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Background: Access to pediatric dialysis is challenged in low-resource settings due to high costs, scarcity of equipment, and the lack of qualified personnel availability. We demonstrated the manual single lumen alternating micro-batch (mSLAMB) device can remove small solutes in vitro without the need for electricity, batteries, or pumps. We developed a new version (Kirpa Kit™) to address some of the technical limitations of mSLAMB. Here, we compare the in vitro clearance performance and ease of use of the Kirpa Kit™ with that of prior mSLAMB configurations. Methods: A mixture of expired packed red blood cells, 0.9% NaCl, urea, and heparin was used to test the efficiency of two mSLAMB configurations and the Kirpa Kit™ in removing potassium and urea. Clearance was evaluated by measuring percent reduction after 25-min sessions with each device. A survey was used to evaluate the ease of use of each configuration. Results: The Kirpa Kit™ achieved a median urea reduction of 82.4% and potassium reduction of 82.1%, which were higher than those achieved with the best-performing mSLAMB configuration (urea 71.9%, potassium 75.4%). The Kirpa Kit™ was easier to use with a shorter perceived time of use than the mSLAMB. Conclusions: The Kirpa Kit™, evolution of mSLAMB, is easy to use and may have improved efficacy, making it an optimal candidate for in vivo testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers Bayesian Φq-optimal designs for multi-factor additive non linear models where model errors are heteroscedastic. For additive non linear models with a constant term, a sufficient condition is given in order to derive Bayesian Φq-optimal product designs, which are achieved from univariate optimal designs with respect to every marginal model with a single factor. However, in the case of ignoring a constant term, an additional assumption of orthogonality is proposed to ensure that optimal designs can be found. Then, the corresponding optimal product designs can be built with the help of the equivalence theorem for the Bayesian Φq-optimality criterion. Several examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of theoretical results on optimal product designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landmarks are essential in non-rigid shape registration for identifying the correspondence between designs and actual products. In 3D printing, manual selection of landmarks becomes labor-intensive, due to complex product geometries and their non-uniform shape deviations. Automatic selection, however, has to pinpoint landmarks indicative of geometric regions prone to deviations for accuracy qualification. Existing automatic landmarking methods often generate clustered and redundant landmarks for prominent features with high curvatures, compromising the balance between global and local registration errors. To address these issues, we propose an automatic landmark selection method through deviation-aware segmentation and landmarking. As opposed to segmentation for semantic feature identification, deviation-aware segmentation partitions a freeform product for high-curvature region identification. Prone to deviation, these regions are generated through curvature-sensitive remeshing to extract vertices of high curvature and automatic clustering of vertices based on vertex density. Within each segment or high-curvature region, a curvature-weighted function is tailored for the Gaussian process landmarking to sequentially select landmarks with the highest local curvatures. Furthermore, we propose a new evaluation criterion to assess the effectiveness of selected landmarks through registration. The proposed approach is tested through automatic landmarking of printed dental models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While design thinking has gained popularity in product innovation, scholars argue that design thinking can also trigger and sustain organizational innovation. This study investigates the adoption of design thinking in the Design+Innovation unit at PepsiCo. It reveals nine design thinking practices that enable organizational innovation: valorizing personal attitudes and desires, engaging stakeholders in the design discourse, leveraging the design unit as an agent of change, fostering abductive reasoning, empowering decision making through prototypes, crafting proof points, absorbing external viewpoints, searching for co-conspirators, and aligning personal and organizational purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The accuracy of heart rate measured with a wrist photoplethysmography monitor can be influenced by the tightening of the wristband, movement of arms, or kinetics of the signal (eg, steady-state exercise vs on- and off-transients). To test these hypotheses, photoplethysmographic and electrocardiographic (ECG) signals were compared. Methods: Thirty participants (50% female) randomly performed two 13′ sequences (3′ rest, 5′ submaximal-intensity exercise, and 5′ passive recovery) on a motorized treadmill and a bicycle ergometer. Heart rate was measured concomitantly with a 10-lead ECG, a chest-strap monitor, and 2 wrist photoplethysmography monitors (Polar Unite) with different tightening (free vs imposed at the maximum tolerable). Results: The level of association (r) and coefficient of variation (CV; ie, the error of measurement) of the Polar Unite versus the 10-lead ECG is affected by the tightness of the wristband (normal vs high; r =.83 and.96, CV = 16.1 and 8.1% for the treadmill, respectively; r =.71 and.97, CV = 20.3% and 6.2% for the bicycle, respectively) by the phase of the signal (transition vs steady state; r =.90 and.97, CV = 9.0% and 7.6% for the treadmill, respectively; r =.93 and.99, CV = 7.5% and 3.1% for the bicycle, respectively) and movement of arms (treadmill vs bicycle; r =.90 and.93, CV = 9.0% and 7.5% during the transition phase, respectively; r =.97 and.99, CV = 7.6% and 3.1% during the steady-state phase, respectively). Conclusion: The accuracy of heart rate measured with a wrist photoplethysmography monitor is affected by the tightness of the wristband and the phase of the signal. A high tightening is required when high accuracy is expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platform-based product development has been applied extensively in discrete manufacturing industry to accommodate changing market demands. Nevertheless, while process industry manufacturers face similar market demands, the topic is only sparsely covered in literature. Through a systematic review of the literature, this study uncovers the definitions used, drivers behind, approaches and methods applied, and industry examples of platform-based product development in the process industry. Based on these analyses, a research agenda is then proposed to further the knowledge of this topic. The study identified existing definitions of key platform-related terms used in several studies and furthermore discovered new definitions for some terms. The most prominent drivers behind pursuing platform-based product development was found to be cost reduction and productivity of product development, with development lead time reduction playing a less significant role. Literature related to platform-based product development focuses primarily on product design and development issues, with less attention given to market, manufacturing, and supply chain issues. Only few industrial cases were identified within the process industry while multiple anecdotal descriptions were discovered. For future research, further insight into key platform concepts, applicability of existing methods, broader value chain focus and detailed industrial cases are considered relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, with climate deterioration and environmental pollution, consumers are becoming more and more aware of the use of sustainable energy. In particular, the demand for electric vehicles that use sustainable energy is also increasing. In addition, due to the simple driving principle of pure electric vehicles, many electric vehicles developed by electronics companies are continuously being launched. Electric vehicles not only use renewable energy to protect the environment but also save on various usage expenses, so they are expected to become the main products in the mobile travel equipment market in the future. This study aims to explore the impact of product design dimensions on electric vehicle (EV) purchase intentions, provide a theoretical basis for companies’ differentiation strategies, and reflect the impact of product design on purchase intention. This study uses Davis’s TAM combined with environmental awareness (EA) for analysis; an online survey was conducted on Chinese (n = 468) and Korean (n = 409) consumers, both male and female, aged 20–60 years and above. We found that, for Chinese consumers, the aesthetic and symbolic dimensions do not affect perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, but they do affect environmental awareness, while the functional dimension affects not only perceived ease of use and usefulness but also environmental awareness. For Korean consumers, the aesthetic, functional, and symbolic dimensions all affect perceived ease of use and environmental awareness, but perceived usefulness is only affected by aesthetics and environmental awareness. Through simulation analysis, the results show that perceived ease of use, usefulness, and environmental awareness all directly affect purchase intentions. Perceived ease of use and environmental awareness are particularly important for Chinese consumers, while Korean consumers pay more attention to the test drive experience and environmental awareness. The results show that electric vehicle manufacturers should develop new technologies for the Chinese market to attract consumers, while in the Korean market, they should improve perceived usefulness through test drives and pay attention to environmental awareness. Specific statistical data show that both Chinese and Korean consumers assign importance to the impact of environmental awareness on purchase intention, proving the importance of environmental awareness. The results of this study will be of great reference value to electric vehicle manufacturers, policymakers, and consumer behavior researchers, helping them to better understand the role of product design in improving the market acceptance of electric vehicles.

