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Nowadays maritime transportation has become a major modern logistics because of its large capacity and low cost. English plays a leading role in the industry of maritime transportation. It is the most important medium and an indispensable communication tool in international business and global marine industry. Maritime English teaching has made some progress in China since 1990s. However, the applications of modern educational technology in maritime English teaching are still at its preliminary stage when compared to its current status abroad. Research on maritime English teaching has been very limited. This has raised a realistic question on current maritime English teaching: how can we improve maritime English teaching so that more people can be trained to be more competent in international business and trade.

In many coastal areas of Japan, local fishermen manage fish and other marine resources in a sustainable manner. Such areas are referred to as "Satoumi". In this study, we focused on Hinase Junior High School in Okayama Prefecture, Japan, which is implementing a proactive marine education program in collaboration with local fishermen to maintain "Satoumi". We conducted semi-structured interviews with the students (n = 108; thirty-six students in each grade [seventh-, eighth-, and ninth-graders]) at Hinase Junior High School. Using the grounded theory, we identified students' perceptions of this program as well as of the sea. The results revealed that the program appears to have changed students' perceptions, such as recognizing the importance of the sea and eelgrass as well as their behavior such that they no longer throw waste into the sea. The higher the grade level was, the more that students felt close to and were willing to care for the sea. Our study suggests that the program has helped to develop individuals who are knowledgeable about the fishing community of Hinase, fishermen's roles, and activities that would contribute to biodiversity conservation and who are motivated to conserve "Satoumi" in the future.

This study established a Chinese scale for measuring high school students' ocean literacy. This included testing its reliability, validity, and differential item functioning (DIF) with the aim of compensating for the lack of DIF tests focusing on current scales. The construct validity and reliability were verified and tested by analyzing the established scale's items using the Rasch model, and a gender DIF test was conducted to ensure the test results' fairness when distinct groups were compared simultaneously. The results indicated that the scale established in this study is unidimensional and possesses favorable internal consistency and construct validity. The gender DIF test results indicated that several items were difficult for either female or male students to correctly answer; however, the experts and scholars discussed these items individually and suggested retaining them. The final Chinese version of the ocean literacy scale developed here comprises 48 items that can reflect high school students' understanding of ocean literacy--which helps students understand the topics of marine science encountered in real life.

The Ocean Literacy movement began in the U.S. in the early 2000s, and has recently become an international effort. The focus on marine environmental issues and marine education is increasing, and yet it has been difficult to show progress of the ocean literacy movement, in part, because no widely adopted measurement tool exists. The International Ocean Literacy Survey (IOLS) aims to serve as a community-based measurement tool that allows the comparison of levels of ocean knowledge across time and location. The IOLS has already been subjected to two rounds of field testing. The results from the second testing, presented in this paper, provide evidence that the IOLS is psychometrically valid and reliable, and has a single factor structure across 17 languages and 24 countries. The analyses have also guided the construction of a third improved version that will be further tested in 2018.

Ocean literacy is an understanding of the ocean's influence on us and our influence on the ocean. A lack of ocean literacy presents a significant obstacle for citizens to engage in environmentally sustainable behaviour, and thus is acknowledged as a 'complex problem' that requires deliberative participation and joint-action by stakeholders across domains. The aim of the article is both to demonstrate the value of Collective Intelligence (CI) as a methodological tool to advance and enhance the promotion of environmental literacy, and to share outcomes from using the CI approach. The participatory context behind CI illustrates that working 'with' a range of stakeholders across marine education, outreach, regulation and policy, to debate how to better promote ocean literacy among young people, improves ocean literacy and broadens society's awareness of sustainable marine environments. Findings reveal a hierarchical barrier structure localised to each country, a valuable order of echelon toward environmental change.

Students require experiences that reflect the difficult decision making found in the real world. A current and future challenge for today's students is understanding the balance between economic pressures and ensuring environmental conservation. Using problem-based learning (PBL) as a pedagogical vehicle, 10 groups of upper elementary students made informed choices in conducting a mining operation near a fictional coastline with diverse flora and fauna, including an endangered species (sea turtles). In this article, we provide a student-led PBL activity of "Balancing Profits and Conservation" used for an after school STEM club for 4th and 5th graders focused on sea turtles and marine education. Game cards and graphic organizers (included in the article) scaffolded the PBL process at each step. Activities include students (1) considering avenues of ecological conservation, (2) developing and executing a mining operation using limited funding (game pieces) and a variety of tools, (3) extracting resources from a simulated environment to ascertain profit, (4) reflecting on, assessing and remediating the environmental impact, and (5) communicating their outcomes to peers. Students' end of project presentations elucidated the successes and challenges of their chosen mining plan, both in implementation and consequences. This activity may be used in in/formal environmental education.

