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In the era of personalized/precision health care, additional effort is being expended to understand the biology and molecular mechanisms of disease processes. How these mechanisms are affected by individual genetics, environmental exposures, and behavioral choices will encompass an expanding role in the future of optimally preventing and treating diseases. Considering saliva as an important biological fluid for analysis to inform oral disease detection/description continues to expand. This review provides an overview of saliva as a diagnostic fluid and the features of various biomarkers that have been reported. We emphasize the use of salivary biomarkers in periodontitis and transport the reader through extant literature, gaps in knowledge, and a structured approach toward validating and determine the utility of biomarkers in periodontitis. A summation of the findings support the likelihood that a panel of biomarkers including both host molecules and specific microorganisms will be required to most effectively identify risk for early transition to disease, ongoing disease activity, progression, and likelihood of response to standard periodontal therapy. The goals would be to develop predictive algorithms that serve as adjunctive diagnostic tools which provide the clinician and patient important information for making informed clinical decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental caries, a common oral disease, poses serious risks if untreated, necessitating effective preventive measures like pit and fissure sealing. However, the reliance on experienced dentists for pit and fissures or caries detection limits accessibility, potentially leading to missed treatment opportunities, especially among children. To bridge this gap, we leverage deep learning in object detection to develop a method for autonomously identifying caries and determining pit and fissure sealing requirements using smartphone oral photos. We test several detection models and adopt a tiling strategy to reduce information loss during image pre‐processing. Our implementation achieves 72.3 mAP.5 with the YOLOXs model and tiling strategy. We enhance accessibility by deploying the pre‐trained network as a WeChat applet on mobile devices, enabling in‐home detection by parents or guardians. In addition, our data set of children's first permanent molars will also aid in the broader study of pediatric oral disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary medicine views health as the individual's physical, mental, and social well-being. Oral health plays a crucial role in one's well-being, as the oral cavity and its surrounding regions execute essential functions in verbal and nonverbal communication, sensing, digestion, and significantly contribute to aesthetic appearance. The multifaceted nature of the notion of oral health, as well as the patient's needs and autonomous will result in various treatment options for the same oral state, favouring often contrasting ethical values and different aspects of oral health. The objective of this article is to suggest alternative treatment strategies in dentistry with respect to the following factors: extent of rehabilitation, preserving one's anatomical structures, aesthetic outcome, number of sessions, patient autonomy. Additionally, this article describes the suggested treatment strategies in an ethical context and determines the conditions of their employment. The suggested treatment strategies are divided in two categories, extensive treatment strategies focusing on the patient's entire craniofacial complex, while specific treatment strategies focus on specific paramount issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Regional Veterinary Laboratories (RVLs) conducted necropsy examinations on 683 carcasses and 338 fetuses in March 2024, as well as testing 1,933 diagnostic samples to assist private veterinary practitioners. The report provides feedback on disease patterns, common and unusual cases, and available laboratory diagnostic tools. The most common diagnoses in cattle were enteritis and pneumonia, with rotavirus and Cryptosporidium being the most commonly detected pathogens in cases of calf diarrhea. The article also discusses various cases of diseases and conditions found in calves and sheep in Ireland, highlighting the importance of proper nutrition and management practices in preventing these conditions. [Extracted from the article]

Background: The oral microbiota of people with diabetes may be disturbed by oxygen tension, pH, redox potential, and latent nutrient supply in the microbial environment may influence changes in the microbiome. Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and types of lactobacilli spp in chronic diabetic periodontitis, along with their effect on Biochemical and anti-inflammatory markers in saliva. Methods: This case-control study encompassed 100 participants recruited from patients who visited Kirkuk College of Dentistry outpatient dental clinics. The participants were categorized into two groups: 50 patients have chronic periodontitis with confirmed diabetes mellitus and a control group with diabetes but without periodontitis, as judged by their; Williams Index, Plaque Index and Gingival Index. For both groups, we measured salivary Fetuin-A, Ceruloplasmin, and Preptin and we cultured saliva samples for six Lactobacillus species. Result: The patient group showed improved plaque control (P < 0.001) according to the Plaque Index. Moreover, the Gingival Index indicated heightened inflammation in the patient group (P < 0.001), as did the Pocket Probing Depth (P < 0.001), signifying deeper periodontal pockets. Furthermore, the patient group has shown significant attachment loss in the patient group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The study highlighted the nexus between diabetes Mellitus Lactobacillus species prevalence improving our understanding of the disease pathology and subsequent contribution in oral diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alongside a marked increase in the population of older New Zealanders has been an increase in tooth retention: more and more older adults now have at least some of their own teeth. Understanding their oral health demands consideration of their journey along the life course. The common clinical oral conditions – dental caries ('tooth decay') and periodontitis ('gum disease') – are both chronic and cumulative, and highly socially patterned in their occurrence, being more prevalent and severe in those of lower socio-economic position. Those who have ended up with 'good oral health' in old age are those who have had the wherewithal to adapt successfully to their oral disease burden as it has accumulated over the years. In this paper, I consider the utility of the life course approach for interpreting and understanding data, and I apply its principles to a number of important observations on older people's oral health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potential of salivary microbiota as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for various diseases are explained in the present review. Traditional diagnostic methods rely on blood, which has limitations in terms of collection and biomarker specificity. We discuss the concept of normal flora and how disruptions in oral microbiota can be indicative of diseases. Saliva, harboring a diverse microbial community, offers promise as a diagnostic biomarker source for oral and