The furniture industry is one of the industrial sectors that has a potential market in Indonesia. This industry requires a lot of wood raw materials but is faced with a wood legality verification system that limits raw materials. Industrial players still need to start using waste as raw materials, which will reduce the use of primary raw materials. The circular economy concept can be applied to waste treatment. This study aims to design a pump-gallon product made from waste, considering the relatively high level of gallon container consumption. With this design, it is hoped to utilize waste into economically valuable products while reducing the environmental impact it causes. The product design process uses an integrated QFD-TRIZ method combined with circular economy principles. QFD functions to determine consumer desires and make technical responses, while TRIZ resolves contradictions in technical responses. The circular economy attribute is used as a reference in making gallon pump products from wood waste. After the design process is complete, it is followed by an economic feasibility analysis using the cost-benefit ratio. The result of this research is the design of multifunctional and modular products for gallon pumps. The gallon storage is designed to store not only gallons but also a small table for placing dirty glass and a drawer at the bottom that can be used to keep the glass or other items. There is a detachable system between the upper and lower components, making it easier to repair and use. At the bottom, they mounted castor wheels to facilitate product movement. Designing products made from waste will increase the income of furniture SMEs. In addition, it is expected that this will overcome waste management problems and shortages of raw materials experienced by furniture SMEs. Future research can utilize powder and smaller pieces of wood.

Interpreting and incorporating machine learning technology from a human perspective helps define the role of product designers in the era of artificial intelligence. With this background, this study developed a 7-week design course about machine learning-based product design. Subsequently, in Fall 2023, a class with seven undergraduate students from different majors was held on the subject of “home camera.” The design process consisted of (a) user research and need definition based on machine learning understanding and (b) machine learning-based interaction design development using a coding platform. The course was designed to explore the role of designers who implement human-centered design planning and prototypes considering machine learning tools. In addition, the course provided a basis for suggesting the direction of design education methods given emerging AI technology. The essence of design education is not merely about efficiency; rather, it is about nurturing designers’ ability to think critically and use tools to cultivate innovation.

Abstract User requirements serve as the primary reference content in product design. The effective capture of crucial user requirements, followed by the development of a product technical solution aligned with these requirements, stands as a pivotal approach to enhancing design efficiency. In order to explore the problem of generating and decision-making of product technical solutions in the case of complex user demands, this study constructs a user requirements driven product optimization design model, which is used to complete the generation and decision-making of product design solutions in a more reasonable way. The model unfolds across three key stages: Firstly, a user requirements importance ranking system is crafted leveraging Kano Model and Pairwise Analysis. Next, employing the Functional Analysis System Techniques (FAST) theory and the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) theory, user requirements undergo transformation into technical solutions. Finally, these technical solutions are amalgamated into diverse technical combinations, with decisions facilitated by a game theory model to yield the optimal overall design solution. The new optimal design model reduces the influence of subjectivity and ambiguity in the process of user requirements analysis, increases the reliability of the transformation of user requirements into technical solutions, and improves the efficiency of the generation and decision-making of product design solutions under multiobjective situations. The model proposed in this study is exemplified through the development of a medicated bath water heater. Results indicate that the technical solution derived from the model surpasses similar products in terms of user satisfaction, thereby validating its feasibility.

Similar to the advantages of product modularity to a firm’s overall performance, new product modularity could provide advantages to the new product development process and result in its success in the marketplace. Accordingly, this study investigates the effect of new product modularity on its financial and market-related performance (new product performance). To identify processes underlying this effect, NPD speed and task uncertainty have been considered as its mediator and moderator, respectively. In this vein, survey data from 190 Iranian manufacturing firms have been gathered and research hypotheses have been examined using structural equation modelling and bootstrapping approach. The results of this study reveal that new product modularity improves NPD speed and new product performance. Additionally, NPD speed is found to have a partial mediating role between new product modularity and performance. Finally, this study empirically shows that the positive effect of new product modularity on new product performance amplifies in tasks marked by heightened uncertainty. The findings of the current study highlight the determinant role of modular strategy and NPD speed in developing successful new products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In contrast with Advanced Footwear Technology-AFT running shoes for long-distance, little is known about AFT sprint spikes on performance and acceleration parameters. However, their use has become widespread since the Tokyo 2020 Olympics, and knowledge of their effects would seem to be an essential starting point before any clinical or socio-economic considerations. Objectives: Our objectives were to determine intra- and inter-subject sprinting performance modifications with Nike® AFT spikes (NAS) compared to standard spiked-shoes (SS). Methods: Healthy regional to national sprint athletes (n = 21, ≥ 750 pts World Athletics) performed 16 repetitions of 30-m sprints with either the NAS or SS condition during a single session, based on the multiple N-of-1 method, with pairwise randomisation and double-blind procedure. Time on 30-m sprints (Stalker radar), force-velocity profile (F0, V0, Vmax, Pmax, RF, DRF and FVP slope), and confounding factors (wind and shoe mass) were measured. Statistical analyses included a mixed linear regression model for group analyses, and randomisation test inversion and non-overlap-of-all-pair (NAP) methods for intra-individual analysis. Results: NAS improved 30-m time by a mean of − 0.02 s (SMD = 0.4, p = 0.014), with no interaction with any confounding factors. Significant changes were seen in velocity (Vmax : SMD = 0.9, p < 0.001; V0: SMD = 0.7, p < 0.001) and the horizontal ratio of force (RFmax: SMD = 0.5, p = 0.043), with no changes observed in force production. Whatever the footwear, one unit of positive wind (+ 1 m.s− 1) improved performance by − 0.03 s (p < 0.001). At an individual level, four athletes improved (NAP ≥ 0.69), and one had a statistical decrease in performance. Changes in F-V profiles were largely individual. Conclusions: A positive effect on sprint acceleration characteristics was observed when using Nike® AFT spikes, due to an increase in velocity and the horizontal ratio of force. A major variability in inter-individual response justifies single-case experimental designs for research on the topic. Trial Registration Number: NCT05881148. Key Points: •Compared to AFT long-distance running shoes, little is known about trademarked AFT spikes on performance and acceleration parameters. •The use of Nike® AFT spikes in regional-to-national sprinters resulted in a slight improvement (less than that of a + 1 m.s− 1 wind) in short sprint performance, with a large effect on maximal velocity which could raise the question of muscle strain injuries. •Trials addressing the question of AFT spikes' effect on max velocity endurance should be designed. The significant rate of non-responders highlights the importance of single-case experimental studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a global burden that requires attention. For the detection and diagnosis of CVDs, the 12-lead ECG is a key tool. With technological advancements, ECG devices are becoming smaller and available for home use. Most of these devices contain a limited number of leads and are aimed to detect atrial fibrillation (AF). To investigate whether a four-electrode arrangement could provide enough information to diagnose other CVDs, further research is necessary. At the University Medical Center Utrecht in a multidisciplinary team, we developed the miniECG, a four-electrode ECG handheld system for scientific research in clinical environments (TRL6). This paper describes the process followed during the development of the miniECG. From assembling a multidisciplinary team, which includes engineers, cardiologists, and clinical physicians to the contribution of team members in the design input, design, and testing for safety and functionality of the device. Finally, we detail how the development process was composed by iterative design steps based on user input and intended use evolution. The miniECG is a device compliant for scientific research with patients within Dutch Medical Centers. We believe that