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Uvod: Urinska inkontinenca vpliva na telesno, čustveno in socialno zdravje številnih posameznikov. Še vedno predstavlja velik tabu v naši družbi. Veliko ljudi ima napačno predstavo, da je urinska inkontinenca normalni del staranja. Zato je izobraževanje študentov zelo pomembno, da urinsko inkontinenco pravočasno prepoznajo in pravilno ukrepajo. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je bilo ugotoviti, kakšne so izkušnje študentov zdravstvene nege s starostniki, ki imajo urinsko inkontinenco. Poleg tega smo želeli preveriti tudi teoretično znanje študentov. Metode dela: Diplomsko delo temelji na kvantitativni paradigmi raziskovanja. Izvedeno je bilo anketiranje študentov zdravstvene nege s pomočjo spletne ankete 1ka. Spletni vprašalnik je bil javno objavljen ter preko spletnih omrežij posredovan ciljni skupini v maju 2018. Za analizo smo uporabili 171 v celoti izpolnjenih vprašalnikov. V prvem sklopu so bila demografska vprašanja, v drugem in tretjem sklopu pa so bila vprašanja odprtega in zaprtega tipa o znanju študentov, poznavanju problemov urinske inkontinence ter izobraževanju. Rezultati: Le 37 % študentov se zaveda, da je med starostniki urinska inkontinenca razširjena v 30-50 %. 72 % študentov se strinja, da starostniki večinoma niso radi govorili o težavah z urinsko inkontinenco. Da so bili bolj socialno izolirani, je mnenja malo več kot polovica študentov. 15 % študentov je mnenja, da je pojav urinske inkontinence pogostejši pri starostnikih z nižjo izobrazbo. Kar polovica študentov je mnenja, da je urinska inkontinenca normalni del staranja. Kar ¾ študentov je potrdilo, da se v kliničnih okoljih ni uporabljalo ocenjevalnih orodij. Študenti se večinoma (88 %) zavedajo, da ima pri prepoznavanju problema urinske inkontinence ter pri negovalnih intervencijah pomembno vlogo medicinska sestra. Na vprašanje, ali so v času kliničnega usposabljanja starostnike z urinsko inkontinenco kdaj vprašali o poznavanju vaj za krepitev mišic medeničnega dna, je kar 59 % anketirancev odgovorilo negativno. Skoraj polovica študentov se ne strinja, da bi v času študija izvedeli dovolj o možnostih uporabe ocenjevalnih orodij za urinsko inkontinenco. Razprava in zaključek: Rezultati kažejo, da so študentje zdravstvene nege premalo ozaveščeni o težavah urinske inkontinence pri starostnikih. Med študenti zdravstvene nege je še vedno prisotno prepričanje, da je urinska inkontinenca normalni del staranja. Pomembna naloga študentov in medicinskih sester je, da se zavedajo težav urinske inkontinence pri starostnikih in pravilno ukrepajo. Pomembno je, da študenti na osnovi znanja na pravilen način pomagajo in spodbujajo starostnike pri njihovih težavah, ki nastanejo zaradi urinske inkontinence. Razlog, da študentje niso zadostno izobraženi, je morda nezainteresiranost v času izobraževanja ter dajanje premalo poudarka tem vsebinam. Introduction: Urinary incontinence affects the physical, emotional, and social health of many individuals. It still represents a big taboo in our society. Many people have the wrong idea that urinary incontinence is a normal part of aging. Therefore, it is very important for student education to recognize urine incontinence in a timely manner and to take proper action. Purpose: The purpose of the diploma work was to determine the experience of nursing students with the elderly who have urinary incontinence. In addition, we also wanted to check the theoretical knowledge of students. Methods: The diploma work is based on the quantitative research paradigm. A survey of nursing students was conducted through the online survey 1ka. The online questionnaire was publicly announced and sent to the target group in May 2018 through web networks. We used 171 fully completed questionnaires for the analysis. The first set covered demographic issues. In the second and third sections, the questions were both open and closed. They were about the knowledge of students, knowledge of problems of urinary incontinence, and education. Results: Only 37% of students are aware that urinary incontinence is prevalent among the elderly in 30-50%. 72% of students agree that the elderly mostly do not like to talk about problems with urinary incontinence and that they were more socially isolated. More than half of the students believe that. 15% of the students believe that the occurrence of urinary incontinence is more common in older people with lower education. Half of the students believe that urinary incontinence is a normal part of aging. As much as ¾ students confirmed that assessment tools were not used in clinical settings. The students (88%) are aware that a nurse plays an important role in identifying the problem of urinary incontinence and in nursing interventions. In the time of clinical training, elderly people with urinary incontinence were asked about the knowledge of exercises to strengthen pelvic floor muscles. Meanwhile, 59% of respondents answered negatively. Nearly half of the students do not agree that they learn enough about the possibilities of using assessment tools for urinary incontinence during the study. Discussion and conclusion: The results show that nursing students are under-informed about the problems of urinary incontinence in the elderly. Among nursing students, there is still the belief that urinary incontinence is a normal part of aging. An important task of both students and nurses is to be aware of the problems of urinary incontinence in the elderly and to take proper action. It is important that students help and encourage the elderly in their problems that arise from urinary incontinence on the basis of knowledge. The reason that students are not sufficiently educated is perhaps the lack of interest in the time of education and putting too little emphasis on this topic.