non-oral conditions. We delve into the role of microbial dysbiosis in disease pathogenesis and the prospects of using biological indicators like dysbiosis for diagnosis, prediction, and monitoring. This review also emphasizes the significance of saliva microbiota in advancing early disease detection and timely intervention. We addressed the following research question and objectives: Can the microbiota of saliva serve as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for the early detection and monitoring of both oral and non-oral diseases? To achieve this, we will explore the normal flora of microorganisms in the oral cavity, the impact of microbial dysbiosis, and the potential of using specific pathogenic microorganisms as biomarkers. Additionally, we will investigate the correlation between oral and non-oral diseases by analyzing total saliva or site-specific dental biofilms for signs of symbiosis or dysbiosis. This research seeks to contribute valuable insights into the development of a non-invasive diagnostic approach with broad applications in healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is considered a major medical issue owing to its effects on general health and the different body systems. Obesity also affects oral health and can make it challenging for the dentist to treat the patient in general dental practice. This review covers the definitions, general and dental diseases that bariatric patients may experience, and pain management from the dentist's perspective. CPD/Clinical Relevance: This article provides clinical tips for best managing overweight and obese patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background and Objectives: Literacy in oral health is essential for promoting and preventing oral health issues. Evaluating oral health literacy enables the identification of opportunities to implement interventions at both policy and practice levels, aiming to improve oral health outcomes for individuals and populations. This review aims to conduct a systematic review focused on the association between oral health literacy and oral conditions. Materials and Methods: The search strategy aimed to retrieve both published and unpublished literature. The databases searched include PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, CINAHL, ProQuest, EBSCO-APA PsycInfo, and Shodhganga. After the search, all retrieved citations were examined to determine whether they meet the inclusion requirements. When possible, quantitative data was combined and analysed through a meta-analysis. The methodological validity of the included studies was critically evaluated using the JBI critical evaluation tool. The effect size was provided as a risk ratio or odds ratio for dichotomous data, while standard mean differences was used to depict it for continuous data. Statistics were used to evaluate study heterogeneity. In cases where statistical pooling is not possible, the findings were reported descriptively. Results: This review incorporated data from 9,044 participants across 22 crosssectional studies. The results indicated an association between inadequate oral health literacy and individuals experiencing dental caries [OR: 0.36(95% CI 0.15, 0.89) Thirteen studies, 4857 participants], Periodontal pocket [OR: 0.38 (95% CI 0.24, 0.62) five studies, 2651 participants], and tooth loss [OR: 0.57(95% CI 0.45, 0.72) 2 studies, 1281 participants]. However, it's important to note that the studies included in this review were identified as having a high risk of methodological bias. Conclusion: Oral health Literacy is associated with poor oral health conditions; however, the quality of evidence is low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article summarized our identification of the most active principles that show prominent anti-tumor, antiviral and anti-UVC activity from the natural resources. 3-Styrylchromone derivatives showed outstanding tumor-specific cytotoxicity against human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. The target molecule was estimated to be estrogen-related receptorα. Various lignified materials showed the highest anti-HIV activity by rapid inactivation of the virus. Lignin degradation products, such as phenylpropanoids and vanillin, exhibited potent anti-UVC activity, their activity surpassing that of vitamin C, due to their higher stability. These compounds can be applicable as new protective substances against cancer, virus and radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of oral manifestations in patients with COVID-19 hospitalized with 4 months of follow-up. Material and methods: This research surveyed the patients admitted to Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Kashan. Patients admitted to the hospital were asked to fill a questionnaire containing questions about the amount of xerostomia, changes in their sense of smell and taste compared to the past, the appearance of a new white or red area in their mouth, the occurrence of ulcers or burning in the mouth. Then, photographs of the palate, tongue region, buccal region on both sides, floor of the mouth and teeth from the patient's front view were taken. The patient was followed weekly in the hospital. The first outside of the hospital follow-up was done two weeks after their discharge and then monthly up to 4 months. Finally, all the photos were reviewed and compared by an oral disease specialist. Results: Out of 304 patients, only 5 patients (1.6%) had no symptoms in their oral on the day of admission. The most common oral manifestation was coated tongue (77%) followed by xerostomia (70.1%). Also, 45.1% gustatory disorders and 43.1% olfactory disorders were reported. With increasing age, the occurrence of oral manifestations increased (p<0.05), but the occurrence of oral manifestations was not related to gender (p>0.05). The results of generalized estimating equation analysis showed a decrease in oral manifestations during the study (p<0.001). Conclusion: Coated tongue, xerostomia and gustatory disorders were among the most prevalent oral manifestations reported in this study. Older patients had more oral manifestations. The occurrence of manifestations was not related to gender. By recovering from the disease, the occurrence of oral manifestations also decreased. Clinical Significance: Diagnosing and treating oral manifestations can cause to diagnose and treat COVID-19 disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral disease interventions primarily focus on behavioral changes like dietary improvements and ensuring better oral hygiene. However, recognizing the influence of biological factors, including genetics and early-life nutrition, is crucial. Iron deficiency (ID) and its advanced form, iron deficiency anemia (IDA), affect nearly two billion people globally, especially children and pregnant women. We conducted a comprehensive search using Medline via EndNote and Web of Science, employing keywords related to iron deficiency anemia (IDA), and we identified 36 studies deemed relevant for inclusion in this literature review. IDA prevalence is notably high among pregnant women and young children. Both IDA and early-childhood caries (ECC) disproportionately affect impoverished populations, highlighting the socioeconomic dimension of this issue. IDA presents with various oral mucosal changes and is closely linked to candidiasis. Additionally, IDA can hinder tooth development and weaken the immune response. Multiple population surveys have revealed a significant association between ECC