Search

Depletion of fossil fuel resources along with surge in pollution levels were jointly contributing to the era of quest for novel fuel source in recent years. For the past two decades, the research in engines were vividly focused on alternative fuels based on alcohol and various vegetable oil sources. Binary fuels (diesel with alcohol and biodiesel with alcohol) and ternary fuels (diesel/biodiesel/alcohol) were much popular in present years because biodiesel helps in prevention of mixture/phase stratification. Hence, the current research work is focussed to analyse the performance, combustion and emission profiles of diesel engine fueled with diesel/biodiesel/n-amyl alcohol blends. With increasing concentration of n-amyl alcohol (from 5% to 20%). Results were much interesting as the key performance indicators such as ID (Ignition delay), BTE and AFR were drastically improved. Simultaneous reductions in CO, HC and smoke opacity were found along with marginal improvements in NOx emissions. Maximum peak pressure, improved HRR and CHRR were found for biodiesel/diesel/n-amyl20 blend and higher MFB (Mass Fraction Burnt) is also reported for the same blend. Overall, an addition of 20% n-amyl alcohol in biodiesel diesel blends can be a possible substitute fuel for existing unmodified diesel engine. [Display omitted] • Novel study on analyzing the influence of n-amyl alcohol as additive. • Particle size diameter (PSD), Ignition delay and Mass fraction burnt (MFB) were analysed. • Maximum MFB is reported for diesel/biodiesel/n-amyl20 blend. • The PSD profile of diesel/biodiesel/n-amyl alcohol blends is the least among the test fuels. • Significant drop in PM and PN emissions were reported for diesel/biodiesel/n-amyl alcohol blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Binary interaction parameters were obtained via experiment. • Separation of alcohol ester azeotropic system was designed. • Extractive distillation and pressure swing distillation were considered. • Detailed performance evaluation and analysis of process was done. N-amyl alcohol, n-amyl formate, n-propanol and n-propyl formate are all organic solvents with important industrial application value. In industrial production, related alcohol ester azeotropic systems are often generated. Therefore, it is necessary to study the refining process of these substances. The work designed purification processes for two different azeotropic systems of alcohol esters via extractive distillation and pressure swing distillation methods. The required binary interaction parameters were obtained through vapor–liquid equilibrium experiments. Based on experimental data, a suitable entrainer was determined through different methods of analysis. The processes were optimized with the economic cost as the objective. In addition, it evaluated and analyzed different processes from multiple perspectives. This work explores the purification process of alcohol ester systems, providing theoretical guidance for achieving efficient separation of alcohol ester systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review examines the technological bottlenecks, potential solutions, and future development directions in the treatment and resource utilization of semi-coking wastewater (SCOW) in China. By comprehensively investigating the semi-coking industry and analyzing wastewater treatment research hotspots and existing projects, this study systematically explores the current status and challenges of each treatment unit, emphasizing the necessity for innovative wastewater treatment technologies that offer high efficiency, engineering feasibility, environmental friendliness, and effective resource recovery. This review highlights prospects and recommendations, including the development of novel extractants for phenol and ammonia recovery, a deeper understanding of biological enhancement mechanisms, exogenous bio-enhancement materials, and the creation of cost-effective advanced oxidation process (AOP)-based combined processes. Additionally, it underscores the potential for repurposing SCOW as a valuable resource through appropriate treatment, whether recycling for production or other applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article lays its primary focus on understanding waste from the domestic and commercial hotel kitchens. For researchers, deciding biotechnological treatment and valorization process, it is necessary to refer and understand the food waste (FW) composition and its processing trends worldwide. This paper mentions the FW compositional data from four different locations of "Pune" a metro city of India. Study-approved procedures for sample collection, preparation, and analysis were followed. The results indicate, the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in all samples and are sufficient to support the microbial growth and desired product formation. Being perishable, microbiological and compositional changes during handling and transportation, in FW are inevitable. The presence of high boiling, low boiling volatile compounds and volatile organic acids indicate the complexity of FW and microbial activity taking place within it. Abundant amount of trace elements essential for enzymatic reactions and building block molecule formation are present. Average important figures to mention, starch-7.27% w/w, free sugars- 3.39% w/w, proteins- 7.99% w/w and fats- 12.84% w/w. In addition, essential trace elements Zn- 4 mg/lit, Mn- 4 mg/lit, Mg- 239 mg/lit, S-433 mg/lit and P- 922 mg/lit. The numbers help to realize the nutritional richness of the FW in reality and provide fundamental statistical data for researchers. Treatment and recycling can be done to contribute toward a circular bio-economy. Remarkable variations observed in almost all components on day-to-day basis. However, pretreatment process parameters can be decided to account for compositional variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of decarbonization driven by environmental concerns and stimulated by legislative measures such as Fit for 55, the industry and transportation sectors are increasingly replacing petroleum-based fuels with those derived from renewable sources. For many years, the share of these fuels in blends used to power compression ignition engines has been growing. The primary advantage of this fuel technology is the reduction of GHG emissions while maintaining comparable engine performance. However, these fuel blends also have drawbacks, including limited ability to form stable mixtures or the requirement for chemical stabilizers. The stability of these mixtures varies depending on the type of alcohol used, which limits the applicability of such fuels. This study focuses on evaluating the impact of eight types of alcohol fuels, including short-chain (methanol, ethanol, propanol) and long-chain alcohols (butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, and octanol), on the most critical operational parameters of an industrial engine and exhaust emissions. The engines being compared operated at a constant speed and under a constant load, either maximum or close to maximum. The study also evaluated the effect of alcohol content in the mixture on combustion process parameters such as peak cylinder pressure and heat release, which are the basis for parameterizing the engine's combustion process. Determining ignition delay and combustion duration is fundamental for optimizing the engine's thermal cycle. As the research results show, both the type of alcohol and its concentration in the mixture influence these parameters. Another parameter important from a usability perspective is engine stability, which was also considered. Engine performance evaluation also includes assessing emissions, particularly the impact of alcohol content on NOx and soot emissions. