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Sirtuin-2 (Sirt2), an NAD+-dependent lysine deacylase enzyme, has previously been implicated as a regulator of glucose metabolism, but the specific mechanisms remain poorly defined. Here, we observed that Sirt2−/− males, but not females, have decreased body fat, moderate hypoglycemia upon fasting, and perturbed glucose handling during exercise compared to wild type controls. Conversion of injected lactate, pyruvate, and glycerol boluses into glucose via gluconeogenesis was impaired, but only in males. Primary Sirt2−/− male hepatocytes exhibited reduced glycolysis and reduced mitochondrial respiration. RNAseq and proteomics were used to interrogate the mechanisms behind this liver phenotype. Loss of Sirt2 did not lead to transcriptional dysregulation, as very few genes were altered in the transcriptome. In keeping with this, there were also negligible changes to protein abundance. Site-specific quantification of the hepatic acetylome, however, showed that 13% of all detected acetylated peptides were significantly increased in Sirt2−/− male liver versus wild type, representing putative Sirt2 target sites. Strikingly, none of these putative target sites were hyperacetylated in Sirt2−/− female liver. The target sites in the male liver were distributed across mitochondria (44%), cytoplasm (32%), nucleus (8%), and other compartments (16%). Despite the high number of putative mitochondrial Sirt2 targets, Sirt2 antigen was not detected in purified wild type liver mitochondria, suggesting that Sirt2's regulation of mitochondrial function occurs from outside the organelle. We conclude that Sirt2 regulates hepatic protein acetylation and metabolism in a sex-specific manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In rice, symbiotic N2 fixation via nodule bacteroids does not take place naturally. Although N2 fixation by endophytic and associative diazotrophs has been reported in rice, the main organs and seasonal regulation for the N2 fixation have not been elucidated. In this study, seasonal changes in nitrogenase (acetylene reduction) activity and carbohydrate contents in elongated culm (EC), unelongated stem (US), and crown root (CR) were investigated in manure compost (MC)- and chemical fertilizer (CF)-applied rice. Nitrogenase activity increased after rooting (June) and reached the highest activity in US of MC-applied rice at panicle initiation (August). The sucrose content in EC continued to increase after rooting regardless of the applied materials, whereas the glucose content in US increased after rooting only in CF-applied rice, suggesting higher consumption of glucose in US of MC-applied rice. There were significant differences among bacterial microbiota in EC, US, and CR at panicle initiation. In addition, Clostridia class anaerobes were more abundant in US of MC-applied rice than in EC and CR of MC-applied rice. Such difference was not observed in US of CF-applied rice. These results suggest the suitability of US of MC-applied rice at panicle initiation as a site of N2 fixation under anaerobic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera Lam. (moringa) is a plant native to India, used as a nutritional and medicinal supplement in many cultures around the world. Moringa has been linked to maintaining metabolic homeostasis and is often marketed as a weight loss supplement and a potential remedy for diseases such as diabetes. Here, we investigate how moringa, a 'superfood' with predicted protective effects against chronic diseases such as diabetes, influences the nutritional physiology and microbiome composition of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. We administered moringa as a dietary supplement to Drosophila, and quantified key nutritional indices: glucose, triacylglyceride, and protein levels, and fly weight. We showed that dietary moringa supplementation significantly reduced fly glucose levels by up to ~30% and resulted in substantial restructuring of Drosophila microbiota composition, altering both gut and intracellular bacterial populations. The effect of moringa on fly glucose levels is specific because other nutritional indices, namely, triacylglyceride and protein levels and fly weight, were not significantly affected by dietary moringa supplementation. This study highlights the importance of moringa as a modulator of host glucose metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of feeder design on the health and growth performance of the Osmanabadi goat kids was evaluated. A total of 18 Osmanabadi weaned kids of 5-6 month of age were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups (n=6), viz., T1, T2 and T3 for the study period of 60 days. T1 group kids were kept on conventional feeder and served as control, T2 on circular feeder and T3 on linear feeder. Rectal temperature, heart rate and respiration rate differed non-significantly across all the groups throughout the study. T3 group exhibited a significantly higher haemoglobin value (g/dL) than T2 and T1 group on 60th day of trial. The PCV value ranged from 19.0±0.73 to 25.0±0.4 %. A statistically significant elevation in TEC (x106/µL) was registered on the 60th day in T3 (14.8±0.03) and T2 (14.7±0.04) as compared to T1 (14.4±0.08). The T1 and T2 showed a substantial but non-significant increase in N/L ratio as compared to T3. The maximum mean protein level differed non-significantly and was found highest on the 60th day of experiment in T3 (6.8±0.9 g/dL) group. The glucose data indicated no significant difference among all the groups with the lowest value observed on the 60th day in T3 group. Our findings indicated that modified linear feeder design was more suitable and exerted minimal stress resulting in better health and welfare of kids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute Patient Physiologic and Laboratory Evaluation (APPLE) scores have not been reported in cats with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Hypothesis: In cats with DKA, APPLE scores will be significantly higher in non‐survivors compared with survivors and these scores will predict mortality. Animals: Sixty‐eight cats with DKA. Methods: Retrospective study. The APPLE scores, blood glucose concentration (BG), venous pH, and ketone concentrations were compared between survivors and non‐survivors. Simple logistic regression was used to determine if these variables predict the binary variable of survival or non‐survival, and if they did, an empirical optimal cut point for mortality prediction was calculated. Results: The APPLEfast and APPLEfull scores were significantly higher in non‐survivors (30 cats; 24.6±7.4 and 45.2±7.3, respectively) compared with survivors (38 cats; 20.9±6.2 and 41.7±6.5; P =.01 and P =.02, respectively). The APPLEfast (P =.03) but not the APPLEfull scores (P =.06) predicted mortality. For every 1 unit increase in the APPLEfast score, the odds of death increased by 1.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.006‐1.17; P =.03). Median BG was significantly higher in non‐survivors (431 mg/dL; range, 260‐832 mg/dL) compared with survivors (343 mg/dL; range, 256‐738 mg/dL; P =.01) and BG predicted mortality (P =.02). For every 1 mg/dL increase in BG, the odds of death increased by 1.004 (95% CI, 1.0006‐1.008). Empirical optimal cut points for APPLEfast and BG mortality prediction were 24.5 and 358 mg/dL, respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The APPLEfast score and BG predict mortality in cats with DKA and can be used to stratify populations by risk of mortality in clinical trials of DKA in cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An advanced chemometric model based on ratiometric surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was developed for the quantification of glucose in serum samples. In the absence of glucose, it was mainly the SERS signal of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)-o-phenylenediamine (OPD). When glucose was added, glucose oxidase catalyzed glucose to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which oxidized OPD to produce 2,3-diaminophenazine (DAP) in the presence of AgNPs. The generated DAP exhibited a new strong SERS signal and changed the Raman peak ratio between DAP and OPD. Without using any internal standard, the advanced chemometric model mitigated the fluctuations in SERS intensity and achieved accurate concentration predictions for glucose in serum samples with recoveries in the ranges of 92.8–104.8%. The accuracy of the quantitative results obtained using the proposed method is comparable with that of the reference method — glucometer. The proposed sensor showed high sensitivity and selectivity in detecting glucose with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.28 μM. Additionally, the presented SERS sensor demonstrated great promise in determining H2O2-related metabolites in real serum samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In peritoneal dialysis (PD), managing peritoneal glucose