hospital-based development led to a streamlined process, which could be applied for the design and development of other technologies used for scientific research in clinical environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance (CFR) of the newly developed pediatric nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary file systems for root canal preparation of primary teeth. Methods: Eighty pediatric NiTi rotary file systems files were used in this study, including 20 EasyInSmile X-Baby (25/0.04), 20 Scope miniScope (25/0.04), 20 EndoArt Pedo Gold (25/0.04), and 20 EndoArt Pedo Blue (25/0.04) files. Static CFR tests; performed on a custom-made stainless steel block with an inner diameter of 1.5 mm, an angle of curvature of 60° and a curved artificial canal with a radius of curvature of 5 mm. The test system was filled with distilled water and the temperature was kept constant at 35 ± 1 °C. The files were rotated in the simulated canal until fracture occurred. The number of cycles to failure (NCF) data was recorded, and all the fracture surfaces of the files were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). One-way ANOVA and Tukey tests were used for statistical analysis of the data, and the significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results: EndoArt Pedo Blue showed the highest NCF values (2668.10 ± 755.26), while the miniScope showed the lowest NCF values (453.65 ± 72.51), with a statistically significant difference between all the tested file systems (p < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in terms of fractured fragment lengths among all tested files (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The EndoArt Pedo Blue file system showed the best CFR performance among the four file systems specifically designed for primary teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The screw-in effect is a tendency of a nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary endodontic file to be pulled into the canal, which can result in a sudden increase in stress leading to instrument fracture, and over-instrumentation beyond the apex. To reduce screw-in force, repeated up-and-down movements are recommended to distribute flexural stress during instrumentation, especially in curved and constricted canals. However, there is no consensus on the optimal number of repetitions. Therefore, this study aimed to examine how repeated up-and-down movements at the working length affect torque/force generation, surface defects, and canal shaping ability of JIZAI and TruNatomy instruments. Methods: An original automated root canal instrumentation device was used to prepare canals and to record torque/force changes. The mesial roots of human mandibular molars with approximately 30˚ of canal curvature were selected through geometric matching using micro-computed tomography. The samples were divided into three groups according to the number of up-and-down movements at the working length (1, 3, and 6 times; n = 24 each) and subdivided according to the instruments: JIZAI (#13/0.04 taper, #25/0.04 taper, and #35/0.04 taper) or TruNatomy (#17/0.02 taper, #26/0.04 taper, and #36/0.03 tape) (n = 12 each). The design, surface defects, phase transformation temperatures, nickel-titanium ratios, torque, force, shaping ability, and surface deformation were evaluated. Data were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests (α = 0.05). Results: The instruments had different designs and phase transformation temperatures. The 3 and 6 up-and-down movements resulted in a smaller upward force compared to 1 movement (p < 0.05). TruNatomy generated significantly less maximum torque, force, and surface wear than JIZAI (p < 0.05). However, TruNatomy exhibited a larger canal deviation (p < 0.05). No statistical differences in shaping ability were detected between different up-and-down movements. Conclusions: Under laboratory conditions with JIZAI and TruNatomy, a single up-and-down movement at the working length increased the screw-in force of subsequent instruments in severely curved canals in the single-length instrumentation technique. A single up-and-down movement generated more surface defects on the file when using JIZAI. TruNatomy resulted in less stress generation during instrumentation, while JIZAI better maintained the curvature of root canals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assembly simulation and evaluation have become an effective means to analyze product assembly design and assembly plan. Compared with the widely used digital assembly simulation method, the AR-based human-in-the-loop assembly simulation and evaluation method can discover and solve the problems related to the human factors, which is very important for manual assembly. This paper proposes an AR-based human-in-the-loop manual assembly evaluation with high-fidelity assembly simulation method. By proposing the natural human assembly gesture intention recognition method and the virtual assembling parts motion simulation method based on the dual geometric and physical constraints, the AR-based human-in-the-loop manual assembly simulation is realized to provided natural assembly simulation experience and generate realistic assembly simulation process data. In addition, the assembly evaluation methods are integrated to objectively evaluate the performance and operation difficulty of manual assembly process, which comprehensively capture and utilize the human-in-the-loop assembly simulation data including the assembly hand actions, assembly visibility, and assembly time. Finally, the prototype system was developed based on the proposed method and verified in an assembly case by a set of experiments. The results illustrate that the assembly simulation is high fidelity and the assembly evaluation more comprehensively by using the proposed method, realizing a high consistence between virtual and real assembly process validation. This study provides a practical methodology for the manual assembly simulation and evaluation through human-in-the-loop in the AR environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

User experience can change with time, and achieving a positive long-term user experience is an important goal in a successful product design. The long-term user experience of the interactive loading screen in Honor of Kings was studied by using two evaluation methods, UX Curve and QUIS questionnaire. The experiment included valid responses from a total of 23 participants. The results show that an interactive human-computer interface can achieve a good long-term waiting experience. It is also necessary to make changes to the UI or functions of the interactive screen after a period of time to ensure a good user experience. A toolbox including the QUIS questionnaire and UX Curve was proven effective in measuring the temporal aspects of user experience of the computer interface. The findings obtained in the experiments help understand the long-term user experience of human-computer interfaces. They may also provide a reference for developing different long-term user experience evaluation methods in different product contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proportions and canons of the human body have always been an area of research mainly through art, architecture, or construction, and today, they have a significant application in product design. Research confirms that body height in most cases corresponds to the canon (head–body ratio) of 7.5 to 8 head lengths. This paper investigates the ratio of the head length (HL) to the total body height (BH, stature) of kindergarten and school-aged children, aiming to define the children's canon inspired by the idea of the harmonic circle theory and the biomechanical model. The data were collected from 1307 children (male 676, female 631) aged 2 to 16 years in the cities of Zagreb (Croatia), Sofia (Bulgaria), and Skopje (North Macedonia). A generalized ESD test (alpha-level 0.10) and Turkey's 1977 test were used in order to detect outliers in distributions of heights and in the distribution of ratios. Statistical significance was set at 0.05, all p values were two-sided, and the MedCalc statistical tool (version 20.110) was used. The results confirm that canonical changes follow the historical research of artists throughout the centuries, but that they change according to contemporary secular trends in children's growth and cover HL/BH canons from 5.59 and 5.72 (2-year-old girls and boys) to 7.50 and 7.60 (15-year-old boys and girls) depending on age and gender. HL/BH ratio was significantly higher among female examinees in all age groups where difference was significant (Student's t test, p < 0.02). In conclusion, such a calculation based on the canon is important for interdisciplinary professions. Creating an anthropological–biomechanical model based on canons, instead of time-consuming measurement, could significantly simplify the long-term collection of anthropometric data used for designing children's products. Future detailed research is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Possibilities Project Plus (PPPlus) is a free assistive device (AD) marketplace and research platform for persons with disabilities. The overall aim of PPPlus is to increase access to ADs through an integration of service, research and education. To maximize positive outcomes and reflect community needs a co-design approach informed by guiding principles of Integrated Knowledge Translation (IKT) was adopted, with examination of methods related to Experience Based Co-design. The integrated nature of PPPlus benefits from the use of specific engagement strategies that align with IKT principles to meet project objectives. The extent to which partnership and engagement strategies are specified in the rehabilitation research literature vary greatly and studies that provide information on specific strategies used to operationalize principles