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The objective of this study was to determine the application of citric waste fermented yeast waste (CWYW) obtained from an agro-industrial by-product as a protein source to replace soybean meal (SBM) in a concentrate diet. We also determined the effect of various roughage to concentrate ratios (R:C) on the gas production kinetics, ruminal characteristics, and in vitro digestibility using an in vitro gas production technique. The experiment design was a 3 × 5 factorial design arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD), with three replicates. There were three R:C ratios (60:40, 50:50, and 40:60) and five replacing SBM with CWYW (SBM:CWYW) ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100). The CWYW product’s crude protein (CP) content was 535 g/kg dry matter (DM). There was no interaction effect between R:C ratios and SBM:CWYW ratios for all parameters observed (p > 0.05). The SBM:CWYW ratio did not affect the kinetics and the cumulative amount of gas. However, the gas potential extent and cumulative production of gas were increased with the R:C ratio of 40:60, and the values were about 74.9 and 75.0 mL/0.5 g, respectively (p < 0.01). The replacement of SBM by CWYW at up to 75% did not alter in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), but 100% CWYW replacement significantly reduced (p < 0.05) IVDMD at 24 h of incubation and the mean value. In addition, IVDMD at 12 h and 24 h of incubation and the mean value were significantly increased with the R:C ratio of 40:60 (p < 0.01). The SBM:CWYW ratio did not change the ruminal pH and population of protozoa (p > 0.05). The ruminal pH was reduced at the R:C ratio of 40:60 (p < 0.01), whereas the protozoal population at 4 h was increased (p < 0.05). The SBM:CWYW ratio did not impact the in vitro volatile fatty acid (VFA) profile (p > 0.05). However, the total VFA, and propionate (C3) concentration were significantly increased (p < 0.01) by the R:C ratio of 40:60. In conclusion, the replacement of SBM by 75% CWYW did not show any negative impact on parameters observed, and the R:C ratio of 40:60 enhanced the gas kinetics, digestibility, VFA, and C3 concentration.

Dunaliella salina is a halotolerant, photoautotrophic marine microalga and one of the richest sources of natural carotenoids but also shows potential as a novel food source with high protein quality. This study sought to optimise the production of biomass, protein and amino acids from D. salina, alongside carotenoids using a two-stage cultivation approach based on the use of light of different intensities and quality, i.e., white, red and blue LED light. In stage 1, four white LED light intensities were tested. In stage 2, the same four light intensities from either blue or red LEDs were applied once exponential growth ceased and cells reached the stationary phase under white LED light in stage 1. Remarkably, both biomass concentration and biomass productivity showed a 1.3–1.7-fold increase in stage 2, without medium replenishment, while protein concentration and protein productivity showed an ~1.1-fold increase. The amino acid content and amino acid index remained unchanged from stage 1 to stage 2, and minimum difference was found across different light intensities. Overall, D. salina delivered so-called high protein quality, with an essential amino acid index (EAAI) of 0.99, and red light, which has previously been shown to increase carotenoid production, boosted further biomass production over and above white light, at all light intensities tested.

Background: The dietary supplements market is growing, and their use is increasing among professional athletes. Recently, several new protein supplements have been placed in the marketplace, including energy bars enriched with insect flour. Edible insects, which are rich in protein content, have been promoted as the food of the future and athletes could be a reference sample for their continued emphasis on higher protein demand. The present study investigated the potential motivations to accept an energy protein bar with cricket flour, among a group of selected Italian professional athletes. A second aim was also to measure how an information treatment about the benefits of edible insects would have impact on acceptance. Methods: 61 Italian professional athletes (27 females) completed a structured questionnaire regarding supplements and eating habits, food neophobia, nutrition knowledge, willingness to taste edible insects and the associated factors. A question about sports endorsement was also posed at the end of the survey. Results: all subjects consumed supplements, generally recommended by medical personnel, even though their general knowledge of nutrition was poor (47.8%). Our main results shown that on a seven-point Likert scale, the protein content (5.74 ± 1.01) and the curiosity about texture (5.24 ± 0.98) were the main drivers to taste the cricket energy bar; whereas the feeling of disgust (5.58 ± 1.08) justified the rejection of tasting insects. In addition, the level of food neophobia increases with age (p < 0.05) and reduces willingness to endorse the cricket bar (p < 0.05). Male athletes (4.47 ± 1.69) were more likely to endorse the product than females (3.3 ± 1.49). An increase in willingness to taste was observed after the information treatment (z = 4.16, p < 0.001). Even though the population under investigation is unique, it is important to mention that this study involves a relatively small and convenience sample, and therefore generalizability of the results should be done with caution.