Raziskovalno vprašanje: Ali je medgeneracijsko sodelovanje pomembno za starostnike? Namen: Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti pomen medgeneracijskega sodelovanja pri starostnikih v tretjem in četrtem življenjskem obdobju v domovih za starejše. Metoda: Uporabljena je bila namizna in terenska raziskava. Poleg študije literature so bili analizirani statistični podatki Statističnega urada RS. Za pridobitev stališč smo izvedli terensko raziskavo po slovenskih domovih za starejše. Vključeni so bili naključni starejši. Kot metodo za pridobivanje podatkov smo izvedli anketiranje, za obdelavo podatkov pa smo uporabili SPSS 20. V raziskavi, ki je bila opravljena leta 2017, je sodelovalo 390 bivajočih starostnikov v domovih za starejše v Pomurju. Povzetek rezultatov: Ugotovili smo, da so starostniki ob vprašanju o medgeneracijskem druženju pogosto poudarili, kako se veselijo vsakega novega obiska otrok iz vrtca oz. osnovne šole in mladih srednješolcev, ki k nekaterim, v okviru obveznih izbirnih vsebin, prihajajo tedensko, in jim s kulturnim programom ali neposrednim druženjem (pogovor, družabne igre) popestrijo dneve bivanja v domu za starejše. Vpliv na družbo: Menimo, da ima tovrstno raziskovanje pomemben vpliv na razvoj medgeneracijskega sodelovanja kot sestavnega dela sobivanja med generacijami v Sloveniji in družbi nasploh. Vpliv na organizacijo: Ugotovitve raziskave so relevantne za domove za domove za starejše in druge oblike izven institucionalne oskrbe. Tako se lahko le-te povežejo pri medgeneracijskem sodelovanju in optimizirajo delo. Originalnost: Raziskava o medgeneracijskem sodelovanju je ena izmed več izvedenih tovrstnih pri nas. Omejitve raziskave: Ovire starostnikov, s katerimi se srečujejo v okviru institucionalne in tudi izven institucionalne oskrbe (slabovidnost in naglušnost pri izvajanju anketiranja).

Uvod: Pričakovana življenjska doba se podaljšuje, zato delež starejših od 65 let hitro narašča. Psihofizične spremembe v starosti povzročijo, da so lahko starostniki dovzetnejši za nastanek poškodb ali nenadnih obolenj. Z zgodnjo prepoznavo znakov in simptomov ter pravilnim ukrepanjem lahko omilimo ali preprečimo njihove posledice. Osnovni cilji ukrepov prve pomoči ne temeljijo samo na z dokazi podprtih znanstvenih spoznanjih, ampak tudi na učinkovitem usposabljanju laikov v vseh starostnih obdobjih, tudi starostnikov. Namen: Ugotoviti, kakšna so mnenja starostnikov o usposabljanju iz prve pomoči. Metode dela: Podatki so bili pridobljeni s pomočjo deskriptivne metode dela, kot orodje za zbiranje podatkov je bil uporabljen polstrukturiran intervju. Intervjuji so bili izvedeni junija 2018. Vzorčenje je bilo namensko, vključenih pa je bilo šest starostnikov, ki so fizično aktivni in pogovorljivi. Njihovo sodelovanje je bilo prostovoljno, zagotovljena je bila anonimnost. Pogovore smo s strinjanjem udeležencev snemali z diktafonom. Na podlagi posnetkov so bili narejeni prepisi. Podatki so bili kvalitativno analizirani in razvrščeni v različne kategorije za interpretacijo rezultatov. Rezultati: V raziskavi je sodelovalo šest starostnikov, od tega štirje moški in dve ženski. Intervjuvanci ob besedi prva pomoč najprej pomislijo na nesrečo in na pomoč sočloveku v nesreči. Vsi so se nazadnje iz prve pomoči usposabljali pred več kot 38-imi leti. Starostniki so pripravljeni obnoviti svoje znanje prve pomoči, najraje s poslušanjem predavanj, branjem zloženk in gledanjem televizije, nekateri pa bi tudi praktično vadili postopke na modelu. Intervjuvanca iz poznega starostnega obdobja se obnovitvenega tečaja s praktičnimi vajami ne bi več udeležila, bi pa poslušala predavanja. Glede na odgovore intervjuvancev, se kažejo razlike med mnenji starostnikov iz različnih starostnih skupin. Razprava in sklep: V raziskavo vključeni starostniki so zainteresirani za ponovno usposabljanje iz prve pomoči, le-to pa bi moralo biti prilagojeno njihovim zmožnostim, kar kažejo tudi rezultati drugih, sorodnih raziskav. Usposabljanje bi bilo smiselno izvajati v okviru različnih organizacij, kjer se izvajajo aktivnosti za starostnike. Seznaniti bi jih bilo potrebno z avtomatskim defibrilatorjem, saj večina od intervjuvanih starostnikov ne ve, kje se nahaja, niti za kaj se uporablja. Introduction: The life expectancy is extending, therefore the share of elderly people above 65 years is rapidly growing. Physical and mental changes in old age can make the elderly people more susceptible to injuries or sudden illness. With early detection of signs and symptoms and with proper actions, we can mitigate or prevent their consequences. The basic goals of first aid measures are not based solely on evidence-based scientific findings, but also on effectively training lay persons of all ages, even the elderly people. Purpose: To determine the elderly people’s opinion on first aid training. Methods: Data was obtained with the descriptive method and a semi-structured interview was used as a tool for collecting data. Interviews were carried out in June 2018. Sampling was purposive and included six elderly people who are physically active and talkative. Their participation was voluntary and anonymity was ensured. Interviews were recorded with the interviewees’ consent on a voice recorder. The voice records were used to make transcripts. Data was qualitatively analysed and classified into different categories for interpreting the results. Results: Six elderly people participated in the research, of which four were men and two were women. Interviewees associated the words “first aid” with accident and helping the fellow humans involved in an accident. All of them were last trained in first aid more than 38 years ago. The elderly people are willing to refresh their first aid knowledge, preferably by listening to lectures, reading brochures and watching TV, and some of them would also be willing to practice on a mannequin. Two interviewees of later old age would not be willing to participate in a refresher course with practical exercises, but would be willing to listen to lectures. This demonstrates the differences in the opinions of different age groups. Discussion and conclusion: The elderly persons who participated in the study are interested in first aid retraining, but the training would have to be adapted to their capabilities which is also evident from the results of other similar research. It would be sensible to conduct training as part of various organisations where activities for elderly people are conducted. The training would have to include familiarization with automatic defibrillators, because the majority of interviewed elderly people do not know where they are located and for what they are used.