are limited. The objective of this manuscript is to provide a description of the co-design approach and the specific strategies that strive to achieve meaningful user engagement. By reflecting on these processes we also report on limitations and strategies for improvement. Methods: The co-design approach is highlighted through specific project activities including a representative governance structure, ongoing environmental scan and iterative Health Equity Impact Assessments (HEIA). The inherent engagement strategies that align with IKT and co-design principles are described. Discussion: The most impactful engagement strategies included early engagement of partners throughout all phases, ensuring project relevance across partners through alignment of objectives with complementary aims, using HEIAs to promote equitable outcomes from diverse stakeholders, the representative governance structure beyond individuals with disabilities and caregivers, and the use of experiences and stories to inform development. Next steps: This examination of specific strategies related to co-design focused on partnership engagement and informed targets for enhancement of the PPPlus initiative. These include being more intentional in developing a more rigorous process for evaluation that includes an assessment of strategies and their impact--especially as related to partner engagement. In addition, ongoing and enhanced efforts will focus on developing knowledge products that bring to life the most salient experience-based user stories emerging from the environmental scan with these being used to drive distinct co-creation events as well as serve other knowledge mobilization purposes (i.e., supporting policy change). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study critically assesses the regulatory challenges faced in Brazil for mechanical ventilators amid the COVID-19 pandemic. It evaluates the effectiveness of expedited regulatory actions, compares strategies with other countries, and proposes future optimization in emergency conditions. Methods: Premarket submissions of mechanical ventilators were surveyed, involving accompanying certification documentation, rejections, approvals, and cancellations. Postmarket occurrences were surveyed until June 2023, evaluating their incidence and presence of certifications. Regulatory pathways in other countries were reviewed for comparison. Results: Brazil's regulatory strategy increased its ventilator supply capacity 17 times in 10 months. However, the absence of essential certifications in 95.52% of the premarket submissions, such as the Certificate of Conformity issued by the Brazilian Conformity Assessment System (CC-SBAC), raised safety and performance concerns. Among temporarily approved ventilators, the main cause of cancellation (76.92%) was the absence of certifications after the temporal approval, notwithstanding the already installed devices maintaining authorization for use in health services. Postmarket alerts lacked CC-SBAC issuance in 75% of the cases when sponsors reported the occurrences. It highlighted the importance of ongoing technical assistance and monitoring, particularly for devices lacking proper certifications. Conclusions: The extraordinary regulatory conditions in Brazil significantly impacted ventilator premarket evaluation. However, lacking essential certifications led to post-approval cancellations. Postmarket occurrences emphasized necessary vigilance, with most alerts involving uncertified devices. Improved premarket evaluation, considering component shortages and real-world usage scenarios, as collaborative efforts from other countries and international bodies, is crucial for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of ventilators in public health emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the parameters related to the result of Whipple's procedure or Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is the suture knot-tying force during pancreaticogastrostomy anastomosis. We hypothesize that an imbalanced suture force during surgical anastomosis can result in postoperative problems such as postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF). The consequences are potentially fatal, discouraging the surgeon from conducting such complex surgery. The purpose of this study was to find the best suture knot-tying force for pancreaticogastrostomy anastomosis in PD and to determine the best force range for suture knot-tying to prevent pancreatic leaks. In 36 patients, the designed suture force measurement device (SFD) was clinically evaluated. The patients were monitored postoperatively for any complications, and the suture knot-tying force data were used for analysis. The optimal force range and surgical success had a significant positive connection (P < 0.01). The best suture knot-tying force to avoid pancreatic leak following PD was (3.39 SD0.71) for the soft pancreas, (4.38 SD0.71) for the firm pancreas, and (7.70 SD0.62) for the hard pancreas. Suture knot strength is a significant factor in determining the surgical outcome. A suture knot tied at the optimal force range speeds up healing and avoids other postoperative problems. Suture knots performed beyond the optimal range, on the other hand, were observed with POPF. The study to prevent pancreatic leakage after PD revealed the best suture force range for pancreaticogastrostomy anastomosis. The trial was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Government Stanley Medical College. The Institutional Ethics Committee is reregistered with the Central Drugs Standards Control Organization, ethics committee division with register number ECR/131/Inst/TN/2013/RR19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the design and production of press part components, the tool development process is an essential step to fulfil the required quality criteria. Conventionally, this is achieved based on expert knowledge to design the effective surface with respect to the multitude of physical, procedural, and human influences. Thus, several iterations in the tool development process are usually required, which are costly and can lead to bottlenecks within product design cycles. To accelerate this tool design, we propose a diffusion model architecture to inversely design the necessary effective tool surface given a desired geometry of the press part. This diffusion model is able to reduce the generalization issues of classical machine learning approaches by leveraging the attention mechanism both in the spatial and temporal dimension of the underlying forming process. The applicability of a similar diffusion model has already been shown in previous applications for the inverse‐design of metamaterials and this work further demonstrates diffusion models as a suitable model candidate for the inverse‐design of 3D‐geometries. For model training, finite element simulations containing the time series of deformation states during the forming process were used. Furthermore, different geometry variations of part and tool as well as relevant press process parameters were used in the training. With the procedure demonstrated in this study, a future‐oriented support for the tool development process has been shown, enabling further developments towards a time‐ and cost‐efficient production of press tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nike Vaporfly 4% (VP4) shoe is popular due to its unique design and reported performance benefits. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for the improvements remain unclear. One proposed mechanism is the teeter-totter effect. This study aimed to 1) experimentally test the teeter-totter theory by estimating the teeter-totter moment (MTT) in the VP4 compared to a flat shoe (CONTROL) and 2) quantify the change in the anterior-posterior position of the centre of pressure (Δxa-p) in the VP4 compared to the CONTROL. Plantar pressures and high-speed video were recorded from 15 runners in two shoe conditions. The VP4 generated a larger propulsion moment, MP, ($\mathop \int \nolimits{{\rm{M}}_{\rm{P}}}{\rm{dt}} $ ∫ M P dt = 90.46 ± 38.87 Nms; p < 0.001, d = 1.95), suggesting the presence of an MTT in the VP4 ($\mathop \int \nolimits{{\rm{M}}_{{\rm{TT}}}}{\rm{dt}}$ ∫ M TT dt = 57.16 ± 24.35 Nms) when compared to the CONTROL ($\mathop \int \nolimits{{\rm{M}}_{\rm{P}}}{\rm{dt}}$ ∫ M P dt = 33.30 ± 14.52 Nms). Δxa-p was greater in the VP4 (Δxa-p = 9.48 ± 6.08 mm; p < 0.001, d = 2.07) compared to the CONTROL (Δxa-p = 0.54 ± 0.67 mm). This study provides a methodological proof-of-concept for the teeter-totter theory. The findings highlight the possibility of a teeter-totter effect resulting in greater heel propulsion while running in an AFT shoe construction, assuming a constant muscle moment and pivot point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In clinical settings, it is necessary to create a clinical learning environment that provides the ground for the learners to acquire competencies especially in high-stress and emotion-bound clinical settings. In the present study, a model for improving the learning environment in high-stress and emotion-bound clinical settings was designed by conducting a multi-method study in the form of three sub-studies. This model was designed with 3 pivotal concepts; organizing learning opportunities around safe care, fair participation in learning opportunities and creating a positive emotional climate and 6 peripheral concepts; designing physical space and appropriate equipment for education and care, preparing learners to attend the clinical setting, preparing learners to participate in learning opportunities, balancing the learner role and the care provided by the learners, the presence of a competent educator and providing education to all learners, and acquiring the ability to manage emotions by learners, faculty and staff. The implementation of the model obtained from this study provides the basis