Edible insects such as black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are alternative protein sources for animal feeds due to their high-protein content and potential low environmental footprint. However, protein quality and AA content may vary across insect species and age. Our objective was to determine the effects of age on nutrient and AA digestibility of BSFL intended for use in pet foods using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. All animal procedures were approved by the University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee prior to experimentation. Twenty-four cecectomized roosters (four roosters per substrate) were randomly assigned to test substrates [BSFL0 = day 0 (day of hatch); BSFL11 = day 11; BSFL14 = day 14; BSFL18 = day 18; BSFL23 = day 23; BSFL29 = day 29]. After 24 h of feed withdrawal, roosters were tube-fed 20 g of test substrates. Following crop intubation, excreta were collected for 48 h. Endogenous corrections for AA were made using five additional cecectomized roosters. All data were analyzed using a completely randomized design and the GLM procedure of SAS 9.4. DM and OM digestibilities were not different among substrates, but acid-hydrolyzed fat digestibility tended to be greater (P < 0.10) for BSFL23 and BSFL29 than BSFL14 and BSFL18. Although all substrates had a high digestibility, BSFL0 and BSFL11 had the lowest (P < 0.05) digestibilities for most indispensable and dispensable AA. Digestible indispensable AA score (DIAAS)-like values were calculated to determine protein quality according to AAFCO nutrient profiles and NRC recommended allowances for dogs and cats. In general, BSFL18 had the highest, and BSFL11 had the lowest DIAAS-like values for most indispensable AA. Threonine, methionine, and tryptophan were often the first-limiting AA. Our results suggest that BSFL are a high-quality protein and AA source, but that age can affect the AA digestibility and protein quality of this alternative protein source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the health state, performance, and selected serum biochemical indices in nursing piglets after supplementation of a feed additive containing porcine plasma protein in comparison to the control group fed a standard pre-starter feed mixture. The study was carried out in the conditions of industrial farming. Four sows of the Large White swine breed with their litters were included in the study. Piglets were homogenously distributed into control (22) and experimental (24) groups according to weight and sex. Piglets in both groups suckled their mothers' milk. In addition, piglets in the experimental group were also fed a feed supplemented by porcine plasma protein (5%), starting on the third day post partum, whereas piglets in the control group were offered a standard pre-starter feed mixture. We recorded average daily weight gains calculated per the 27-day trial, and body weight at weaning. Clinical findings, mortality, and selected biochemical indices of protein (total immunoglobulins, total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea), and energy (glucose, total cholesterol, total lipids) metabolism were assessed as well. Results of the study showed a significant difference (P < 0.01) in average daily weight gains in the experimental group compared to the control group (0.245 kg and 0.177 kg, respectively). Addition of plasma protein in the experimental group also resulted in a significantly higher serum concentration of total immunoglobulins, total protein and creatinine, and a significantly lower concentration of urea and albumin in this group compared to the control group at weaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intake of insects by humans is not a new practice, but in some cultures, is still an insalubrious activity or even a taboo. Over time, eating some insect's species to obtain proteins seems to be a feasible idea to an economic, environmental and nutritional point of view. Among more than 2000 species of edible insects, the Sphenarium purpurascens stands out, due to its nutritional properties. A review of the intake of insects as a source of proteins was made, to integrate the information of S. purpurascens analyzing nutritional aspects to establish its potential to the food industry. The data found reveal that S. purpurascens has higher protein content than some conventional sources of animal origin, with an important contribution of fats, carbohydrates, minerals and their amino acid profile, it complies with the FAO requirements. All these characteristics offer a potential for processed foods development with high protein content and not only to encourage the consumption of the classic fried and spiced insect as it is currently consumed. However, studies that register officially the total production for their possible mass production and potential industrial uses are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Novel protein sources are urgently needed to meet the increasing protein demand of a continuously growing world population. This study is focused on the production of protein rich mushroom mycelia on industrial side streams. Methods: Submerged propagation of mushrooms was carried out in shake flasks which contained agro-industrial side streams as the sole carbon source. The biomass obtained was analyzed for its crude protein, ash and fat content as well as for its fatty acid and amino acid profiles. Vitamin D2 production from ergosterol in the biomass was induced by UV-B irradiation and determined by HPLC–DAD. The share of fungal mycelium in the total biomass was determined by extraction and quantitation of ergosterol. Additionally, water and oil binding capacity (WBC and OBC) were evaluated. Results: A screening of basidiomycetes grown on agro-industrial side streams indicated a fast growth of Pleurotus sapidus on apple pomace. After 4 days of cultivation, the biomass obtained from this mushroom–substrate combination contained 21% true protein in dry matter. In addition to proteins, the amounts of lipids (4%), ash (2%) and carbohydrates (74%) were quantitated. The dominating fatty and amino acids of Pleurotus sapidus grown on apple pomace were linoleic acid and glutamic acid/glutamine, respectively. Concentrations of up to 115 µg (g dry matter)−1 vitamin D2 were formed from ergosterol by UV-B irradiation. Ergosterol was used as a biomarker to monitor the amount of fungal content. Conclusion: The nutritional value of agro-industrial side streams such as apple pomace can be upcycled by biotransformation with basidiomycetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of faba bean, white lupin and pea seed when fed as protein supplements on growth performance, carcass characteristics and haematological characteristics of growing lambs. Forty-eight Gentile di Puglia male lambs, weaned at 38 ± 2 days old with an average initial bodyweight of 12.8 ± 0.5 kg, were divided into six homogenous groups. The six dietary treatments were RFB (diet containing raw faba bean seeds); EFB (diet containing extruded faba bean seeds); RL (diet containing raw lupin seeds); EL (diet containing extruded lupin seeds); RP (diet containing raw pea seeds); and EP (diet containing extruded pea seeds). Feeding lupin seeds reduced average daily feed intake compared with the other protein sources. Carcass conformation, loin weight as a percentage of half-carcass weight, and fat weight as a percentage of loin weight improved in the lambs that consumed both EP and RP diets. Extrusion reduced hide weight as a percentage of empty bodyweight and fat weight as a percentage of leg weight. The protein source had a significant effect on glucose and total cholesterol concentrations, albumin, α1-globulin, β-globulin, and γ-globulin percentages and albumin-globulin ratios. The processing treatment decreased total cholesterol concentrations. Thus, feeding the various legumes did not affect growth performance, but only carcass characteristics; changes which may be due to the differences in feed intake. Extrusion also had minor effects, and further work is required to investigate the use of these protein sources, both raw and extruded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the European Union, 88 million tons of food is wasted annually, 30% of which comes from the production and processing sectors. Among the different food waste, vegetable ones represent a remarkable share and their management is complicated by the usually high-water content and the difficult storage. In this context, the earthworms are an interesting solution because transform vegetable waste into valuable products: the vermicompost, that can be sold as organic fertilizer, and the earthworms that, thanks to their high protein content can be used for feed and food production. This study aims to evaluate the environmental impact related to the production of vermicompost and dry earthworm meal. LCA approach was applied, 1 kg of dry meal for feed production was selected as functional unit. Inventory data were collected during experimental tests carried out in 2017 in a composting plant located in Northern Italy where earthworms were fed with vegetable waste. Secondary data were used about emissions during earthworms rearing. A quantity of 1 kg of fresh earthworms (16% of dry matter with 67% of protein content) and 13 kg of vermicompost were produced from 45 kg of vegetable wastes. Between earthworm rearing and processing, the first one is the main responsible for the environmental impact for all the evaluated impact categories except for freshwater eutrophication and ecotoxicity. GHG emissions during composting are the main hotspots for Climate Change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the substitution effect of plant for animal protein with risk of CRC in the large prospective National Institutes of Health-AARP cohort study.Methods: Protein intake was assessed at baseline using a food frequency questionnaire. HRs and 95% CIs were estimated using multivariable adjusted hazard ratios from Cox proportional hazards models. We used a substitution model with total protein intake held constant, so that an increase in plant protein was offset by an equal decrease in animal protein.Results: Among 489,625 individuals, we identified 8,995 incident CRCs after a median follow-up of 15.5 years. Substituting plant protein for animal protein was associated with a reduced risk of CRC (HR for highest vs. lowest fifth 0.91; 95% CI 0.83-0.99). This reduction in CRC risk appeared to be primarily due to substituting plant protein for red meat protein (HR 0.89; 95% CI 0.81-0.97), not white meat protein (HR 0.96; 95% CI 0.88-1.05) or other animal protein (HR 0.94; 95% CI 0.86-1.03). When further evaluated by source, reduction in CRC risk was limited to the substitution of protein from bread, cereal, and pasta for red meat protein (HR 0.86; 95% CI 0.80-0.93); this association was stronger for distal colon (HR 0.78; 95% CI 0.67-0.90) and rectal cancer (HR 0.79; 95% CI 0.68-0.91) but null for proximal colon (HR 0.99; 95% CI 0.88-1.11).Conclusions: This study shows that substituting plant protein for animal protein, especially red meat protein, is associated with a reduced risk of CRC, and suggests that protein source impacts CRC risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of substituting corn grain with nonforage fiber sources in diets containing soybean meal (SBM) or canola meal (CM) as the primary protein source. Sixteen Holstein cows were assigned to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 4 periods of 28 d each. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial with 2 protein sources (SBM and CM) and 2 dietary starch concentrations (21 and 27% dry matter, DM). Diets were formulated to contain 16.5% CP, and the 21% starch diets were obtained by replacing corn grain with soybean hulls and beet pulp. Protein source × starch interactions were observed for DM intake (DMI), milk fat and protein concentrations, milk protein yield, milk urea nitrogen, and feed efficiency. Cows fed CM diets had a higher DMI when dietary starch concentration was 27% compared with 21%, but those cows had DMI similar to that of cows on SBM diets regardless of the starch concentration. Milk fat percentage was decreased in cows fed CM with 27% starch compared with cows fed CM with 21% starch and cows fed SBM with 27% starch. Milk protein percentage and yield and milk lactose percentage were least in cows fed CM with 21% starch compared with the other 3 diets, but feed efficiency was greater for cows fed CM with 21% starch. Milk urea nitrogen was least in cows fed CM with 27% starch compared with the other 3 diets. Cows fed diets with 27% starch produced 2.5 kg/d more milk and 1.9 kg/d more energy-corrected milk compared with cows fed 21% starch. Digestibility of DM and organic matter was higher in cows fed SBM diets than in cows on CM diets, and cows fed 27% starch showed greater DM and organic matter digestibility than cows on 21% starch. Digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber was greater in diets with SBM than in those with CM. Molar proportion of acetate was the lowest for cows fed CM with 21% starch compared with cows fed SBM with 21% starch, with the remaining cows fed being intermediate and similar. However, propionate was highest for cows fed CM with 21% starch than for cows fed SBM with 21% starch, but the remaining treatments were intermediate and similar. Isobutyrate was greater for cows fed CM with 21% starch, which resulted in the lowest acetate:propionate ratio compared with cows fed the remaining treatments. Overall, we confirmed that the interaction of protein with starch in CM diets can sustain similar cow performance as with the SBM diets. Those making decisions about starch concentration and protein source should consider feed price when SBM or CM and different starch levels are being formulated in diets for lactating dairy cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Use of fish meal in aquaculture is gradually becoming unsustainable due to competition, cost and ecological challenges hence the need to expand the alternative protein sources. The earthworm, Eisenia fetida is among the non‐conventional protein sources, which have been tested with relatively promising results, thanks to its high protein levels, proper amino acid profile, high reproduction rate, low mortalities, fast growth and ease of production. The feasibility of using E. fetida for commercial fish feed production depends on the fundamental knowledge of its growth and reproductive biology, as well as the production methods. On the other hand, the nutritional suitability of E. fetida is determined by its amino acid composition and meal processing methods. Therefore, this study reviews the biological, biochemical composition as well as production and processing methods, as critical aspects for sustainable production and utilization of the earthworm in commercial fish feed production. Further, the study provides some recommendations and options to provide nutritionally complete and economically viable fish feed for efficient and sustainable aquaculture production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finding sustainable feed alternatives is an emerging topic in times of depletion of potential arable land and strict land use regulations. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae can be reared on almost all organic matters and may be used as a source for animal feed. However, the risk of disease transmission is high when animals are fed larvae or prepupae raised on waste materials that may contain potentially infectious pathogens. We qualitatively examined the effect of larval intestine extracts on the coccidian parasites Eimeria nieschulzi and Eimeria tenella and on eggs of the nematode Ascaris suum. Furthermore, we focused on the question of whether the persistent parasite stages (oocysts and eggs) would be digested, pass through living larvae, or attach to the larval surface. Neither living black soldier fly larvae nor black soldier fly larval intestine extracts had any effect on oocysts or eggs of the studied parasites. Thus, untreated H. illucens larvae as animal feed pose a risk of disease transmission to animals and humans, and a simple larval washing step is not sufficient for total removal of parasites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In seeds and other parts of cultivated, tetraploid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), multicellular groups of cells lysigenously form dark glands containing toxic terpenoids such as gossypol that defend the plant against pests and pathogens. Using RNA‐seq analysis of embryos from near‐isogenic glanded (Gl2Gl2Gl3Gl3) versus glandless (gl2gl2gl3gl3) plants, we identified 33 genes that expressed exclusively or at higher levels in embryos just prior to gland formation in glanded plants. Virus‐induced gene silencing against three gene pairs led to significant reductions in the number of glands in the leaves, and significantly lower levels of gossypol and related terpenoids. These genes encode transcription factors and have been designated the 'Cotton Gland Formation' (CGF) genes. No sequence differences were found between glanded and glandless cotton for CGF1 and CGF2 gene pairs. The glandless cotton has a transposon insertion within the coding sequence of the GoPGF (synonym CGF3) gene of the A subgenome and extensive mutations in the promoter of D subgenome homeolog. Overexpression of GoPGF (synonym CGF3) led to a dramatic increase in gossypol and related terpenoids in cultured cells, whereas CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of GoPGF (synonym CGF3) genes resulted in glandless phenotype. Taken collectively, the results show that the GoPGF (synonym CGF3) gene plays a critical role in the formation of glands in the cotton plant. Seed‐specific silencing of CGF genes, either individually or in combination, could eliminate glands, thus gossypol, from the cottonseed to render it safe as food or feed for monogastrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of using duckweed in sustainable livestock production and aquaculture. Duckweed is a small plant which grows in water and is exploited in biotechnology, dietetics, phytotherapy, and ecotoxicology. It is also used for biological waste-water treatment, and for biogas and ethanol production. This study provides the characteristics of duckweed and presents results indicating its applicability in livestock feeding. Duckweed is a rich source of proteins and amino acids, and contains many macro- and micronutrients as well as vitamins and carotenoids. Unfortunately, it accumulates considerable amounts of toxic metals and compounds from the aquatic environment, which may limit its use as a feed ingredient. Fresh or dried duckweed is willingly consumed by animals (poultry – laying hens, broiler chickens, ducks; cows, sheep, goats, swine, fish) and is a valuable protein source to them. It has been scientifically demonstrated that its use in moderate amounts or as a partial replacement of other protein feed materials, including soybean meal, has a beneficial effect on the productivity, fattening, and slaughter performance of livestock and poultry as well as on the quality of their meat and eggs. Research addressing duckweed use as a feed ingredient should focus on developing various growth media technologies, including the use of slurry digestate, to obtain high biomass yields. Another research direction should be to determine risks in the production chain (collection, processing), which limit its use in monogastric and ruminant diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the main positive qualities of soybean meal and the benefits of using it in poultry feed. Soybean meal is considered to be an ideal protein component of vegetable origin. The physicochemical, consumer value and safety indicators of soybean meal according to DSTU 4593:2006 (soybean meal) are presented. The expediency of replacing soybean meal in poultry feed due to its high cost for cheaper protein components is substantiated. Fodder yeast and sunflower meal are the main protein components of vegetable origin that are close to soybean meal in chemical composition. In order to reduce the cost of compound feed, we have proposed the optimal composition of protein feed additive (PFA) for replacement soybean meal in feed recipes. With the help of the software complex "Korm Optima Expert" the recipe of PFA of different composition was calculated. We have selected the following components for the development of recipes: sunflower meal, yeast fodder, wheat flour meal, wheat bran, sunflower oil, lysine monochloride, L-threonine, L-tryptophan, limestone flour. The maximum possible norm of PFA input into the compound feeds was determined by optimization. At the same time, the limitation of input of soybean meal and all PFA components into the poultry feeds were taken into account. The limitation of input of PFA components into the poultry feeds recipes differ at different stages of growth and development of poultry. In view of this, the maximum possible norm of PFA input into the compound feeds ranges from 8 to 18 %, depending on the age and destination of the poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chicken-based ingredients are commonly used in pet food products, but vary greatly in nutrient composition and processing conditions that may affect their protein quality and digestibility. Testing the quality of protein sources undergoing different processing conditions provides important information to pet food producers. The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition, nutrient digestibility, protein, and AA digestibility scores, and nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy (TMEn) of chicken-based ingredients that had undergone different processing conditions (i.e. chicken meal, raw chicken, retorted chicken, and steamed chicken) using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. True nutrient digestibility was variable among the protein sources (60% to 76% of DM, 66% to 81% of OM, 83% to 90% of AHF, 50% to 95% of AA and 73% to 85% of TMEn/GE). In general, the chicken meal had a lower (P < 0.05) nutrient digestibility than other ingredients tested, including DM, OM, and most indispensable and dispensable AA, with most having a true digestibility between 75% and 85%. The steamed chicken had the highest indispensable AA digestibilities, with all having a true digestibility greater than 88% and most being over 90%. TMEn value and digestible indispensable AA scores (DIAAS)-like values were higher (P < 0.0001) in the less processed chicken-based ingredients in comparison to chicken meal. Although animal proteins are often considered to be complete proteins, DIAAS-like values <100% suggest that ingredients like chicken meal may not provide all indispensable AA when included at levels to the meet minimal crude protein recommendation. Although raw protein sources are often touted as being the most digestible and of the highest quality, the steamed chicken had the highest (P < 0.0001) DIAAS-like values in this study. This study demonstrates the considerable variability that exists, not only in the chemical composition but also in the true nutrient digestibility among chicken-based ingredients undergoing different processing conditions. These data justify more in vivo testing and the use of DIAAS-like values that consider AA profile, in vivo digestibility, and species-specific recommendations, to evaluate protein-based ingredients intended for use in dog and cat foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To test the long-term effect on growth status at 24 months of age in formula-fed infants who were randomized to consume a meat- or dairy-based complementary diet from 5 to 12 months of age.Study Design: Observational assessments, including anthropometric, dietary, and blood biomarkers, were conducted at 24 months of age, 1 year after the intervention ended.Results: The retention rate at 24 months of age was 84% for the meat group and 81% for the dairy group. Mean (±SD) protein intakes at 24 months of age were 4.1 ± 1.2 and 4.0 ± 1.1 g/kmeat (n = 27) and dairy (n = 26) groups, respectively, and comparable with the estimates of US population intake. At 24 months of age, weight-for-age z score did not differ significantly between groups and was similar to that at 12 months. Length-for-age z score remained significantly higher in the meat group compared with the dairy group, and the average length was 1.9 cm greater in the meat group. Weight-for-length z score also did not differ significantly between groups. Insulin-like growth factor 1 significantly increased from 12 to 24 months of age in both groups, but insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 and blood urea nitrogen did not change significantly from 12 to 24 months of age and were comparable between groups.Conclusions: The protein source-induced distinctive growth patterns observed during infancy persisted at 24 months of age, suggesting a potential long-term impact of early protein quality on growth trajectories in formula-fed infants.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02142647. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sufficient protein intake has been suggested to be important for preventing physical frailty, but studies show conflicting results which may be explained because not all studies address protein source and intake of other macronutrients and total energy. Therefore, we studied 2504 subjects with data on diet and physical frailty, participating in a large population-based prospective cohort among subjects aged 45+ years (the Rotterdam Study). Dietary intake was assessed with a FFQ. Frailty was defined according to the frailty phenotype as the presence of at least three out of the following five symptoms: weight loss, low physical activity, weakness, slowness and fatigue. We used multinomial logistic regression models to evaluate the independent association between protein intake and frailty using two methods: nutrient residual models and energy decomposition models. With every increase in 10 g total, plant or animal protein per d, the odds to be frail were 1·06 (95 % CI 0·98, 1·15), 0·87 (95 % CI 0·71, 1·07) and 1·07 (95 % CI 0·99, 1·15), respectively, using the nutrient residual method. Using the energy partition model, we observed that the odds to be frail were lower with higher vegetable protein intake (OR per 418·4 kJ (100 kcal): 0·61, 95 % CI 0·39, 0·97), however, results disappeared when adjusting for physical activity. For energy intake from any source we observed that with every 418·4 kJ (100 kcal) increase, the odds to be frail were 5 % lower (OR: 0·95, 95 % CI 0·93, 0·97). Our results suggest that energy intake, but not protein specifically, is associated with less frailty. Considering other macronutrients, physical activity and diet quality seems to be essential for future studies on protein and frailty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Commercially available conventional growth medium for the culture of microbes are expensive, hence the need for alternative cheaper sources. Poultry waste, in the form of feather and blood, are of value in biotechnology because of their high protein content. Hence the primary aim of this study was to produce a cheaper peptone alternative from chicken feather protein hydrolysate (CFPH) and blood meal (BM). Methods: We monitored the growth of selected bacteria and fungi in different concentrations of medium produced from varying combination of peptone, CFPH and BM in order to determine the combination that produced maximum growth. Five different media, namely 100% peptone (control), 100% BM, 40% peptone + 60% CFPH, 40% BM + 60% CFPH and 20% peptone + 20% BM + 60% CFPH were prepared and used for the study. The different media were inoculated with 1 ml of each test organism ( Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida carpophila, Candida tropicalis and Pichia kundriavzevii) and their growth monitored for 10 h. Results: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Staphylococcus aureus grew best in the 100% peptone, Klebsiella pneumoniae grew best in 100 BM. The fungi species were observed to grow best in 100% peptone. The 60% CFPH + 40% peptone combination (CFPH obtained with precipitate of trichloroacetic acid (TCA), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitic acid (HNO 3) gave the best growth of E. coli. The 60% CFPH + 40% peptone combination (CFPH obtained with precipitate of TCA) also gave the best growth of C. tropicalis and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Conclusions: Overall, the 60% CFPH + 40% peptone combination showed the most potential as an alternative to peptone, especially for E. coli.