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that adding alcohol fuel to diesel in a CI engine increases ignition delay (up to 57%), pmax (by approximately 15–20%), HRRmax (by approximately 80%), and PPRmax (by approximately 70%). Most studies indicate a reduction in combustion duration with increasing alcohol content (by up to 50%). For simple alcohols, an increase in thermal efficiency (by approximately 15%) was observed, whereas for complex alcohols, a decrease (by approximately 10%) was noted. The addition of alcohol to diesel slightly worsens the stability of the CI engine. Most studies pointed to the positive impact of adding alcohol fuel to diesel on NOx emissions from the compression ignition engine, with the most significant reductions reaching approximately 50%. Increasing the alcohol fuel content in the diesel blend significantly reduced soot emissions from the CI engine (by up to approximately 90%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Komak (Lablab purpureus (L.) sweet) is a highly productive plant used for sustainable cultivation. However, beans are currently underutilized. A complete database including physicochemical characteristics is important for developing new foods derived from komak beans. This study aimed to determine the physical (weight, dimensions and color) and chemical (macromolecules, amino acids, sugars, minerals, phytic acid, tannin and volatile compounds) profiles, as well as the trypsin inhibitory activity of different varieties of komak beans, viz. white and black beans. The levels of the studied parameters differed significantly (p < 0.05) between the beans. However, the common profile of komak beans was characterized by a moderate level of protein (26 %), high carbohydrate (66 %) and low fat (2 %), with a weight ranging from 25 to 45 g and low anti-nutritional factor expressed as trypsin inhibitory activity (2 TIU/mg). Additionally, analytical results using HS-SPME-GC/MS revealed that 1-octen-3-ol and benzyl alcohol were the main unpleasant volatile compounds produced upon heating beans. The major mineral compound in black beans is potassium, whereas the white variety contains higher amounts of magnesium, calcium and iron. Interestingly, both beans provided favorable compounds contributing to the umami taste, as the most dominant amino acids were glutamic and aspartic acids. Finally, as white beans were lower in antinutritive compounds (phytic acid and tannin), this measure may encourage further studies to expand the development of this variety to promote underutilized beans as alternative food sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly sensitive and selective method has been proposed for direct speciation determination of trace amounts of chromium in water samples using quercetin. The method is based on mixing 5mL of diluted quercetin solution dissolved in n-amyl alcohol with 5mL of acidic solution (pH 1) of Cr(VI), which is accomplished with luminescence quenching of the organic phase due to partially oxidation of quercetin content. Cr(VI) is determined by measuring the diminished content of quercetin with spectrofluorometric method (λ ex =276nm, λ em =331nm). After oxidation of the Cr(III) content to Cr(VI) and determination of the total chromium as Cr(VI), the Cr(III) is obtained by subtracting. All the variables were studied in order to optimize the reaction conditions. No considerable interference was observed due to the presence of co-existing anions and cations. The calibration graphs were linear in the range 1.0×10−7 to 2.0×10−6 M with the detection limits of 9.1×10−9 M. The R.S.D. obtained for 1.0×10−6 M of Cr(VI) was 1.7% (n =7). Validation of the measurements was confirmed using standard reference materials. The method was applied to determine the chromium species in natural water samples. The recoveries obtained for the spiked amount of chromium species were >98%, which denote on satisfactorily application of the method. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

An investigation has been conducted on a CRDI (common rail diesel injection) engine utilizing a blended fuel using mahua methyl ester to explore the influence of fuel injection strategies (i.e., FIP, CR, and FIT) on the engine characteristics. It is observed that specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and nitrogen oxide emission (NO x ) increased with a decrease in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) in the case of MME100 at a base FIP of 500 bar. The volatility and viscosity (physical properties) of the MME fuel blend influenced the combustion phenomena resulting in a reduction in engine performance. The higher viscosity of the methyl ester blend restricts the fuel atomization process during the injection. Fuel injection pressure (P inj ) was raised from 500 to 1000 bar in increments of 250 bar in the first phase to maximize the use of the MME blend. High injection pressures (1000 bar) have higher BTE (12.33%) and better combustion characteristics (2.86%) than lower fuel injection pressures (500 bar). The concentrations of smoke (3.62%), CO (15.6%), and HC (2.8%) were reduced as injection pressure was raised, owing to the better formation of the mixture and improved spray atomization. Better results were obtained by optimizing and confirming operational parameters such as compression ratio, injection pressure, and injection time. This optimum value of 1000 bar injection pressure, injection timing of 27° bTDC, and a compression ratio of 18: 1 is utilized as the operating parameter values in the subsequent experiments to improve performance and decrease emissions while utilizing MME biodiesel blends in a CRDI engine., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Researchers are examining the possibilities for alternative fuel research as a fossil fuel replacement in light of global energy insecurity and other urgent challenges like global warming, severe