for solving the challenges of clinical learning environments, especially in high-stress and emotion-bound clinical settings, and improves clinical education and the realization of educational and care outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing utilisation of the distribution grid caused by the ramp-up of electromobility and additional electrification can be eased with flexibility through smart and bidirectional charging use cases. Implementing market-oriented, grid-, and system-serving use cases must be tailored to the different national framework conditions, both in technical and regulatory terms. This paper sets out an evaluation methodology for assessing the implementation of smart and bidirectional charging use cases in different countries. Nine use cases are considered, and influencing factors are identified. The evaluation methodology and detailed analysis are applied to Austria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, and Sweden. In every country, the implementation of vehicle-to-home use cases is possible. Realising market-oriented use cases is feasible in countries with a completed smart meter rollout and availability of tariffs with real-time pricing. Grid-serving and ancillary service use cases depend most on country-specific regulation, which is why no clear trend can be identified. Use cases that require direct remote controllability are the most distant from implementation. The overarching analysis provides orientation for the design of transnational products and research and can serve as a basis for a harmonisation process in regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Leadless pacemakers are associated with a low risk of infection, so indications for their removal are rare. One can expect that the dwell time of the device correlates with a more difficult removal, but it has not been proved so far. Methods and Results: We present a case of a patient in whom MICRA transcatheter pacing system was successfully removed with nondedicated commercially available tools, 70 months after implantation. Conclusion: A successful removal of the MICRA leadless pacemaker is possible, and may be safe even many years after the device implantation, despite a lack of dedicated tools. Due to the potential risk of complications, the benefits and risks of the procedure should be weighted before making a final decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Use of Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII) has been shown to improve glycemic outcomes in Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), but high costs limit accessibility. To address this issue, an inter-operable, open-source Ultra-Low-Cost Insulin Pump (ULCIP) was developed and previously shown to demonstrate comparable delivery accuracy to commercial models in standardised laboratory tests. This study aims to evaluate the updated ULCIP in-vivo, assessing its viability as an affordable alternative for those who cannot afford commercially available devices. Methods: This first-in-human feasibility study recruited six participants with T1D. During a nine-hour inpatient stay, participants used the ULCIP under clinical supervision. Venous glucose, insulin, and β-Hydroxybutyrate were monitored to assess device performance. Results: Participants displayed expected blood glucose and blood insulin levels in response to programmed basal and bolus insulin dosing. One participant developed mild ketosis, which was treated and did not recur when a new pump reservoir was placed. All other participants maintained β-Hydroxybutyrate < 0.6 mmol/L throughout. Conclusion: The ULCIP safely delivered insulin therapy to users in a supervised inpatient environment. Future work should focus on correcting a pump hardware issue identified in this trial and extending device capabilities for use in closed loop control. Longer-term outpatient studies are warranted. Trial Registration: The trial was prospectively registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12623001288617) on the 11 December 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate and design masks against viruses, especially SARS-CoV-2 associated with COVID-19. A continuum filtration model was developed where the rate of particle deposition and "sticking" on the filter fibers is a critical term in the mass transfer, together with permeation velocity, filter porosity, tortuosity, and Brownian diffusion. CFD simulations of the airflow during respiration lead to the recommendation that the filter permeability should be above 4 × 10−11 m2 to direct the airflow for effectiveness against virus particles; otherwise, low filter permeabilities cause the unfiltered air to flow preferentially through the leak gaps between the mask and the headform. Different mask filters with microstructural and geometry data from the literature are assessed via filtration simulations for breathability and filtration efficiency. The results demonstrate that a surgical mask of 25% porosity, pore size of 150 µm and permeability of 4.4 × 10−11 m2 can achieve 100% minimum efficiency while demonstrating high breathability, complying with the criteria of FFP3, N95, and surgical Class II and IIR masks. Selected cotton and synthetic cloths as well as electrospun fiber layers are predicted to comply with FFP2, N95, and surgical mask Class II and IIR standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is crucial to understand and meet the multi-dimensional affective image needs of users for product form in a user demand-oriented product development model. Multi-objective evolutionary algorithms based on decomposition will be introduced into the field of kansei engineering to carry out research on product form optimisation design based on multi-objective evolutionary algorithms. A constrained multi-objective discrete optimisation model was established using the kansei engineering prediction model constructed through machine learning techniques as the objective function, and a reference vector guided evolutionary algorithm was used to solve it. The superiority of this method was verified by comparing it with other commonly used solving methods in this field. Combining entropy weight method and TOPSIS, select the optimisation design scheme that best meets the multi-dimensional affective needs of users from the obtained pareto set. Taking the train as an example, the proposed method was explained. The results indicate that the optimisation scheme obtained by this method can achieve the improvement and optimisation of product form in multiple affective dimensions. Meanwhile, a comparative study on the applicability of multi-objective evolutionary algorithms in the form optimisation problem of different affective dimensions is carried out to provide reference and suggestions for subsequent product design research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, industrial designers are usually educated with engineering background while product designers are educated with art background. Despite these educational differences, both of them are adept at tackling design-related issues. However, different educational backgrounds can affect the idea generation, especially in the early stages of the design progress. This study investigates the thinking processes of designers between engineering and art backgrounds in the early stages of the design process. Designers are encouraged to express ideas verbally or by sketching, and linkography was used to visually depict the designer's thinking process. Subsequently, with the help of vertical transformation value and the chunk, the features in the thinking of the two types of designers are explored, including: 1) In most cases, the vertical transformation value of the product designer is higher than that of industrial designer, which indicates that product designer is better at the reflection in design. 2) The chunk patterns in the linkographs show that industrial designers prefer to decompose tasks into sub-tasks and solve them individually, while product design participants tend to solve problems as a whole from a global view. These findings can enlighten the future research directions for design education and design organizations in multidisciplinary backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the fact that most ceramic products formed by drawing embryos can be geometrically viewed as rotating bodies generated by the rotation of their profile curves, the design of these ceramic products can focus on the description of profile curves. A scheme for describing profile curves of ceramic products using the quasi-cubic uniform B-spline is proposed. Different shapes of C² profile curves can be obtained by modifying the control points or local parameters of the quasi-cubic uniform B-spline, thereby meeting the practicality and personality of ceramic product design. Furthermore, a method for determining the optimal local parameters in the quasi-cubic uniform B-spline using energy minimization is presented. The proposed method can generate smooth profile curves of ceramic products, thereby meeting the aesthetics of ceramic product design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Despite the advancements in technology and organized training for surgeons in laparoscopic surgery, the persistent challenge of not being able to feel the resistance and characteristics of the tissue, including pulsations, remains unmet. A recently developed grasper (Optigrip®) with real time haptic feedback, based on photonic technology, aims to address this issue by restoring the tactile sensation for surgeons. The key question is whether pulsations can be detected and at what minimal size level they become clinical significant. Methods: To simulate arterial conditions during laparoscopic procedures, four different silicone tubes were created, representing the most prevalent arteries. These tubes were connected to a validated pressure