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Chenopodium quinoa Willd. is recognized to be an excellent nutrient with high nutritional content. However, few genotypes of quinoa were analyzed, so we found a knowledge gap in the comparison of quinoa seeds of different genotypes. This study aims to compare the physicochemical, antioxidant, and anticancer properties of seed oil from three C. quinoa genotypes. Seeds of three genotypes (white, red, and black) were extracted with hexane and compared in this study. The oil yields of these quinoa seeds were 5.68–6.19% which contained predominantly polyunsaturated fatty acids (82.78–85.52%). The total tocopherol content ranged from 117.29 to 156.67 mg/kg and mainly consisted of γ-tocopherol. Total phytosterols in the three oils ranged from 9.4 to 12.2 g/kg. Black quinoa seed oil had the highest phytosterols followed by red and white quinoas. The chemical profile of quinoa seed oils paralleled by their antioxidant and anticancer activities in vitro was positively correlated with the seed coat color. Black quinoa seed oil had the best antioxidant and anti-proliferation effect on HCT 116 cells by the induction of apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, which may play more significant roles in the chemoprevention of cancer and other diseases related to oxidative stress as a source of functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cucurbita moschata D. seed oil contains approximately 75% unsaturated fatty acids, with high levels of monounsaturated fatty acids and antioxidant compounds such as vitamin E and carotenoids, constituting a promising food in nutritional terms. In addition, the Brazilian germplasm of C. moschata exhibits remarkable variability, representing an important source for the genetic breeding of this vegetable and other cucurbits. The present study evaluated the productivity and profile of the seed oil of 91 C. moschata accessions from different regions of Brazil maintained in the Vegetable Germplasm Bank of the Federal University of Viçosa (BGH-UFV). A field experiment was conducted between January and July 2016. The accessions showed high genetic variability in terms of characteristics related to seed oil productivity (SOP), such as the weight of seeds per fruit and productivity of seeds, providing predicted selection gains of 29.39 g and 0.26 t ha−1, respectively. Based on the phenotypic and genotypic correlations, a greater SOP can be achieved while maintaining a high oleic acid concentration and low linoleic acid concentration, providing oil of better nutritional and chemical quality. In the variability analysis, the accessions were clustered into five groups, which had different averages for SOP and fatty acid concentration of seed oil, an approach that will guide the use of appropriate germplasm in programs aimed at genetic breeding for SOP and seed oil profile. Per se analysis identified BGH-4610, BGH-5485A, BGH-6590, BGH-5556A, BGH-5472A, and BGH-5544A as the most promising accessions in terms of SOP, with an average (μ + g) of approximately 0.20 t ha−1. The most promising accessions for a higher oleic acid concentration of seed oil were BGH-5456A, BGH-3333A, BGH-5361A, BGH-5472A, BGH-5544A, BGH-5453A, and BGH-1749, with an average (μ + g) of approximately 30%, almost all of which were also the most promising in terms of a lower linoleic acid concentration of the seed oil, with an average (μ + g) of approximately 45%. Part of the C. moschata accessions evaluated in the present study can serve as a promising resource in genetic breeding programs for SOP and fatty acid profile, aiming at the production of oil with better nutritional and physicochemical quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adonidia merrillii is among the most widespread ornamental palms in the world today. However, the seed oil is not yet utilized like other seed oils, for industrial application. The aim of the study was to evaluate some selected physico-chemical parameters, chemical composition and investigate the antimicrobial potential of Adonidia Merrillii seed oil. A. merrillii seed oil was obtained by Soxhlet extraction method using n-hexane as solvent. The physicochemical parameters were determined using standard methods and the chemical composition was determined by Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometry. The antibacterial activity of the oil was evaluated against some selected food-borne microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginiosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium notatum) using agar well diffusion method. The percentage yield obtained was 7.67±0.09%. The result for the physicochemical analysis revealed; refractive index (1.47±0.25), free fatty acids (44.09±0.53%), peroxide value (8.01±0.65 meq/kg), acid value (88.16±0.52 mg KOH/g fat), iodine value (136.90±2.43 mg I2/100g) and saponification value (376.85±2.50 mg KOH/g fat). The GC-Mass Spectrometry showed that the major components of A. merrillii seed oil were fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid (34.62%), palmitic acid (16.99%) and oleic acid (12.62%). From the antibacterial activity result, the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration (MIC and MBC) of the oil obtained was between 350 to 950 mg/mL and 950 mg/mL respectively. Hence, these results suggest that A. merrillii seed oil may perhaps be a significant spring of new oil in different industries and should be given more attention to ascertain its specific importance and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids are biomolecules which are present in plants as general metabolites with different functions such as structural, protective and also as storage material. Plants produce a high number of different fatty acids: the most common structural types are long linear hydrocarbon chains, saturated or unsaturated with an even number of carbon atoms. In addition, plants accumulate rare fatty acids with reference to their occurrence and to their structures such as number and arrangement of unsaturated bonds, chain branches, type of functional groups, cyclic structures and halogenation. Their presence is limited in plant leaves, roots or stems, while they are mostly found as components of storage seed oils. The present review aims to describe the structural features of selected unusual rare fatty acids occurring in plants, their bioactivity and applications as pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and non-food industrial products. Cyanolipids, a group of rare natural lipids containing a cyanogenic group in the molecule and only found in seed oils of a few plant species are also commented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nervonic acid (NA, cis-15-tetracosenoic acid) is a very long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid that has been shown to be a core component of nerve fibers and nerve cells. It can be used to treat and prevent many neurological diseases. At present, commercially available NA is mainly derived from Acer truncatum seeds, which contain about 5%–6% NA in their seed oil. The aim of this study were to identify and analyze NA-containing Acer species that could be used as NA resource plants. For this purpose, 46 Acer species seeds were collected in China and in some or all of the seed oils from these species 15 fatty acids were detected, including linoleic acid, oleic acid (C18:1Δ9, C18:1Δ11), erucic acid, palmitic acid, NA, linolenic acid (C18:3Δ6,9,12, C18:3Δ9,12,15), eicosenoic acid (C20:1Δ11, C20:1Δ13), stearic acid, behenic acid, tetracosanoic acid, arachidic acid, and docosadienoic acid. Nervonic acid was detected in all samples, but the content was highly variable among species. NA content over 9% was detected in eleven species, of which Acer elegantulum had the highest levels (13.90%). The seed oil content, seed weight, and fatty acid profiles varied among species, but the comprehensive evaluation value (W) showed that A. coriaceifolium could be a new potential NA resources plant. The results also showed that NA was significantly negatively correlated with palmitic acid, oleic acid, and eicosenoic acid, but positively correlated with eicosadienoic acid, behenic acid, erucic acid, and tetracosanoic acid, which indicate the probable pathway for NA biosynthesis in Acer plants. This study has identified Acer species that may serve as NA resources and will help guide subsequent species breeding programs.