Uvod: S staranjem prebivalstva naraščajo potrebe po preventivni zdravstveni oskrbi. Medicinske sestre v patronažnem varstvu lahko bistveno pripomorejo k informiranosti starostnikov in njihovih družinskih članov ter vplivajo na boljšo kvaliteto življenja starostnikov, na zdravje in dobro počutje. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je predstaviti vsebino preventivnega obiska medicinskih sester v patronažnem varstvu starostnikov v domačem okolju ter predstaviti kompetence medicinskih sester v patronažnem varstvu v Sloveniji. Cilj diplomskega dela je opisati slovenski in švedski zdravstveni sistem glede na preventivne patronažne obiske starostnikov. Metode dela: Narejen je bil pregled domače in tuje strokovne in znanstvene literature ter pravnih virov. Na podlagi pregleda in analize zbranega gradiva smo naredili primerjavo vsebine in obsega preventivnih patronažnih obiskov starostnikov v Sloveniji in na Švedskem. V pregled literature je bilo vključenih 11 enot gradiv. Rezultati: Iz primerjave preventivnih zdravstvenih programov pri starostniku smo ugotovili, da je slovenski sistem v nekaterih segmentih boljši od švedskega, vendar še vedno vidimo možnosti za izboljšavo. Preventivne patronažne obiske pri starostnikih v Sloveniji izvajajo diplomirane medicinske sestre, medtem ko na Švedskem te obiske izvajajo diplomirane medicinske sestre, ki so naredile eno dodatno leto specializacije. Vsebina preventivnih obiskov medicinskih sester v patronažnem varstvu na Švedskem je zdravstveno vzgojne narave, medtem ko v Sloveniji medicinske sestre v patronažnem varstvu v okviru teh obiskov naredijo tudi fizični pregled starostnika ter ovrednotijo njegovo zdravstveno in socialno stanje ter ocenijo odnos starostnika z ostalimi družinskimi člani. Na Švedskem so medicinske sestre v patronažnem varstvu bolj izobražene, samostojne in imajo več kompetenc v primerjavi z medicinskimi sestrami v patronažnem varstvu v Sloveniji. Razprava in zaključek: Tako v Sloveniji kot tudi na Švedskem se zavedajo pomena preventivnih obiskov medicinskih sester v patronažnem varstvu pri starostnikih, vendar se kljub vsemu premalo pozornosti posveča preventivnim obiskom. Potrebno bi bilo graditi na tem, da bi bile medicinske sestre v patronažnem varstvu v Sloveniji bolj samostojne, s tem pa bi lahko prej ukrepale in hitreje preprečile nadaljnje težave starostnikov. To bi lahko uredili tudi s specializacijo, s katero bi lahko pridobile tudi možnost predpisovanja zdravil z omejene liste in s predpisovanjem medicinskih pripomočkov. Introduction: Due to the aging of the population, the need for preventive health care among the elderly is growing. Preventive visits by community health nurses improve the quality of life of the elderly and can contribute significantly to the increase of knowledge of the elderly and their family members. Purpose: The purpose of the diploma work is to present the contents of preventive visits of community health nurses of elderly persons and to present the competencies of community health nurses in Slovenia. The aim of the diploma work is to describe the Slovenian and Swedish health systems according to preventive home visits of the elderly. Methods: A descriptive method was used in the diploma thesis, with a systematic overview of domestic and foreign literature. After review and analysis of the collected literature, preventive home visits of the elderly in Slovenia and Sweden were compared. 11 units of literature were used in the literature review. Results: After comparing the two health systems, the Slovenian system seems more appropriate in certain segments than the Swedish system, but there is still some potential for improvement. In Slovenia, preventive visits of the elderly are conducted by community health nurses, while in Sweden they are carried out by community health nurses with one additional year of specialty education. The content of the preventive visits in Sweden is more educational, while in Slovenia community health nurses also perform physical examinations and evaluate health and social status of the elderly, as well as evaluate family relationships. In Sweden, community health nurses are more educated, autonomous and have more competencies compared to community health nurses in Slovenia. Discussion and conclusion: Both Slovenia and Sweden are aware of the importance of preventive visits of the elderly by community health nurses, but despite that, there is not enough attention being paid to preventive visits. It is necessary to build on the fact that community health nurses in Slovenia should be more autonomous, thereby acting faster in preventing further health problems in the elderly. This could be accomplished by offering community nurses additional specialty education, enabling them to prescribe medical technical devices and medications from a limited list.