emissions, and growing industrialization. This research uses 1-pentanol as a low reactivity fuel and Jatropha biodiesel as a high reactivity fuel to explore the reactivity-controlled compression ignition engine characteristics. A water-cooled single-cylinder engine is used in an experiment with varied loads of 25%, 50%, and 75% at a constant speed of 2000 rpm to examine the effects of operational parameters (i.e., (23 bTDC, 25 bTDC, and 27 bTDC) and (400 bar, 500 bar, and 600 bar)). The fuzzy-based Taguchi approach predicts operational parameters, including fuel injection time, fuel injection pressure, and engine load. Utilizing this ideal model, one may increase brake thermal efficiency and braking power while minimizing unburned hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions. An L20 orthogonal array is used to analyze the effects of various variables on an engine running on B20/1-pentanol fuel, including engine load, fuel injection timing, and fuel injection pressure. Multiple models are generated and verified with the use of experimental findings. Compared to other operating parameters, for reducing oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, and brake-specific energy consumption maximally, engine load of 75%, FIP of 400 bar, and FIT of 23 bTDC are optimal based on the greatest MPCI value of 0.802., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The conducted review of the experiments for pressure losses and convection heat transfer in toroidal and coiled tubes yielded 2,410 pressure losses data for water, air, and ethylene glycol flows in 62 different coiled tubes. These data are used to develop a friction factor correlation, in terms of a modified Dean number. The compiled Nusselt number database of 176 data points for flows of water, air, and water–10% and 43.5% glycerol mixtures and additional 17 data points for flows of ethylene glycol, n-amyl alcohol, n-butanol, and n-amyl acetate, with higher Prandtl numbers of 15–175, is correlated in terms of the modified Reynolds number. The friction factor and Nusselt number correlations span the entire range of the data, and agree with the data to within ±20%. In addition, the experimental data of the critical Reynolds number are correlated to within ±10%. The developed correlations are compared to those reported previously. The comparison of the calculated results for a coiled tube and a straight tube, of the same diameter and total length, quantifies the relative heat transfer enhancement and increase in pressure losses. A review of the thermal development in toroidal and coiled tubes indicates that the value and the oscillatory behavior of the local Nusselt number depend on the angular location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) experiments have been carried out to probe the Zn and Rb environment in perfluorinated ionomers. The cation environment has been determined for these ionomers in their dry, hydrated and n-amyl alcohol swollen state. It was found that a well ordered, crystalline-like nearest-neighbor oxygen shell predominates in the zinc neutralized perfluorinated ionomers. Unlike the zinc ionomers, the Rb neutralized ionomers show no discernible peaks in the radial structure function indicating that the rubidium environment is highly disordered. Coordination of the hydroxyl groups of namyl alcohol to cations was suggested by EXAFS analysis. XANES analysis was useful in corroborating the EXAFS information and in providing information about the ionic character of the nearest-neighbor bonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research investigates the effects of adding metallic graphene oxide (GO) and non-metallic zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles to Mahua biodiesel blend (B20) on the combustion parameters of a diesel engine. GO and ZnO nanoparticles were utilized at a concentration of 75 mg/L, combined with a 1:1 mixture of the surfactant CTAB and the dispersant TWEEN 80. When nanoparticles were introduced to blended biofuel, combustion parameters such as cumulative heat rate, mean gas temperature, mass percent burnt, and rate of pressure rise (RoPR) greatly improved at higher injection pressures. When compared to clean diesel, utilizing B20+ZnO Nanoparticles+ NIS dispersant at 250 bar resulted in 6%, 15%, 7%, and 7.6% improvements in Crankcase Heat Release Rate (CHRR), Mean Gas Temperature (MGT), Mass Fraction Burnt (MFB), and RoPR, respectively. The correlation coefficient (R2) for B20+ZnO NPs+ NIS (1:1) for CHRR, MGT, MFB and RoPR is 0.975, 0.978, 0.966 and 0.9883 when compared to GO nanoparticle inclusions, considering it as optimum combination and an efficient fuel. When compared to other fuel samples, the CHRR, MGT, MFB and RoPR for B20+ZnO NPs+ NIS are 2.484%, 3.2%, 2.6% and 1.25% higher, respectively, according to a statistical analysis conducted by design expert. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to conduct a thorough scientific investigation into the similarities and differences in the quality of the cellars of different Luzhou‐flavor liquor wineries in Yibin production area and the reasons for them. This study analyzed cellar mud samples from five wineries in Yibin production area. The analysis of volatile flavor compounds was carried out using headspace solid‐phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The bacterial and archaeal community structures and their correlations were analyzed by high‐throughput sequencing. The study indicates that the Distillery A had the highest levels of ammonium nitrogen and effective phosphorus, Distillery F had the highest humus levels, and Distillery I had the highest pH levels. The community structure of the principal bacterial and archaeal communities in the five subterranean clays exhibited similarity, and all samples were dominated by Firmicutes as the primary bacterial group. However, there was variation in bacterial abundance. The cellar mud also has obvious regional differences, and there are three genera of differentially dominant archaea in the archaea. In summary, significant differences were observed in the physicochemical indexes of bacterial and archaeal abundance across all five samples. These differences led to variations in both the content and composition of volatile constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effect of pure yeast culture fermentation versus spontaneous fermentation on the volatile compound profile of industrially produced plum brandy. Using traditional distillation methods, the evolution of key volatile compounds is monitored at seven different moments during the distillation process. By integrating advanced analytical techniques such as GC-MS and sensory evaluation, significant differences in the composition of the distillates are highlighted, particularly in terms of ethyl esters and higher alcohols which are key to the sensory