and IDA. While some studies have explored the IDA–periodontal disease link, the current evidence is relatively limited in its robustness. In conclusion, more comprehensive longitudinal studies are essential to deepen our understanding of the IDA–oral disease connection. Investigating the underlying biological mechanisms is critical to developing effective interventions, particularly for vulnerable populations affected by IDA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review's objective is to examine the findings from various studies on oral signs and symptoms related to vitamin deficiency. In October 2023, two electronic databases (Scopus and PubMed) were searched for published scientific articles following PRISMA principles. Articles eligible for inclusion in this review had to be published in English between 2017 and 2023, be original studies, and involve human subjects. Fifteen studies were included in this review: three examining oral symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency; one assessing vitamin B complex and vitamin E for recurrent oral ulcers; one investigating serum vitamin D levels in recurrent aphthous stomatitis patients; three exploring hypovitaminosis effects on dental caries; two measuring blood serum vitamin D levels; one evaluating vitamin B12 hypovitaminosis; three investigating hypovitaminosis as indicative of gingival disease; one focusing on vitamin deficiencies and enamel developmental abnormalities; one assessing vitamin deficiencies in oral cancer patients; one examining vitamin K as an oral anticoagulant and its role in perioperative hemorrhage; and one evaluating vitamin effects on burning mouth syndrome. Despite some limitations, evidence suggests a correlation between vitamin deficiencies and oral symptoms. This systematic review was registered in the International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols (INPLASY) database (202430039). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to review the lesser‐known intraoral manifestations of immunoglobulin G4‐related disease (IgG4‐RD). In this paper we report an unprecedented case of oral IgG4‐RD mimicking angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE), and another case presenting as plasma cell gingivitis. We then performed a scoping review of published cases of IgG4‐RD involving the oral cavity. The following data were collected for each case: age, sex, intraoral site(s) involved, clinical appearance, imaging features, serum IgG4 values, histopathology, treatment, and follow‐up duration. Fifty‐one cases of oral IgG4‐RD were published in literature. The hard palate and jaw bones were the two main locations reported, while the histological identification of a IgG4/IgG plasma cells ratio ≥40% was fundamental for diagnosis. Conversely, the pathological features of storiform fibrosis and obliterative phlebitis were not common. Future reports regarding oral IgG4‐RD should report clear adherence to the recognized international diagnostic criteria of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giant inclusions in leukocytes is a common feature that can be observed in some infections but can be also related to rare genetic disorders such as Chédiak-Higashi syndrome (CHS). A differential diagnosis between these groups of diseases has to be performed using specific genetic tests. Clinical and pathological history is relevant for a diagnostic orientation due to the difficulty and specificity of the diagnostic confirmation. We present the case of a 3-years-old male patient with recurrent respiratory infections. It is important to highlight the presence of a lock of white hair on the front of the head and some hypopigmentation of the skin. In the blood smear, the presence of big cytoplasm granules in all the leukocytes, especially in neutrophils. CHS is an uncommon genetic disorder caused by the mutation in the LYST gene situated in chromosome 1q42.3 which codified for LYST protein. Molecular genetic testing also can be done to detect the biallelic variants in the LYST gene. It is essential to perform peripheral blood smears in the presence of changes in quantitative and/or qualitative values in the complete blood count as a first step in the diagnosis algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcumin (Curcumin) belongs to the polyphenol family. It is extracted by drying the root of a plant of Asian origin, belonging to the Zingiberaceae family. The best-known species is Curcumincuma Longa. Curcumin has been recognized as having great therapeutic powers since ancient times. Studies on curcumin have since confirmed its powerful antioxidant properties, preventing both the formation of free radicals and their neutralization, having anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, immunological, and neuroprotective properties, as well as being a regulator of the intestinal microbiota with beneficial effects on the clinical manifestations of metabolic syndrome. Our study aimed to highlight how all these therapeutic aspects could benefit oral health, both preventing and improving the course of pathological processes. The effect of mouthwashes, and curcumin-based gels on the regulation of bacterial plaque and in the control of gingivitis, was largely comparable to that of using 0.20% chlorhexidine, with fewer side effects. Being a highly hydrophobic substance, it has a high permeability to cross the cell membrane. Bioavailability increases when combined with liposoluble substances (e.g., olive oil) and piperine, which improves absorption. Curcumin also has a negligible degree of toxicity, making it an excellent alternative to the use of gold standard products for oral disinfection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the human population realized how important it was to maintain overall health and the weight of disease, they have been looking for therapeutic qualities in natural environments. The use of plants having medicinal qualities for the treatment and prevention of illnesses that may have an impact on general health is known as herbal medicine. There has been a noticeable increase in interest lately in the combination of synthetic contemporary medications and traditional herbal remedies. About 80 % of people rely on it for healthcare, particularly in developing nations. One important aspect of overall health is said to be oral healthcare. The World Health Organization views oral health as a crucial component of overall health and well-being. Because they are more readily available, less expensive, and have fewer adverse effects than pharmaceutical treatments, using natural medicines to treat pathologic oro-dental disorders can make sense. The current evaluation of the literature sought to investigate the range and scope of the use of herbal products and their secondary metabolites in maintaining oral health, encompassing several oral healthcare domains such as halitosis, gingivitis, periodontitis, and other oral disorders. Therefore, there are many herbs discussed in this work and their mechanism in the treatment and improvement of many oral ailments. Besides, compounds that are useful in oral treatment with their natural sources and the cases where they can be used. To prevent any possible side effects or drug interactions, a doctor's consultation is necessary before using dental medicine. Although herbal therapy is safe and with minimum side effects, it is also strongly advised to do a more thorough preclinical and clinical evaluation before using herbal medicines officially.