V zadnjih letih v psihološki literaturi zasledimo vse več študij, vezanih na preverjanje učinkov intervencij čuječnosti. Prevladujejo predvsem takšne, ki nakazujejo učinke omenjenih intervencij na zmanjšanje ravni depresivnosti, stresa in anksioznosti. Študij, vezanih na preverjanje učinkov intervencij na subjektivno blagostanje, je manj, njihovi rezultati pa so nekonsistentni. Večina raziskav je izvedenih na kliničnih vzorcih, od katerih je le manjše število izvedenih na vzorcu oseb v pozni odraslosti. Namen magistrskega dela je bil preveriti učinke delavnic čuječnosti na spretnosti čuječnosti oseb v pozni odraslosti. Prav tako smo želeli preveriti učinke delavnic čuječnosti na posamezne spremenljivke psihičnega blagostanja – depresivnost, stres, anksioznost in subjektivno blagostanje. Naš končni vzorec je sestavljalo 24 udeležencev iz dveh domov za upokojence, s povprečno starostjo 79 let. Udeleženci so bili razdeljeni v eksperimentalno (N = 12) in kontrolno skupino (N = 12). Eksperimentalna skupina je bila deležna 7-tedenskih delavnic čuječnosti, medtem ko za kontrolno skupino ni bila predvidena nobena posebna aktivnost. Vsi udeleženci so teden pred pričetkom delavnic eksperimentalne skupine in teden po koncu, rešili predviden sklop vprašalnikov. Rezultati ANOVE za mešan načrt so pokazali statistično pomembno interakcijo čas x skupina za depresivnost, stres, anksioznost in čuječnost. Na osnovi tega smo potrdili učinke delavnic na merjene spremenljivke psihičnega blagostanja. Omenjenega nismo potrdili za subjektivno blagostanje, kjer pri negativnem afektu emocij in zadovoljstvu z življenjem, ni prišlo do statistično pomembne interakcije čas x skupina. Kljub določenim pomanjkljivostim (pasivna kontrolna skupina, majhen vzorec udeležencev), naša študija predstavlja dobro izhodišče za nadaljnje preučevanje učinkov intervencij na vzorcu zdravih starostnikov. In recent years it is possible to find more and more studies in psychological literature, based on testing the effects of mindfulness interventions. Among the prevailing ones are those which signal the effects of previously mentioned interventions on reducing levels of depression, stress and anxiety. Results of the study, based on testing the effects of interventions on the subjective’s well-being, are not that many and have proven to be inconsistent as well. Most of the research is carried out by clinical samples, of which only a few are performed on the sample of older adults. The purpose of this master’s thesis was to check the effects of mindfulness workshops on skills of mindfullness in older adults. We also wanted to research the effects of mindfulness workshops on individual variables of mental well-being - depression, stress, anxiety and the subjective’s well-being. Our final sample consisted of 24 participants from two retirement homes with the average age being 79 years. The participants were divided into experimental (N = 12) and control group (N = 12). The experimental group participated in 7-weeks mindfulness workshops, meanwhile the control group did not have a special activity in plan. A week before the begining and a week after the end of workshops presumed for the experimental group, all participants were given complex questionnaires to fill in. The mixed-design ANOVA results have shown a statistically significant interaction time x group for depression, stress, anxiety and mindfulness. Based on this, we were able to confirm the effects of workshops on measuring the variable of mental well-being. Yet the aformentioned had not been confirmed for the subjective’s well-being, where at the negative effect of emotions and satisfaction with life, statistically significant interaction time x group did not occur. Despite certain inadequacies (passive control group, small sample of participants), our study represents a valuable basis for further research of interventions’ effects on the sample of older adults.

Staranje, starost in starostniki so besede, ki pri večini ljudi vzbujajo nelagodne občutke, strah, odbojnost. Staranje prinaša številne izzive tako za starostnike same, kot tudi za celotno družbo. Medijske podobe starejših so tiste, ki imajo osrednjo vlogo pri dojemanju staranja in starostnikov v družbi. Problem pa je, da so starostniki, ki nam jih predstavljajo množični mediji, prikazani stereotipno. Namen diplomske naloge je analizirati, kakšen vpliv imajo množični mediji in kako nam prikazujejo starostnike in starajoča se telesa, ter kakšne so razlike med staranjem žensk in staranjem moških. V nalogi sva se osredotočili na teoretični del ter predhodno opravljene raziskave in s tem poskušali odgovoriti na zastavljena raziskovalna vprašanja. Pri pregledu predhodnih raziskav sva ugotovili, da se starostniki v množičnih medijih pojavljajo redko, ko pa se pojavijo, so prikazani v glavnem v negativni luči in na stereotipen način. Opaziti pa je tudi razlike pri prikazovanju starejših moških in žensk. Na ženske se izvaja večji pritisk, zlasti v povezavi z zunanjim zgledom starajočega se telesa, medtem, ko za moške velja, da so z leti privlačnejši. Aging, age, and elderly are words that cause unpleasant feelings, fear, and repulsion for most people. Aging brings many challenges for the elderly themselves, as well as the whole of society. Media images of the elderly play a central role in the perception of aging and the elderly in society. The problem is that the older people represented by the mass media are stereotyped. The purpose of the dissertation is to analyze the influence of mass media, how it represents older people and aging bodies, and the differences between aging women and men. In our work we have focused on the theoretical part and previous research, and we have tried to answer our research questions. When reviewing previous research, we found that older people in the mass media rarely appear but when they do, they are shown mainly in a negative light and in a stereotypical way. There are also differences in the presentation of older men and women with more pressure on the women, especially in connection with the appearance of an aging body, while men are considered to be more attractive over the years.