Background: Commercially available conventional growth medium for the culture of microbes are expensive, hence the need for alternative cheaper sources. Poultry waste, in the form of feather and blood, are of value in biotechnology because of their high protein content. Hence the primary aim of this study was to produce a cheaper peptone alternative from chicken feather protein hydrolysate (CFPH) and blood meal (BM). Methods: We monitored the growth of selected bacteria and fungi in different concentrations of medium produced from varying combination of peptone, CFPH and BM in order to determine the combination that produced maximum growth. Five different media, namely 100% peptone (control), 100% BM, 40% peptone + 60% CFPH, 40% BM + 60% CFPH and 20% peptone + 20% BM + 60% CFPH were prepared and used for the study. The different media were inoculated with 1 ml of each test organism ( Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida carpophila, Candida tropicalis and Pichia kundriavzevii) and their growth monitored for 10 h. Results: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Staphylococcus aureus grew best in the 100% peptone, Klebsiella pneumoniae grew best in 100 BM. The fungi species were observed to grow best in 100% peptone. The 60% CFPH + 40% peptone combination (CFPH obtained with precipitate of TCA, HCl, and HNO 3 gave the best growth of E. coli. The 60% CFPH + 40% peptone combination (CFPH obtained with precipitate of TCA) also gave the best growth of C. tropicalis and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. Conclusions: Overall, the 60% CFPH + 40% peptone combination showed the most potential as an alternative to peptone, especially for E. coli.