The present study investigated the individual and combined effects of extraction temperature (50–70 °C), particle size (0.6–1.0 mm), and solvent/solid ratio (8:1–10:1 mL/g) on the yield of Jatropha curcas seed oil (JCSO) using n-hexane as extraction solvent. Central composite design was used for optimization of the oil extraction process. The functional groups, purity and chemical content and fatty acid profile of the extracted JCSO were determined by FTIR, NMR, and GC-FID analyses, respectively. Optimization results showed good agreement between predicted and experimental values of oil yield with a high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.9021 and Adj-R2 = 0.8140). The optimum extraction temperature, particle size, and solvent/solid ratio to achieve maximum oil yield of 56.69 wt.% were 69.67 °C, 0.63 mm, and 9.98:1 mL/g, respectively. The properties of the extracted JCSO compared favourably well with those reported in the literature. The extracted JCSO was made up of aliphatic, carbonyl, esters, unsaturated alkenes, glyceryl, and carboxylic groups, as revealed by the FTIR and NMR analyses. The extracted oil was more of unsaturated fatty acids with the dominance of oleic (53.27%) and linoleic (19.94%) acids.

Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume is a fruit-yielding climbing shrub native to Southern Asia and various parts of the plant have been used in traditional systems of medicines to treat a range of diseases. Proximate, mineral, phytochemical analysis of Bridelia stipularis fruit pericap and seeds were carried out in the present study to assess nutritional and phytochemical status. The pericarp and seeds were rich in carbohydrate (38.78 and 33.46 g/100 g dry mass), protein (8.94 and 44.40 g/100 g dry mass), fiber (3.86 and 2.83 g/100 g dry mass) and minerals, in addition to these, seeds also contain oil (9.10 g/100 g dry mass). Pericarp and seeds possess higher concentrations of phenolics (9.84–125.59 mg GAE/g dry mass), flavonoids (7.17–44.67 mg QE/g dry mass), tannins (11.79–17.71 mg TAE g dry mass) and lesser concentrations of antinutritive factors, such as phytate (0.06–0.26 g/100 g dry mass) and oxalate (0.23–0.46 g/100 g dry mass). The physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid profile revealed that B. stipularis seed oil could be used for edible purposes. The seed oil is abundant with linolenic acid (36.7 g/100 g of oil), oleic acid (23.39 g/100 g oil) and hence, it could be used in soap and detergents.

Gamma irradiation is efficiently applied to many foods, but nevertheless there is a distinct lack of information about the changes of macro- and micronutrients (e.g., carbohydrates, lipids, organic acids, and phenolics) in dried rose hip (RH) fruits. Therefore, in this study, for the first time, the effect of gamma irradiation (10 and 25 kGy) on RH constituents is investigated. Different analytical techniques (GC-FID, HPLC-UV, HPSEC-RID, IR-FT, and SEM) are employed to examine this effect. The irradiation treatment (10 kGy) increased the glucose content by 30% and released cellobiose from RH fruits, thus revealing cellulose destruction. The extractability of total uronic acids increased from 51% (control) to 70.5% (25 kGy-irradiated), resulting in a higher pectin yield (10.8% < 12.8% < 13.4%) and molecular heterogeneity. Moreover, de-esterification was not a major effect of the irradiation-induced degradation of pectin. The sample exposure to the highest dose did not change the content of total carotenoids, β-carotene, and (un)saturated fatty acids, but it affected the tocopherols levels. Gamma rays had a negligible effect on the phenolic constituents and did not affect ORAC and HORAC antioxidant activity. In conclusion, it can be compromised that the exposition of dried RH is safe and can be successfully applied to decontaminate fruits without affecting their nutritional value and biological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study assessed the chemical composition of seeds and seed oils from wild cucumber as compared with cultivated cucumbers. • The main fatty acids in wild cucumber seed oils are linoleic acid, followed by palmitic, oleic, and stearic acids. • Wild cucumber seeds could be utilized as an alternative source of vegetable oil, a potential raw material in food applications. To determine the suitability of wild cucumber as a natural resource of seed oil, we assessed the chemical composition of seeds and seed oils from wild cucumber (Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii (Royle) Alef.) and compared them with those of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. var. sativus) and gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.). Wild cucumber, cucumber, and gherkin seeds contained 21.04, 23.87, and 21.32 g 100 g−1 of oil, respectively, and were rich in proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, and fiber. Free fatty acids, iodine value, peroxide value, acid value, saponification, and ester values of wild cucumber seed oil were 1.12%, 124.45 mg 100 g−1, 0.84 meq O 2 Kg−1, and 2.24, 140.25, and 138.0 mg of KOH g−1, respectively. The main fatty acid in seed oils was linoleic acid, followed by oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Thus, wild cucumber seeds are an alternative source of vegetable oil, a potential raw material in food applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As important oil crops in Inner Mongolia, sunflower, and flaxseed had distinct lipid profiles in seeds. As an emerging cash crop, Hibiscus manihot L. has strong potential market competitiveness. In this study, the lipidome, fatty acid composition and quality characteristics of flaxseed, H. manihot L., and sunflower seed oils were analyzed and compared. A total of 270 distinct lipids were identified and analyzed with an emerging detection approach—lipidomics, which illustrated the tremendous difference among the samples. triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol and polar lipids were the most abundant lipids in all samples. H. manihot L. seeds contained higher saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and lower polyunsaturated fatty acids. H. manihot L. seed oil had the longest oxidative stability index time, high content of vitamin E and total phenolics, while flaxseed oil embodied the lowest oxidative stability. The peroxide value and acid value of the three oils were within the allowable range of Chinese national standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many higher plants, seed oil accumulation is governed by complex multilevel regulatory networks including transcriptional regulation, which primarily affects fatty acid biosynthesis. Tree peony (Paeonia rockii), a perennial deciduous shrub endemic to China is notable for its seed oil that is abundant in unsaturated fatty acids. We discovered that a tree peony trihelix transcription factor, PrASIL1, localized in the nucleus, is expressed predominantly in developing seeds during maturation. Ectopic overexpression of PrASIL1 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf tissue and Arabidopsis thaliana seeds significantly reduced total fatty acids and altered the fatty acid composition. These changes were in turn associated with the decreased expression of multitudinous genes involved in plastidial