Namen diplomskega dela je bil oceniti vsebnost prehranske vlaknine v obrokih oskrbovancev Doma starejših Hrastnik. Pri starejših se namreč pogosteje pojavlja problem zaprtosti, primeren vnos prehranske vlaknine pa lahko ugodno vpliva na čas prehoda hrane skozi prebavila. S spletnim orodjem Odprta platforma za klinično prehrano (OPKP) smo ovrednotili celodnevne jedilnike dveh tednov (7 dni – poletje in 7 dni – zima). V okviru raziskave smo ocenili tudi dnevni energijski vnos ter vsebnost skupnih ogljikovih hidratov. Rezultate smo primerjali glede na letni čas in vrsto obroka ter s priporočili, navedenimi v Referenčnih vrednostih za energijski vnos ter vnos hranil za starostno skupino nad 65 let. Po priporočilih naj bi znašal zadosten vnos prehranske vlaknine vsaj 30 g/dan. Ugotovili smo, da so bili poletni in zimski jedilniki glede vsebnosti prehranske vlaknine primerno oblikovani v primeru, ko so imeli oskrbovanci na voljo običajno večerjo povprečna ocenjena vsebnost prehranske vlaknine je v celodnevnih obrokih v zimskem času znašala 29,4 g/dan, v poletnem času pa 31,4 g/dan. Poletni in zimski jedilniki z mlečno večerjo niso vsebovali dovolj prehranske vlaknine. Z obroki, zaužitimi v poletnem času, bi povprečni vnos prehranske vlaknine znašal 27,1 g/dan, v zimskem času pa 24,9 g/dan. Oskrbovanci dnevno zaužijejo največ prehranske vlaknine s kosilom, najmanj pa z zajtrkom. Povprečni dnevni energijski vnosi so bili skladni s priporočili za starostno skupino nad 65 let (PAL 1,4) in znašajo za ženske 7113 kJ/dan, za moške pa 8786 kJ/dan. The aim of the thesis was to assess the dietary fibre intake in meals at a retirement home in Hrastnik. The most common problem in the elderly is constipation. An adequate intake of dietary fibre can have a beneficial effect on the transit time in the gastrointestinal tract. With data from OPEN database, we evaluated all-day menus of two weeks (7 days – summer and 7 days – winter). We also assessed daily energy intake and the content of total carbohydrates. The results were compared according to the season and the type of meal, and to the latest dietary guidelines for the age group over 65 years. According to the recommendation, a sufficient daily intake of dietary fibre should be at least 30 g per day. It was established that winter and summer menus contained sufficient dietary fibre when the retirement home residents had an ordinary dinner. Average daily intake of dietary fibre was 29.4 g/day in winter menu and 31.4 g/day in summer menu. The winter and summer menus with a milk dinner did not contain sufficient dietary fibre. Average daily dietary fibre content was 27.1 g/day in summer menu and 24.9 g/day in winter menu. The retirement home residents consumed the most dietary fibre with lunch and the least with breakfast. Average daily energy intakes were complied with recommendations for age group over 65 years (PAL 1.4) and amounted 7113 kJ/day for women and 8786 kJ/day for men.

Vse več je dokazov, da imajo stari bolniki z rakom dobrobit od specifičnega onkološkega zdravljenja. Kljub temu so pogosto premalo zdravljeni, kar ima za posledico slabši izid bolezni. Ob tem je zaskrbljujoče tudi to, da je veliko starostnikov ob diagnozi relativno dobrega zdravja in imajo po predvidevanjih pred sabo še več let življenja. Kronološka starost, ki je pogosto podlaga za odločitev o vrsti in intenzivnosti zdravljenja, se je izkazala kot nezadosten in zavajajoč podatek. Starostniki v dobrem stanju zmogljivosti prenašajo obsevanje enako dobro kot mlajši bolniki in imajo primerljiv odgovor bolezni na zdravljenje Vlogo pri odločitvi imajo tudi napačna presoja pričakovanega življenja bolnika, dvom v terapevtsko učinkovitost in strah zaradi toksičnosti zdravljenja. Priporoča se celovita geriatrična ocena starejših bolnikov, ki bi onkologom pomagala pri razmisleku o primernosti napotitve na radikalno ali paliativno onkološko zdravljenje. There is a growing number of evidence that elderly cancer patients can benefit oncology treatment. Despite this fact they are under treated, which leads to a worse outcome of the disease. Additionally, it is also concerning that a great deal of elderly people when diagnosed are in a relatively healthy and good condition and have presumably several years of life ahead of them. The chronological age, which is often the basis for deciding the type and intensity of treatments, has proven as an insufficient and misleading piece of information. Elderly people in good condition tolerate radiation just as well as younger patients and the disease has a comparable treatment response. Other contributing factors in treatment decision are false assessments of a patient’s life expectancy, doubts in therapeutic efficiency and fear because of treatment toxicity. An integral geriatric evaluation of older patients is recommended, which would help oncologists in deciding whether to refer patients for radical or palliative oncology treatment.