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to determine the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of nutrients and gross energy (GE), metabolizable energy (ME), coefficient of metabolizability of gross energy (CM of GE), and fecal characteristics of dogs fed diets with two levels of feather meal, with or without addition of an enzyme blend containing lipase and protease activity. Ten adult Beagle dogs (aged between 1 and 2 years and weighing 10.2±1.4 kg) were arranged in a 5 × 3 incomplete Latin square design with five treatments and three periods. The extruded basal diet was provided in equal amounts to all dogs (220 g/d), and 7.5 and 15% of hydrolyzed feather meal without enzymes (HFM) or HFM processed with addition of the enzyme blend (HFM EB) was added on top of the basal diet just before feeding. The contrast analysis showed that inclusion of 7.5 or 15% feather meal negatively affected CTTAD of crude protein (CP), GE, and ME of the diets with no apparent effect of the enzyme treatment. However, when both feather meal samples were evaluated, the HFM EB resulted in better CTTAD of GE and CM of GE (0.774 vs. 0.666) than HFM without enzymes (0.670 vs. 0.567), respectively. There was no effect of either feather meal on fecal score. Regression analysis showed that the enzymes added to the feathers during the digestion process increased digestible energy by 600 kcal/kg of dry matter in the diet containing HFM EB. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis demonstrated that feather meal had a low molecular weight, with about 95% of the molecules below 10,000 Da. Addition of enzymes during the feather hydrolysis process may improve the energy content of the feather meal when included in diets for adult dogs.