fatty acid synthesis and oil accumulation. Thus, we inferred that PrASIL1 is a critical transcription factor that represses oil accumulation by down-regulating numerous key genes during seed oil biosynthesis. In contrary, up-regulation of oil biosynthesis genes and a significant increase in total lipids and several major fatty acids were observed in PrASIL1- silenced tree peony leaves. Together, these results provide insights into the role of trihelix transcription factor PrASIL1 in controlling seed oil accumulation. PrASIL1 can be targeted potentially for oil enhancement in tree peony and other crops through gene manipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) is an annual herbaceous plant of the Cruciferae family that has attracted attention as an oil crop and interseeded cover crop. We collected seeds of pennycress from five provenances in Northeast China, compared their characteristics, i.e. oil content, fatty acid composition, physical, chemical and antioxidant properties, their correlations with environmental factors were also analysed. Results: There were significant differences in the seed characteristics, oil content, quality indicators and composition among different provenances (P < 0.05). The 1000-seed weight ranged from 0.80 to 1.03 g; seed oil content from 28.89 to 42.57%; iodine from 79.19 to 99.09; saponification value from 186.51 to 199.60; peroxide value from 0.07 to 10.60; and acid value from 0.97 to 13.02. The range of seed oil colours were 66.53–78.78 (L*), 4.51–10.29 (a*), and 105.68–121.35 (b*). Erucic acid (C22:1) was the fatty acids with the highest content in pennycress seed oils (31.12–35.31%), followed by linoleic acid (C18:2 16.92–18.95%) and α-linolenic acid (C18:3 14.05–15.34%). The fatty acid 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3) was detected for the first time in seed oils from Beian city, Panshi city and Kedong county, with contents of 1.13%, 0.84% and 1.03%, respectively. We compare and report for the first time on the radical-scavenging activity of the seed oils of pennycress. The EC50 values of the DPPH radical-scavenging activity and ABTS+ radical-scavenging activity of the seed oils from different provenances were 8.65–19.21 mg/mL and 6.82–10.61 mg/mL, respectively. The ferric ion reduction antioxidant capacity (FRAP) ranged from 0.11 to 0.30 mmol Fe2+/g, which is equivalent to 4 mg/mL FeSO4 of pennycress seed oils. Conclusions: There was a significant correlation between seed characteristics and changes in geographical factors. With increasing longitude, the thickness of seeds, 1000-seed weight, and seed oil content increased, while the acid and peroxide values of the seed oil decreased. As the latitude increased, the 1000-seed weight and seed oil content increased, while the seed oil peroxide value decreased. Furthermore, mean annual temperature and annual rainfall are the two key environmental factors affecting the quality of pennycress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenanthera pavonina is a well-known holistic medicinal plant in South Asian countries. Processed seeds of A. pavonina served as a nutrient-rich food. The title plant is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases such as rheumatism, skin burns and ulcer. Investigations into the pharmacological properties of this plant manifested a wide spectrum of bioactivities including anticancer, anti-malarial, anti-viral activities. Both crude extracts and isolated monomeric compounds exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacology. Adenovin is a novel peptide isolated from A. pavonina seeds that provide trypsin-inhibition activity. This review aims to highlight the reported phytochemical and pharmacological studies of A. pavonina to explore its pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A range of seed oils are sourced from West Africa. We present an overview of the certification standards for tree-based oil applied for food and cosmetics and an evaluation of sustainability gains. Certification standards were identified via the International Trade Centre’s listings and internet search, guided by interviews with certification bodies. Eleven certification standards were identified in 15 ecowas countries; five standards are applied in five or more countries, six in one to three countries. The largest numbers of standards were found in Ghana (nine) and Burkina Faso (seven), while five countries had none. The most widespread certification standards focused on organic production. In addition, two standards with a wide range of use were identified. The use of certification standards is still limited in West Africa, despite the fact that standards could promote high-value products and the attainment of sustainable-development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diospyros chloroxylon is the indigenous fruit of the Indian subcontinent and both unripe and ripe fruits are eaten by tribal people. The present study explores the nutritional status of Diospyros chloroxylon fruits. Unripe and ripe fruits were rich in fat, protein, carbohydrate, ash, fiber, and minerals. The energy levels of unripe, ripe fruits, and seeds were 93.78, 133.93, and 96.16 Kcal/100 g, respectively. Ripe fruits were also rich in phenolics (4.64 mg GAE/g DW) and flavonoids (1.62 mg QE/ g DW). Acetone, methanol, and water extracts of unripe, ripe fruits and seeds displayed potent free radical scavenging properties. The seeds of D.chloroxylon possess 3.16% oil and it contains oleic acid (39.91%) and palmitic acid (28.06%) as major fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Peanut is one of the sources of edible oil supply and one of the important crops in Gilan province. This plant is not very resistant to drought and insufficient water supply in the cultivation of this product, is one of the limiting factors for its yield and its successful producing definitely needs water supply. Therefore, if it is possible to increase water use efficiency by using materials such as compost, a positive step can be taken to produce peanuts in conditions without irrigation. Compost can increase plant growth and yield due to its high water holding capacity and gradual release of nutrients. And it seems that its consumption along with nitrogen fertilizer, which has a greater effect on increasing leaf area and plant growth among nutrients, can be effective in promoting peanut production. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of municipal waste compost and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of peanut in both irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. Materials and methods: This experiment was performed as a split split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2018 and 2019. The main plot consisted of irrigation in two levels of irrigated (according to local custom) and without irrigation. Compost application treatment (in two levels of non-compost application and consumption of five tons per hectare) was as a sub-plot and nitrogen fertilizer treatment (in four levels of zero, 20, 40 and 60 kg of pure nitrogen per hectare) was as a sub-sub-plot. In both years, at the end of the growing season, pod length, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, weight of 100-seeds, seed oil, seed yield and biological yield were measured. Results: The results indicated that the highest number of pods per plant, pod length, seed oil and seed and biological yields were observed in irrigation treatments and application of 40 and 60 Kg N ha-1. Application of five t ha-1 of compost and 40 and 60 kg of nitrogen per hectare resulted in significant superiority for number of pods per plant and biological yield of peanuts. Applying compost along with 60 Kg N ha-1 caused a significant increase in seed yield. The length of peanut pods was increased by use of compost compared to non-using it, at the rate of 9.65%. With increasing nitrogen consumption, weight of 100-seeds significantly increased and the highest weight of 100-seeds at the rate of 55.46 g was obtained in 60 kg N ha-1 treatment. Under no irrigation and no application of nitrogen fertilizer, seed yield was 21% higher in the second year compared to the first year. In the first year compared to the second year, seed oil was significantly higher by 4.58%. Conclusion: Application of municipal waste compost and nitrogen fertilizer under drought stress conditions reduced the negative effects of stress on the studied traits and in the absence of stress, improved seed yield. It seems that the application of 40 Kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer along with five t ha-1 of municipal waste compost in peanut cultivation can be effective to improve the seed yield of this plant, especially in non-irrigation conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is a growing demand to replace the compounds in a given product that are of a petroleum origin with renewable resources. One of these compounds, called fatty acid (FA), is the main component of vegetable oils. FA composition is not only responsible for the physicochemical properties of plant oils, but it also determines their uses. For example, since time immemorial, products containing lipids have been used for lighting and heating purposes. They are also excellent lubricants and possess drying properties important molecules for painting, and wood preservation. In terms of nutrition, they have a high-energy content, are part of our daily health requirements, and are used for animal feed. We present here some lipids of interest, the plants that produce them naturally with high yield, the enzymes responsible for their synthesis when known, and their possible uses, as well as resources and ways that could allow the lipids of interest to be produced in quantity in different hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyurethanes, a major class of polymers conventionally derived from petroleum products, find applications in numerous sectors. Limited fossil resources, their extensive usage, large carbon footprint and alarming environmental issues motivated the research community worldwide in finding alternate and renewable routes for one of the key raw materials, polyols and isocyanate precursors. There are several reports available in the literature showing the techno-economic viability of bio-based polyols and hence polyurethanes. This article summarizes the synthesis of renewable polyols and polyurethanes thereof through utilization of various renewable sources such as vegetable oils, lingo-cellulosic biomass and other feedstock. The polyols obtained from different starting materials lead to variation in hydroxyl number and ultimately have a profound impact on the properties of polyurethanes. Hydroxyl groups are further classified based on their presence in polyols. Primary hydroxyl groups present in polyols hold the mechanical and thermal performance of final polyurethanes better. In this context, the recent advancements in increasing the primary hydroxyl groups in bio-based polyols through different chemical transformation has been focused on here. Moreover, the developments in the synthesis of polyurethane foam without the use of isocyanates have been considered as a green polymer. The ever-increasing demand in the market and the high potential of renewable sources will lead to further advancement in commercialization of bio-based polyurethanes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil from neem and yellow oleander seeds were extracted using Soxhlet extractor with normal hexane as solvent and characterized using standard methods and their Physico chemical properties determined. The results revealed that the oil yields of neem and yellow oleander seeds are 38.80% and 49.69% respectively. Both oil samples contain high free fatty acid values, 8.77% for neem and 7.21% for yellow oleander. The characterization revealed the following results for neem seed oil; saponification value = 185.50 mg KOH/g, acid value = 17.54 mg KOH/g, iodine value = 58 mg I/100g, peroxide value = 7.95 mg/peroxide/kg, viscosity at 40 °C = 37.80 mm/s2, specific gravity = 0.87, and refractive index = 1.469 while saponification value = 196.30 mg KOH/g, acid value = 14.42 mg KOH/g, iodine value = 81 mg I/100g, peroxide value = 4.20 mg/peroxide/kg, viscosity at 40 °C = 31.40 mm/s2, specific gravity = 0.96, and refractive index = 1.467 for yellow oleander seed oil. The results of the experimental analyses carried out in this study indicate that neem and yellow oleander seeds are high-yielding and good sources of oil for commercial biodiesel production. Values obtained for physico chemical properties of the extracted oils fall within the acceptable limits for oils suitable for biodiesel production by international standards. High free fatty values obtained revealed that the oils must undergo acid esterification before transesterification to avoid the formation of soap.

Tobacco is traditionally an industrial crop that is used for manufacturing cigarettes. However, due to health concerns and global tobacco control movements, alternative uses of tobacco are urgently needed to support tobacco farmers and vendors. Tobacco is also an oilseed crop with an oil yield ranging from 30% to 40 of its dry weight. However, there is still no information on the effects of nitrogen application on tobacco seed yield and seed oil production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of N fertilization (90, 120, 150, and 180 kg·ha−1 N) on the seed yield, oil content, fatty acid composition, and seed germination characteristics of tobacco plants at two locations. The results showed that applying increasing amounts of N to tobacco plants significantly increased their total seed yields and oil content. Nitrogen application also modified the fatty acid composition of the seed oil, as more unsaturated fatty acids were produced under the increasing N application rate treatments than under the control. Moreover, increasing the N application rate generally significantly increased the yields of individual fatty acids as well. Nevertheless, the increased seed oil content and altered fatty acid composition did not affect seed germination traits, as the seed germination potential and rate showed no obvious change among treatments or the control. The height and size of the tobacco plants also increased with the increasing N application rate, which would be beneficial for increasing biomass production for bioenergy. This study shows for the first time the feasibility of increasing the seed and oil yields and modifying the fatty acid composition of tobacco plants by increasing N addition.