A 45‐year‐old male presented with a 2‐year history of erythematous indurated plaques on the right palate and adjacent palatobuccal mucosa, accompanied by dull pain and loosening of the third molar, necessitating extraction. Radiological imaging revealed soft tissue density with cortical bony erosions in the bilateral upper alveolar ridge. A single sub‐centimetric right cervical lymph node was palpable. Biopsy showed an upper dermal infiltrate composed of cells with nuclear grooving and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. Through this case, we highlight a rare manifestation of a systemic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 6-year-old child diagnosed with scurvy, evidenced by oral manifestations such as gingival overgrowth and palatal ecchymosis. Topics discussed include the patient's medical history, the role of vitamin C deficiency in the condition, and the effective treatment regimen involving vitamin C supplementation that led to a significant improvement in the child's symptoms.

The article focuses on the application of precision dentistry in diagnosing and managing apical periodontitis (AP) in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). It highlights the limitations and challenges of current diagnostic methods, such as 2D radiographs, and advocates for the use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for more accurate assessment of periapical lesions.

Abstract Background Machine learning (ML) through artificial intelligence (AI) could provide clinicians and oral pathologists to advance diagnostic problems in the field of potentially malignant lesions, oral cancer, periodontal diseases, salivary gland disease, oral infections, immune-mediated disease, and others. AI can detect micro-features beyond human eyes and provide solution in critical diagnostic cases. Objective The objective of this study was developing a software with all needed feeding data to act as AI-based program to diagnose oral diseases. So our research question was: Can we develop a Computer-Aided Software for accurate diagnosis of oral diseases based on clinical and histopathological data inputs? Method The study sample included clinical images, patient symptoms, radiographic images, histopathological images and texts for the oral diseases of interest in the current study (premalignant lesions, oral cancer, salivary gland neoplasms, immune mediated oral mucosal lesions, oral reactive lesions) total oral diseases enrolled in this study was 28 diseases retrieved from the archives of oral maxillofacial pathology department. Total 11,200 texts and 3000 images (2800 images were used for training data to the program and 100 images were used as test data to the program and 100 cases for calculating accuracy, sensitivity& specificity). Results The correct diagnosis rates for group 1 (software users), group 2 (microscopic users) and group 3 (hybrid) were 87%, 90.6, 95% respectively. The reliability for inter-observer value was done by calculating Cronbach’s alpha and interclass correlation coefficient. The test revealed for group 1, 2 and 3 the following values respectively 0.934, 0.712 & 0.703. All groups showed acceptable reliability especially for Diagnosis Oral Diseases Software (DODS) that revealed higher reliability value than other groups. However, The accuracy, sensitivity & specificity of this software was lower than those of oral pathologists (master’s degree). Conclusion The correct diagnosis rate of DODS was comparable to oral pathologists using standard microscopic examination. The DODS program could be utilized as diagnostic guidance tool with high reliability & accuracy.

Dental caries is a major public health concern among other oral diseases in most developing and industrialized countries, particularly in those nations where preventative programs have not yet been developed. Adults and the elderly population in Tamil Nadu also face significant challenges related to dental caries beyond children and adolescents. This systematic review examined the comprehensive epidemiology of dental caries in all age groups in Tamil Nadu. The articles were collected using various electronic databases. From the 4509 initially collected articles, 22 articles were chosen for the current umbrella analysis. The collective dental caries prevalence for Tamil Nadu state, India, from 22 studies with 33,584 study participants was 42.8%, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 42.3–43.4%. Among the four regions of Tamil Nadu, Eastern Tamil Nadu showed the highest dental caries prevalence of 82.2%. Thus, the strategies by the government of Tamil Nadu should focus on raising awareness about improving oral hygiene practices, seeking access to timely oral healthcare treatments, and strengthening the oral healthcare infrastructure.

Extensive epidemiological research has been conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in recent years to identify and validate associations between mental problems and physical illnesses. Research on the related effects of dental health is still in its infancy, despite the abundance of data linking mental health issues with more systemic health problems.A service is needed to meet the unmet demand of patients presenting with unrecognized and untreated mental disorders in dentistry practices, considering the incidence and impact of these disorders. This research sets out to examine the significance of an interdisciplinary approach for each psychiatric patient, as well as the bidirectional interdependence among mental, oral, and somatic health.