Faba bean is an important vegetable protein source for ruminant diets. This research aimed to compare the nutritional characteristics of four commercial and four local cultivars in order to better characterise the local ones and promote their use in animal nutrition. The seeds’ weight and the chemical composition, including starch and the energy, was evaluated. The in vitro fermentation characteristics were studied for 48 h using bull’s rumen fluid as inoculum. All the varieties showed the values’ weight corresponding to the specific botanical typology. The varieties significantly differed for protein, starch and lignin (p < 0.01) and structural carbohydrates (p < 0.05) concentration. No significant differences were observed for energy content. All the in vitro fermentation parameters resulted significantly different among the varieties. Organic matter degradability ranged between 89.9% and 85.1% and the potential gas production from 367 to 325 mL/g. The Pearson’s analysis showed significant correlation between morphological characteristics, chemical data and in vitro fermentation parameters. In conclusion, this investigation confirms the possibility of using local faba bean varieties (i.e., Aquino, Castrocielo, 13#5, 4#4) in ruminant nutrition with the advantage that, being local natural resources, they are better adapted to the climate and agronomic conditions and limit environmental impact.

The experiment included 30 lambs-crosses F1 generation: Pirot Pramenka (50%) x Württemberg (50%) and 30 crossbred F1 generations: Pirot Pramenka (12.5%) x Württemberg(37.5) x Ille de France (50%), weaned at 60 days of age, the average body weight of 18.0 kg. The mixtures varied in protein source: I - sunflower meal, II - soybean meal and III - fish meal. The share of undegradable protein was 43 : 51 : 58 %. The average diameter of the fibres in lambs on treatments I:II:III was 26.14 : 24.96 : 25.20 μm, and of two-breed (PxW) and three-breed (PxWxIDF) crosses: 25.38 and 25.49 μm. The average height of the wool fibre in lambs on treatments I:II:III was: 2.97 : 3.06 : 3.17 cm, and in two-breed (PxW) and three-breed (PxWxIDF) crosses 2.98 : 3.15 cm. The average length of the fibre in lambs on protein sources I:II:III was 4.62 : 5.08 : 5.11 cm and in two-breed (PXW) and three-breed (PxWxIDF) crosses 4.77 : 5.11 cm. Protein source in feed mixtures, and genotype of lambs significantly influenced the quality of wool expressed through diameter, height and length of the fibres.

In nursery diets, ingredients with high protein content and highly digestible nutrients, such as corn-fermented protein product with added yeast mass ( GDDY ), can be included as an alternative to common protein sources. This study investigated the dietary inclusion of GDDY as an alternative protein source on growth performance and intestinal health of weaned pigs. A total of 594 weaned pigs (5.7 ± 0.9 kg; 18.5 days of age) were allotted to 36 pens in a randomized incomplete block design. Pens were assigned to one of 4 dietary treatments: CON : a common nursery feeding program; SBM75 : CON diet replacing 75% of soybean meal ( SBM ) with GDDY; FM/ESBM : CON diet without fish meal ( FM ) and enzyme-treated SBM ( ESBM ) + GDDY; GDDY50 : CON diet replacing 50% of SBM, FM, and ESBM with GDDY. Experimental diets were formulated to meet nutrient requirements of nursery pigs and provided in meal form through four phases during the nursery period. Pig growth performance was assessed on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, and 53. Pen fecal score was assessed daily from days 0 to 14, and 3 times per week from days 15 to 35. Intestinal health was assessed based on plasma immunoglobulin A ( IgA ) concentration and the differential sugar absorption test. The total tract digestibility of dry matter ( DM ), crude protein ( CP ), gross energy ( GE ), and phosphorus was also evaluated. From days 0 to 7 and days 7 to 14, dietary treatment had no effect ( P  > 0.05) on BW, ADG, and ADFI. For the rest of the experimental period, ADG and ADFI were greater ( P  < 0.05) in pigs fed CON in comparison with those fed SBM75 and GDDY50 and did not differ from pigs fed FM/ESBM. Pigs fed GDDY50 tended ( P  = 0.082) to have greater serum IgA concentration on day 20 when compared with SBM75 and FM/ESBM pigs. There were no differences among dietary treatments for DM, CP, and GE digestibility. Phosphorus digestibility was higher in FM/ESBM ( P  < 0.05) compared with SBM75 and GDDY50. These results supported the hypothesis that GDDY can be incorporated in nursery pig diets during the first couple weeks after weaning without affecting growth performance. However, in the late nursery period, inclusion levels starting at 14% can compromise performance., Competing Interests: Kevin Herrick is the Technical Service Director of Nutrition for POET, who provided the product for testing and partially funded this project., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science.)

We evaluate the effect of the crude protein source (CP) in combination with 2 feeding strategies (AL: ad libitum or R: restricted) on the performance, health status and carcass traits of growing-fattening rabbits (between 33 and 75 d of age). Two experimental diets were formulated; the first containing soybean meal (SBM: 70 g/kg) as the main CP source and the second containing white lupin seeds (WLS: 105 g/kg) as the main CP source. A total of 160 weaned Hyplus rabbits (774±10 g live weight) were randomly allocated to the experimental groups, combination of feeding strategy and diet (AL SBM, R SBM, AL WLS and R WLS; 40 rabbits per group with 4 rabbits per cage), for 42 d. The feeding programme was applied as follows: both the AL SBM and AL WLS rabbits were fed ad libitum for the entire fattening period, whereas the R SBM and R WLS rabbits were subjected to feed restriction between 33 and 47 d of age (75% of the ad libitum intake). Afterwards, all restricted rabbits were fed ad libitum until 75 d of age. Regardless of the CP source, the feed restriction reduced the final live weight by 83 g, chilled carcass weight by 65 g, and dressing out percentage by 0.9 percentage points (P

Current assay developed an orange-flavored soda pop with the addition of isolated whey protein, bottled in a 2L-polyethylene terephthalate container and stored at room temperature for 90 days. Physical, chemical, microbiological and sensorial analyses were conducted periodically on the product. The physicochemical analysis showed pH 3.53, 11.5ºBrix and 224 mg of citric acid per 100 mL of the drink and the following proximal composition: protein 0.501%, humidity 88.9%, ash 0.084% and carbohydrates 10.5%. Microbiological analyses detected no microorganisms during the storage period of the drink. Sensorial analysis results had good acceptability. Results showed that the product is stable when stored at room temperature for 90 days. This beverage contains higher nutritional rates and the same calorie rates when compared to sodas and some oranges juices found on the consumer market.