Abstract Background and Objective: In order to evaluate the effect of application of biological and chemical nitrogen fertilizers on the intercropping of pinto bean and black mustard, this experiment was conducted. Materials and Methods: The first factor was considered at four levels: No fertilizer, bio-fertilizers (azotobarvar 1 and barvar 2), bio-fertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizers urea (125 kg.ha-1) and bio-fertilizers + 100% chemical fertilizers urea (250 kg.ha-1). The cropping pattern was also classified as the second factor in four levels: pure bean, pure black mustard, incremental intercropping with a ratio of 50% black mustard, optimum density of pinto bean mono-cropping, and an incremental intercropping with optimum density of two species in mono-cropping. Results: Ground cover percentage, leaf chlorophyll index and grain yield in pinto bean and black mustard and also the oil yield of black mustard increased by application of bio-fertilizer + 100% urea fertilizer. The lowest seed oil content was obtained from bio-fertilizer + 100% chemical fertilizer treatment. The highest percentage ground cover of pinto bean and black mustard (93.08%) and maximum leaf chlorophyll index of pinto bean (23.61) were obtained in incremental intercropping with optimum density of two species in mono-cropping. The highest grain yield of pinto bean (3269.92 kg.ha-1) and black mustard (2066.65 kg.ha-1) and yield of black mustard oil (865.65 kg.ha-1) were obtained in their pure cultivation. Conclusion: Based on the land equivalent ratio and relative value total indices, it was evident that intercropping of pinto bean and black mustard was more beneficial than mono-cropping.

Fossil fuels are a major contributor of greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, NOx, etc.). These fuels are non-renewable energy sources that will eventually be exhausted. Currently, biodiesel has gained attention as a renewable green energy source and means of supporting the minimization of fossil fuel use. However, obtaining biodiesel from edible seeds has been criticized as unethical, due to the source material being needed for human consumption. In this regard, papaya seed waste could be utilized as a potential feedstock because it is non-edible and its high lipid content makes it excellent for producing biodiesel. Papaya fruit is not seasonal. It is available at all times in tropical countries, and almost 75% of the total papaya is generated in the glove. Thus, different soft computing or data mining approaches such response surface methodology (RSM), artificial neural networks (ANNs), and support vector regression (SVR) can be utilized to predict oil yields from waste papaya seeds via solvent extraction. In the present research, the data for oil yields were obtained by experiments based on a central composite design. These data were then employed to develop, compare, and assess the suggested models. The results indicate that the SVR model performed much better for predicting oil yields than did the ANN and RSM models, with respect to various performance-measuring parameters (i.e., relative error, correlation coefficient, mean absolute error, and root mean squared error). It was observed that oil yields increase with an increase in extraction time but decrease as particle size increases. In order to find the global optimal set, an SVR and crow search algorithm-based interface was implemented. A maximum oil yield of 28.55% was achieved at 6.5 h of extraction and a particle size of 0.85 mm. The predicted oil yield was validated experimentally with less than a 5% rate of error. The extracted oil was also characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis.

Background: High level of blood cholesterol can cause diseases such as atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases, and increase the chance of apoplexy and fatty liver. Unsaturated fatty acids play important roles in preventing cardiovascular diseases because they decrease total cholesterols and LDL-C in the blood. Objective: The study investigates some sterol compounds of Iranian pomegranate seed oil and their effects on decreasing the level of cholesterol in hypercholesterolaemia rabbits. Methods: Three different varieties of pomegranate were selected and oil extraction was done from powdered tissue by Soxhlet extractor. Then, the extract was transfused into GC-MS for Identification Sterol Compounds. Oil extracted from pomegranate was taken into the diets of hypercholesterolemia rabbits. Results: The results showed that the major phytosterols in pomegranate seed and skin tissues were stigmasterols, ∆5-avenasterols, campsterols and beta-sitosterols, among which the β-sitosterols most dominant phytosterols. Studying the influence of oil extracted on decreasing cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic rabbits show that using 5 and 10 g/kg extracted oil from pomegranate seeds in the diet of hypercholesterolemic rabbits (tested with cholesterol 1%) can decrease significantly total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-C of hyperlipidemia against neutral sample and it can increase significantly HDL-C. Conclusion: The role of the pomegranate seed oil in improving the lipid profile of the plasma and reducing undesirable fats may be can have a considerable effect on human health and lowering blood lipids and lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease. Increasing awareness of the potential capacity of this valuable fruit can help to play a ‎better role in the various industries.

Vegetable oils are indispensable in human and animal diets and have been widely used for the production of detergents, lubricants, cosmetics, and biofuels. The seeds of an allotetraploid Perilla frutescens contain approximately 35 to 40% oils with high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). WRINKELD1 (WRI1) encoding an AP2/ERF-type transcription factor is known to upregulate the expression of genes involved in glycolysis and fatty acid biosynthesis and TAG assembly. In this study, two WRI1 isoforms, PfWRI1A, and PfWRI1B were isolated from Perilla and predominantly expressed in developing Perilla seeds. The fluorescent signals from PfWRI1A:eYFP and PfWRI1B:eYFP driven by the CaMV 35S promoter were detected in the nucleus of the Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermis. Ectopic expression of each of PfWRI1A and PfWRI1B increased the levels of TAG by approximately 2.9- and 2.7-fold in N. benthamiana leaves and particularly, the enhanced levels (mol%) of C18:2, and C18:3 in the TAGs were prominent with the concomitant reduction in the amounts of saturated fatty acids. The expression levels of NbPl-PKβ1, NbKAS1, and NbFATA, which were known to be target genes of WRI1, significantly increased in tobacco leaves overexpressing PfWRI1A or PfWRI1B. Therefore, newly characterized PfWRI1A and PfWRI1B can be potentially useful for the enhanced accumulation of storage oils with increased PUFAs in oilseed crops.