Purpose: To summarize the evidence and determine the most effective impression technique for implant-supported prostheses in terms of accuracy, time efficiency, and patient preference in partially and completely edentulous arches. Materials and Methods: The searches were performed independently up to April 30, 2021 by two review authors through the Cochrane Oral Health Review, MEDLINE/PubMed, LILACS, and Science Direct databases. Moreover, manual and gray literature searches were performed to identify further potential reviews. Only English language--based systematic reviews with and without meta-analyses evaluating the different dental implant impression techniques were included. The outcomes assessed were accuracy, time efficiency, and patient preference. The methodologic quality of the included reviews was investigated by using the R-AMSTAR tool, and the degree of overlap of primary studies was assessed by calculating the percentage of corrected covered area (CCA) as proposed by Pieper et al.64 Results: The qualitative analysis included a total of 28 reviews, 8 of which included meta-analyses, published between 2008 and 2021, involving a total of 42 clinical trials and 203 laboratory studies. Digital vs conventional implant impression techniques were compared in 17 reviews, different digital impressions in 3 reviews, and different conventional impression techniques in the remaining reviews. Overall, the methodologic quality assessed by using the R-AMSTAR tool was moderate (mean: 26.7 ± 5.5) with slight overlap of primary studies (CCA; 5.23%). Conclusion: Within an overall moderate methodologic quality, the digital implant impressions showed favorable outcomes in terms of accuracy, time efficiency, and patient preference in partially edentulous arches involving three or fewer implants. However, the accuracy of full-arch digital impressions involving multiple implants is not satisfactory and needs significant improvements. Hence, future studies following stringent guidelines and robust methodology are recommended to substantiate the findings of this overview and provide a high level of evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTBackground The oral microbiome is a complex and dynamic assemblage of microorganisms that colonize different sites of the oral cavity maintaining both oral and systemic health. Therefore, when its composition is altered, oral diseases occur. Among oral inflammatory pathologies, periodontal diseases affect the tissues surrounding the teeth, representing the main cause of tooth loss and one of the most important threats to the oral health. Lifestyle and eating habits influence the composition of the human oral microbiota and the development and progression of oral diseases. In this context, the Mediterranean Diet (MD) model, comprising both healthy dietary choices and lifestyle, is linked to the prevention of several metabolic and chronic-degenerative pathological processes, including oral diseases. Indeed, the MD is a plant-based diet, enriched of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant nutrients, which may induce beneficial effects against dental caries and periodontal diseases.Aim This review summarizes the role of the oral microbiome in the development of the oral diseases and the potential of MD in modulating the oral microbiome leading to implications for oral health.Conclusions The data collected highlight the need to promote the MD pattern along with the correct hygiene habits to prevent the development of oral diseases.

Background: This review aimed to chart the landscape of literature concerning the precise applications of traditional medicine in managing specific oral diseases and, in doing so, to pinpoint knowledge gaps surrounding the use of traditional medicine for oral disease management in the African context. Methods: A systematic search of the literature was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and CINAHL. The search was conducted from the inception of the database till September 2023. A search of related citations and references was also carried out. Only English language publications were included. A summary of studies that met the inclusion criteria was conducted. Results: Of the 584 records identified, 11 were duplicates and 12 studies, published between 2006 and 2021, met the inclusion criteria. The studies were published from eight countries located in the five sub-regions on the continent. All the studies were either experimental designs or ethnobotanical surveys and they all utilized plant-based remedies. The five experimental studies aimed to assess the impact of whole plants or plant extracts on the three microorganisms responsible for dental caries and seven responsible for periodontal diseases. The number of plant species identified by the seven ethnobotanical surveys ranged from 29 to 62 while the number of plan families ranged from 15 to 29. The remedies were either topical applied, use as mouth rinses, gargled, or chewed. The systemic routes of administration identified were inhalation and drinking. The remedies were used for the treatment of hard such as dental caries and tooth sensitivity, to soft tissue lesions such as mouth ulcers, gingival bleeding, and mouth thrush. Other oral disorders managed include halitosis, jaw fracture, and oral cancer. Conclusions: Given the increasing prevalence of oral diseases within the region, the shortage of oral healthcare professionals and limited access to financial resources, it becomes imperative to support the generation of empirical evidence to enhance the provision of traditional medicine for oral healthcare in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Cerium (Ce) is the most abundant element among lanthanides, which is mostly in the form of ceria. The reversible transformation between Ce3+ and Ce4+ ions contributes to the high redox activity of cerium. Because of its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, osteogenic, angiogenic and anti-tumor properties, cerium has been widely used in stomatology. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, osteogenic, angiogenic and anti-tumor mechanism of cerium, and to review the research status and application prospects of cerium and cerium-based materials in the modification of oral materials and the diagnosis and treatment of oral diseases in recent years. METHODS: The articles published from database inception to 2023 were retrieved from Web of Science, PubMed, CNKI and WanFang databases with the search terms “cerium, ceria, prosthodontics, prosthesis, restorative dentistry, denture, dental implant, caries, endodontics, pulpitis, periodontitis, periodontal diseases, oral cancer” in English and “cerium, ceria, prosthodontics, implant, dental caries, dental pulp, periodontitis, periodontal disease, oral cancer” in Chinese. By analyzing and reading literature for screening, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 73 articles were finally included in this review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Cerium exerts an antibacterial effect through direct contact with bacteria, oxidative stress and destroying bacterial biofilm, and exerts an anti-inflammatory function based on mimetic enzyme activity. The osteogenic and angiogenic activities of cerium involve a series of signaling pathways including ERK and Wnt signaling