uptake is a clinical challenge, as the uptake leads to peritoneal ultrafiltration loss. Peritoneal expression of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) suggests that SGLT2 inhibitors, a class of antidiabetic agents, may offer a solution. Methods: In 12 PD patients, we examined the influence of dapagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, on peritoneal equilibration test. Results: The volume of drainage and the total glucose content in drainage were larger in the test with dapagliflozin than in that without dapagliflozin (2.41 ± 0.16 vs. 2.23 ± 0.20 L, p = 0.011 and 16.9 ± 3.8 vs. 14.5 ± 3.7 g, p = 0.005, respectively). Conclusion: SGLT2 inhibitors could reduce peritoneal glucose uptake and improve fluid removal in clinical PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of diabetes, the use of cinnamon continues to be among the most popular supplements taken by patients for glucose control. To strategically evaluate the available literature comparing various cinnamon species and statistically significant glucose effects after ranking studies based on two tools to assess bias and overall study quality, to clarify cinnamon's role in glucose control. The authors performed a systematic search based upon PRISMA guidelines. The search was conducted utilizing PubMed, AMED, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Medline databases, with the final search performed in September 2022 with restrictions to human subjects and English language. Electronic searches were conducted utilizing the keywords "diabetes mellitus" combined with Cinnamomum zeylanicum/Cinnamomum cassia/Cinnamomum verum combined with blood glucose (BG). A second search utilized "cinnamomum zeylanicum/cinnamomum cassia/cinnamomum verum" combined with "blood glucose," and a final search utilized "diabetes mellitus" combined with "cinnamon." Data extraction and ranking of included studies utilizing the risk of bias 2 tool and modified Heyland Methodological Quality Scoring tool were performed independently by two review authors. These authors compared their results and reconciled any differences in scoring to generate a final ranking of studies. A third author was available for any discrepancies that could not be resolved but was not needed. Forty-five studies were included in the review and were scored for bias and quality. Overall 62% demonstrated statistical significance for positive effects in at least one parameter around BG control. Applying the ranking systems reduced the percentage closer to 50%. Safety was extremely well documented across studies with few adverse effects. Results are limited by heterogeneity of glucose parameters, leading to studies being ranked individually and not synthesized. Cinnamon supplementation likely has a modest positive effect on BG. Based upon the strong safety profile, utilization of this spice as an adjunct to pharmacologic therapy is reasonable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiac metabolism ensures a continuous ATP supply, primarily using fatty acids in a healthy state and favoring glucose in pathological conditions. Pyruvate kinase muscle (PKM) controls the final step of glycolysis, with PKM1 being the main isoform in the heart. PKM2, elevated in various heart diseases, has been suggested to play a protective role in cardiac stress, but its function in basal cardiac metabolism remains unclear. We examined hearts from global PKM2 knockout (PKM2−/−) mice and found reduced intracellular glucose. Isotopic tracing of U‐13C glucose revealed a shift to biosynthetic pathways in PKM2−/− cardiomyocytes. Total ATP content was two‐thirds lower in PKM2−/− hearts, and functional analysis indicated reduced mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Total reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial superoxide were also increased in PKM2−/− cardiomyocytes. Intriguingly, PKM2−/− hearts had preserved ejection fraction compared to controls. Mechanistically, increased calcium/calmodulin‐dependent kinase II activity and phospholamban phosphorylation may contribute to higher sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 pump activity in PKM2−/− hearts. Loss of PKM2 led to altered glucose metabolism, diminished mitochondrial function, and increased ROS in cardiomyocytes. These data suggest that cardiac PKM2 acts as an important rheostat to maintain ATP levels while limiting oxidative stress. Although loss of PKM2 did not impair baseline contractility, its absence may make hearts more sensitive to environmental stress or injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acquired multidrug resistance is often blamed for the failure of chemotherapy in patients with malignant tumors, including chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). In this study, the authors investigated the role of circular RNA 0080145 (circ_0080145) in imatinib (IM) resistance of CML. Materials and Methods: Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was applied to measure the expression of circ_0080145, microRNA-326 (miR-326), and PTPRF interacting protein alpha 1 (PPFIA1) mRNA. 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to determine the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of IM and cell proliferation. Flow cytometry analysis was utilized to assess cell apoptosis. The levels of glucose uptake and lactate production were examined using specific kits. Protein levels were detected through Western blot assay. The targeting relationship between miR-326 and circ_0080145 or PPFIA1 was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The murine xenograft model was constructed to investigate the effect of circ_0080145 in vivo. Results: circ_0080145 was upregulated in IM-resistant CML patients and cells. circ_0080145 silencing suppressed IM resistance, cell growth, and glycolysis and induced apoptosis in IM-resistant CML cells in vitro. Moreover, circ_0080145 knockdown blocked tumor growth and IM resistance in vivo. miR-326 was a target of circ_0080145, and miR-326 inhibition restored the effects of circ_0080145 silencing on cell progression and IM resistance. In addition, PPFIA1 was a target gene of miR-326. The suppressive roles in IM resistance, cell growth and glycolysis, and the promotional role in apoptosis mediated by miR-326 were abolished by PPFIA1 overexpression in IM-resistant CML cells. Conclusion: circ_0080145 contributes to IM resistance via modulating miR-326/PPFIA1 axis, which might provide a novel avenue for CML therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A biocompatible, highly sensitive, and enzyme-free glucose electrochemical sensor was developed based on a copper-cysteamine (Cu-Cy)-modified electrode. The catalytically active biocompatible material Cu-Cy was immobilized on the electrode surface by the natural polymer chitosan (CTS). The electrochemical characterization and glucose response of the Cu-Cy/CTS/glassy carbon electrode (GCE) were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and constant potential amperometry. The significant electrocatalytic activity of Cu-Cy to the oxidation of glucose in an alkaline environment was revealed. Several crucial parameters, including the number of scanning cycles for electrode activation, applied potential, and the contents of Cu-Cy and chitosan, were investigated to understand their impact on the sensor's response. The proposed sensing platform exhibited linear ranges of 2.7 μM to 1.3 mM and 1.3 mM to 7.7 mM for glucose detection, coupled with high sensitivity (588.28 and 124.42 μA·mM−1·cm−2), and commendable selectivity and stability. Moreover, a Cu-Cy/CTS-modified screen-printed electrode (SPE) was further developed for portable direct detection of glucose in real samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted on 70 blood samples, which were divided into two parts: • Patient group: 35 samples were from patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. • Control group (healthy women): 35 samples were from healthy women (as a control group). The ages of both groups ranged between (18-45) years for the period from 4/1/2024 - 6/1/2024. From Samarra General Hospital in Salah al-Din Governorate, blood was then collected from patients and healthy people and separated using a centrifuge. Then biochemical variables were measured, which included (glucose, LH, FSH, iron, magnesium, and vitamin D). The results of the current research showed a significant increase in each of the levels (glucose, LH, iron, and magnesium). In the blood serum of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome compared with the control group, there was a significant decrease in the level of (Vit D, FSH) in both groups at its level, probability P ≤ 0.001. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucose has been extensively studied as a targeting ligand on nanoparticles for biomedical nanoparticles. A promising nanocarrier platform are single-chain polymer nanoparticles (SCNPs). SCNPs are well-defined 5–20 nm semi-flexible nano-objects, formed by intramolecularly crosslinked linear polymers. Functionality can be incorporated by introducing labile pentafluorophenyl (PFP) esters in the polymer backbone, which can be readily substituted by functional amine-ligands. However, not all ligands are compatible with PFP-chemistry, requiring different ligation strategies for increasing versatility of surface functionalization. Here, we combine active PFP-ester chemistry with copper(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click chemistry to yield dual-reactive SCNPs. First, the SCNPs are functionalized with increasing amounts of 1-amino-3-butyne groups through PFP-chemistry, leading to a range of butyne-SCNPs with increasing terminal alkyne-density. Subsequently, 3-azido-propylglucose is conjugated through the glucose C1- or C6-position by CuAAC click chemistry, yielding two sets of glyco-SCNPs. Cellular uptake is evaluated in HeLa cancer cells, revealing increased uptake upon higher glucose-surface density, with no apparent positional dependance. The general conjugation strategy proposed here can be readily extended to incorporate a wide variety of functional molecules to create vast libraries of multifunctional SCNPs. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To determine the accuracy of a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) device by comparing glucose concentrations measured over time as determined by the CGMS to those of the chemistry analyzer (reference method). ANIMALS 7 healthy goats and 7 dairy calves. METHODS A randomized, crossover design with 3 treatments: control, hypoglycemia, and hyperglycemia. The CGMS device was applied to the neck. Hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia were induced by insulin and xylazine, respectively. Glucose concentrations were measured by the chemistry analyzer CGMS, point-of-care glucometer, and intensive care unit machine at 0 (before treatment), 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours. Agreement between the CGMS and the chemistry analyzer was determined by Bland-Altman plots. The analytical and clinical accuracy of the CGMS was determined using the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 15197:2013 criteria and the Parkes error grid analysis. RESULTS In goats, the CGMS overestimated glucose concentrations during the hypoglycemic, normoglycemia, and hyperglycemia treatments. In calves, the CGMS underestimated glucose concentrations during the hypoglycemic treatment but overestimated glucose concentrations in normoglycemia and hyperglycemic treatments. The CGMS met the ISO clinical accuracy criteria for goats and calves, with > 99% of the glucose measurements in zones A and B of the Parkes grid. However, the CGMS did not meet the ISO 15197:2013 criteria for analytical accuracy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The CGMS evaluated in our study only met the ISO 15197:2013 clinical accuracy criteria, not the analytical accuracy. Therefore, the device might be considered for clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overconsumption of added sugars makes people vulnerable to a myriad of diseases. Several biochemical and developmental assays were performed in the current study to assess the effect of fructose on Drosophila melanogaster and to find substitutes for fructose by comparing it to well-known sweeteners. Drosophila was exposed separately to the same ratio of sugar 9.21% (w/v) of several types of sweeteners (sucrose, fructose, glucose syrup, high-fructose corn syrup and stevia). Results revealed that fructose might induce recombination, whereas stevia lacks genotoxic potential. No developmental delay, growth defects, or neurotoxic effects were recorded for any of the sweeteners. We also observed no striking differences in reactive oxygen species levels. Thus, stevia seems to be an alternative sweetener to fructose that can be consumed to reduce fructose-induced anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mammalian cells utilize glucose as a primary carbon source to produce energy for most cellular functions. However, the bioenergetic homeostasis of cells can be perturbed by environmental alterations, such as changes in oxygen levels which can be associated with bacterial infection. Reduction in oxygen availability leads to a state of hypoxia, inducing numerous cellular responses that aim to combat this stress. Importantly, hypoxia strongly augments cellular glycolysis in most cell types to compensate for the loss of aerobic respiration. Understanding how this host cell metabolic adaptation to hypoxia impacts the course of bacterial infection will identify new anti-microbial targets. This review will highlight developments in our understanding of glycolytic substrate channeling and spatiotemporal enzymatic organization in response to hypoxia, shedding light on the integral role of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) during host–pathogen interactions. Furthermore, the ability of intracellular and extracellular bacteria (pathogens and commensals alike) to modulate host cellular glucose metabolism will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the study is to evaluate whether the application of an interfascial injection with dextrose water could result in reduced pain and improved shoulder function and range of motion. Design: This is a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Thirty-five patients with chronic shoulder pain were randomly assigned to receive either an interfascial injection of 10 mL of 10% dextrose water guided by ultrasound or a sham injection of 0.5 mL of 10% dextrose water into the subcutaneous layer. All patients received education on a home program of self-massage and self-stretching. Shoulder pain, shoulder range of motion, and neck and shoulder function were measured before injection and at 4 and 12 wks after injection. Results: Both groups showed significant improvements in visual analog scale scores at 12-wk follow-up. The interfascial injection group exhibited a significant pain reduction compared with the sham group at the 12-wks follow-up. No between-group differences were observed in shoulder range of motion, pain threshold, and neck and shoulder function. Conclusions: Interfascial injection is effective in decreasing pain in patients with myofascial pain syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative mRNA splicing promotes the diversity of protein isoforms. Metabolic regulation of mRNA splicing enables cells to adapt their proteome to external stimuli. The interplay between metabolites and alternative mRNA splicing can take place through biochemical and biophysical changes of cellular compartments in which splicing takes place and/or through interactions between metabolites and splicing factors. Central cell signaling pathways that are regulated by metabolites crosstalk with alternative splicing regulators. Alternative mRNA splicing enables the diversification of the proteome from a static genome and confers plasticity and adaptiveness on cells. Although this is often explored in development, where hard-wired programs drive the differentiation and specialization, alternative mRNA splicing also offers a way for cells to react to sudden changes in outside stimuli such as small-molecule metabolites. Fluctuations in metabolite levels and availability in particular convey crucial information to which cells react and adapt. We summarize and highlight findings surrounding the metabolic regulation of mRNA splicing. We discuss the principles underlying the biochemistry and biophysical properties of mRNA splicing, and propose how these could intersect with metabolite levels. Further, we present examples in which metabolites directly influence RNA-binding proteins and splicing factors. We also discuss the interplay between alternative mRNA splicing and metabolite-responsive signaling pathways. We hope to inspire future research to obtain a holistic picture of alternative mRNA splicing in response to metabolic cues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first cell differentiation event that occurs in the embryo determines the inner cell mass (ICM) and the trophectoderm (TE). In the mouse, glucose (GLC) is essential for this process, while oxygen tension (O 2) also interferes with TE formation. The roles of GLC and O 2 in this event in bovine embryos are not completely elucidated. We hypothesized that the absence of glucose and a higher O 2 tension negatively impact ICM and TE cell allocation in the bovine embryo. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of GLC within different O 2 levels on the formation of the TE. In vitro-produced embryos were cultured in serum-free KSOM medium and randomly submitted to treatments on the day of IVC, according to a 2x2 factorial model, in which GLC (present [+GLC] or absent [-GLC]) and O 2 (low [5%O 2 ] or high [20%O 2 ]) were the independent variables. Cleavage and blastocyst rates were obtained at D4 and D8, respectively. Embryos at D8 were subjected to autofluorescence analysis to quantitate NADH and FAD + or fixed for GATA3 and YAP1 immunostaining using a laser scanning confocal microscope. Total, TE, and ICM cell counts were obtained. Embryos were also harvested for gene expression quantification of GATA3, YAP1, SOX2, CDX2, TFAP2C and OCT4. Results indicate that there was an effect of O 2 (p = 0.018) on cleavage rates, although no differences were observed in blastocyst rates. NADH was higher in -GLC compared to + GLC (p = 0.014) and no differences in FAD+ were observed. Total cell count data were not different between variables. There was an increase in the ICM cell count in the +GLC 5%O 2 condition compared to the other three conditions. No effects of GLC, O 2 , or their interactions were observed on TE cell count or the TE/total cell ratio. CDX2 (p = 0.007) and TFAP2C (p = 0.038) were increased in -GLC 20%O 2 compared to + GLC 20%O 2. SOX2 was decreased in +GLC 20%O 2 compared to + GLC 5%O 2 (p = 0.027) or compared to -GLC 20%O 2 (p = 0.005). GATA3, YAP1, and OCT4 genes did not present differences among conditions. In conclusion, both GLC and high oxygen tension did not impair TE formation and TE cell number, although a +GLC-low oxygen environment led to a higher number of ICM cells. Interestingly, the expression of TE-related gene CDX2 was increased in the absence of glucose within higher O 2 tension. Our results implicate that according to the oxygen tension used in IVC, glucose can exert different effects on blastocyst cell allocation or gene expression. • Differentiation of the TE occurred in the absence of glucose. • Glucose plus 5 % oxygen tension increased the number of ICM cells. • Gene expression was influenced by glucose within a 20 % oxygen tension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper sludge (PS) from paper mills has a significant potential for bioethanol production. In this study, waste-paper-containing PS is used as the raw material for bioethanol production because the annual waste paper utilization rate has increased globally. Although PS does not require delignification, the antiseptics and deinking agents in waste paper-containing PS inhibit enzymatic reactions such as saccharification and fermentation. Their removal is important, but it has not yet been reported. Using subcritical water pretreatment, the selective decomposition of enzyme inhibitors in PS is examined without the generation of other enzyme inhibitors. The optimum pretreatment conditions are identified as 240 °C, 3.3 MPa, 3 min, and pH 4.5. Glucose was obtained in 71% yield from pretreated 5 wt% PS using cellulase, which is 5.5 times higher than that from unpretreated PS. This is because the reactivity of the pretreated PS increases with increasing surface area of the cellulose fibers, and the cellulase inhibitors are decomposed by subcritical water. Next, semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation treatments are performed to produce bioethanol from waste-paper-containing PS. The bioethanol yield based on cellulose after 96 h is 68% for PS pretreated with subcritical water, whereas the bioethanol yield is 6% for unpretreated PS. Therefore, subcritical water pretreatment increases the bioethanol yield by 11 times. The proposed method may enable the use of large amounts of PS as ethanol feedstock in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance cellulose hydrolysis under high solid loadings, increasing the mixing intensity is often necessary, but this can lead to heightened product inhibition. In this work, the effect of mixing on high-solid cellulose hydrolysis was investigated. Through response surface optimization experiments, the optimal mixing intensities for 15%, 25%, and 35% (w/v) cellulose hydrolysis were obtained under different levels of product inhibition. A combined mixing optimization strategy was developed for different solid concentrations, aiming to enhance both the glucose yield and the conversion rate of microcrystalline cellulose and corn cobs. After optimization, the hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose resulted in glucose concentrations of 85 g/L, 130 g/L, and 167 g/L, corresponding to maximal conversion enhancements of 23%, 13%, and 8.6%, respectively. Similarly, the hydrolysis of corn cobs achieved glucose concentrations of 81 g/L, 124.6 g/L, and 140 g/L, with maximal conversion improvements of 4%, 5%, and 13%. These results indicate that the optimized strategy can effectively improve the conversion rate of high-solid enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents the preparation of a gold-polypyrrole (Au-PPy) composite film on a silicon (Si) semiconductor supported by electrodeposition, and the study of its electrocatalytic activity as an anode catalyst for the glucose oxidation reaction in alkaline media. The microstructure of the as-prepared Au-PPy film is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results show that the presence of the polymer film on the Si support improves the conductivity of the latter and enables better distribution of the Au microparticles on the electrode surface, thus helping to increase their catalytic activity for glucose oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports a micromachined parylene-C-coated integrated electrode (IDE) sensor fabricated on a polyimide film. Glucose and uric acid within the human sweat concentration range were tested using hydrothermally grown ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) immobilized on the IDE regions of sensors and modified with urate oxidase and glucose oxidase enzymes. Four important sensing parameters, including capacitance, impedance, resistance, and phase, were simultaneously investigated during the dynamic test. The sensor fabrication and characterization of ZnO NPs and ZnO NP formed sensing film were described in detail. The experimental results show that the amount of capacitance change and phase change vs. the concentration variation of glucose and uric acid exhibits an excellent linear regression relationship. On the other hand, the amount of impedance change vs. concentration variation of glucose and uric acid exhibits a power regression relationship. Sensitivities of uric acid and glucose detection based on capacitance changes were 0.1131 pF/µM and 0.7875 pF/µM, respectively. Limits of detection of uric acid and glucose were 1.23 µM and 0.311 µM, respectively. Thus, the developed sensor can be applied to wearable devices for the quantitative analysis of sweat composition in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gluconic acid and sorbitol are among the value-added chemicals that can be derived from biomass. Nowadays, these compounds are typically produced through biotechnological processes, but electrochemical methods offer numerous advantages over alternative approaches. While studies have extensively explored metals like copper, palladium, gold, and platinum, nickel has received relatively limited attention in this context. Notably, nickel exhibits electrochemical activity suitable for organic electrosynthesis. This work has been achieved with 5-h long-term electrolysis, glucose as a reactant, utilizing modified nickel electrodes in a KOH solution. While these studies achieved substantial conversion rates, the selectivities and Faraday efficiencies toward gluconic acid and sorbitol remained comparatively low. The long-term electrolysis of glucose using modified nickel electrodes resulted in the identification of various side products. These include formic acid, oxalic acid, glycolic acid, tartronic acid, glyceric acid, and arabinose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the study is to analyze microstate patterns in GLUT1-DS, both before and after the ketogenic diet (KD). Methods: We conducted microstate analysis of a patient with GLUT-1 DS and 27 healthy controls. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis was done. We compared the parameters of the patients with those of healthy controls and the incorporating findings in literature. Results: The durations of the patient were notably shorter, and the occurrence rates were longer than those of healthy controls and incorporating findings from the review. After 10 months of KD, the patient's microstate durations exhibited an increase from 53.05 ms, 57.17 ms, 61.80 ms, and 49.49 ms to 60.53 ms, 63.27 ms, 71.11 ms, and 66.55 ms. The occurrence rates changed from 4.0774 Hz, 4.9462 Hz, 4.8006 Hz, and 4.0579 Hz to 3.3354 Hz, 3.7893 Hz, 3.5956 Hz, and 4.1672 Hz. In healthy controls, the durations of microstate class A, B, C, and D were 61.86 ms, 63.58 ms, 70.57 ms, and 72.00 ms, respectively. Conclusions: Our findings suggest EEG microstates may be a promising biomarker for monitoring the effect of KD. Administration of KD may normalize the dysfunctional patterns of temporal parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a global health concern influenced by genetics, environment and lifestyle choices. Recent research shows that a ketogenic diet (KD) might ease cancer symptoms and reduce tumour size. We hypothesised that the KD could result in improvements in cancer‐related variables. Therefore, this study aims to perform a systematic review and meta‐analysis to assess the KD's efficacy for patients with cancer. The databases PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science, CINAHL and Open Grey were utilised for conducting a systematic review and meta‐analysis. The analysis was limited to randomised controlled trials with adult participants aged 18 years and above. Levels of glucose, cholesterol, insulin‐like growth factor 1, weight and quality of life were evaluated following the KD. After identifying 596 articles in the initial search, eight studies, lasting between 4 and 16 weeks, were included in the systematic review and seven in the meta‐analysis. The KD led to decreased glucose levels in patients with cancer but did not show significant improvements in cholesterol, insulin‐like growth factor 1, weight or quality of life. Based on the results of this systematic review and meta‐analysis, there is insufficient evidence to establish a definitive link between the KD and cancer‐related parameters. While some studies suggest potential benefits in terms of some outcomes and tumour size reduction, further research is required to fully comprehend the effects of this diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between mortality and the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) in the pediatric patient group with ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) infection. A total of 63 pediatric patients with a VPS infection and positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture were retrospectively registered. The CSF specimens were analyzed to conduct culture and microscopic evaluation. A total of 44.4% of the cases were men and 55.6% of the cases were women. Patients were divided into 2 groups (survivor and non-survivor patients). When survivor and non-survivor patients were compared, it was found that CSF leukocytes, CSF glucose, CSF protein, CSF/blood glucose ratio, lymphocyte, albumin, and PNI levels were lower in the non-survivor patients' group. Nevertheless, blood glucose and CRP (C-reactive protein) were significantly higher in the non-survivor patients' group than in the survivor patients' group. In our investigation, we suggested that low PNI was related to high mortality in cases of VPS infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of prolonged hybrid closed loop (HCL) use in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) on glucose control and BMI throughout pubertal progression. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We used a prospective multicenter extension study following the Free-Life Kid AP (FLKAP) HCL trial. The 9-month previously reported FLKAP trial included 119 prepubertal children (aged 6–12 years). During the extension study, participants could continue to use HCL for 30 months (M9 to M39). HbA1c values were collected every 3 months up to M39, while continuous glucose monitoring metrics, BMI z scores, and Tanner stages were collected up to M24. Noninferiority tests were performed to assess parameter sustainability over time. RESULTS: One hundred seventeen children completed the extension study, with mean age 10.1 years (minimum to maximum, 6.8–14.0) at the beginning. Improvement of HbA1c obtained in the FLKAP trial was significantly sustained during extension (median [interquartile range], M9 7.0% [6.8–7.4], and M39 7.0% [6.6–7.4], P < 0.0001 for noninferiority test) and did not differ between children who entered puberty at M24 (Tanner stage ≥2; 54% of the patients) and patients who remained prepubertal. BMI z score also remained stable (M9 0.41 [−0.29 to 1.13] and M24 0.48 [−0.11 to 1.13], P < 0.0001, for noninferiority test). No severe hypoglycemia and one ketoacidosis episode not related to the HCL system occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged use of HCL can safely and effectively mitigate impairment of glucose control usually associated with pubertal progression without impact on BMI in children with T1D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-bienzyme conjugates (nano-BECs) for catalysing one-pot reactions can simplify the reaction process and improve the efficiency of biocatalytic reactions. In this work glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) and Candida parapsilosis secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (CpSADH) were immobilised with polyacrylic acid (PAA) to form two types of PAA-based nano-BECs (2-S, 2-P), which achieved in situ regeneration of NADH for the production of chiral alcohols in oil-water biphasic systems, such as the key chiral pharmaceutical intermediate of (S)-1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)ethanol ((S)-TMPE). At a substrate concentration of 100 mM 3-trifluoromethylacetophenone (TMAP), the conversion catalyzed by nano BEC was 98.2 % in dipentyl phthalate-phosphate buffer biphasic system. In contrast, the conversion was only 39.5 % and 38.9 % in the PB buffer and 8.4 % and 7.7 % in dipentyl phthalate system. The experiments on kinetic constants demonstrated that the catalytic efficiencies (K cat /K m) of nano-BECs (2-S, 2-P) were enhanced by 6.7-fold and 7-fold, respectively, compared to free CpSADH. Additionally, nano-BECs showed stronger coenzyme regeneration ability. Under optimal reaction conditions, nano-BECs achieved 96.2 % conversion of TMAP to (S)-TMPE in an organic-buffer system with e.e. > 99.6 % at 300 mM substrate concentration. This research expands the potential applications of polymers and proteins, and offers valuable insights into the synergistic effects of PAA on bienzyme catalytic systems in biocatalysis. [Display omitted] • Heterologous expression of Candida parapsilosis secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (CpSADH). • Co-immobilization of glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) and CpSADH to form nano-polymers. • One-pot efficient catalytic carbonyl asymmetric reduction by nano-polymers. • Preparation of (S)-1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)ethanol at high substrate concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose In high-acuity situations such as cardiac arrest, clinicians rely on prepared medications stocked in code carts to provide timely and accurate pharmacotherapy. We examined shortage trends for medications commonly used in code carts. Methods Drug shortage data from 2001 to 2022 were retrieved from the University of Utah Drug Information Service (UUDIS) to characterize shortages reported for commonly used code cart medications. Data extracted included the number of shortages, shortage duration, drug characteristics, and reason for the shortage. Results From 2001 to 2022, 71 drug shortages for code cart medications were reported. The number of new shortages peaked in 2010, and the number of total shortages peaked in 2010. At the end of the study period, 61 (84.7%) shortages had been resolved. For resolved shortages, the mean shortage duration was 18.2 months. The drug with the greatest number of reported shortages was dextrose (10 total), the drug with the longest resolved shortage was calcium chloride injection (116 months), and the drug with the longest active shortage was atropine injection (165 months at the end of the study period). Throughout the entire study period, only 2 suppliers provided commercially available prefilled syringes of dextrose for stocking on code carts. The most common reason for shortages, when reported, was manufacturing delays. Conclusion Medications commonly used in code carts were frequently impacted by drug shortages, which have the potential to impact patient care. Institutional protocols for mitigation and larger efforts to promote a more resilient drug supply chain are critical to ensure patient safety and quality care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The T allele at rs7903146 in TCF7L2 increases the rate of conversion from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes. This has been associated with impaired β-cell function and with defective suppression of α-cell secretion by glucose. However, the temporal relationship of these abnormalities is uncertain. To study the longitudinal changes in islet function, we recruited 128 subjects, with 67 homozygous for the diabetes-associated allele (TT) at rs7903146 and 61 homozygous for the protective allele. Subjects were studied on two occasions, 3 years apart, using an oral 75-g glucose challenge. The oral minimal model was used to quantitate β-cell function; the glucagon secretion rate was estimated from deconvolution of glucagon concentrations. Glucose tolerance worsened in subjects with the TT genotype. This was accompanied by impaired postchallenge glucagon suppression but appropriate β-cell responsivity to rising glucose concentrations. These data suggest that α-cell abnormalities associated with