Marine phytoplankton comprise the foundation of oceanic food webs and generate most of the Earth's oxygen. Of the many phytoplankton species in the ocean, a few dozen produce potent toxins, and at high concentrations can form what are called Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) or "red tides" that can discolor marine waters. Managers and scientists have been monitoring coastal waters and shellfish resources for HABs and their toxins to ensure seafood safety and understand why blooms occur. This educational activity focuses on a prominent HAB species that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). Students will learn about the importance of HABs and PSP, as well as how scientists collect and use data to understand and predict blooms. Students will plot data on HAB species collected by scientists over multiple years of sampling. Students will also plot results over time and across regions, report on observed patterns, and complete grade-appropriate calculations. Lastly, group discussion will focus on determining whether geographic patterns exist that might influence where shellfish beds are closed. This activity is timely given the widespread wildlife mortalities and beach closures due to Florida red tide in 2017-2018, as well as widely publicized dog deaths in 2019 caused by exposure to freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) blooms.

Historical empathy is crucial for understanding history. However, there are no clear guidelines for museum educators to back up their actions accordingly. This case study describes an activity developed in the Estonian Maritime Museum (Seaplane Harbour permanent exhibition) for secondary students using a historical empathy framework. The aim of the activity, "We'll be back by Christmas" was to enact the experiences of Baltic refugees of 1944 and broaden students' understanding about WWII events. Students and teachers were observed and interviewed. Students had vivid memories of their museum visit three months after their visit; they demonstrated that they were able to see beyond modern viewpoints and explain the actions through the eyes of historical refugees, and they felt motivated by learning in the museum. The key element for developing historical empathy in the museum seems to be meaningful collaboration with classroom teachers, as there is not enough time during a visit to cover the content deeply enough. We conclude that the historical empathy framework can help museum educators focus programming and enhance collaboration with classroom teachers.

This article demonstrates how a teaching case study approach can benefit museum studies courses. It takes as its focus the widely reported rescue of a boys' football team from a flooded cave in Thailand (2018). The success of this multinational effort led to immediate calls for the establishment of a "living museum" dedicated to remembering what became known as the "Tham Luang cave rescue." Discussion of the potential form and function of this envisaged museum plus its wider ramifications formed a key component of a newly validated international M.A. program taught in the U.K. and China by local academics and practitioners. Issues addressed include collections management, interpretation and display as well as ethical considerations relating to funding and forward planning. These were debated through groupwork, student presentations and report writing. The article reflects on this experience and the lessons it has for studying museums. It advocates the use of other topical events as the basis for similar teaching case studies on the grounds that this best equips students with the knowledge and skills required in the workplace.

Residential field courses are important and should be designed and delivered to maximize their value to students, staff and institutions. In this context, we use a novel approach involving analysis of the daily affective and conative reflections of students immersed in the field course experience to better understand student engagement with fieldwork. We show that students base their field course choice on a range of factors (costs and benefits) and that these choices subsequently influence student expectations and motivation to engage with fieldwork. We also show that the motivation of students to engage with fieldwork-based learning varies from person to person and from day to day. Our findings suggest that having a more nuanced understanding of the decisions students make when deciding which field course to enrol upon would enhance our ability to design attractive, accessible and useful field courses; that having an awareness of the expectations of students around field courses would enable us to better prepare them to undertake them; and that students are more motivated when they are afforded an opportunity to work independently and perceive themselves to have ownership of their learning.

This article delves into how specialists were trained in Siberia, and it reveals the roles of home education and of specialized educational institutions in seafaring and mining. The authors describe the tutoring system for people who received their education in Europe and Siberia. They also discuss the significance of internships at specialized enterprises in Europe. [This article was translated by Kenneth Cargill.]