pathways. (2) Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, osteogenic, and angiogenic activities allow cerium significant potential in the treatment of oral infectious diseases and regeneration of oral soft and hard tissues. However, there is still a certain gap in the application of cerium’s anti-tumor properties in the oral field. (3) Due to excellent mechanical properties and a low light-transmitting property, ceria-stabilized zirconia as a dental ceramic material can be used for core ceramics, the frameworks of dental prostheses and dental implants. (4) Benefited from its biological properties, cerium-based materials have the ability to promote osseointegration and soft tissue integration, inhibit demineralization and cariogenic bacteria, facilitate regeneration of the dentin-pulp complex, lessen inflammatory response and enhance periodontal tissue regeneration. There are wide applications of cerium in surface modifications of implants and treatments of caries, pulpitis, periodontitis and oral cancers. (5) Cerium shows certain toxicity under conditions of high concentration and long-term administration. To further expand clinical applications of cerium in dentistry, biosafety and optimization of cerium-based materials need to be further explored in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Epidemiological studies have provided evidence suggesting an association between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and various oral manifestations. However, conflicting conclusions have been drawn, and whether a causal association truly exists remains unclear. Methods: In order to investigate the potential causal association between AD and prevalent oral diseases, we conducted a bi-directional two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis based on summary statistics from genome-wide association studies of AD (N = 63,926), as well as mouth ulcer (N = 461,103), oral cavity cancer (N = 4,151), and periodontal disease (N = 527,652). Results: We identified that one standard increase in the risk of AD was causally associated with a reduced risk of oral cavity cancer (OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.63–0.92, p = 3.73 × 10−3). In the opposite direction, oral conditions were not causally associated with risk of AD. Conclusion: The present findings contributed to a better understanding of the correlation between AD and oral conditions, specifically oral cavity cancer. These results also identified new avenues for exploring the underlying mechanisms of oral cavity cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral frailty has become a worldwide problem among older adults. Although researchers have conducted various studies on oral frailty, its definition remains controversial. Purpose: To clarify the concept of oral frailty. Methods: Online databases PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), and Wanfang database were searched from inception to September 20, 2023. The reference lists of relevant studies were searched manually. Eligible articles, theses, and books were analyzed using Walker & Avant's concept analysis model. Results: The attributes of oral frailty were abnormal oral structure and/or decline in multi-faceted oral function and coexisting decline in physical, cognitive and social functions. Its antecedents were aging, social frailty, and severe periodontitis, whereas its consequences were decline in physical health and mental health, social withdrawal, lower quality of life and systemic frailty. Conclusion: Oral frailty could result in worse conditions among older adults physically, psychologically and socially. Tools based on the concept analysis need to be developed to comprehensively assess oral frailty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Machine learning (ML) through artificial intelligence (AI) could provide clinicians and oral pathologists to advance diagnostic problems in the field of potentially malignant lesions, oral cancer, periodontal diseases, salivary gland disease, oral infections, immune-mediated disease, and others. AI can detect micro-features beyond human eyes and provide solution in critical diagnostic cases. Objective: The objective of this study was developing a software with all needed feeding data to act as AI-based program to diagnose oral diseases. So our research question was: Can we develop a Computer-Aided Software for accurate diagnosis of oral diseases based on clinical and histopathological data inputs? Method: The study sample included clinical images, patient symptoms, radiographic images, histopathological images and texts for the oral diseases of interest in the current study (premalignant lesions, oral cancer, salivary gland neoplasms, immune mediated oral mucosal lesions, oral reactive lesions) total oral diseases enrolled in this study was 28 diseases retrieved from the archives of oral maxillofacial pathology department. Total 11,200 texts and 3000 images (2800 images were used for training data to the program and 100 images were used as test data to the program and 100 cases for calculating accuracy, sensitivity& specificity). Results: The correct diagnosis rates for group 1 (software users), group 2 (microscopic users) and group 3 (hybrid) were 87%, 90.6, 95% respectively. The reliability for inter-observer value was done by calculating Cronbach's alpha and interclass correlation coefficient. The test revealed for group 1, 2 and 3 the following values respectively 0.934, 0.712 & 0.703. All groups showed acceptable reliability especially for Diagnosis Oral Diseases Software (DODS) that revealed higher reliability value than other groups. However, The accuracy, sensitivity & specificity of this software was lower than those of oral pathologists (master's degree). Conclusion: The correct diagnosis rate of DODS was comparable to oral pathologists using standard microscopic examination. The DODS program could be utilized as diagnostic guidance tool with high reliability & accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, approximately 70% of new cases of Chagas disease (CD) in Brazil are attributed to oral transmission, particularly through foods such as açaí, bacaba, and sugarcane juice, primarily in the northern and northeastern regions of the country. This underscores the imperative need to control the spread of the disease. The methods utilized to conduct quality control for food associated with outbreaks and to assess the potential for the oral transmission of CD through consuming açaí primarily rely on isolating the parasite or inoculating food into experimental animals, restricting the analyses to major research centers. While there are existing studies in the literature on the detection and quantification of T. cruzi DNA in açaí, the evaluation of parasites' viability using molecular methods in this type of sample and differentiating between live and dead parasites in açaí pulp remain challenging. Consequently, we developed a molecular methodology based on RT-qPCR for detecting and quantifying viable T. cruzi in açaí pulp samples. This protocol enables the stabilization and preservation of nucleic acids in açaí, along with incorporating an exogenous internal amplification control. The standardization of the RNA extraction method involved a simple and reproducible approach, coupled with a one-step RT-qPCR assay. The assay underwent validation with various T. cruzi DTUs and demonstrated sensitivity in detecting up to 0.1 viable parasite equivalents/mL in açaí samples. Furthermore, we investigated the effectiveness of a bleaching method in eliminating viable parasites in açaí samples contaminated with T. cruzi by comparing the detection of DNA versus RNA. Finally, we validated this methodology using açaí pulp samples positive for T. cruzi DNA, which were collected in a municipality with a history of oral CD outbreaks (Coari-AM). This validation involved comparing the detection and quantification of total versus viable T. cruzi. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the feasibility of this methodology in detecting viable forms of T. cruzi in açaí pulp samples, emerging as a crucial tool for monitoring oral outbreaks of Chagas disease resulting from açaí consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) is currently considered as a predominant pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), and is occasionally linked to myocardial injury. We first established a mouse model of CVA6-induced myocardial injury. Next, we analyzed the immune cell phenotypes CVA6-infected mice hearts by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and found that CVA6 led to massive neutrophils infiltration, suggesting their potential link with the occurrence of myocardial injury. We further used either αGr-1 or αLy6G antibody to deplete neutrophils, and found that neutrophil-depleted animals showed decreased cardiac enzymes, lower degree of pathology in hearts, and reduced inflammatory cytokine production compared to isotype controls. Finally, we confirmed the involvement of neutrophils in myocardial injury of clinical patients with severe HFMD. Our study suggests that excessive neutrophils contribute to myocardial injury caused by CVA6 infection, which provides new insights into myocardial injury during the development of HFMD severity and the outcome of immune cell-mediated therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral traumatic ulcerative lesions (OTUL) are commonly encountered in clinical practice, yet there is limited research on their clinical characteristics and traumatic etiological factors. This retrospective study aimed to analyze the age, gender, clinical characteristics, and traumatic etiological factors in a large cohort of patients with OTUL and provide valuable insights for dental clinicians to optimize patient care and prevention strategies. Methods: A total of 1543 patients with OTUL were enrolled in this study. Age, gender, medical history, clinical characteristics and traumatic etiological factors were collected and analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the significance of age and gender as factors related to OTUL. Results: The study revealed significant variations in clinical characteristics and traumatic etiological factors among different age groups and between genders. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that both age and gender were significant factors related to OTUL. Conclusion: The clinical characteristics of OTUL and traumatic etiological factors appear to be significantly different according to age and gender. More targeted prevention strategies should be implemented for all age and gender groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the role of microbiota has been investigated in relation to different oral diseases, it is unknown if its composition has any effect on the course of recovery after third molar alveotomy. Our aim was to determine the influence of patient clinical characteristics as well as pericoronary microbiota composition on the course of recovery after a semi-impacted third molar alveotomy. Thirty-six patients were included and samples obtained with paper points, swabs, and tissue samples were analyzed using DNA hybridization and culture methods. Among the 295 organisms detected, the most frequent were Streptococcus spp. (22.4%; 66/295) followed by Fusobacterium spp. (11.9%; 35/295), and T. forsythia (9.1%; 27/295). A comparison of microbiota composition in patients with better and worse recovery did not show significant differences. Worse recovery outcomes were more frequent in patients with a grade 2 self-assessment of oral health (p = 0.040) and better recovery courses were observed in patients with a grade 4 self-assessment (p = 0.0200). A worse recovery course was statistically significant more frequently in patients with previous oral surgical procedures (p = 0.019). Although we demonstrate that worse recovery outcomes were more frequent when certain bacteria were detected, there was no statistically significant difference. Further research is needed to identify microbial profiles specific to the development of worse outcomes after a third molar alveotomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a worldwide infection characterized by various symptoms. Few studies have examined its oral manifestations. However, there is insufficient information on the oral manifestations of patients with COVID-19 who use tobacco products. Therefore, this cross-sectional study investigated oral symptoms of tobacco-using patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. METHODS This study used a convenience sample of non-hospitalized patients (aged ≥18 years) with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 diagnosed by polymerized chain reaction (PCR). This study excluded pregnant or lactating women or patients with serious COVID-19 complications, including those who required hospitalization or were on specific medications (antiviral, corticosteroid, antimicrobial, or immunosuppressive). Oral examinations were performed, including labial, buccal, and gingival mucosa, tongue, floor of the mouth, and palate, for any newly developed lesions associated with the onset of COVID-19. The salivary flow was determined using the passive drool collection technique. RESULTS Lip dryness, gingivitis, tongue lesions, and taste loss were the most commonly reported oral symptoms in patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. The most common general symptoms were tiredness and headache (63.9%), followed by dry cough, myalgia, sore throat, and fever. This study found 139 occurrences of oral symptoms, of which 52 were dry lips (27 tobacco non-users, and 25 tobacco users), and 11 were gingivitis (five non-users, and six tobacco users), and 12 tongue changes (eight non-users, and four tobacco users). Ageusia, or loss of taste sensation, was most commonly reported with or without other oral COVID-19 symptoms (55 occurrences: 36 non-users and 19 tobacco users). No significant differences were found in oral symptoms between tobacco non-users and tobacco users. CONCLUSIONS There is a need to expand the routine examination protocol for patients during future respiratory pandemics, as monitoring oral health allows dentists to improve the management of oral sequelae during a pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores ChatGPT's efficacy in Oral Medicine, focusing on its performance in addressing questions related to oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). Topics discussed include ChatGPT's moderate knowledge base, discrepancies in classifying OPMDs, and conflicting recommendations regarding adjuncts for diagnosis and factors contributing to malignant transformation.