system, generating a natural pulse ranging between 80 and 120 mm Hg. One control tube without pressure was added. The surgeons had to grasp these tubes blindly with the conventional grasper or the haptic feedback grasper in a randomized order. They then indicated whether they felt the pressure or not and the percentage of correct answers was calculated. Results: The haptic grasper successfully detected 96% of all pulsations, while the conventional grasper could only detect 6%. When considering the size of the arteries, the Optigrip® identified pulsations in 100% the 4 and 5 mm arteries and 92% of the smallest arteries. The conventional grasper was only able to feel the smallest arteries in 8%. These differences were highly significant (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the newly developed haptic feedback grasper enables detection of arterial pulsations during laparoscopy, filling an important absence in tactile perception within laparoscopic surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research deals with the question of how the Covid-19 pandemic affected discourses on competition in higher education organisations and how other discourses occurred and gained power. Additionally, it focusses on changes which take place in windows of opportunities that occur through discursive change in times of crisis. We show that discourses on competition have been highly influential in the field of academia. However, the pandemic rapidly introduced or empowered new or different discourses. These discourses either replaced existing discourses on competition, ascribed different meanings or redefined the frame under which a specific discourse is important. We merge our observations of such processes into the argument that the Covid-19 crisis has put competition discourses on hold during the first stage of the pandemic. At later stages, we show that competition discourses regained power. To make these contributions, we analyse interviews conducted at two universities at the organisational leadership level and in different departments in subjects such as social sciences, product design, music and engineering. We also examine official statements by the German rectors' conference and further documents such as emails and press releases at two stages of the pandemic crisis. The first stage took place during the lockdowns in 2020 and gives us rich insights into the changes during the pandemic. The second stage took place in 2022 when organisations returned at least partly to their pre-pandemic routines allowing us to analyse changes over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgical site infection (SSI) poses a substantial postoperative challenge, affecting patient recovery and healthcare costs. While surgical wound irrigation is pivotal in SSI reduction, consensus on the optimal method remains elusive. We developed a novel device for surgical wound irrigation and conducted preclinical and clinical evaluations to evaluate its efficacy and safety. Two preclinical experiments using swine were performed. In the washability test, two contaminated wound model were established, and the cleansing rate between the device and the conventional method were compared. In the contamination test, the irrigation procedure with a fluorescent solution assessed the surrounding contamination of drapes. Subsequently, a clinical trial involving patients undergoing abdominal surgery was conducted. The washability test demonstrated significantly higher cleansing rates with the device method (86.4% and 82.5%) compared to the conventional method (65.2% and 65.1%) in two contamination models. The contamination test revealed a smaller contaminated region with the device method than the conventional method. In the clinical trial involving 17 abdominal surgery cases, no superficial SSIs or adverse events related to device use were observed. Our newly developed device exhibits potential for achieving more effective and safe SSI control compared to conventional wound irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the analysis of the displacements generated in 3D-printed acoustic guitar tops. Specifically, the influence of 3D printing direction parameters on the vibrational behavior of a guitar top designed for polylactic acid (PLA) by analyzing five points of the top surface at a reduced scale. For this purpose, finite element tests and laboratory experiments have been carried out to support the study. After analyzing the results, it can be affirmed that the vibrational response in reduced-scale top plates can be modified and controlled by varying the printing direction angle in additive manufacturing, providing relevant information about the displacement in the vibrational response of PLA acoustic guitars. Furthermore, this work shows that the behavior of a specific acoustic guitar design can be characterized according to a specific need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkaline hydrolysis can lay claim to being a resource-efficient, effective, economical and environmentally sound method of final body disposition, relative to burial and cremation. On technical grounds it may have much to recommend it, however, like many other technical innovations, its take-up is hindered by the fact that it lacks a clear position in the public imagination. For this position to take shape, an understanding of just what it is and what it offers is required by proponents in the funeral industry who advise the bereaved, as well as by the material representations of the alkaline hydrolysis technologies themselves. In this article, we describe and analyse four extant alternative material and discursive forms of alkaline hydrolysis and how they variously occupy the fraught space where morality, death and marketing converge. Currently, each of the four forms of alkaline hydrolysis struggle to represent themselves in a public narrative that conveys their different ontologies and their competitive advantage, relative to burial and cremation, and this paper describes some key rhetorical and technical aspects of these struggles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The global market for capsule cigarettes has grown rapidly, especially in Latin America. This research examined the sales trends and patterns as well as packaging characteristics of capsule cigarette in Mexico in recent years. Methods National data on cigarette sales in Mexico between October 2018 and September 2021 licensed from NielsenIQ were supplemented with cigarette pack pictures and Internet searches to determine whether characterizing flavor, concept flavor, and action descriptors were used. Market share in sales value and volume was calculated by capsule and flavor status, descriptors, price tier, manufacturer, pack size, and cigarette length for the whole time period and for each month. Number of unique brand variants was also examined. Results Capsule cigarette sales totaled US$4.29 billion or 30.99 billion sticks during the assessed period, comprising 37.7% of the cigarette market share in sales value or 35.5% in sales volume. Over half of capsule cigarettes sold during this time period had concept flavor descriptors, 17.8% contained characterizing flavor descriptors, and 15.1% contained action descriptors that were suggestive of the interactive aspects of capsules. The monthly market share of capsule cigarette sales volume among all cigarette sales in Mexico increased steadily from 33.3% in October 2018 to 37.3% in September 2021. Conclusions The expanding capsule cigarette market in Mexico is concerning, given the product's associated misconceptions of reduced harm and greater appeal among youth. Findings underline the need for enhanced regulations to address the public health threat posed by capsule cigarettes. Implications Capsule cigarettes have a substantial market share in Mexico, with increasing popularity. Descriptors and other product characteristics such as cigarette length might be used to increase the appeal and target particular populations. Policy makers should consider banning capsules and flavors in cigarettes including descriptors or other indication in product presentation that could be perceived as denoting a taste, aroma, or sensation, and making the appearance and design of tobacco products more commensurate with the harm they cause by adopting plain and standardized packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable products are at the core of the circular economy, which is gaining momentum in scientific, economic, and policy fields. However, existing research in the field of circular product design remains fragmented. The literature has generally tended to focus on material or resource efficiency, while other complex issues related to product ecosystem also exist, such as the needs of the ecosystem (non‐human) and human user, circular challenge, and circular business model. By using a co‐creation approach, this study aims to create and validate a circular product design framework (CD‐Framework) and a self‐assessment tool for circular product design (CD‐Tool) that facilitates an understanding of how product circularity can be improved from the product ideation. The proposed CD‐Framework consists of 10 interconnected categories: circular challenge; circular business model; production; digital fabrication technologies; materials; branding and communication for circularity; packaging, distribution and logistics; user; usage; and after usage. The CD‐Tool was designed as a tool to aid product developers from various industry sectors in the self‐assessment of the circularity of product design. We contribute to developing tools that accelerate integration of circularity into product design through product‐level and ecosystem‐level considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study evaluates the feasibility and efficacy of implanting a leadless pacemaker at the right atrial appendage (RAA) in a preclinical minipig