Hodgsonia heteroclita subsp. Indochinensis W.J.de Wlide & Duyfjes (or Making in Thai) is a neglected and underutilized crop (NUC) with high fat containing nuts. In this study, the enzyme-assisted mechanical extraction of H. heteroclita seed oil was investigated using response surface methodology (RSM) to predict the optimal fat extraction conditions. The most efficient enzyme used in the experiment was a mixture of Flavourzyme® and Viscozyme® (1:1, w/w). The predicted maximum oil yield was 46.44%, using the following extraction conditions: 2.98% (w/w) enzyme loading, 48 °C incubation temperature and 76 min of incubation time. H. heteroclita seed oil obtained from heat and enzymatic pretreatments exhibited the highest lightness and viscosity. The chemical properties of this seed oil, including water and volatile compounds (≤0.2% w/w), acid value (≤4.0 mg KOH/g), peroxide value (≤15 mEq of active oxygen/kg) and soap content (≤0.005% w/w), were within the acceptable levels specified by the Codex Alimentarius (2019). H. heteroclita seed oil obtained from heat and enzymatic pretreatments contained the highest content of δ-tocopherol (88.29 mg/100 g) and omega-6 fatty acids (48.19 g/100 g). This study is the first to report on the enzyme-assisted mechanical extraction of H. heteroclita oilseeds as a promising plant material for vegetable oil production.

The Kadsura coccinea fruit is a wild fruit that may be eaten and used medicinally. Its seeds are rich in nutrients but are typically thrown away without processing.The physicochemical characterization, volatiles, fatty acids, lipids and concomitants of cold-processed seed oils from four kinds of K. coccinea were evaluated. The average kernel yield and oil yield of K. coccinea seeds were 68.21 % and 30.44 %, respectively. The seed oil contains a moderate level of total phenolics (368.99-503.99 mgGAE/100 g), total flavonoids (95.01-126.18 mg RE/100 g), and β-sitosterol (1498.8-1712.7 mg/kg) with higher iodine value, lower acid value, saponification value and shorter induction time. GC analysis reveals appreciable amounts of linoleic acid (64.91-68.05 %) and squalene in seed oil. GC-MS analysis showed that the major volatile compounds were γ-muurolene (27.25-31.7 %), β-himachalene (19.51-20.37 %) and β-curcumene (15.78-16.78 %). Moreover, 16 terpenoids, 14 phenolics were identified by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. These results suggest that K. coccinea seed seems an promising alternative oilseed with biological ingredients for food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

In many higher plants, seed oil accumulation is governed by complex multilevel regulatory networks including transcriptional regulation, which primarily affects fatty acid biosynthesis. Tree peony (Paeonia rockii), a perennial deciduous shrub endemic to China is notable for its seed oil that is abundant in unsaturated fatty acids. We discovered that a tree peony trihelix transcription factor, PrASIL1, localized in the nucleus, is expressed predominantly in developing seeds during maturation. Ectopic overexpression of PrASIL1 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf tissue and Arabidopsis thaliana seeds significantly reduced total fatty acids and altered the fatty acid composition. These changes were in turn associated with the decreased expression of multitudinous genes involved in plastidial fatty acid synthesis and oil accumulation. Thus, we inferred that PrASIL1 is a critical transcription factor that represses oil accumulation by down-regulating numerous key genes during seed oil biosynthesis. In contrary, up-regulation of oil biosynthesis genes and a significant increase in total lipids and several major fatty acids were observed in PrASIL1- silenced tree peony leaves. Together, these results provide insights into the role of trihelix transcription factor PrASIL1 in controlling seed oil accumulation. PrASIL1 can be targeted potentially for oil enhancement in tree peony and other crops through gene manipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the antioxidant capacity of commercial hemp seed oils, 10% CBD (cannabidiol) enriched hemp seed oil and extra virgin olive oil used for comparison. Results indicate a difference in antioxidant activities among tested oils. CBD oil with IC50 of 0.86±0.06 mg/ml was shown to be a better scavenger of hydroxyl radical and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical (IC50 value of 5.99±0.34 mg/ml) in comparison with other oils. CBD oil also had the best ability to reduce Fe3+ from ferricyanide at a concentration of 20 mg/ml (0.73) and the highest total antioxidant capacity (245±35.16 GAE). Two commercial fresh hemp seed oils that showed small differences in antioxidant activity had better antioxidant properties than olive oil in three performed assays, while olive oil had the highest total antioxidant capacity. Hemp seed oil showed a lower antioxidant potential after a year of storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combretum collinum, Combretum micranthum, Combretum nigricans, and Combretum niorense are abundant unconventional seed oils of the African savannah. In this study, the proximate, mineral, amino acid, fatty acid, and triacylglycerol compositions of the four seed oils were quantified, and the oxidative and physicochemical properties were investigated. The amino acid, fatty acid, and triacylglycerol compositions were determined by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography respectively. Carbohydrates (57.35%-64.20%) followed by crude oils (20.07%-22.60%), proteins (11.95%-15.86%), and ashes (3.78%-6.19%) were the main constituents of the four seed species. The highest ash, crude fat, and protein contents were found in C. collinum, C. nigricans, and C. niorense, respectively. All four seed species were rich in Ca, K and Mg, and poor in methionine, cysteine, and lysine. The four seed oils had high saponification values (198.46-202.71 mgKOH/g), low acidity (1.12-2.26 mg of KOH/g of oil), and peroxide values (1.19-1.98 mEqO2/kg of oil). The seed oils of C. micranthum and C. collinum exhibited the highest thermal oxidative stability (8.10 and 9.79 h at 160°C). Oleic (40.49%-56.69%), palmitic (15.17%-24.27%) and linoleic (9.49%-14.50%) acids were the predominant fatty acids of the four seed oils. The results showed that the four seed species and seed oils had good chemical composition and physicochemical properties making them suitable for food and non-food application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphatidylcholine:diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferases (PDCT) regulate the fatty acid composition of seed oil (triacylglycerol, TAG) by interconversion of diacylglycerols (DAG) and phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho). PtdCho