Semaphorin 3A (SEMA3A), also referred to as H‐Sema III, is a molecule with significant biological importance in regulating physiological and pathological processes. However, its role in oral diseases, particularly its association with inflammatory immunity and alveolar bone remodeling defects, remains poorly understood. This comprehensive review article aims to elucidate the recent advances in understanding SEMA3A in the oral system, encompassing nerve formation, periodontitis, pulpitis, apical periodontitis, and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Notably, we explore its novel function in inflammatory immunomodulation and alveolar bone formation during oral infectious diseases. By doing so, this review enhances our comprehension of SEMA3A's role in oral biology and opens up possibilities for modulatory approaches and potential treatments in oral diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is associated with malignant disorders. DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) is a DNA methylesterase reported to be upregulated in multiple organs and shown to inhibit fibrosis. However, the detailed effect of DNMT3A on OSF remains unclear. Methods: To mimic OSF in vitro, oral fibroblasts were exposed to arecoline and molecular biological experiments were performed to detect the function of DNMT3A in OSF. Results: We found that von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) was downregulated and highly methylated in OSF. Arecoline remarkably increased the viability, invasiveness, and migration of oral fibroblasts, but upregulation of VHL partially reversed these effects. DNMT3A induces DNA hypermethylation in the VHL promoter, and VHL markedly inhibits the level of tenascin‐C (TNC) by inducing the ubiquitination of TNC. TNC reversed the inhibitory effect of VHL upregulation on the differentiation of oral fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. Conclusion: DNMT3A induces OSF by promoting methylation of the VHL promoter. Hence, our study provides novel insights into the discovery of novel strategies that can be employed against OSF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: An umbrella review is a systematic review of systematic reviews, which provides a tertiary level of evidence. This umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta‐analysis (SR‐MA) aimed to determine the proportion of oral cancer (OC) development in oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) patients. Materials and Methods: We searched electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane and grey literature. Two reviewers independently screened abstracts and assessed for eligible papers. The methodological quality of SR‐MA was evaluated using AMSTAR2, and we also checked the quality of evidence of the included papers. Results: Out of 454 papers identified in the primary search, 105 underwent eligibility screening. Inclusion criteria were met by four SR‐MA. OC ratios ranged between 4.2% and 6% for OSF. Substantial heterogeneity was observed for this outcome in all four MA (I2 = 71.31% to 86.37%). None of the SRs assessed the quality of evidence, and half of them were judged to be of critically low methodological quality. Conclusion: There is lack of quality of evidences and critically low methodological quality among SRs and MA leading to substantial heterogeneity. However, due to potentially malignant nature, OSF patients should be monitored carefully for early detection of OC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of various drug therapy methods for treating oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) in terms of increasing mouth opening, reducing VAS score, decreasing lesion area, minimizing side effects, and determining effective proportion. Method: A database search was conducted. Only randomized clinical trials were included, and Cochrane checklist was used for assessing the risk of bias. Stata.17 software was employed and effective treatment ranking was used. Results: Thirty‐one RCT studies, with a total of 2986 patients, were included in the period of 2010–2022. The combination of oral Chinese herbal medicine formulas (OC) and intralesional Salvia miltiorrhiza (ISM) was found to be the most effective treatment in improving mouth opening. For reducing the burning pain, the combination of intralesional steroids (IS) and oral Salvia miltiorrhiza (OSM) was found to be more effective than the others. In terms of lesion area, IS combined with OC was more effective than the others. IS combined with ISM had the highest effective proportion while having the lowest incidence of side effects which mentioned the incidence of side effects. Conclusion: This study indicates that OC and SM can be employed by clinicians for treating OSF effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess the diagnostic ability in detecting oral lesions among dentists, dental hygienists, dentistry students, oral hygiene students, and non‐healthcare subjects. Materials and Methods: Participants were invited to classify 30 images of oral lesions in "benign" or "suspected malignant" only based on the visual appearance of the lesion. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed by calculating sensitivity and specificity with 95% confidence intervals and stratified by population group and image features (color, shape, and size of the lesions). Results: A total of 16,590 examinations by 553 subjects were analyzed. Overall sensitivity and specificity were 57% (95% confidence interval 56%–58%) and 64% (95% confidence interval 63%–65%). Diagnostic accuracy varied among population groups, with experienced dentists showing the lowest sensitivity (52%) and the highest specificity (71%). Red lesions, flat lesions, and large lesions had the lowest sensitivity (42%, 36%, 57%) but the highest specificity (70%, 75%, 76%). Conclusions: We found worrying low ability to detect suspected malignant oral lesions by both healthcare workers and non‐healthcare subjects. Lesion‐specific characteristics may lead to differences in recognition. Specific courses and more adequate teaching methods should be proposed to increase identification of oral lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]