properties of the final product. Distillates produced with the addition of pure cultures gave higher concentrations of esters than those obtained by wild fermentation. The results of our industrial research show that the most critical step is to limit the storage of the input raw material, thereby reducing the subsequent risk of producing higher concentrations of 1-propanol. Furthermore, our results indicate that the heart of the distillate can only be removed up to an ethanol content of approximately 450 g/L and that the removal of additional ethanol results in only a 10% increase in the total volume of the distillate, which in turn results in an increase in boiler heating costs of approximately 30%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of ongoing efforts to discover novel polyhydroxyalkanoate‐producing bacterial species, we embarked on characterizing the thermotolerant species, Paracoccus kondratievae, for biopolymer synthesis. Using traditional chemical and thermal characterization techniques, we found that P. kondratievae accumulates poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), reaching up to 46.8% of the cell's dry weight after a 24‐h incubation at 42°C. Although P. kondratievae is phylogenetically related to the prototypical polyhydroxyalkanoate producer, Paracoccus denitrificans, we observed significant differences in the PHB production dynamics between these two Paracoccus species. Notably, P. kondratievae can grow and produce PHB at elevated temperatures ranging from 42 to 47°C. Furthermore, P. kondratievae reaches its peak PHB content during the early stationary growth phase, specifically after 24 h of growth in a flask culture. This is then followed by a decline in the later stages of the stationary growth phase. The depolymerization observed in this growth phase is facilitated by the abundant presence of the PhaZ depolymerase enzyme associated with PHB granules. We observed the highest PHB levels when the cells were cultivated in a medium with glycerol as the sole carbon source and a carbon‐to‐nitrogen ratio of 10. Finally, we found that PHB production is induced as an osmotic stress response, similar to other polyhydroxyalkanoate‐producing species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are commonly used in pharmaceutical applications as excellent solubilizers of active substances. This study investigated the tuning of ibuprofen and ketoprofen solubility utilizing DESs containing choline chloride or betaine as hydrogen bond acceptors and various polyols (ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, glycerol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol) as hydrogen bond donors. Experimental solubility data were collected for all DES systems. A machine learning model was developed using COSMO-RS molecular descriptors to predict solubility. All studied DESs exhibited a cosolvency effect, increasing drug solubility at modest concentrations of water. The model accurately predicted solubility for ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and related analogs (flurbiprofen, felbinac, phenylacetic acid, diphenylacetic acid). A machine learning approach utilizing COSMO-RS descriptors enables the rational design and solubility prediction of DES formulations for improved pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry-aged beef has been long favored by people due to its unique flavor and taste. However, the inner relationship between its overall quality formation and microbial changes during dry aging has not yet received much attention and research. To deeply reveal the forming mechanism of the unique flavor and taste of dry-aged beef, correlations between its three main quality indicators, i.e., texture, free amino acids (FAAs), volatile flavor compounds (VFCs), and microbial succession were analyzed in this study. The results showed that Staphylococcus spp. and Macrococcus spp. were key strains that influenced the total quality of dry-aged beef and strongly correlated with chewiness, hardness, and sweet FAAs (Ala), providing beef with unique palatability and taste. Additionally, among VFCs, Staphylococcus spp. and Macrococcus spp. showed a strong correlation with octanal and heptanal, and meanwhile, those highly correlated with nonanal, pentanol, and oct-1-en-3-ol were Debaryomyces spp., Psychrobacter spp., and Brochothrix spp., respectively, providing beef with a unique flavor. Staphylococcus spp. was proposed to be the dominant genus for dry-aged beef. This study provides valuable reference for the understanding of the role of microorganisms involved in dry aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the emission and performance characteristics of single-cylinder diesel engines were tested using various biodiesel blends prepared by mixing diesel with mango seed oil biodiesel (MSOB). Furthermore, the effect of n-amyl and n-hexanol alcohol additions on the performance and emission results of manufactured biodiesel blends is investigated and compared with diesel fuel. On the other hand, a hybrid deep neural network (DNN) based on the manta ray foraging optimization (MRFO) method is developed to forecast ideal biodiesel blends in order to reduce emissions from diesel engines while improving performance. The optimal brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) for this study were 32.3916 % for 75 % diesel + 20 % MSOB + 5 % n-hexanol fuel and 0.0453 kg/kWh for 75 % diesel + 20 % MSOB + 5 % n-amyl fuel, respectively. The optimal emissions from the test engine were 0.1034 % CO from 60 % diesel + 20 % MSOB + 20 % n-hexanol and 28.886 ppm HC from 75 % diesel + 20 % MSOB + 5 % n-hexanol fuel. The optimal smoke and NOx levels are achieved with a blend of 60 % diesel, 20 % MSOB, 5 % n-amyl, and 5 % n-hexane. Moreover, the developed DNN-MRFO achieved 0.9979, 0.9992 and 0.9975 overall regression coefficients during training, validation and testing. The root mean square error (RMSE) of DNN-MRFO also ranges from 0.019 to 0.032. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contraversal results about the behaviour of Fe-EDDHA in soils is thought to be due to the indirect methods used for determining the iron chelate compound in soils. The purpose of this investigation is to develop a method for isolation of Fe-EDDHA from soil extracts inorder to be determined separatly. A 4% solution of tetra-n-heptylammonium iodide in ethyl alcohol was found effective in forming a water-insoluble but n-amyl alcohol-soluble compound of Fe-EDDHA. It was found that the absorption spectra of the iron chelate extracted with n-amyl alcohol has an absorption maximum of 480 mµ corresponding to that of iron chelate of the aqueous solution. The extracted iron chelate adhers to Beer's low in the range of 0 to 120 ppm of Fe-EDDHA. The method of Fe-EDDHA extraction was found to be selective for the isolation of the iron chelate from other soluble compounds. The procedure was also found to be highly efficient in quantitative isolation of Fe-EDDHA, with percent recovery ranging from 97-100. The incubation study of Fe-EDDHA in different soils indicated that the loss of Fe-EDDHA is associated with the organic matter content in the soil. The colorimetric determination of the total metal chelates did not indicate any replacement of other metals for the chelated iron in the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new technique for the extraction and quantitative determination of the ferric iron chelate of ethylenediamine di( o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) from aqueous plant extracts is described. The metal chelate is salted out with ammonium sulfate and then is extracted into a small volume of n-amyl alcohol. Spectrophotometric data indicate that the extracted chelate has an absorption maximum corresponding to the iron chelate in aqueous solution and adheres to Beer's law in the range of 0 to 150 micrograms of the metal chelate. The chelate, being anionic in nature, can be absorbed and desorbed from an anion-exchange resin. Isolation and determination of the iron chelate in tomato tissues also is described. Recovery of the iron chelate from these tissues was 94 to 97 per cent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was found that short-term treatment of unstressed acrylate AST-T samples with n-amyl alcohol and butyl acetate leads to a marked improvement in their mechanical properties. The influence of temperature, holding time, and the nature of the solvent on the strength of acrylate AST-T has been studied. The increase in the strength indexes is the result of the thermal effect of the medium on the molecular structure of the surface layers and healing of the surface defects of the material. The great importance of the state of the surface on the physicomechanical properties compared with the temporary plasticizing action of the solvents has been shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of the inter-well traces that was studied and screened in the test area of the southern district ΙΙ of Daqing. KSCN was initially selected as the non-distributive tracer and amyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol (3-methyl butanol) and butyl alcohol were selected as distributive tracers. The background concentration of them in underground water( return water) was zero and they were compatible with the underground water. The solution of the return water of the three groups’ tracers with three different concentration was kept for ten days and the retention rate of the concentration of each trace was more than 80 %, among which the retention rate of the concentration of butyl alcohol was more than 90%. The retention rate of the concentration of KSCN solution only reduced 1% after it was aged for 28 days at 50 ℃ in return water. The distribution coefficient of n-amyl alcohol in the oil was the maximum, followed by isoamyl alcohol and the distribution coefficient of butyl alcohol was the minimum and all of them met the requirements. The absorption of the alcohol under 50℃ on the oil sand was larger than KSCN and the absorption of butyl alcohol was the maximum. The absorption of KSCN and butyl alcohol sharply declined to 1.0%～0.1% when the NaOH, a kind of sacrifice agent, was used in the test. The flow experiments was conducted on the 4.4×4.4×78(cm) artificial core andφ2.5 ×50(cm) heterogeneous reservoir core. The time differences of the concentration peak time of KSCN and amyl alcohol were 133、 472 min respectively but the concentration peak time of alcohol was smooth while the time differences of the concentration peak time of KSCN and butyl alcohol were 120、125 min respectively and the concentration peak time of them are sharp. The core errors of residual oil saturation concentration on the basis of peak time difference were 7.14%, 7.12% 4.44%, and 4.48%. The selected tracer was KSCN + butyl alcohol, it has been put into application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This editorial introduces to a Special Issue of Environmental Science and Pollution Research, highlighting selected papers presented at the international symposium on "The Fourth International Conference on Materials and Environmental Science (ICMES2020)", is organized by Mohammed Premier University, Faculty of Science, Oujda Morocco, and the Association: Moroccan Center for Sciences Development-MOCEDES. Modeling and numerical simulation of the chip formation process when machining Nomex Effect of n-amyl alcohol/biodiesel blended nano additives on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of CRDI diesel engine An experimental assessment on the influence of high fuel injection pressure with ternary fuel (diesel-mahua methyl ester-pentanol) on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of common rail direct injection diesel engine Reuse of treated wastewater and non-potable groundwater in the manufacture of concrete: major challenge of environmental preservation Temperature and extraction methods effects on yields, fatty acids and tocopherols of prickly pear ( I OPUNTIA FICUSÊINDICAÊL i .) In detail, 8 communications on material and environmental science: Influence of the effect of nanoparticle additives blended with mahua methyl ester on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of CRDI diesel engine COVID-19: unbalanced management of occupational risks case of the analysis of the chemical risk related to the use of disinfectants in the dairy industry in Morocco. [Extracted from the article]

With the increasing consumption of fossil fuels, there is an urgent need to develop a new green and clean energy source. Fuel cells have been extensively studied as a clean alternative to fossil fuels. As a green energy source, direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) have high energy density; however, their commercialization is restricted by the poor stability and slow kinetics of methanol oxidation reactions (MORs). One of the key strategies to overcome these problems is to develop efficient, economic and green catalysts for energy storage and conversion devices. Thus far, Pt-based electrocatalysts have been extensively used to enhance the oxidation process of CH3OH. However, since Pt-based electrocatalysts are limited by high cost and susceptibility to CO poisoning, researchers have been motivated to search for a cost-effective, highly active and durable catalytic material. In recent years, Co-based spinel oxides have been found to exhibit good potential as fuel cell electrode materials, they can be modified by defect engineering, alloying and heteroatom doping, or more active sites can be exposed by morphology regulation or carrier regulation, so as to improve their electrocatalytic performance. This review provides a comprehensive