is the substrate for polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, as well as for a number of unusual fatty acids. By the action of PDCT, these fatty acids can be transferred into the DAG pool to be utilized in TAG biosynthesis by the action of acyl‐CoA:DAG and phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferases. Despite its importance in regulating seed oil composition, biochemical characterization of PDCT enzymes has been lacking. We characterized Camelina sativa PDCT in microsomal preparations of a yeast strain expressing Camelina PDCT and lacking the capacity of producing TAG. Camelina PDCT was specific for PtdCho and the sn‐1,2 enantiomer of DAG and could not utilize ceramide. The interconversion reaches equilibrium within 15 min of incubation, indicating that only distinct pools of DAG and PtdCho were available for exchange. However, the pool sizes of DAG and PtdCho involved in the exchange were not fixed but increased with the amount of exogenous DAG or PtdCho added. Camelina PDCT showed about the same selectivity for di‐oleoyl, di‐linoleoyl, and di‐linolenoyl species in both PtdCho and DAG substrates, suggesting that no unidirectional transfer of particular unsaturated substrates occurred. Camelina PDCT had a good activity with erucoyl‐DAG as a substrate despite low erucic acid levels in PtdCho in plant species accumulating a high amount of this fatty acid in the seed oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biodiesel is produced from Bauhinia racemosa. Bauhinia racemosa seeds which yield 25% seed oil. The component fatty acids present in the seed oils is estimated via GC-FID technique. The seed oil has IV of 72.6 g of I2/ 100 g of oil, SV of 202.0 mg of KOH/g oil, density of 0.898 g/cm3, and viscosity of 31.25 mm2/s. The synthesized biodiesel or liquid fuel is characterized by 1H NMR, IR, and TGA. It has the CN of 56.9, CFPP of 1.3°C, CP of 5.5°C, density of 0.856 g/cm3, HHV of 40.0 MJ/kg, FP of 144°C, KV of 3.2 mm2/s, and PP of – 1.49°C. The biodiesel properties are evaluated experimentally and computationally, and the results are compared with those of existing biodiesels and other reported biodiesels. Thus, investigated biodiesel is confirmed for its quality by comparison with ASTM, BIS, and EN standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Flax oil, a nutritive vegetable oil, is a rich natural source of the essential C18:3 α‐linolenic acid and trace nutrients (tocopherol, phytosterol, polyphenol, flavonoid, etc.). In most small‐ and medium‐sized facilities, the oil content in pressed cake is as high as 10%, which is not fully extracted and utilized. These cannot be neglected since they account for a considerable proportion. Characteristics and free radical scavenging capacity of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) oil obtained from seeds and cakes with different extraction methods – cold‐pressing, hot‐pressing (120 and 160 °C) and solvent extraction (oil extracted with solvent from flaxseed, cold‐pressed cake, and hot‐pressed cake) – were evaluated and analyzed using chemometrics methods. RESULTS: The composition of C18:3 α‐linolenic acid of flax oil was not affected by the extraction methods in this work. Flax oils extracted with solvent from pressed cakes had lower content of bioactive minor components (tocopherols and phytosterols) compared with pressed and solvent‐extracted seed oils. The former also showed poorer oxidative stability and free radical scavenging capacity (polar fraction) when compared with the latter. Flax oils could be distinguished with principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. Tocopherols and phytosterols exhibited significant contributions to the antioxidant capacity of flax oils via correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. CONCLUSION: Tocopherols and phytosterols were appropriate and potent indicators for evaluating the antioxidant capacity of flax oil. Results have important implications for the industrial production and nutritional value of flax oil, especially for flax oils from the cakes after pressing. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poppy seed plant (Papaver somniferum L.) is well known for its health benefits. It contains plenty of nutrients including proteins, oil content, dietary fiber, antioxidants, tocopherols and other micronutrients. It is also under exploration considering its in vitro bioactive potential against various health issues such as hypertension, pain and cancer. Poppy is mainly grown for its opium and oil contents; however, poppy seeds are also widely used for cooking purposes. Poppy seeds contain various essential bioactive compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and polyunsaturated fatty acids that can be effectively used as food ingredients in various applications. Poppyseed oil is considered a good quality oil owing to its rich polyunsaturated fatty acid content. Thus, tremendous potential exists in poppy seeds to be used as functional food ingredients and nutraceutical agents in various formulations. Medicinal and functional uses of poppy seed have been discussed, including some aspects of the utilization of the poppy seeds in the food industry. Further research is required to bring out its ingredient potential in food and health supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many higher plants, seed oil accumulation is governed by complex multilevel regulatory networks including transcriptional regulation, which primarily affects fatty acid biosynthesis. Tree peony (Paeonia rockii), a perennial deciduous shrub endemic to China is notable for its seed oil that is abundant in unsaturated fatty acids. We discovered that a tree peony trihelix transcription factor, PrASIL1, localized in the nucleus, is expressed predominantly in developing seeds during maturation. Ectopic overexpression of PrASIL1 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf tissue and Arabidopsis thaliana seeds significantly reduced total fatty acids and altered the fatty acid composition. These changes were in turn associated with the decreased expression of multitudinous genes involved in plastidial fatty acid synthesis and oil accumulation. Thus, we inferred that PrASIL1 is a critical transcription factor that represses oil accumulation by down-regulating numerous key genes during seed oil biosynthesis. In contrary, up-regulation of oil biosynthesis genes and a significant increase in total lipids and several major fatty acids were observed in PrASIL1-silenced tree peony leaves. Together, these results provide insights into the role of trihelix transcription factor PrASIL1 in controlling seed oil accumulation. PrASIL1 can be targeted potentially for oil enhancement in tree peony and other crops through gene manipulation.