In recent years, there have been significant increases in the production and breeding of aquaculture species; for example, the gilt-head (sea) bream and seabass in salt water and trout, carp, and tilapia in fresh water., Amphipods in the genus Gammarus are used as a rich source of protein to feed various pet animals such as aquarium fish, lizards, and turtles, as well as in aquatic ecotoxicology and water quality assessment. Gammarus meal is used as a partial replacement (10-20%) of fish meal. However, the reproduction and rearing of Gammarus in intensive or semi-intensive conditions has not yet been carried out. Gammarus products (live, dried flakes, or powdered) transported to the markets are constituted from wild caught Gammarus. Due to the high price of these products, Gammarus aquaculture potentially has great economic benefits. Therefore, there is a need to focus on the importance of Gammarus in aquaculture. In the present review, the ecology and distribution of Gammarus, its importance in aquatic ecotoxicology and water quality assessment, the chemical analysis of Gammarus and factors affecting chemical composition of it, and the importance of Gammarus in fish nutrition are discussed. In addition, the economic importance and culture methods of Gammarus are also reviewed. This review will be beneficial for scientific investigators and fish-crustacean farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the digestibility and palatability of an isolated porcine protein (IPP) for adult dogs. In the digestibility assay, eight adult Beagle dogs were distributed in a double Latin square (4 × 4) experimental design. Diets containing 0, 100, 200, or 300 g IPP/kg were offered. Diets (0-300 g IPP/kg) presented 229.6-265.3 g/kg crude protein (CP) and 17.59-18.73 MJ/kg metabolisable energy (ME). The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of diets and of the IPP were evaluated by analysis of regression. For the palatability test, diets containing 0 and 300 g IPP/kg were compared using 16 adult dogs. Dry matter (DM) and CP ATTD and the ME content of the IPP were determined as 99.2%, 86.4% and 22.48 MJ/kg, respectively. Faecal DM (424-342 g/kg) and pH (6.86-5.98) were linearly reduced (p < .01) as dietary IPP increased. The other evaluated faecal characteristics were not influenced by the treatments (p > .05). Lower intake ratio was obtained with the diet with 300 g IPP/kg, compared with the diet with 0 g IPP/kg (p < .01). The inclusion of IPP in the diet increases the digestibility of dietary nutrients and ME content; however, it reduces food palatability and faecal DM. Isolated porcine protein presents high nutrient digestibility and ME content for dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the acute effects of meals containing protein from either cod or veal in combination with high or low glycemic index (GI) carbohydrates, on diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) (primary endpoint), appetite, energy intake (EI), as well as postpranidal ghrelin, glucose, and insulin responses. Twenty-three overweight men and women (mean ± SD age: 30.0 ± 7.6 y, BMI: 27.2 ± 1.4 kg/m2) consumed 4 test meals: cod with mashed potatoes (high GI carbohydrate), cod with wholegrain pasta (low GI carbohydrate), veal with mashed potatoes, and veal with wholegrain pasta (∼2010 kJ, ∼25.5 E% protein, ∼41.0 E% carbohydrate, ∼33.5 E% fat). Energy expenditure was measured at baseline and six times postprandially, each lasting 25 min. Additionally, appetite sensations were measured every half hour. Arterialized venous blood samples were drawn every 20 min until an ad libitum buffet-style lunch was served 3.5 h later. DIT did not differ between test meals (P > 0.05), and there were no differences in appetite sensations or ad libitum EI (all, P > 0.05). Meal-time interactions were found for glucose and insulin (P = 0.04 and P < 0.001). Pairwise comparisons revealed that glucose and insulin peaks were higher after the meals with high GI carbohydrates. No differences were found between meals with cod or veal in combination with carbohydrates with low or high GI on DIT, appetite sensations, or EI in overweight men and women. However, as expected meals with high GI carbohydrates resulted in higher glucose and insulin responses compared to meals with low GI carbohydrates regardless of protein source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study examined four experimental diets with different protein concentrations and sources for pond‐raised fingerling hybrid catfish, ♀ Ictalurus punctatus × ♂ Ictalurus furcatus. A 35% protein diet with fishmeal was used as the control diet. Test diets were 32 and 28% all‐plant‐protein diets and a 28% protein diet with porcine meat, bone, and blood meal. Small fingerlings with a mean initial weight of 2.9 g/fish were stocked into 20 earthen ponds (0.04 ha) at a density of 172,970 fish/ha. They were fed once daily to apparent satiation for 107 d. No significant differences were observed for total diet fed, gross yield, final weight, survival, or condition factor among dietary treatments. However, fish fed the 28 and 32% all‐plant‐protein diets had a significantly higher feed conversion ratio than fish fed the 35% protein diet with fishmeal. There were no significant differences in chlorophyll a and nitrite concentrations in the pond water, but ponds receiving the 35% protein diet had significantly higher ammonia than those receiving 28% protein diets. Economic analysis suggested potential cost savings by using low‐protein and all‐plant‐protein diets for hybrid catfish fingerling production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between the gut microbiota and obesity is well documented in both humans and in animal models. It is also demonstrated that dietary factors can change the gut microbiota composition and obesity development. However, knowledge of how diet, metabolism and gut microbiota mutually interact and modulate energy metabolism and obesity development is still limited. Epidemiological studies indicate an association between intake of certain dietary protein sources and obesity. Animal studies confirm that different protein sources vary in their ability to either prevent or induce obesity. Different sources of protein such as beans, vegetables, dairy, seafood, and meat differ in amino acid composition. Further, the type and level of other factors, such as fatty acids and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) vary between dietary protein sources. All these factors can modulate the composition of the gut microbiota and may thereby influence their obesogenic properties. This review summarizes evidence of how different protein sources affect energy efficiency, obesity development, and the gut microbiota, linking protein-dependent changes in the gut microbiota with obesity.