introduction to the recent development of Co-based spinel electrocatalysts for emerging MORs involved in DMFCs, and the future development of low-cost and high-performance Co-based spinel oxide catalytic materials is prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we improved the compatibility between layered double hydroxide and poly (lactic acid) (PLA) by organically modified Ni-Zn-Al-layered double hydroxides (T@5S-LDHs) through intercalation and amidation. The structural changes of T@5S-LDHs before and after modification were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and static contact angle. PLA/T@5S-LDHs nanocomposites films were prepared by blown molding process. The addition of T@5S-LDHs was found to further improve the crystallization ability of PLA through polarizing microscopy analysis. The molecular dynamics simulations showed that the interaction force increased from 279.9 to − 863.6 kcal/mol, which indicated that T@5S-LDHs had strong compatibility with PLA. In the natural degradation behavior, the molecular weights of PLA and PLA/T@5S-LDHs nanocomposites films decreased from 95,542 to 97,569 g/mol to 71,174 and 82,438 g/mol before and after natural degradation, respectively. The relevant degradation index R.M.I increased from 1.1200 to 1.0665 to 1.3424 and 1.1835 between the 28 and 56 days of degradation, respectively. Meanwhile, the carbonyl index of the both films decreased from 3.744 to 3.200 to 2.393 and 2.827 before and after degradation, respectively, which demonstrated that T@5S-LDHs effectively mitigated the degradation behavior of PLA and could prolong the service lifetime of PLA films to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct reconstruction of fermentation of ethanol in water with high water content to higher alcohols is a promising way to produce value-added fine chemicals and bio-fuels. In particular, aqueous ethanol reconstruction under near-ambient conditions is a milestone goal, but facing great challenges. Herein, the highly active and thermostable hexagonal-close-packed (hcp) Ni dominated hcp/fcc-Ni@C catalyst was fabricated via a facile surfactant-induced carbonization strategy for direct reconstruction of fermentation of ethanol solution to C4+ higher alcohols at near-ambient temperature (<100 °C). A superior performance of >99% higher alcohol selectivity with 17.6% ethanol conversion was achieved. DFT analysis revealed a low energy barrier of ethanol dehydrogenation (rate-determining step) over hcp-Ni, which is crucial for the ultra-low temperature ethanol reconstruction in water. The induction effect of the amide group in surfactant precursors is the key to the formation of hcp-Ni. This work provides new insight into producing bio-based higher alcohols from readily accessible aqueous fermentation of ethanol under mild reaction conditions, which is very promising for large-scale combined applications in industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the pressing issues of energy production and consumption, in line with global sustainable development goals. Focusing on the potential of alcohols as "green" alternatives to traditional fossil fuels, especially in biofuel applications, we investigate the thermochemical properties of three alcohols (n-propanol, n-butanol, n-pentanol) blended with sunflower oil. The calorimetric analysis allows for the experimental determination of excess enthalpies in pseudo-binary mixtures at 303.15 K, revealing similarities in the trends of the curves (dependence on concentrations) but with different values for the excess enthalpies for each mixture. Despite the structural differences of the alcohols studied, the molar excess enthalpy values exhibit uniformity, suggesting consistent mixing behavior. The peak values of excess enthalpies for systems with sunflower oil and n-propanol, n-butanol and n-pentanol are, respectively, 3255.2 J/mole, 3297.4 J/mole and 3150.1 J/mole. Both the NRTL and Redlich–Kister equations show satisfactory agreement with the obtained values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mahua oil is a remarkable fuel since it has a similar calorific value to diesel and has similar viscosity, flash point, and boiling points to diesel. However, since mahua oil has a lower cetane number than diesel when utilized as a blend, it displays a longer ignition delay and a greater peak heat release rate, resulting in higher NOx emission. To decrease the negative impact of mahua oil on NOx emission, an effort is made to introduce the ignition improver in different proportions (i.e., 5-20% by vol). Due to its higher latent heat, IAN shows some adverse effects on performance and emission outcomes. An investigation is conducted on a CRDI engine using mahua methyl ester blended with diesel by adding oxygenated additives to the engine characteristics. The emissions like HC, CO, and smoke were reduced by 16.32, 23.56, and 23.12%. The improved combustion process increases NOx and CO2 emissions by 13.62 and 19.89%. Also, an increase in HRR and CP values was noticed at full load operation. Additionally, it is observed that the engine's performance is enhanced using 15% Iso-amyl nitrate (IAN), indicating that the IAN blend is a useful ignition improver for mahua oil and diesel blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles in polystyrene (PS) matrix were synthesized by emulsion polymerization using ferric sulfate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and n-amyl alcohol as an oxidant, emulsifier and dopant, and co-emulsifier, respectively. The content of PPy nanoparticles in the composites varied from 14.11 to 34.63 wt%, as calculated from elemental analysis. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy images showed spherical nanopartciles of PPy with diameters of 30–74 nm were well dispersed in PS matrix. It was found that the thermal stability and electrical conductivity of PS/PPy composites increased with increasing content of PPy nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles of polypyrrole (PPy) in 40/60 wt % natural rubber (NR)-polystyrene (PS) blends were synthesized by emulsion polymerization using ferric sulfate [Fe2 (SO4)3], sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and n-amyl alcohol as the oxidant, surfactant, and cosurfactant, respectively. The NR/PS/PPy blends were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). FESEM micrographs showed that NR/PS/PPy blends were homogeneous, and PPy nanoparticles were well distributed throughout the binary matrix of NR/PS. The size of PPy particles in the blends was in the range of 26-80 nm. The electrical conductivities of the pellets prepared from NR/PS/PPy blends increased as the composition of PPy nanoparticles was increased, which were in the range of 8.9 × 10−8 - 2.89 × 10−4 S/cm. Thermal stability of the blends increased as the content of PPy was increased, as shown by TGA thermograms. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some selected surfactants and alcohols were examined for their effects on γ-cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (γ-CGTase) production by Bacillus macorous WSH02-06. Both Tween 60 and n -Propyl alcohol had the ability to increase γ-CGTase yield about 1.7-fold. The investigation of fatty acid composition demonstrated that the addition of Tween 60 greatly increased the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids in cell membrane lipids, while n -propyl alcohol interfered with the proportion among unsaturated fatty acids. Study of the γ-CGTase fermentation in 5-L fermentor revealed that the addition of n -propyl alcohol improved the specific production rate and the yield of γ-CGTase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of aliphatic 1,3-diols(4a–c, 5a–c, 6a–c) was synthesized fromβ-hydroxy carbonyl compounds(1–3) for potential use in the solvent extraction of boron. Primary-secondary and primary-tertiary alcohol structures of 1,3-diols substituted with isopropyl, isobutyl, and isopentyl groups have been demonstrated to be very efficient for the solvent extraction of boric acid from aqueous solutions. The extraction ability of 2,2,5-trimethyl-1,3-hexanediol(5b) was investigated as a function of 5b concentration, solution pH, solvent properties, and stripping conditions. Extraction efficiency increased with increasing concentration of 5b, and the best extraction of boron(96.8%) was found to be at an equilibrium pH of 2 with 0.5 M of 5b. Chloroform, toluene, chlorobenzene, 2-octanol, and n-amyl alcohol were found to be suitable solvents for the solvent extraction of boron. The boron complex can be recovered from the organic phase by treatment with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. The highest ratio(96.7%) of boron was recovered by 0.1 M of sodium hydroxide solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the emergence of novel sensing materials and the increasing opportunities to address safety and life quality priorities of our society, gas sensing is experiencing an outstanding growth. Among the characteristics required to assess performances, the overall speed of response and recovery is adding to the well-established stability, selectivity, and sensitivity features. In this review, we focus on fast detection with chemiresistor gas sensors, focusing on both response time and recovery time that characterize their dynamical response. We consider three classes of sensing materials operating in a chemiresistor architecture, exposed to the most investigated pollutants, such as NH 3 , NO 2 , H 2 S, H 2 , ethanol, and acetone. Among sensing materials, we first selected nanostructured metal oxides, which are by far the most used chemiresistors and can provide a solid ground for performance improvement. Then, we selected nanostructured carbon sensing layers (carbon nanotubes, graphene, and reduced graphene), which represent a promising class of materials that can operate at room temperature and offer many possibilities to increase their sensitivities via functionalization, decoration, or blending with other nanostructured materials. Finally, transition metal dichalcogenides are presented as an emerging class of chemiresistive layers that bring what has been learned from graphene into a quite large portfolio of chemo-sensing platforms. For each class, studies since 2019 reporting on chemiresistors that display less than 10 s either in the response or in the recovery time are listed. We show that for many sensing layers, the sum of both response and recovery times is already below 10 s, making them promising devices for fast measurements to detect, e.g., sudden bursts of dangerous emissions in the environment, or to track the integrity of packaging during food processing on conveyor belts at pace with industrial production timescales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the traditional production of acetic esters, water generated in the esterification reaction can form azeotropes with the ester or the unreacted alcohol, which requires subsequent multi-step distillation or extraction to purify the esters. A large number of intermediate streams in the separation process need to consume a lot of steam to obtain high-purity acetic esters, resulting in a high total energy consumption. In this review, a new extraction separation and purification technology, namely the salting-out effect for the purification of acetic esters, was summarized. Different salting-out agents were used to reduce the concentration of water/alcohols in the ester phase and increase the selectivity coefficient of esters to minimize energy consumption. The scaled particle theory provides a clear guideline for the baseline on the separation goal of the alkyl acetate/alcohol/water systems. Extractive distillation, reactive distillation, azeotropic distillation, pervaporation, adsorption, salting-out assisted distillation, and hybrid salting-out-distillation were compared to assess their advantages and disadvantages. Energy-saving production and separation of acetic esters can be achieved with the hybrid salting-out-distillation process because the salting-out agents are cheap, non-toxic, and non-volatile, and the salting-out process can be conducted at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate conditions clearly influence the concentration of important substances in grapes, generating chemical reactions that will determine the final wine aromas. Three different regions were chosen to cover the most important viticultural areas from Romania. The aim of this study was to highlight, for the first time, the volatile profile for two Romanian white wines, Feteasca regala and Feteasca alba, from three different vineyards (Silagiu, Aiud, and Sarica Niculițel). The results showed that wine's aromatic profile was directly proportional with the area of origin for the grapes, directly correlated to the climate. The obtained values for alcohols, esters, aldehydes, and terpenoid compounds were also related to the oenoclimatic aptitude index, a significant accumulation of aroma compounds being observed mainly for the Feteasca regala wine. A total of 17 superior alcohols were evidenced within the two types of wines, among them, 2-phenyl ethanol being distinguished by its higher level in all samples, varying from 7692 up to 11,783 µg/L. Together with some aromatic esters, it offers one of the most pleasant aromas, resembling rose flavour. Of all the acids found in wines, the succinic acid has the most intense flavour, tasting somehow bitter and salty, imprinting to wine a certain "juiciness" and "vinosity". Diethyl succinate was one of the main esters in all six samples, with concentrations from 777 up to 1200 µg/L. Also, two terpenoid compounds and two aldehydes