The seed oil of Annona salzmannii A. DC. was analyzed by GC-MS and 1H qNMR, revealing a mixture of unsaturated (80.5%) and saturated (18.7%) fatty acids. Linoleic (45.3%) and oleic (33.5%) acid were the major unsaturated fatty acids identified, while palmitic acid (14.3%) was the major saturated fatty acid. The larvicidal effects of A. salzmannii seed oil were evaluated against third-instar larvae of Aedes aegypti (Linn.). The oil exhibited moderate larvicidal activity, with a LC50 of 569.77 ppm (95% CI = 408.11 to 825.88 ppm). However, when the cytotoxic effects of the oil were evaluated, no expressive antiproliferative effects were observed in tumor cell lines B16-F10 (mouse melanoma), HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma), K562 (human chronic myelocytic leukemia), HL-60 (human promyelocytic leukemia), and non-tumor cell line PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells), with IC50 values > 50 μg·mL-1. This is the first study to evaluate the chemical composition, larvicidal and cytotoxic activity of A. salzmannii seed oil.

A rapid HPLC-UV method was developed for the determination of tocopherols in walnut seed oils. The method was validated and the LODs ranged between 0.15 and 0.30 mg/kg, while the LOQs were calculated over the range of 0.50 to 1.00 mg/kg. The accuracy values ranged between 90.8 and 97.1% for the within-day assay (n = 6) and between 90.4 and 95.8% for the between-day assay (n = 3 × 3), respectively. The precision of the method was evaluated and the RSD% values were lower than 6.1 and 8.2, respectively. Overall, 40 samples of walnuts available on the Greek market, originating from four different European countries (Greece, Ukraine, France, and Bulgaria), were processed into oils and analyzed. One-way ANOVA was implemented in order to investigate potential statistically significant disparities between the concentrations of tocopherols in the walnut oils on the basis of the geographical origin, and Tukey’s post hoc test was also performed to examine exactly which varieties differed. The statistical analysis of the results demonstrated that the Ukrainian walnut seed oils exhibited significantly higher total concentrations compared to the rest of the samples.

Formulation of sustainable resource‐based organic–inorganic hybrid protective coatings have been achieved using Linseed oil‐based silica hybrid with terpolymer (TP) as basic skeletal matrix. The fabrication of TP system was performed by using systematic one pot multi‐facile steps (diol fatty amide–linseed oil‐based polyester amide TP) synthesis route. The conversion of ester amide functional ends of TP to urethane was initiated to enhance adhesiveness, impermeability, and corrosion resistivity of the processed hybrid material. FT‐IR and NMR (1H, 13C, and 29Si) studies help in verifying the chemical structure and progress of the reaction. The formulation of smooth corrosion resistive coating was further analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscope, and electrochemical corrosion studies. The in‐situ tethering and homogeneous dispersion of inorganic moiety in nanoregime throughout the TP system further enhances the stability, wettability, and corrosion protection ability of the nanohybrid vegetable oil‐based coating under corrosive environment. High phase angle value at higher frequency end indicates the stability of the coating system. Such coating systems composed of sustainable resource with improved mechanical, thermal, and corrosion protective properties have great potential in future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Pinus armandi franch is a special local plant in China and its seed oil is a nice resource of linoleic acid (LA) and linolenic acid. This study investigated the effects of enriching the mouse diet with the ω-6 and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), LA (18:2 ω-6) and α-linolenic acid (18:3 ω-3) different ratios (ω-6/ω-3) on total lipids in Pinus armandi franch seed oil (PAFO), and immune evaluation indexes in plasma, lymph nodes, and spleen from isolated immune cells. Kunming mice were fed a commercial chow. PAFO with a certain ratio (ω-6/ω-3) could promote the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes induced by ConA in mice and the optimal ratio was 4 or 6. PAFO with different ratios (ω-6/ω-3) could increase the spleen index and thymus index and there were significant differences between PAFO group and control group (p < 0.01). The results indicate that the ratio of ω-6 PUFA: ω-3 PUFA is 4 or 6 improve some of the indices of the mice immune status and that a moderate increase in the level of ω-6 PUFA in the mice diet does not suppress the immune system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg.)) is the important crop of the word. It has been vastly used in biomedical products. However, its pharmacologically application besides the latex is sparely to be explored especially the seed. Cellular biological activities of the standardized para rubber seed oil for hair loss treatment were therefore assessed. Methods: Para rubber seed oil was prepared and standardized using GC/MS on the basis of its pharmacologically active fatty acids. The oil was safety assessed in human dermal papilla and DU‐145 human prostate carcinoma. Cellular antioxidant activity was determined as well as proliferation stimulating efficacy and inhibitory effect against 5α‐reductase. Results: Oleic acid, fatty acid of cutaneous benefits, was majorly detected in the oil and followed by linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. The standardized para rubber seed oil was proved to be safe on human follicle dermal papilla and DU‐145 human prostate carcinoma at the concentration of 0.1‐50 and 0.1‐100 µg/mL, respectively. The standardized para rubber seed oil stimulated the cell proliferation and posed cellular antioxidant activity in human dermal papilla at a comparable potency to minoxidil, dutasteride and vitamin C at the same tested concentration. In addition, the standardized para rubber seed oil inhibited 5α‐reductase as examined in DU‐145 human prostate carcinoma, although at a lesser degree than the standards at the same tested concentration. Conclusions: The standardized para rubber seed oil is evidenced as the safe and efficient bio‐oil to be used for hair growth stimulating or reduce/suppress hair loss treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photoprotective skincare products are in high demand to meet the consumer market with concern on skin health. Seed oils are commonly used as ingredients in many cosmetic products due to their natural antioxidants and now being increasingly recognized for their effects on skin health and photoprotection. This article briefly reviews the application of seed oils in sunscreen development focusing on the antioxidants that contribute to photoprotection, thus preventing UV‐induced erythema and photoaging. The addition of seed oils that contain specific natural bioactive compounds was discussed in the review. Besides that, seed oils acting in molecular pathways that benefit photoprotection were also summarized. Seed oils (pomegranate seed oil, castor oil, cocoa butter, jojoba oil, rosehip oil, grapeseed oil, kenaf seed oil, and pumpkin seed oil) utilization have high potential to act as natural UV filters and at the same time help in skin repairing. The seed oils contributed beneficial properties to the sunscreen formulation due to their synergistic effect with antioxidants, antiaging properties, anti‐inflammatory effect, and potential hormetic effect. The finding of specific bioactive compound from seed oils provides a better understanding of the contribution of seed oils in sunscreen formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]