Associated with biofuels production from plant sources, there is generation of several byproducts suitable to use in animal nutrition, which requires careful study for wide and safe applicability. Crambe meal is a byproduct still poorly understood and studies are needed to better assess their nutritional potential. In this context, the present study was carried out with the aim of measuring the chemical groups of interest (nutrients and antinutrients) and in vitro protein digestibility of crambe meal in nature and reduced antinutrients forms. For removal antinutrients were applied acidic (adding concentrated sulfuric acid to water until pH 1.0) and alcoholic (commercial ethanol 92.8º) solutions on in nature meal. The results showed that chemical treatment increased the fiber and ash content and reduced the crude protein, amino acids, fat, calcium and phosphorus content as well as phenolic compounds, tannins (total, condensed and hydrolysable) and phytic acid. Although the chemical treatment has changed the balance of the constituents of most of nutritional interest, its effect was not observed in in vitro protein digestibility. The nutritional and antinutritional character obtained for this meal can collaborate in indicative of an alternative protein source for animal nutrition.

The overexploitation of fishmeal and soy for the feedstuff industry has provided an opportunity to employ insects as an unconventional and more environmental friendly protein source. The evaluation of the nutritive properties of different insect species has consequently become a priority. The present study compares the pupal nutritive composition of two silkworm strains (White Cocoon Polyhybrid and Golden Yellow Cocoon Nistari) fed on two different rearing media (fresh mulberry leaves and a commercial artificial diet). Our results provide evidence that the composition of the feeding substrate strongly influences the fat and protein content of silkworm pupae. The two tested strains had higher fat and lower protein contents when fed with silkworm natural food (mulberry leaves) with respect to the commercial artificial diet. The analysis also showed that the n3/n6 ratio was affected almost exclusively by the feed substrate factor. On the contrary, the carotenoid content in pupae was specifically determined by the strain. The study identifies the interesting opportunity offered by silkworm pupae, which are usually a waste product of the silk-reeling process, to be used as alternative animal protein sources in a fully-closed circular production.

BACKGROUND The present study identifies factors influencing preferences for common groundnut products using information about product perceptions from residents in Ghana's cities collected in 2011. In Ghana, domestically produced groundnuts, processed into a variety of groundnut products, are a vital source of protein and other nutrients. RESULTS Response summaries provide insights about the eating frequency of various products, whereas a bivariate ordered probit model identifies factors influencing preferences for groundnut paste and roasted groundnuts. Attributes such as taste, protein content and healthfulness are important for roasted groundnuts, whereas aroma, taste and protein content are associated with a preference for groundnut paste. Large households prefer paste, whereas the less educated and those from households with children prefer roasted groundnuts. Adding a child (4-12 years old) increases probability of 'liking very much' roasted groundnuts and an additional adult at home changes that probability regarding groundnut paste. College-educated consumers prefer groundnut paste less than those with less education. Consumers from Tamale and Takoradi prefer roasted groundnuts and groundnut paste more than Accra households. CONCLUSIONS Taste and protein content are attributes of groundnut paste and roasted groundnuts preferred by consumers. Location is a significant factor shaping preference for roasted groundnuts and groundnut paste. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of plant protein (PP) sources in aquafeed is regarded as an economic and environmental-friendly strategy for aquaculture. Our objective was to investigate the effects of pure PP diets on the growth performance and to analyze their effects on flesh quality of grass carp (357.2±0.7g). The study was performed using and comparing a control fish meal diet and two PP diets. Fish meal (FM), soybean meal (SBM), and rapeseed meal (RM) were served as sole protein source of corresponding feeds, respectively. The results suggested that the PP diets significantly impaired the growth performance of grass carp. In regard to flesh quality, the SBM and RM diets decreased the muscle lipid content, n-3 series of PUFA, EPA, DHA, and n-3/n-6 ratio at the nutritional level. However, from the consumer's perspective SBM significantly improved flesh firmness, and RM diets, and PP diets had no adverse effects on flesh flavor, amino acids composition, and sensory characteristics. Fish fed the RM diet displayed a higher water holding capacity (WHC) in the fillets than in the other groups. In summary, compared to the FM diet, both SBM and RM diets reduced fish growth and flesh lipid nutritive values, but improved the fillet firmness. Plant ingredient-rich diets do not have detrimental effects on muscle flavor because of the free amino acids composition and organoleptic attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of protein sources and roughage (R) to concentrate (C) ratio on in vitro fermentation parameters using a gas production technique. The experimental design was a 2×5 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design (CRD). Factor A was 2 levels of protein sources yeast fermented cassava chip protein (YEFECAP) and soybean meal (SBM) and factor B was 5 levels of roughage to concentrate (R:C) ratio at 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, and 0:100, respectively. Rice straw was used as a roughage source. It was found that gas production from the insoluble fraction (b) of YEFECAP supplemented group was significantly higher (p0.05) on ether in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD) and organic (IVOMD) while R:C ratio affected the IVDMD and IVOMD (p0.05) as compared between the two sources of protein. Moreover, fungal zoospores and total bacteria population were significantly increased (p

The aims of our study were to evaluate the effect of different protein supplements on fatty acid (FA) composition (%), profile (ratios and indices), etc. of carcass in lambs fed iso-caloric, iso-nitrogenous and equal in PDI and Ca: P ratio high- concentrate rations. Regional breed (Bulgarian Synthetic Dairy Population) lambs were fed cereal-based diets with different protein supplement - control diet with sunflower meal (SFM) or a DDGSc diet containing dried distillers' corn grains with solubles (DDGSc). Animals were slaughtered after 87-d feedlot period. Fat tissue extracted from carcass was analyzed for FA profile. There were significantly higher (p< 0.01) performance (FBW= 38.90 vs. 35.1 kg and HCW= 5.24 vs. 4.67 kg) of DDGSc diet on lamb performance. Feeding 37.6 % (DM basis) DDGSc significantly increased the content of C18:2 (p< 0.05) but decreased n3 PUFA and total long chain n3 FA (p< 0.05) compared with control group. DDGSc increased n6 (p= 0.06), PUFA (p= 0.07) and PUFA / SFA ratio (p= 0.10), but decreased MUFA (p= 0.10). Examined relationships between ingested FA and carcass FA in slaughtered lambs shows good parity and are characterized with significant Pearson's correlation coefficients (R> 0.56). In regards to obtained results, dietary DDGS inclusion altered the fatty acid profile and indices of lipids of lamb carcass.