were found in all samples. The data obtained from PCA evaluation suggested that there is a significant variance among wine varieties. Nevertheless, hierarchical clustering was applied to explain the relationship between the six samples of wines, the smallest clusters that included Silagiu and Aiud winegrowing regions suggesting an increased similarity of the compositional profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sake (Japanese rice wine) was fermented in pottery for more than a millennium before wooden barrels were adopted to obtain a greater brewing capacity. Although a recently conducted analysis of sake brewed in pottery indicated that sake brewed in unglazed pottery contains more ethanol than that brewed in glazed pottery, little is known about the characteristics of sake brewed in pottery. In this study, we used two types of ceramic containers of identical size, one glazed and one unglazed, for small-scale sake brewing to evaluate the effects of glazing on fermentation properties. The following parameters were measured continuously in the sake samples over 3 weeks of fermentation: temperature, weight, ethanol concentration, and glucose concentration in sake mash. Taste-sensory values, minerals, and volatile components were also quantified in the final fermented sake mash. The results show that, in the unglazed containers, the temperature of the sake mash was lower and the weight loss was higher compared to the sake mash in the glazed containers. The quantity of ethanol and the levels of Na+, Fe3+, and Al3+ tended to be higher in the sake brewed in the unglazed pottery. A taste-sensory analysis revealed that umami and saltiness were also higher in the samples brewed in the unglazed pottery. These results suggest that glazing affects multiple fermentation parameters and the flavor of sake brewed in pottery. They may also suggest that the materials of the containers used in sake brewing generally affect the fermentation properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroptosis therapy induced by iron‐catalyzed Fenton reaction has offered enormous opportunities for tumor therapy. Unfortunately, high catalytic activity ferrous (Fe2+)‐based therapeutic agent has remained challenging due to the instability of Fe2+. Herein, an X‐ray‐activated Fe2+ supply platform, termed "PFCN", containing the core of CaWO4 nanoscintillator to emit ultraviolet (UV) light and Fe3O4 decorated on the surface to deliver excessive Fe2+ is proposed. Under X‐ray excitation, the UV light emitted by CaWO4 can catalyze ferric (Fe3+) to generate Fe2+, which further cascades the Fenton reaction to induce highly toxic hydroxyl radicals generation. More importantly, immunogenic cell death‐associated immunotherapy is simultaneously triggered during this process. Experiments conducted in vitro and in vivo revealed that X‐ray‐triggered PFCN shows superior tumor therapeutic efficacy, contributing i) enhanced radiotherapy; ii) X‐ray‐activated ferroptosis therapy; and iii) ferroptosis/radiotherapy‐induced immunotherapy. Besides, PFCN can be utilized as an MR/CT dual‐mode imaging contrast agent for tumor diagnosis and treatment monitoring. The study provides a novel example of an X‐ray‐activated ferrous‐regeneration platform for imaging‐guided augmenting tumor ferroptosis/immunotherapy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The retention behavior of various organic probes on the 4-(Nonyloxy) benzoic acid liquid crystal, which is used as a stationary phase, was investigated using the inverse gas chromatography method at infinite dilution. The thermodynamic parameters including the Flory-Huggins parameter, equation-of-state interaction parameter, the mole fraction activity coefficient, the effective exchange energy parameter, and residual thermodynamic parameters were determined in the temperature range of 423.15-433.15 K by using the retention behavior of the probes on the liquid crystal. It was determined from the thermodynamic parameters that all probes were poor solvents for the liquid crystal. Besides, the results of the 4-(Nonyloxy) benzoic acid liquid crystal was compared with a liquid crystal in the literature, and the effect of the number of alkyl groups on the liquid crystals on the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter and isomer separation was evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To counter the concern of the future availability of fossil fuel due to ever‐increasing energy demand and the emission generated due to its utilization, alternative renewable fuels, such as biogas and fuel additives in the form of nanoparticles emerge as viable alternative fuels. To date, no research has been carried out on the optimization of the co‐addition rate of nanoparticles and biogas. In this study, engine load (0.7–3.5 kW), Nickel oxide (NiO) Nanoparticles doped rate (NDR, 0–50 ppm), and Biogas Flow Rate (BFR, 0.5–1 kg/h) were selected as independent input variables to optimize compression ignition (CI) engine emission and performance outputs through the response surface methodology (RSM) approach. The F‐value of the RSM model indicates that the engine load variable has the greatest impact on engine output responses, with the BFR and NDR variables following in importance. At 2.54 kW engine load, 47.48 ppm NDR, and 0.747 kg/h BFR, the best engine output response was seen when the RSM model including the desirability function was optimized. Based on the optimization results, an assertion can be made that the use of nanoparticles in conjunction with biogas has a substantial impact on the emissions and efficiency of CI engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vapor–liquid equilibrium data of binary systems (water + acetic acid, isopropanol + water, and acetic acid + isopropyl acetate), and ternary systems (water + acetic acid + 1-sulfobutyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate (ionic liquid, [HSO3-bmim][HSO4]), isopropanol + water + [HSO3-bmim][HSO4], and acetic acid + isopropyl acetate + [HSO3-bmim][HSO4]) were determined at 101.33 kPa. The nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) model fitted well with the experimental data. The σ-profiles of water, acetic acid, isopropanol, isopropyl acetate, [HSO3-bmim]+, and [HSO4]− were calculated using the COSMO-RS model. Furthermore, the binding abilities of [HSO3-bmim][HSO4] ionic liquid with water, acetic acid, isopropanol, and isopropyl acetate were analyzed by σ-profiles. The chemical and phase equilibrium data of acetic acid + isopropanol, and acetic acid + isopropanol + [HSO3-bmim][HSO4] systems were determined, meanwhile, the chemical equilibrium constant Kr was calculated. These results provided basic thermodynamic data for [HSO3-bmim][HSO4] as the catalyst for the esterification system of acetic acid with isopropanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]