Populacija starejših ljudi se veča, zato se povečuje tudi število bolnic z rakom dojke, ki so starejše od 80 let. Žal ni enotnega mnenja oziroma strokovnih priporočil o tem, kako zdraviti starejše bolnice z rakom dojk. Namen naše retrospektivneštudije je bil ugotoviti, kako kirurško zdravimo raka dojk pri bolnicah, starih 80 let ali več in kakšno je njihovo preživetje.Pregledali smo popise bolezni 154 bolnic z začetnim rakom dojke (povprečna starost 83 let razpon od 80 do 90 let), ki so bile na Onkološkem inštitutu Ljubljana operirane vobdobju od leta 2000 do leta 2008 in so bile ob operaciji stare 80 let ali več. Zbrali smo podatke o obsegu bolezni, patomorfoloških značilnostih tumorja, načinu zdravljenja,obsegu operacije dojke in pazdušnih bezgavk, ponovitvi bolezni, vzroku smrti, dolžini preživetja in dolžini preživetjaglede raka dojk. Z univariatno in mutivariatno analizo smo ugotavljali povezavo med prognostičnimi dejavniki, vrsto zdravljenja in preživetjem glede raka dojk. Rak dojke je bilomejen na dojko v 28 %, v 47% so bili prisotni regionalni zasevki, obseg bolezni pa ni bil znan v 25 %. Tumorski stadij pT1/pT2 je imelo 75 % bolnic, pT3/pT4 pa je imelo 25 %bolnic. Kirurško zdravljenje je obsegalo: kvadrantektomijov 27 %, mastektomijo v 73 %, izpraznitev pazduhe v 57 %,biopsijo varovalne bezgavke v 18 %, brez posega v pazduho pa je bilo 25 % bolnic. Adjuvantno hormonsko zdravljenje je imelo 88 % bolnic (tamoxifen 53, aromatazni inhibitor 45,kombinacija obeh 37 bolnic), zdravljenje s citostatiki je imelo1,3 % bolnic, obsevanih pa je bilo 16 % bolnic. Ponovitev bolezni smo dokazali v 23 %, v času sledenja od 0,1 do 11 let(mediana 4,45 leta). Lokalno ponovitev bolezni smo dokazali v 10 %, reginalno v 6 % in oddaljene zasevke v 23 %. Petletno preživetje glede raka dojk je bilo pri lokalno omejenem raku 90 %, pri regionalno razširjenem pa 62 %. Ena od bolnicje umrla prvi dan po operativnem posegu zaradi srčnega infarkta. Zaradi raka dojk je umrlo 19 % bolnic, zaradi drugih vzrokov pa 12 % bolnic. Univariatna analiza je pokazala, da so bili z dolžino preživetja zaradi raka dojk povezani naslednji dejavniki: zdravljenje s hormoni pred operacijo, patološki Tstadij, patološki N stadij, operacija dojke, odstranitev vsehpazdušnih bezgavk, operacija bezgavk, estrogenski receptorji,stopnja diferenciacije tumorja, radikalnost kirurškega posega in kirurško zdravljenje v skladu s smernicami. Z multivariatnostatistično analizo smo ugotovili, da so bili patološki T stadij, patološki N stadij in estrogenski receptorji neodvisni prognostični dejavniki za dolžino preživetja zaradi raka dojk. Rezultati naše multivariatne analize kažejo, da so kirurgi ustrezno prilagodili obseg operativnega zdravljenja stadiju bolezni in splošnemu stanju bolnice. Kratko preživetje glede raka dojk je pokazatelj tega, da je rak dojke z zasevki v pazdušnih bezgavkah pri bolnicah, starih 80 let ali več, lahko agresivna bolezen. The population of older people is increasing and so is the population of breast cancer patients aged 80 years or older. Unfortunately there is no consensus or recommendations on how to treat older breast cancer patients. The aim of our retrospective study was to identify the most appropriate surgical treatment of breast cancer in patients aged 80 years or older and to determine their survival. We reviewed the medical records of 154 patients with early-stage breast cancer (mean age of 83 years ranging from 80 to 90 years), who underwent surgery at the Institute of Oncology Ljubljana in the period from 2000 to 2008 when they were aged 80 years or older. We collected data on the extent of the disease, pathomorphology of the tumour, treatment method, extent of breast and axillary lymph node surgery, disease recurrence, cause of death, length of survival, and length of survival for breast cancer. Using univariate and multivariate analyses, we also determined the correlation between prognostic factors, type of treatment and survival. Breast cancer was growth in the breast in 28%, whereas 47% of patients were diagnosed with regional metastases, and the extent of the disease was unknown in 25%. 75% of patients were staged as pT1/pT2, while 25% had stage pT3/pT4 tumours. Surgical treatment comprised: quadrantectomy (in 27%), mastectomy (in 73%), axillary dissection (in 57%), sentinel lymph node biopsy (in 18%), and 25% of patients had no axillary surgery. A total of 88% of patients received adjuvant hormonal treatment (tamoxifen - 53 patients, aromatase inhibitor - 45 patients, a combination of both - 37 patients), while 1.3% of patients were treated with cytostatics, and 16% underwent biopsy. During follow-up of 0.1 to 11 years (median 4.45 years), disease recurrence was observed in 23%. Local recurrence of the disease was observed in 10%, regional recurrence in 6% and distant metastases in 23%. Five-year survival for breast cancer was 90% in locally limited cancer and 62% in regionally advanced cancer. One of the patients died on the first day after surgery due to a myocardial infarction. A total of 19% of all patients died of breast cancer, and 12% died of other causes. The univariate analysis showed that the length of survival of breast cancer patients was correlated with the following factors: treatment with hormones before surgery, pathological T-stage, pathological N-stage, breast surgery, lymph node surgery, oestrogen receptors, degree of tumour differentiation, radicality of surgery, and surgical treatment according to the established guidelines. Using the multivariate statistical analysis, we found that the pathological T-stage, pathological N-stage and oestrogen receptors were independent prognostic factors for the duration of survival of breast cancer patients. The results of our multivariate analysis show that surgeons adjusted the extent of operative treatment according to the stage of the disease and the general condition of the patient. Short survival for breast cancer indicates that, in patients aged 80 years or older, breast cancer with metastases in axillary lymph nodes can be a very aggressive disease.