Data-driven inquiry as a science practice and instructional approach can provide a powerful context for project-based learning (PBL). Students engage in data-driven inquiry when they explore a rich data set and observe patterns, ask questions suggested by the data, and pursue answers about underlying phenomena. Krajcik (2015) describes five features of PBL: (1) Seeking solutions relevant to learners' lives; (2) Planning and performing investigations to answer questions; (3) Collaborating with other students, teachers, and members of society; (4) Producing artifacts; and (5) Using technology tools when appropriate. In science classrooms, students often use graphs to learn about change of a variable over time or the relationship between two variables. Less frequently, science students employ maps to study geographic distributions of things such as climate change or the spread of invasive species. Still less often, students engage in scientific inquiry with maps and graphs as multiple representations of the same phenomenon. This article describes and illustrates the potential for these familiar but powerful visualizations to enable data exploration that supports PBL when they are embedded in a free, web-based environment designed for learning about ocean life.

Encouraging early development of career maturity has a wide variety of benefits for both students and society (Berger et al., 2007; Council of Canadian Academies, 2015; Hedlund, 1993; Hektner 1995; Welde et al., 2016). This large study of students in grades 6-9 in Nova Scotia showed that such programs are currently needed, especially regarding ocean science and marine career opportunities in all employment sectors. Participants demonstrated a need for general career education, and a specific lack of knowledge about careers in the marine and ocean industry. Students were more aware of careers in the skilled trades, but required further information to make informed choices about this employment sector. Major influences on students' career intentions and perceptions included their friends, online information sources, and their parents and family members. Many students indicated their desire to leave Nova Scotia after high school. However, this was not due to the public perception that there is a lack of good jobs available locally, but rather because of their desire to explore other provinces and countries. We conclude by discussing various reasons why improving career education in junior high schools in Nova Scotia would be time well spent.

Underwater photo-elicitation is a novel experiential marine education technique that combines direct experience in the marine environment with the use of digital underwater cameras. A program called Show Us Your Ocean! (SUYO!) was created, utilising a mixed methodology (qualitative and quantitative methods) to test the efficacy of this technique. Participants (adults and high school students) snorkelled, explored the ocean, and captured images both in and out of the water. Underwater photo-elicitation was proven effective at increasing awareness, eliciting emotional reactions, and fostering a sense of connection to the ocean. However, it was not necessarily effective for raising awareness of environmental issues nor for motivating pro-environmental behaviour. Interestingly, while some attitudes about and behaviours toward the ocean did become more environmentally sensitive, others appeared to shift unexpectedly away from environmental concern. This result was perhaps due to the lack in the program of an ecological knowledge-based component. Participants enjoying the beauty of the ocean did not realise the threats facing it or what to do about these. If the goal is to achieve significant attitude change and cultivate pro-environmental behaviour, this new approach should be supplemented with critical thinking/action competence and ecological/ocean literacy.

The European education standards assurance and pursuit of quality in education have been announced as strategic aims of the Lithuanian education system in the light of new challenges the society is facing and opportunities offered by democracy, development of market economy and globalization. One of the ways to achieve the aims mentioned above is the implementation of ISO 9000 ("International Organization for Standardization") series standards in higher education institutions. The key aim of the standards is to recommend for an organization how an efficient quality management system should be developed to encourage through its functioning continual development of an organization. The article overviews specific quality requirements for marine training, the development of ISO series standards is discussed, concepts and structures of contemporary quality management systems based on ISO regulations are analysed. The peculiarities of the application of the standards in a tertiary school are revealed and description of the quality management system and its application experience at the Lithuanian Maritime College is presented. (Contains 2 footnotes, 3 tables, and 8 figures.)

The Murray River, lying at the heart of Australia's largest catchment, is used extensively in outdoor education programs in south-eastern Australia. Since European settlement the river's ecological health has declined considerably due to activities such as damming for irrigation and clearing of native vegetation. Colonial notions of how the river ought to behave and be utilized have contributed to the river's transformation physically, ecologically and culturally. In this critical reflection on practice and experiences I discuss two different outdoor education approaches to encountering the Murray: the river as a venue for canoe journeys; and, the river as a place with a unique ecology, declining health and diverse human relationships and impacts. Contrasting these encounters I draw attention to the need for consideration of the epistemological and ontological dimensions of practice that may shape the educational consequences of an experience. (Contains 4 notes.)