the TT genotype (rs7903146) occur early and may precede β-cell dysfunction in people as they develop glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes. Article Highlights: Diabetes-associated variation in TCF7L2 alters both α- and β-cell function, but the order in which these occur is uncertain. This study assessed whether α-cell dysfunction precedes β-cell dysfunction in people with diabetes-associated variation in TCF7L2. People with the diabetes-associated allele in TCF7L2 (rs7903146) developed increased postchallenge glucose concentrations, which were accompanied by an appropriate β-cell response to hyperglycemia and impaired glucagon suppression. The findings show that α-cell dysfunction occurs early in people with diabetes-associated variation in TCF7L2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trehalose serves as a primary circulatory sugar in insects which is crucial in energy metabolism and stress recovery. It is hydrolyzed into two glucose molecules by trehalase. Silencing or inhibiting trehalase results in reduced fitness, developmental defects, and insect mortality. Despite its importance, the molecular response of insects to trehalase inhibition is not known. Here, we performed transcriptomic analyses of Helicoverpa armigera treated with validamycin A (VA), a trehalase inhibitor. VA ingestion resulted in increased mortality, developmental delay, and reduced ex vivo trehalase activity. Pathway enrichment and gene ontology analyses suggest that key genes involved in carbohydrate, protein, fatty acid, and mitochondria-related metabolisms are deregulated. The activation of protein and fat degradation may be necessary to fulfil energy requirements, evidenced by the dysregulated expression of critical genes in these metabolisms. Co-expression analysis supports the notion that trehalase inhibition leads to putative interaction with key regulators of other pathways. Metabolomics correlates with transcriptomics to show reduced levels of key energy metabolites. VA generates an energy-deficient condition, and insects activate alternate pathways to facilitate the energy demand. Overall, this study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of insects to trehalase inhibition and highlights potential targets for insect control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) transport glucose against its concentration gradient by harnessing the electrochemical potential gradient of sodium ions. SGLT inhibitors are widely prescribed to treat diabetes and other conditions. Recent structural studies have uncovered how chemically diverse SGLT inhibitors bind and inhibit the transporter at the atomic level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating the benefit of flash glucose monitoring in people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This real-world study aimed to evaluate the effect of initiating flash glucose monitoring on change in HbA1c after 3–6 months in adults living with T2DM treated with multiple daily injections of insulin. Methods: A retrospective observational study using data from ten clinical centres in the UK for adults with T2DM treated with multiple daily injections of insulin for at least 1 year was conducted. Patients who had been using the FreeStyle Libre/Libre 2 Flash Glucose Monitoring System for at least 3 months with baseline HbA1c 64–108 mmol/mol (8.0–12.0%) recorded up to 3 months prior to system use were included. Pregnant patients and those on dialysis were excluded. Patients with an HbA1c value measured 3–6 months after commencing flash glucose monitoring were included in the final analysis for evaluation of change. Results: In total, 87 patients were included in the final analysis (mean age, 60.0 ± 11.8 years, 60.9% male, mean body mass index (BMI), 31.6 ± 5.4 [mean ± SD]). From a mean baseline HbA1c of 80 ± 11 mmol/mol (9.5% ± 1.0%), HbA1c lowered by 11 ± 14 mmol/mol (1.0% ± 1.3%) at 3–6 months (p < 0.0001). A decrease was observed independent of age, baseline HbA1c, sex, duration of insulin use and BMI subgroups. Conclusions: Initiation of flash glucose monitoring was associated with a clinically and statistically significant improvement in HbA1c in a real-world setting at 3–6 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Adipocyte FABP4 (fatty acid-binding protein 4) is augmented in the epicardial stroma of patients with longstanding persistent atrial fibrillation. Because this molecule is released mainly by adipocytes, our objective was to study its role in atrial cardiomyopathy, focusing our attention on fibrosis, metabolism, and electrophysiological changes. These results might clarify the role of adiposity as a mediator of atrial cardiomyopathy. METHODS: We used several preclinical cellular models, epicardial and subcutaneous stroma primary cell cultures from patients undergoing open heart surgery, human atrial fibroblasts, atrial cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells and isolated from adult mice, and Nav1.5 transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. Fibrosis, glucose, mitochondrial and adipogenesis activity, gene expression, and proteomics were determined by wound healing, enzymatic, colorimetric, fluorescence assays, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and TripleTOF proteomics. Molecular changes were analyzed by Raman confocal microspectroscopy, calcium dynamics by confocal microscopy, and ion currents by patch clamp. Epicardial, subcutaneous, and atrial fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes were incubated with FABP4 at 100 ng/mL. RESULTS: Our results showed that FABP4 induced fibrosis, glucose metabolism, and lipid accumulation on epicardial and subcutaneous stroma cells and atrial fibroblasts. Besides, it modified lipid content and calcium dynamics in atrial cardiomyocytes without effects on INa. CONCLUSIONS: FABP4 exerts fibrotic and metabolic changes on epicardial stroma and modifies lipid content and calcium dynamic on atrial cardiomyocytes. These results suggest its possible role as an atrial cardiomyopathy mediator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucose is essential for energy metabolism, and its usage can determine other cellular functions, depending on the cell type. In some pathological conditions, cells are exposed to high concentrations of glucose for extended periods. In this study, we investigated metabolic, oxidative stress, and cellular senescence pathways in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) cultured in media with physiologically low (5 mm) and high (12.5 mm) glucose concentrations. HBECs exposed to 12.5 mm glucose showed increased glucose routing toward the pentose phosphate pathway, lactate synthesis, and glycogen, but not triglyceride synthesis. These metabolic shifts were not associated with changes in cell proliferation rates, oxidative stress, or cellular senescence pathways. Since hyperglycemia is associated with fibrosis in the lung, we asked whether HBECS could activate fibroblasts. Primary human lung fibroblasts cultured in media conditioned by 12.5 mm glucose‐exposed HBECs showed a 1.3‐fold increase in the gene expression of COL1A1 and COL1A2, along with twofold increased protein levels of smooth muscle cell actin and 2.4‐fold of COL1A1. Consistently, HBECs cultured with 12.5 mm glucose secreted proteins associated with inflammation and fibrosis, such as interleukins IL‐1β, IL‐10, and IL‐13, CC chemokine ligands CCL2 and CCL24, and with extracellular matrix remodeling, such as metalloproteinases (MMP)‐1, MMP‐3, MMP‐9, and MMP‐13 and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMP)‐1 and ‐2. This study shows that HBECs undergo metabolic reprogramming and increase the secretion of profibrotic mediators following exposure to high concentrations of glucose, and it contributes to the understanding of the metabolic crosstalk of neighboring cells in diabetes‐associated pulmonary fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Considering the relationship between vascular disorders and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), the purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between the LDL and arterial stiffness indices, including cardiovascular-ankle vascular index (CAVI) and ankle-brachial index (ABI) in the basic state and also after glucose consumption and physical activity. Materials and Methods: This intervention and trial research was conducted on 82 inactive subjects (40 women and 42 men) in the age group of 20 to 45 years of Shahrood city. After 12 hours of fasting, the subjects' LDL levels were measured. Then the weight, height, body composition and arterial stiffness (cardiovascular index- ankle index (CAVI) and brachial-ankle index (ABI)) were taken at baseline and response 30 minutes of acute endurance activity with 65% maximum heart rate on the treadmill. After 30 minutes of activity, 75 grams of glucose that dissolved in 225 ml of water was consumed, followed by 60 minutes of inactive rest, and the arterial stiffness was measured at the end... Data analysis was performed using simple linear regression and paired t-tests at a significance level of p≤0.05. Results: The results showed no significant relationship between LDL levels and baseline levels of CAVI index in both male and female groups (p>0.05). But, a significant relationship was observed between baseline LDL levels and CAVI index changes (changes in the second stage of measurement after intervention compared to rest levels) in both male and female groups (p=0.001). Also, changes in ABI index were significantly related to LDL only in the male group (p=0.01). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the baseline LDL level can be a sex-dependent predictor of arterial stiffness response to physical activity and glucose consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Usage of time in range (TIR), measured by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), has become common as a new index of glycemic control. Therefore, we compared points in range (PIR), measured by the self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), with TIR. Methods: In this prospective observational study, 43 patients with diabetes wore FreeStyle Libre Pro and conducted SMBG at the same time. Time above range (TAR), TIR, time below range (TBR) and points above range (PAR), PIR, points below range (PBR) were compared, respectively. Results: The median PAR was 35.7%, while the median TAR was 20.8% for CGM. Conversely, the PIR was 64.3%, while the TIR was 74.9%; similarly, the PBR was 0%, while the TBR was 1.7%. A significant positive correlation was found between PIR and TIR (r = 0.784, P < 0.001). In the Bland-Altman analysis performed to assess the association between the two methods, PIR showed a -9.9% bias compared with TIR. Conclusions: PIR may be used in patients who find it difficult to use CGM as a substitute of TIR, however caution is needed when interpreting the data due to the difference between PIR and TIR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Marine & Coastal Science is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Achieving quantitative conversion of biomass-derived feedstocks under ambient environmental conditions (20°C, atmospheric air, 0.1 MPa) is a critical milestone for sustainability in chemical processes. Herein, the quantitative conversion of glucose to gluconic acid was accomplished under ambient environmental conditions without any additives using a Pt-Zn intermetallic nanoparticle-supported biochar catalyst prepared from raw rice straw (Pt-Zn/strawC) via a straightforward one-pot solvothermal reaction with ethylene glycol solvent. Spectroscopic analyses verified the formation of the Pt-Zn intermetallic alloy and confirmed strong electronic metal-support interactions. The Pt-Zn/strawC catalyst (Pt:Zn molar ratio of 1:6) was highly selective for the conversion of glucose to gluconic acid, whereas yields as high as 99.9% (98.9% gluconic acid, 1.0% glucaric acid) were reached at 20 oC under base-free and additive-free conditions. Isotope measurements and density functional theory revealed synergistic interactions in the Pt-Zn alloy, wherein the alloy tended to absorb glucose and active O2 into superoxide radical (O2·). This work demonstrates a chemocatalytic method that is practical for environmental conditions and provides a new avenue for sustainable conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to chemical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The interaction of poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) with hydroxyl group compounds was investigated as a model for polymer blending with polysaccharides. While 1-butanol, 2-butanol, ethylene glycol, and 1,2-cyclohexanediol showed almost no detectable interaction with PTMC in both solution states with the 1H NMR and solid states with the FT-IR, glucose and cellobiose suggested a slight change in the spectral pattern in FT-IR analysis. The thermal properties of the blended samples of PTMC and these hydroxyl groups were also investigated. Although the blends of PTMC with 1-butanol and 2-butanol did not influence thermal degradation behaviors due to their low boiling points, the PTMC blend with a higher number of hydroxyl groups, especially glucose and cellobiose, tended to increase thermal resistance and glass transition temperature, hence showing the existence of an interaction through hydrogen bonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When cyanobacterial phytoplankton form harmful cyanobacterial blooms (HCBs), the toxins they produce threaten freshwater ecosystems. Hydrogen peroxide is often used to control HCBs, but it is broadly toxic and dangerous to handle. Previously, we demonstrated that glucose addition to lake water could suppress the abundance of cyanobacteria. In this study, glucose was compared to hydrogen peroxide for the treatment of cyanobacterial phytoplankton communities. The six-week study was conducted in the large mesocosms facility at Grand Valley State University's Annis Water Resources Institute in Michigan. To 1000 L of Muskegon Lake water, glucose was added at either 150 mg or 30 mg glucose/L. Hydrogen peroxide was added at 3 mg/L to two 1000 L mesocosms. And two mesocosms were left untreated as controls. Triplicate 100 mL samples were collected weekly from each mesocosm, which were then filtered and frozen at −80 °C for 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing results revealed that hydrogen peroxide treatment quickly reduced the relative abundance of the cyanobacteria compared to the control mesocosms, but the cyanobacteria population returned over the course of the 6-week study. On the other hand, both glucose concentrations caused a rapid proliferation of multiple low abundance proteobacterial and bacteroidotal taxa resulting in notable increases in taxonomic richness over the duration of the study and reducing the relative abundance of cyanobacteria. Although hydrogen peroxide quickly suppressed the cyanobacteria, the population later returned to near starting levels. The glucose suppressed the cyanobacterial phytoplankton apparently by promoting competitive heterotrophic bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After birth, healthy neonates undergo a period of altered glucose metabolism, known as "transitional hypoglycemia." During the first 0 to 4 hours of life, the mean plasma glucose concentration decreases to 57 mg/dL, then by 72 to 96 hours of life increases to 82 mg/dL, well within the normal adult range. Recent data suggest that transitional hypoglycemia is due to persistence of the fetal beta cell's lower threshold for insulin release, resulting in a transient hyperinsulinemic state. While hypoglycemia is an expected part of the transition to postnatal life, it makes the identification of infants with persistent hypoglycemia disorders challenging. Given the risk of neurologic injury from hypoglycemia, identifying these infants is critical. Hyperinsulinism is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in neonates and infants and carries a high risk of neurocognitive dysfunction given the severity of the hypoglycemia and the inability to generate ketones, a critical alternative cerebral fuel. Screening neonates at risk for persistent hypoglycemia disorders and completing evaluations prior to hospital discharge is essential to prevent delayed diagnoses and neurologic damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Osteoglycin is hypothesized to be metabolically active and may enhance insulin action. We hypothesized that osteoglycin levels increase during hyperglycemia as a physiological response to enhance the effects of insulin. Methods: Eight healthy males were included in a cross-over study consisting of three study days following an 8 h fast. First, we performed an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); second, an isoglycemic intravenous glucose infusion (IIGI); and third, a control period consisting of a three hour fast. We analyzed blood samples for circulating osteoglycin levels during the study days. Repeated measures ANOVA was performed to compare levels of s-osteoglycin between OGTT, IIGI, and the fasting control. Results: There were no differences in baseline osteoglycin levels among study days (p > 0.05). We observed no significant changes neither in absolute s-osteoglycin levels by time (p = 0.14) nor over time by study day (p = 0.99). Likewise, we observed no significant changes in percentage s-osteoglycin levels neither by time (p = 0.11) nor over time by study day (p = 0.89). Conclusion: We found that s-osteoglycin levels were stable for three hours during OGTT, IIGI, and fasting in healthy males. Based on the present study, circulating s-osteoglycin levels may be measured independently of fasting or non-fasting conditions. Furthermore, circulating physiological levels of glucose and insulin did not affect s-osteoglycin levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of contamination of venous