V diplomski nalogi smo se osredotočili na problem brezposelnosti mladih in na naraščajočo populacijo starostnikov. Problem vse večje populacije starostnikov predstavljata predvsem njihova oskrba in nastanitev, ker so domovi za ostarele vse bolj zasedeni. V diplomski nalogi smo spoznali razne alternativne oblike oskrbe starejših in si podrobneje pogledali možnost sodelovanja brezposelnih mladih na področju oskrbe starejših. V raziskovalnem delu smo raziskovali mnenje mladih glede možnosti, ki jih imajo na trgu dela, in glede njihovega sodelovanja pri oskrbi starostnikov. Prvi del vprašalnika se je nanašal na brezposelnost mladih zanimalo nas je, kaj menijo o svojem položaju na trgu dela, kako pomembne so delovne izkušnje in vrsta izobrazbe, ki jo pridobijo s šolanjem. Drugi del vprašalnika za mlade pa se je nanašal na njihovo pripravljenost za sodelovanje s starostniki. Zanimalo nas je, ali bi bili pripravljeni pomagati starejšim pri različnih opravilih in oskrbi ter ali si želijo delati s starostniki. Ugotoviti smo želeli tudi, kako zahtevna se mladostnikom zdi oskrba starostnikov. Poleg raziskave med mladostniki smo izvedli tudi raziskavo med starostniki, kjer smo proučevali mnenje starostnikov glede odnosa z mladostniki. Ugotavljali smo, ali se starostnikom zdijo mladostniki dovolj odgovorni, da bi sprejeli njihovo pomoč, in če bi bili zanjo pripravljeni tudi plačati. Starostnike smo povprašali tudi, kakšno pomoč bi najraje prejemali od mladostnikov in kako dobro poznajo načine oskrbe, ki so jim v Sloveniji na voljo. Ugotovili smo, da se mladostniki zavedajo pomembnosti izobrazbe in delovnih izkušenj. Prav tako smo izvedeli, da bi oskrbo starostnikov vzeli kot resno in odgovorno delo. Ugotovili smo tudi, da so mladi in starostniki pripravljeni na vzajemno pomoč. Med seboj bi se dobro razumeli in bi si bili pripravljeni pomagati. Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da prihaja do največ razhajanj pri starostnikih glede pripravljenosti plačila za opravljeno delo mladih. Iz analize raziskave smo spoznali, da so v Sloveniji slabše poznane alternativne možnosti oskrbe starostnikov. Med starostniki so še vedno najbolj znani načini oskrbe domovi za ostarele in socialna oskrba na domu, sledijo jim še oskrbovana stanovanja in socialni servisi za starostnike. Mlajši generaciji smo zastavili enako vprašanje in ugotovili, da so že nekoliko bolje seznanjeni z alternativnimi možnostmi oskrbe starostnikov – v večjem deležu poznajo alternativne oskrbe, a lahko rečemo, da še vedno preslabo. Sčasoma pa se bodo tudi v Sloveniji začele vse bolj razvijati alternativne oblike oskrbe starostnikov, saj bomo le tako lahko poskrbeli za vse obsežnejšo populacijo starejših in jim zagotovili kakovostno in zadovoljivo življenje tudi v zadnjem življenjskem obdobju. In the graduation thesis we focused on the problem of youth unemployment and the ever-increasing elderly population. The problem of increasing elderly population is mainly their care and accommodation, because there are no places available in homes for the elderly. In the graduation thesis we researched the various forms of care for the elderly, and looked at the participation of unemployed young people in the field of elderly care. In the research we investigated the opinions of young people regarding the possibilities they have on the labour market and their participation in the care of the elderly. The first part of the questionnaire refers to youth unemployment we were interested in what young people think about their position in the labour market, how important work experience is to them, and the type of education that they acquire through schooling. The second part of the questionnaire for young people concerns young people's willingness to work with the elderly. We were interested in whether young people would be willing to help older people with various tasks and if they would like to work with them. We also wanted to find out how difficult it is for young people to take care of the elderly. In addition to research among adolescents, we also conducted a survey among the elderly, where we studied the opinions of elderly people regarding their relationship with adolescents. We asked whether elderly people feel that adolescents are responsible enough to offer their help and if they are willing to pay for it. We also asked elderly people what kind of assistance they would like to receive from adolescents and how well they know the types of care available to them in Slovenia. We discovered that adolescents are aware of the importance of education and work experience. We also learned that taking care of the elderly would be considered serious and responsible work. We also found that both, young people and the elderly are ready for mutual assistance. They would understand each other well and be ready to help. The results of the survey show that the elderly have the greatest disagreement about the willingness to pay for the work done by young people. From the analysis of the research, we realised that alternative care options for elderly people in Slovenia are less known. Care homes and social care at home are still the most known forms of care provision for the elderly, followed by sheltered housing and social services for the elderly. We asked the younger generation the same question and found that they are already acquainted with the alternative possibilities for care for the elderly, they know a great deal of alternative care options, but we can say that these options are still weak. In time, Slovenia will increasingly develop alternative forms of care for the elderly, enabling us to take care of the ever-growing population of elderly people and provide them with a quality and satisfactory last stage of life.

