaped impact on internal income inequality through the widening rental sharing effect of internal income disparities and the skill enhancement effect of narrowing internal income disparities. In the debate about the causes of inequality, a growing strand of research focuses on the effects of globalization on income inequality. This study focuses on Chinese-listed companies from 2000–2016, examining the influence of GVC participation on intra-firm wage disparities. It finds a significant, non-linear inverted U-shaped relationship between GVC participation and wage inequality, which remains robust across various empirical specifications. The results also show that global value chain embedding has a more significant impact on income inequality within non-state-owned enterprises, larger enterprises, and enterprises with higher bargaining power among employees. This finding is qualitatively robust across various different empirical specifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International trade in energy and environmental goods (EEGs) promotes the diffusion of green technologies and provides environmental benefits to trading countries. However, the uneven distribution of environmental benefits has hindered international negotiations on trade liberalization. This study investigates whether the disparity in technological content of EEGs leads to uneven emission reduction effects in the global value chain (GVC). Based on data panel covering 246 EEGs and 103 countries from 2001 to 2019, a dynamic threshold model was applied to examine the uneven emission reduction effects from the EEG trade. The results revealed that (1) the technological content of EEGs differs among countries, but this difference does not directly contribute to an uneven distribution of environmental benefits.(2) the technological content of EEGs impacts emissions through a threshold effect. Trading high-tech EEGs benefits from economies of scale, whereas trading low-tech EEGs suffers from diseconomies of scale. (3) The proportion of countries benefiting from trade in EEGs is increasing, with imports providing broader benefits than exports. These findings elucidate the situation and mechanism of the uneven distribution of environmental benefits in the EEG trade and offer insights into policy focus shifts. • This study posits two mechanisms between product sophistication and emissions. • Uneven emissions are not due to differing sophistication across countries. • High-tech trading has economies of scale, low-tech one has diseconomies of scale. • Environmental benefits of imports cover more countries than those of exports. • Trade in high-tech goods can reduce both GHGs and pollutants at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New mobility technologies related to autonomous, connected, and shared vehicles have prompted the entry of new players into the automotive industry, which has influenced the industry's traditional configuration of regional status. Under the global value chain (GVC) approach, this research proposes a new framework for defining a 'core–periphery' spatial model of the automotive industry. Under that model, based mainly on the key variables of domestic firms linked to new mobility technologies, analysis is made of the comparative status of regions of the European automotive industry traditionally regarded as peripheral (Portugal) and semi-peripheral (Spain). Results indicate that domestic firms located in each of those two regions do not differ in terms of decision-making power, first-level supply positioning, added value of activities, and technological innovation. This implies that the two regions now share the same status within the new (autonomous, connected, and shared) mobility value chain. This has relevant implications for public policies throughout the European automotive industry. Policies should focus on innovation in new mobility technologies and on the creation of an ecosystem adequate to develop strong domestic capabilities around these new mobility technologies, in order to ensure more favourable regional status in the spatial model of this competitive industry. • New mobility (autonomous, connected, and shared) technologies impact on regional status of the traditional automotive industry. • Firms related to new mobility technologies have high decision-making power in automotive industry value chain. • Regional status of automotive industry is defined by the presence of domestic firms relate to new mobility technologies. • Public policies should focus on the development of new mobility technologies to ensure more favourable regional status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss the link between global value chains (GVC) and the widening differences in total factor productivity (TFP) across regions. Firstly, the empirical evidence from China indicates that differences in technological bias may be a vital factor in TFP differences. Further, we test the connection between GVC and regional TFP differences, providing a new explanation from the perspective of technological bias. Due to different speeds of factors mobility, GVC can intensify regional factor cost disparities, thereby expanding technological bias differences. As a result, it impedes regional TFP convergence. Finally, we have tested the above mechanism using data from China. • GVC has widened the regional disparities in TFP. • GVC exacerbates regional factor misallocation and further expands disparities in regional technological bias. • Biased technological changes act as a mediator in GVC hindering regional TFP convergence. • The benchmark model is applied based on provincial-level data in China for the period 2001–2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to systematically examine the developmental attributes and trends within China’s forestry sector through the lens of a global value chain (GVC) framework. To this end, this research analyzes the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Inter-Country Input–Output (OECD-ICIO) database, using a cohesive set of GVC methods, including the forward decomposition of industry value-added, an assessment of industry upstream and downstream positions, the decomposition of export values, and analysis of trade competitiveness indicators. The trajectory of China’s forestry industry hinges upon the interplay between foreign demand and domestic demand. The results reveal a transition in China’s forestry sector development model from export-focused to a domestically driven approach. The proportion of value-added that is devoted to meeting domestic demands within the wood processing and papermaking industries has surged to 76% and 82%, respectively. Among the major economies, China has the highest output upstream index and input downstream index in the forestry industry, playing a vital role in propelling and pulling other industries into the global value chain system. The proportion of domestic added-value in China’s forestry industry exports ranks among the top, reflecting strong self-sufficiency in export production. Although China’s forestry industry possesses a high world market share, its overall international competitiveness is weak, especially with clear signs of weakening comparative advantages in the wood processing industry.

Low productivity and quality of employment have always been a big problem in Indonesia, caused by the lack and mismatch of skills in the workforce. Labor productivity (LP) describes the company’s ability to produce something. This can be determined by added value or output. Several factors influence LP, such as education, age, and training. The concept of global value chains (GVCs) has become an integral part of economic activity, and trade within global production networks has grown more rapidly than conventional trade in final goods. GVCs have both positive and negative impacts on employment opportunities. The automotive industry is categorised as one of the ten primary priority industries in the Indonesian manufacturing sector. This research analyses the impact of LP on GVC integration in the Indonesian automotive industry. The data used in this research comes from the World Input–Output Database (WIOD) and the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) from 1995 to 2014. The variables used include the number of workers, added value, real wages, and GVC, which were calculated by the author using the Inter-Country Input–Output (ICIO) approach. Using ICIO analysis, the following matrix should be constructed to determine involvement in GVCs. This research shows that LP in the Indonesian automotive industry has a positive trend, and the GVC position in the Indonesian automotive industry has a positive trend line. The domestic value chain increased from 4% to 33%. This improves the ability to produce higher value-added and intermediate export goods. LP increases the domestic value chain in the Indonesian automotive industry, leading to global value chain integration. Thus, LP goes hand in hand with integrating GVCs.