This study presents the results of a questionnaire-based survey, conducted in primary and secondary public schools of Zakynthos Island during 2013, referring to environmental awareness as well as pupils' perceptions and attitudes on specific environmental issues. The main aim of the study was to determine the knowledge and awareness that local pupils about the Loggerhead sea turtle ("Caretta caretta") and bird species that are migrants and/or endemic in the National Marine Park of the island. The study area was selected because the percentage of pupils not attending compulsory education is one of the highest in Greece.

This paper reports on the thoughts 6-year-olds and 9-year-olds have related to the serious issue of air and sea pollution. More specifically, twenty seven 6-year-olds and thirty 9-year-olds attending two state schools in Volos, a small provincial town in Greece participated in the research which assessed the students' competence to think systemically about dealing with pollution. The study sheds light on whether students are able to identify interrelations between the components of pollution, and clarifies the mental models they hold. Data was collected through drawings and interviews, subsequent analysis of which indicates that students appeared to hold two mental models related to pollution; pollution is connected both spatially and temporally with visible pollutants; and, pollution is connected indirectly with invisible pollutants. The students seemed to exhibit a kind of systemic thinking, which was done unconsciously to a certain degree. Thus it is a challenge for education to enhance students' systemic thinking in an attempt to bring it to a more conscious level, which will assist them to reconstruct their mental models of pollution.

Recent studies indicate poor understanding of the causes and consequences of climate change among college students. In an effort to improve climate change literacy, we have developed an authentic research experience for upper level undergraduate students focused on resolving spatial and temporal patterns of coral reef bleaching, an ecologically and economically important consequence of climate warming. In the research, students use a public archive of maps generated by the United States National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) that use coloration to depict ocean areas experiencing above-average surface temperatures and where corals are at an increased risk of bleaching. Students are required to quantify the total area of coloration on individual maps using open-source image analysis software called Image J. By quantifying coloration (ie bleaching risk) over a large number of maps in a chronological sequence, students can test hypotheses regarding the relationship between ongoing climate warming and coral bleaching risk. Students are required to summarise their findings in a scientific journal-style report that incorporates graphical representations and statistical tests of their coral bleaching risk data. The research activity is cost-effective, repeatable, requires little specialised knowledge and addresses common programmatic learning outcomes that target scientific communication, quantitative reasoning and sustainability.

Research in higher education has revealed that only a small proportion of students complete assigned reading during semester. The current studies examined students' reading practices, and sought to explore potential factors underlying these practices. Three studies were conducted. Study 1 utilised a questionnaire to examine how long students spend reading academic material. Students reported spending an average of 14.1 hours per week reading a range of sources, including textbooks and journal articles for both guided and independent reading. The number of hours spent reading was lower than university expectations. Study 2 involved conducting focus groups to explore potential factors underlying students' reading practices. Six main themes emerged in the data; Expectations, Perceived benefits, Course structure, Lack of time, Practicalities, and Confidence. Study 3 further examined students' perceptions of a lack of time and a lack of confidence with reading using a diary exercise and a further questionnaire. The diary exercise revealed that students spent an average of 6.5 hours per day engaged in academic activities. In addition, students were generally confident with reading, although more so with reading textbooks than journal articles. The findings are discussed in terms of implications for staff teaching in higher education.

Using Delphi methodology, we created measurement instruments for specific training tasks included in Marine Emergency Duties training. Six Marine and Offshore Safety and Survival instructors rated items important for immersion suit and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) donning tasks. Consensus was reached, and an item was included on the final checklist when at least 80% of the experts rated the importance of the item as greater than or equal to four out of five. After one round of surveys, panelists reduced items from 12 to five for the immersion suit donning task and from 30 to 19 for the SCBA donning task. Delphi methodology allowed for the creation of checklists that can be used to assess trainee competence for two specific tasks. These checklists will aid researchers and educators in measuring performance within a course environment while producing as little interference with the instructional experience as possible.

This is a researched account of an offshore coral reef education partnership formed during a time of rapid environmental change (the coral bleaching events in the years 2015 to 2017). The aim of the partnership is to encourage a learning connection with Sea Country. Framed as civic environmentalism, this article explores the dimensions of practice between a reef tourism provider, local schools, a local university, and local Indigenous rangers that enables primary, secondary and university students, rangers, and educators to travel together on day trips to the outer Great Barrier Reef and islands and have immersive and sharing educational experiences. Offshore environmental education and higher quality marine education is increasingly important in the Anthropocene, when Australian reefs are subject to the pressures of climate change and other impacts other impacts that diminish their resilience.