,The association between the gut microbiota and obesity is well documented in both humans and in animal models. It is also demonstrated that dietary factors can change the gut microbiota composition and obesity development. However, knowledge of how diet, metabolism and gut microbiota mutually interact and modulate energy metabolism and obesity development is still limited. Epidemiological studies indicate an association between intake of certain dietary protein sources and obesity. Animal studies confirm that different protein sources vary in their ability to either prevent or induce obesity. Different sources of protein such as beans, vegetables, dairy, seafood, and meat differ in amino acid composition. Further, the type and level of other factors, such as fatty acids and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) vary between dietary protein sources. All these factors can modulate the composition of the gut microbiota and may thereby influence their obesogenic properties. This review summarizes evidence of how different protein sources affect energy efficiency, obesity development, and the gut microbiota, linking protein-dependent changes in the gut microbiota with obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of the bioethanol industry is leading to an increase in the production of coproducts such as dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Both corn-based DDGS and grain-based DDGS (gDDGS; defined as originating from grain sources such as barley, wheat, triticale, or a mix, excluding corn) appear to be relevant sources of feed and protein for dairy cows. To date, most of the studies investigating DDGS have been performed with corn-based DDGS. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of the proportion of gDDGS in the diet on feed intake, milk production, and milk quality. The present experiment involved 48 Holstein cows in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 3 grass-based dietary treatments consisting of 4, 13.5, and 23% gDDGS on a dry matter (DM) basis (L, M, and H, respectively) as a replacement for a concentrate mix. The concentrate mix consisted of soybean meal, canola cake, and beet pulp. Dry matter intake and energy-corrected milk yield were not affected by the proportion of gDDGS in the diet. Daily milk yield decreased with the H diet compared with the L and M diets. The percentage of fat in milk was higher when cows were fed the H diet compared with the L and M diets, whereas milk fat yield was not affected by dietary treatment. The M diet had a higher percentage of protein in milk compared with the L and H diets. Milk protein yield was similar for the L and M diets; however, it decreased for the H diet. Milk taste was not affected by the proportion of gDDGS in the diet or when milk was stored for 7 d. Linoleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid cis-9,trans-11 in milk increased with increasing proportion of gDDGS. To conclude, gDDGS can replace soybean meal and canola cake as a protein source in the diet of dairy cows. Up to 13.5% of the diet may consist of gDDGS without negatively affecting milk production, milk quality, or milk taste. When gDDGS represents 23% of dietary DM, milk production is reduced by 1.6 kg/d, whereas energy-corrected milk production is numerically reduced by 1 kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifty-six days feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of Cirina butyrospermi caterpillar meal ( CBM) as protein source in replacement of fish meal ( FM) for Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Six hundred African catfish (initial mean weight = 2.42 ± 0.01 g) were fed with four approximate isonitrogenous (48.97% crude protein), isolipidic (15.85% crude lipid) and isocaloric (21.10 kJg−1) formulated diets, in which CBM progressively replaced FM at 0 (D1), 50 (D2), 75 (D3), 100% (D4) levels. At the end of the trial period, the best growth performance and nutritional utilization were observed in the group of fish fed with D2 and was not significantly different from those fed with D1 (the control diet). The survival rates, which ranged from 85.33% to 90.33%, were not significantly different among fish from the four diet treatments. The proximate whole-body composition of C. gariepinus fingerlings fed the different diets showed similar moisture and protein contents. However, in contrary to ash which decreased, whole-body lipid increased significantly when fish fed with diet containing CBM inclusion superior or equal to 75% (D3 and D4). The higher gross profit was obtained with D2 (16.73$), while the lowest was observed with D4 (10.16$). This study demonstrates that 50% of fish meal can successfully be replaced with CBM in C. gariepinus fingerlings diet without a negative impact on growth or feed utilization. This will yield a cheaper feeding for profitable production of African catfish fingerlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the effects of different sources of protein on the growth performance of newly weaned piglets, 72 newly weaned piglets were randomly assigned to three groups fed different diets (soya bean, casein and dried distillers' grain with solubles (DDGS) feeds). Casein and DDGS feeds consisted of soya bean feed in which 5% of the CP was replaced with casein- or DDGS-derived CP respectively. Blood and chyme samples were collected from each piglet 2 h post-feeding on days 0 and 28 of the feeding period. The DDGS feed decreased DMI (p = 0.024) and increased FCR (p = 0.025) due to lower nitrogen utilization (p = 0.078) than those of other feeds. Total amino acid content in chyme demonstrated that casein feed digested rapidly in the duodenum (p = 0.005), whereas DDGS feed was digested primarily in the distal jejunum (p = 0.003) and ileocecum (p = 0.002). However, polypeptide profiles in chyme exhibited a pattern different from those of amino acids. There were no differences in the polypeptide profiles in the stomachs of piglets fed soya bean or casein feeds (p > 0.05), but soya bean group had greater amounts of small polypeptides (mass under m/z 3000 Da) in the duodenum (p = 0.052) than other groups. In contrast, the DDGS feed group had more large polypeptides ( m/z 3000-4000 Da) in the stomach than the other groups (p < 0.001). In addition, 10 pairs of polypeptides with matching masses were identified in the plasma and digesta, indicating that polypeptides may have been transported across the intestinal epithelial cells and into the blood. Taken together, substitution of 5% of the CP in soya bean meal-based feed with DDGS-derived CP decreased the growth performance of newly weaned piglets due to poor digestibility and N utilization of DDGS feed, as well as untimely digestion of casein feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although high-protein diets (HPDs) are frequently consumed for body-weight control, little is known about the consequences for gut microbiota composition and metabolic activity and for large intestine mucosal homeostasis. Moreover, the effects of HPDs according to the source of protein need to be considered in this context. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the quantity and source of dietary protein on microbiota composition, bacterial metabolite production, and consequences for the large intestinal mucosa in humans. Design: A randomized, double-blind, parallel-design trial was conducted in 38 overweight individuals who received a 3-wk isocaloric supplementation with casein, soy protein, or maltodextrin as a control. Fecal and rectal biopsy-associated microbiota composition was analyzed by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. Fecal, urinary, and plasma metabolomes were assessed by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance. Mucosal transcriptome in rectal biopsies was determined with the use of microarrays. Results: HPDs did not alter the microbiota composition, but induced a shift in bacterial metabolism toward amino acid degradation with different metabolite profiles according to the protein source. Correlation analysis identified new potential bacterial taxa involved in amino acid degradation. Fecal water cytotoxicity was not modified by HPDs, but was associated with a specific microbiota and bacterial metabolite profile. Casein and soy protein HPDs did not induce inflammation, but differentially modified the expression of genes playing key roles in homeostatic processes in rectal mucosa, such as cell cycle or cell death. Conclusions: This human intervention study shows that the quantity and source of dietary proteins act as regulators of gut microbiota metabolite production and host gene expression in the rectal mucosa, raising new questions on the impact of HPDs on the large intestine mucosa homeostasis. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02351297. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study deals with the cost effective production of biomass from Fusarium venenatum using different carbon sources (cane sugar, brown sugar, malt and fructose) . Optimization of selected carbon sources and seed size using Central Composite Response Surface Design (CCRSD) indicated that sucrose (1.64 g/100 mL) and seed size (10% v/ v) were optimal in maximizing biomass yield (0.5602 g/100 mL, p < 0.0001) and protein yield (49.99%, p < 0.01) of Fusarium venenatum. The acetonitrile and methanolic extracts of biomass showed promising antioxidant activity (DPPH assay, 59.7 and 51.9% respectively, 250 μg/mL). The mycoprotein, in the Triton-X 100-induced hyperlipidemic model in rats, exhibited significant reduction of serum lipids levels ( p < 0.01 at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) with significant increase in HDL level. It also exhibited antibacterial activity against S. aureus. LC-MS analysis of ACN extract of biomass showed two major peaks (Compound 3: m/e 701.4941 and Compound 2: m/e 651.4984). Spectral matching with standard MS libraries indicated that compound 3 may be structurally similar to sterol glycoside (m/e 716.99) with absence of methyl group. Also, compound 2 may be cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, 9-octadecenoate. These results showed that Fusarium venenatum can act as a source of natural antioxidant along with acting as a valuable protein source. It may also prove to be beneficial in treatment of hyperlipidemia and other cardiovascular conditions. Further bioactivity-guided fractionation and isolation will help to obtain bioactives that may serve as leads for design of new class of therapeutic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]