model, aiming to address the limitations of atrial pacing with current leadless devices like the Medtronic Micra, which is typically used for right ventricular implantation. Methods: Four minipigs, each with a median body weight of 45.8 ± 10.0 kg, underwent placement of the Micra transcatheter pacing system (TPS) via the right femoral vein into the RAA apex. The pacing performance was assessed over 1‐week (short‐term) and 3‐month (long‐term) periods. Outcomes: The initial findings indicated successful implantation, with satisfactory intrinsic R‐wave amplitudes and pacing threshold. In the following period, the sensitivity, threshold, and impedance were stable with time. Notably, upon explanation at 3 months, a deep myocardial penetration by the device was observed, necessitating a redesign for safe long‐term use in a growing subject's heart. Conclusion: While initial results suggest that RAA apex placement of the Micra TPS is promising for potential inclusion in a dual‐chamber pacing system, the issue of myocardial penetration highlights the need for device redesign to ensure safety and effectiveness in long‐term applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 41‐year‐old male presented with syncope whilst eating and was subsequently demonstrated to have recurrent symptomatic sinus pauses whilst swallowing. Following the exclusion of structural heart disease, he was diagnosed with swallow syncope, an uncommon variant of neurocardiogenic syncope. To avoid long‐term complications of a transvenous pacemaker, the case was managed with a leadless pacemaker which resulted in complete resolution of symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As agile processes are increasingly adopted for product design, and as consumer preferences are rapidly evolving with increasing information available from digital media, there is a need for a demand model that can accommodate the dynamics of product development. However, existing models of demand estimation, such as the discrete-choice models, do not capture the dynamics of product development and decision-making processes and thus are unable to effectively capture the effect of product updates and the release of information. To address this gap, we present a dynamic demand model and demonstrate how it can be used to determine the optimal time to release product updates. The demand model is based on decision field theory (DFT), which enables the modeling of the dynamic behavior of human decision makers. The contributions of this article are as follows. First, we formulate a computational model for demand modeling built on DFT and demonstrate the viability of using the model to determine product release strategies. Second, we provide analytical approximations of the demand model and compare the accuracy of the approximated demand against the demand predicted by the dynamics model. Third, we show an example of a game played by competitors trying to optimize demand for their products by choosing the optimal update time relative to each other. Finally, we demonstrate the feasibility of parameter estimation using only the demand data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate children's characteristics and impact of a powered wheelchair lending program including comparisons of diagnostic sub-groups, and validation of a predictive model of powered mobility proficiency. This retrospective study included 172 children who participated in the ALYN powered mobility lending program from 3/2009-7/2022. Demographics and functional levels were measured via questionnaires; driving proficiency was evaluated when the wheelchair was returned, and parents and children were interviewed following their participation in the program. Two diagnostic groups were identified: cerebral palsy (CP) (n = 136, median = 9.75 yrs) and other neuromuscular diseases (NMD) (n = 30, median = 5.83 yrs). They differed significantly in the age they commenced PM training, the male/female ratio, walking ability and access mode. Fifty-seven percent of the participants with CP achieved powered mobility proficiency, a rate that was significantly lower than the 73% proficiency found for the NMD group. Four significant predictors were identified: communication, manual wheelchair operation, access mode and go-stop upon request. They predicted proficiency in approximately 80% of cases. Overall feedback from the parents and children indicated that their personal and family's quality of life improved as a result of their child's ability to use a powered wheelchair. A lending program provides children with opportunities to improve mobility skills in an appropriate powered wheelchair. Children who can communicate verbally, propel a manual wheelchair, use a joystick and go-stop upon request are significantly more likely to become proficient drivers; however, many who were unable to complete these tasks also improved and even became proficient drivers. Children who are able to engage in verbal communication, propel a manual wheelchair for short distances, use a joystick and go-stop upon request are significantly likely to become a proficient powered wheelchair drivers. Children with cerebral palsy who have greater physical challenges (e.g., cannot walk at all or propel a manual wheelchair) can reach powered mobility proficiency following practice with a powered wheelchair borrowed from a lending program, although at a lower rate than those with other neuromuscular diseases; additional training strategies should be developed to increase the percent success for children with cerebral palsy. A multivariate logistic regression was able to correctly predict whether a child will become proficient driver in 80% of case. Training with a powered wheelchair from the lending program enabled parents to observe their children's independent mobility in their home environment; they reported improvement in the family's quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disparities may disproportionately exist for those with disabilities when using mobile devices, which are critical for independence in activities such as socialization and leisure. Prior 3D printing studies in rehabilitation have not focused on mobile device access to everyday preferred activities. This study examined user satisfaction, self-rated performance and satisfaction with daily activities while using the mobile device, and the feasibility of customized 3D printed assistive devices. The design was a one-group, quantitative pre-test to post-test study of individuals (n = 10) residing in long-term care with a physical disability due to a neurological condition. Satisfaction with the 3D printed device, as compared to the previously used assistive device, was significantly higher (p = 0.005), as well as improvements in self-rated daily activity performance (p = 0.016) and satisfaction (p = 0.037), with acceptability and satisfaction of the intervention. Findings suggest that 3D printing is feasible with a potential increase in user satisfaction through a customization process that is client centred. Recommendations for settings interested in providing customized 3D printed assistive devices, and for future studies, include client centred integration and educational support on mobile device usage during activities, familiarity with common customization and modification requests, and adjusting timelines to the facility's service delivery capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standard manual wheelchairs (MWCs) are inefficient and pushrim propulsion may cause progressive damage and pain to the user's arms. We describe a wheel for a MWC with a novel propulsion mechanism. The wheel has two modes of operation called "Standard" mode and "Run" mode. In Run mode, the wheelchair is propelled forward by pushing a compliant handle forward and then pulling it back, both strokes contributing to forward propulsion. We report the propulsive force and preliminary testing on a rough outdoor circuit by three able-bodied participants. In Run mode, the peak applied force is reduced to 30% and the maximum force gradient is reduced to 10% of that for standard pushrim propulsion, for the same work output. The travel time for the 1.06 km outdoor circuit is about 60% of that for a brisk walk and about 40% of that for pushrim propulsion. At a propulsion speed of 1 m/s, the cardiovascular effort in Run mode is 56% of that for pushrim propulsion. Automatic hill-hold in Run mode improves safety when ascending slopes. The mechanism has three gears so that it can be used by people with widely varying strength and fitness. Folding the handle away converts the operation to Standard mode with the conventional pushrim propulsion, supplemented by three gears. Despite the increased weight, width and friction, the bimodal geared wheels facilitate wheelchair travel on challenging paths. This may bring significant improvement to the quality of life of MWC users. The novel bimodal geared propulsion may benefit users with impaired upper extremity function. The push–pull propulsion on handles is less strenuous than pushrim propulsion and may reduce repetitive strain injuries. Run mode has significantly reduced peak force and force gradient compared with standard pushrim propulsion, for equal work. The bimodal geared propulsion facilitates outdoor travel, providing exercise that may benefit the user's strength and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steering a wheelchair while navigating through manual doors or against obstacles is challenging for some users. Previously, a low-cost, low-tech accessory made using off-the-shelf components, conventional manufacturing, and 3D-printed fasteners demonstrated the proof-of-concept for uncrossable positive obstacle pushing or gliding. Current work presents the fabrication and testing of an entirely 3D-printed prototype of the accessory. The accessory was 3D-printed using ABS (10% fill density) in sections. A finite element stress analysis simulation was performed for the entire accessory. Prototype tests were done with the accessory installed on an unoccupied powered wheelchair against a door and an obstacle with ∼25 N and ∼50 N resistance forces, respectively. The maximum stresses in none of the crucial components exceeded the break strength of ABS. Test results demonstrate the ability and mechanical robustness of the fully 3D-printed accessory to push open manual doors, allowing easy navigation through doors, and to push or glide against obstacles. The current prototype improves over the previous prototype in terms of manufacturability, weight, design, and safety. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an entirely 3D-printed wheelchair accessory that pushes or glides against uncrossable positive obstacles. Future studies would involve end-user satisfaction assessment and functionality evaluation in different scenarios under clinical supervision. The pushing or gliding ability of the accessory could be beneficial to wheelchair users with neuromuscular disorders or paraplegia. Low-tech 3D-printed accessory allows wheelchair users to push or glide against doors and other obstacles. Protective nature of the accessory could prove highly beneficial to some wheelchair users (those with diabetic feet). Pushing or gliding ability of the accessory could be beneficial to wheelchair users with neuromuscular disorders or paraplegia. Accessory could reduce wheelchair accidents and falls due to uncrossable positive obstacles. 3D printing allows easy prototyping of wheelchair-related assistive technology solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The safety of hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBO2) in patients with cardiovascular implanted electronic devices (CIED) remains unclear. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of seven CIED patients (median age 79 [73–83] years, five males [71.4%]), including five with pacemakers and two with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD), who underwent HBO2 between June 2013 and April 2023. During the initial session, electrocardiogram monitoring was conducted, and CIED checks were performed before and after the treatment. In addition, the medical records were scrutinized to identify any abnormal CIED operations. Results: All seven CIED patients underwent HBO2 within the safety pressure range specified by the CIED manufacturers or general pressure test by the International Organization for Standardization (2.5 [2.5–2.5] atmosphere absolute × 18 [5–20] sessions). When comparing the CIED parameters before and after HBO2, no significant changes were observed in the waveform amplitudes, pacing thresholds, lead impedance of the atrial and ventricular leads, or battery levels. All seven patients, including two with the rate response function activated, exhibited no significant changes in the pacing rate or pacing failure. Two ICD patients did not deactivate the therapy, including the defibrillation; however, they did not experience any arrhythmia or inappropriate ICD therapy during the HBO2. Conclusion: CIED patients who underwent HBO2 within the safety pressure range exhibited no significant changes in the parameters immediately after the HBO2 and had no observable abnormal CIED operations during the treatment. The safety of defibrillation by an ICD during HBO2 should be clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computer vision technologies have altered Product design and development, which have replaced old manual procedures. This study thoroughly examines computer vision's role in affecting product design, examining its historical history, applications, and ramifications. The background emphasizes the constraints of traditional design, underlining the necessity for creative alternatives. Integrating computer vision aligns with Industry 4.0 trends, which call for smart and automated design procedures. The investigation delves into the growth of computer vision, its applications in quality control, design optimization, augmented/virtual reality, user interface design, and cultural/language acquisition. The article also looks into the relationship between computer vision and consumer analysis. The content analysis reduces 285 author keywords to 31 interrelated keywords that comprise five clusters. The conclusion emphasizes the social effect, promising more accessible, efficient, and innovative design processes. This multidisciplinary study dives into computer vision in product design and development by doing a thorough analysis of a variety of datasets. Examining three datasets with 285, 1066, and 1190 terms yields important results. The findings highlight the importance of "Product Design" and "Computer Vision" with changing patterns and concentrations across datasets. Thematic studies reveal repeating focus elements in titles and abstracts, such as "Design" and "Vision," indicating a technological emphasis, human-centric concerns, and practical consequences. Network investigations reveal complex linkages and clustering within keyword networks, allowing for more in-depth knowledge of specific areas. These findings help to understand the dynamic interaction of computer vision and product design, driving future research and innovation in this rapidly growing sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entertainment industry undergoes constant changes, and video games, along with the ways people enjoy them, evolve dynamically. In this context, there arises a need to innovate in areas such as user–game interaction and the design of conventional controllers to keep up with these transformations. This study has found that the design requirements of the external geometry of video game controllers significantly impact users' purchasing decisions, who often rely on their sensations and emotions. The primary aim of this research has been to demonstrate that it is possible to develop a specific methodology to establish design guidelines that evaluate geometry and ergonomic aspects, considering users' emotional needs. To achieve this goal, the Kansei methodology has been employed, an engineering discipline that focuses on product design based on emotional interaction and user sensations when using them. Through advanced statistical techniques such as principal component analysis and linear regression, the set of observations has been reduced and a robust predictive model has been developed. Following this methodological approach, surveys and field studies have been conducted, thus differentiating the project from a conventional engineering approach in various stages. Special attention has been paid to the tactile part of the controller, especially its casing. After thorough analysis, the redesigned casing, incorporating improvements derived from statistical analyses, has been compared to existing market models. The results obtained show a significant improvement compared to existing market models, particularly highlighting enhancements in functional characteristics and ergonomic design, enabling comfortable use for individuals with different hand sizes and preventing the grip surface from being slippery. In summary, this work supports the effectiveness of the Kansei methodology as an approach to adapting product design to users' perceptions and emotional needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, user experience (UX) is an essential aspect of the design of digital, interactive products. Thirty years ago, however, things looked different. The focus was not on the experience but on the metaphor of the tool or medium. But how will the design of digital, interactive products develop over the next 30 years? How will the design of products and services change, and how will this influence the UX profession? One possibility is highlighted in particular: focussing on the relationship between the user and the product with elements such as emotional connections. Through relationships, the roles of artificial intelligence, humanity and ethics in the design process and the importance of sustainability and adaptation to changing working and learning environments become particularly relevant. In the future, designers must assume even greater responsibility for users, society and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal-based additive manufacturing methods is exerting a high degree of freedom to expand product design ideas and weaken manufacturing obstacles. However, the regulation of microstructure is still one of the challenges in constructing high-precision parts. The numerical simulation has excellent accuracy and economy in predicting the evolution of microstructure and was hence widely applied. In this paper, the phase-field method was applied to reveal the influence of main process parameters on dendrite structure and solute distribution in the DED process of GH3536 superalloy, and the ratio of these parameters is related to the dendrite morphology. The results show that the developed phase-field model can predict the dendrite morphology well, and the working conditions under different temperature gradients and scanning speeds were analyzed. With the increase of temperature gradient and scanning speed, the dendrite morphology becomes finer and the dendrite arm spacing diminished. The ratio of a temperature gradient to scanning speed (G/V) was applied to correlate the evolution of dendrite morphology and concentration field. The variation of G/V significantly affects the composition supercooling region. When G/V decreases, the dendrite morphology gradually changes from columnar crystal to dendritic structure, the number of secondary dendrites increases significantly, and the segregation phenomenon intensifies. This work established a link between the influences of macroscopic parameters on microstructure and provided a reference for actual production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]