blood with a lipid-containing solution on parameters measured by a modern blood gas analyzer. We collected venous blood from 17 healthcare workers (46 ± 11 years; 53 % women) into three blood gas syringes containing 0 , 5 and 10 % lipid-containing solution. Blood gas analysis was performed within 15 min from sample collection on GEM Premier 5000, while triglycerides and serum indices were assays on Roche COBAS C702. Triglycerides concentration increased from 1.0 ± 0.3 mmol/L in the uncontaminated blood gas syringe, to 39.4 ± 7.8 and 65.3 ± 14.4 mmol/L (both p<0.001) in syringes with 5 and 10 % final lipid contamination. The lipemic and hemolysis indices increased accordingly. Statistically significant variation was noted for all analytes except hematocrit and COHb in the syringe with 5 % lipids, while only COHb did not vary in the syringe with 10 % lipids. Significant increases were observed from 5 % lipid contamination for pO2, SO2 and lactate, while the values of pH, pCO2, sodium, potassium, chloride, ionized calcium, glucose, hematocrit (10 % contamination), hemoglobin and MetHB decreased. All these changes except lactate and CoHb exceeded their relative performance specifications. Artifactual hyperlipidemia caused by contamination with exogenous lipids can have a clinically significant impact on blood gas analysis. Manufacturers of blood gas analyzers must be persuaded to develop new instruments equipped with serum indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Currently in medicine there are multiple point-of-care (POC) devices that can quickly give test results in a manner that will allow for testing to be performed outside of a hospital. One example of this is POC devices that measure blood glucose, which were originally developed for the human diabetic community. These devices have uses that extend into veterinary medicine. However, not all of these devices are used in species that they have been validated for, and device-to-device variation can exist. In this study, blood from healthy calves and ewes had blood glucose levels recorded from both a validated POC device and a device that is commonly used but is not validated. The results were compared statistically and differences were noted between the two devices. Ambulatory veterinarians should be aware of the differences in POC glucometers and be careful comparing results from one device to another, as the devices may have their own specific reference ranges. POC devices that have not yet been validated may still be useful for measuring trends in individual patients until they can be validated. (1) Background: Multiple point-of-care (POC) glucometers are in use in veterinary medicine, but few are compared to each other. This leaves the potential for clinicians to be unaware of the effect of bias when comparing results from different POC glucometers. (2) Methods: Samples from healthy calves and ewes were simultaneously compared with two POC veterinary glucometers, the Precision Xtra and the AlphaTrak2, under both the "canine" and "feline" settings. The results of each sample were statistically analyzed with linear regression and Bland–Altman analysis. (3) Results: 170 samples from healthy calves and 108 samples from healthy ewes were available for comparison. Calves: The AT2 consistently overestimated blood glucose concentrations when compared to the PX device with the calves. Correlationt with the PX was r = 0.8496 (canine setting) and r = 0.8861 (feline setting). Both the canine and feline settings demonstrated a consistent bias (41.11 and 33.64 mg/dL, respectively). Ewes: The AT2 consistently overestimated blood glucose concentrations when compared to the PX device with the ewes. Correlation with the PX was R = 0.4710 (canine setting) and R = 0.7269 (feline setting). Both the canine and feline settings demonstrated a consistent bias (21.23 and 14.54 mg/dL, respectively). (4) Clinicians should be aware of the potential for consistent bias when evaluating calf and sheep blood glucose concentrations as the AT2 device, at both settings, overestimated blood glucose compared to the previously validated PX. This reliability appears to change when the values are farther from the normal ranges, which should be considered when making clinical decisions based on data from these devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. This systematic review aims to report the evaluation of wearable biosensors for the real-time measurement of stress and fatigue using sweat biomarkers. Methods. A thorough search of the literature was carried out in databases such as PubMed, Web of Science and IEEE. A three-step approach for selecting research articles was developed and implemented. Results. Based on a systematic search, a total of 17 articles were included in this review. Lactate, cortisol, glucose and electrolytes were identified as sweat biomarkers. Sweat-based biomarkers are frequently monitored in real time using potentiometric and amperometric biosensors. Wearable biosensors such as an epidermal patch or a sweatband have been widely validated in scientific literature. Conclusions. Sweat is an important biofluid for monitoring general health, including stress and fatigue. It is becoming increasingly common to use biosensors that can measure a wide range of sweat biomarkers to detect fatigue during high-intensity work. Even though wearable biosensors have been validated for monitoring various sweat biomarkers, such biomarkers can only be used to assess stress and fatigue indirectly. In general, this study may serve as a driving force for academics and practitioners to broaden the use of wearable biosensors for the real-time assessment of stress and fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In skeletal muscle, Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA), a heterodimeric (α/β) P-type ATPase, has an essential role in maintenance of Na+ and K+ homeostasis, excitability, and contractility. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor, increases the membrane abundance and activity of NKA in L6 myotubes, but its potential role in regulation of NKA content in skeletal muscle, which determines maximum capacity for Na+ and K+ transport, has not been clearly delineated. We examined whether energy stress and/or AMPK affect expression of NKA subunits in rat L6 and primary human myotubes. Energy stress, induced by glucose deprivation, increased protein content of NKAα1 and NKAα2 in L6 myotubes, while decreasing the content of NKAα1 in human myotubes. Pharmacological AMPK activators (AICAR, A-769662, and diflunisal) modulated expression of NKA subunits, but their effects only partially mimicked those that occurred in response to glucose deprivation, indicating that AMPK does not mediate all effects of energy stress on NKA expression. Gene silencing of AMPKα1/α2 increased protein levels of NKAα1 in L6 myotubes and NKAα1 mRNA levels in human myotubes, while decreasing NKAα2 protein levels in L6 myotubes. Collectively, our results suggest a role for energy stress and AMPK in modulation of NKA expression in skeletal muscle. However, their modulatory effects were not conserved between L6 myotubes and primary human myotubes, which suggests that coupling between energy stress, AMPK, and regulation of NKA expression in vitro depends on skeletal muscle cell model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity disrupts glucose metabolism, leading to insulin resistance (IR) and cardiometabolic diseases. Consumption of cow's milk and other dairy products may influence glucose metabolism. Within the complex matrix of cow's milk, various carbohydrates, lipids, and peptides act as bioactive molecules to alter human metabolism. Here, we summarize data from human studies and rodent experiments illustrating how these bioactive molecules regulate insulin and glucose homeostasis, supplemented with in vitro studies of the mechanisms behind their effects. Bioactive carbohydrates, including lactose, galactose, and oligosaccharides, generally reduce hyperglycemia, possibly by preventing gut microbiota dysbiosis. Milk-derived lipids of the milk fat globular membrane improve activation of insulin signaling pathways in animal trials but seem to have little impact on glycemia in human studies. However, other lipids produced by ruminants, including polar lipids, odd-chain, trans-, and branched-chain fatty acids, produce neutral or contradictory effects on glucose metabolism. Bioactive peptides derived from whey and casein may exert their effects both directly through their insulinotropic effects or renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition and indirectly by the regulation of incretin hormones. Overall, the results bolster many observational studies in humans and suggest that cow's milk intake reduces the risk of, and can perhaps be used in treating, metabolic disorders. However, the mechanisms of action for most bioactive compounds in milk are still largely undiscovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]