Z naraščanjem števila prebivalstva dramatično narašča tudi število starejših ljudi v sodobni družbi. Ker gre pri staranju za zapleten proces, ki vpliva na zmanjšanje gibalnih in funkcijskih sposobnosti osebe, so starostniki nemalokrat žrtve različnih kaznivih dejanj. Magistrsko delo se osredotoča na značilnosti kaznivih dejanj nad starejšimi, ki so bila storjena s strani družinskih članov. V družini, ki velja za varno okolje, so starejši lahko viktimizirani na različne načine, in sicer fizično, psihično, finančno, spolno, ali pa so žrtve zanemarjanja. Starejši ljudje so pogosto odvisni od družinskih članov, med njimi je vzpostavljen zaupen odnos, kar žrtvam preprečuje, da bi ukrepali zoper svoje najbližje. Za starejše, ki so fizično šibkejši in bolj ranljivi od mlajših starostnih skupin, so lahko posledice viktimizacije še posebej resne. V raziskovalnem delu so predstavljene ugotovitve, ki temeljijo na analizi podatkov, pridobljenih iz kazenskih spisov okrožnih državnih tožilstev v Krškem, Kopru, Kranju, Mariboru, Murski Soboti, Novi Gorici, Novem mestu, na Ptuju ter v Slovenj Gradcu. Medtem ko med oškodovanci prevladuje ženski spol, so obdolženci večinoma moški. Oškodovanke obdolžencev, s katerim največkrat bivajo na istem naslovu, ne prijavijo takoj, torej ne gre za enkraten dogodek. Kadar so pristojni organi obveščeni o kaznivem dejanju, so najpogosteje naznanitelji oškodovanci ali drugi družinski člani. Večino obdolžencev policija predhodno še ni obravnavala zaradi drugih kaznivih dejanj. Oškodovanci so izpostavljeni različnim oblikam viktimizacije, ki pa ni vezana na spol obdolženca. Tako kot se pri moških obdolžencih različne oblike viktimizacije ne pojavljajo enako pogosto, tudi ne velja, da so ženske obdolženke največkrat odgovorne za razne oblike zanemarjanja. Drastic increase in the number of inhabitants reflects in the increase of the elderly in the modern society. It is not rare that the elderly are victims of numerous criminal offences because ageing is a complicated process that influences the decrease in both, physical mobility and functional abilities. This master’s thesis focuses on criminal offences on the elderly committed by family members. Family is supposed to present a safe harbour, yet the elderly could be victimized in several different ways - either physically, psychologically, or sexually. They are also often neglected. The elderly are often dependant on family members and since the relations among them are based on trust, the victims cannot act against their relatives. Therefore, the consequences of victimization could be specifically serious because the elderly are physically weaker and more vulnerable than younger age groups. The research part of the thesis introduces the findings that are based on the analysis of data by District State Prosecutor's Office in Krško, Koper, Kranj, Maribor, Murska Sobota, Nova Gorica, Novo mesto, Ptuj, and Slovenj Gradec. The victims are most often women, whereas the accused are predominantly men. Furthermore, the victims do not report the accused immediately, which proves that it is not a one-time criminal act. Most often, the victims or other family members inform the competent authority about a criminal act. Mostly, the accused have not been charged with any criminal acts before. There are several types of victimisation which is not linked to the gender of the accused. Different types of victimisation by men do not occur at the same frequency. Similarly, it cannot be presumed that female defendants are most often responsible for any kind of neglect.

V raziskavah smo ugotavljali domsko klimo. Zanimala nas je izpostavljenost MO stresu in izgorelosti in kako MO zazna in se odziva na potrebe starejših. Ugotavljali smo povezavo stila navezanosti pri odnosu do dela in v medosebnih odnosih. Nadalje smo pri starejših v institucionaliziranem varstvu ugotavljali njihove primarne izkušnje in izkušnje z MO in ali lahko MO zadovolji njihove čustvene potrebe in postane za starejše pomembni drugi. V predstavljenem supervizijskem modelu smo ugotavljali, ali lahko supervizijski proces in pridobivanje psiholoških znanj vplivata na osebje, ki dela s starejšimi. Ugotovili smo, da supervizijski proces, ki zajema delo z MO na osnovi RDT in z njim pridobivanje psiholoških znanj, pomembno prispeva k znižanju stresa, ki ga MO osebje doživlja ob skrbi za starostnike in omogoča, da se MO ustrezneje odziva na potrebe starostnikov. Izboljša se razumevanje starostnikov, njihovega vedenja in čustvovanja. Zmanjša se tudi konfliktnost, tako v odnosih s starejšimi, kakor tudi v odnosih s sodelavci in vodstvom. Notranje modele, ki delujejo avtomatično, oseba razvije v primarnih odnosih s svojimi skrbniki. Zgodnje izkušnje vplivajo na posameznikovo dojemanje sebe in svoje lastne vrednosti, njegova pričakovanja o dostopnosti in odzivnosti osebe navezanosti in uporabo strategij za regulacijo afekta. Različni stili navezanosti so vzorci pričakovanj, potreb, emocij in socialnega vedenja, ki so bolj ali manj stabilni celo življenje in vplivajo na doživljanje in obvladovanje stresa, funkcioniranje v delovnem okolju in čustveno odzivnost na potrebe oskrbovancev. Že samo razumevanje teh razlik in ozaveščanje reakcij v povezavi s svojim notranjim modelom, igrata pomembno vlogo pri učinkovitejšemu obvladovanju stresnih situacij, prispevata k bolj funkcionalnim odnosom in večji čustveni odzivnosti, k boljši domski klimi, povečanem življenjskem optimizmu in večji pripravljenosti oskrbovancev za sodelovanje z MO, kar je pomembni dejavnik za zagotavljanje zadovoljstva uporabnikov domske oskrbe, večji učinkovitosti in konkurenčnosti doma. In the study we explored residential care for the elderly. We were interested in the exposure ofMS (medical staff) to stress and burnout and how the MS detects and responds to the needs of the elderly. We have identified the connection of the style of attachment to the attitude towards work and in interpersonal relations. Furthermore, the institutionalized elderly identified their primary experiences and experiences with MS and whether the MS can satisfy their emotional needs and become their significant other. In the presented supervisory model, we researched whether the supervisory process and the acquisition of psychological knowledge can influence the staff working with the elderly. We have found that the supervision process, which involves working with the MS on the basis of RDT and acquiring psychological knowledge, contributes significantly to the reduction of the stress, experienced by the MS personnel in taking care of the elderly and enables the MS to respond more responsibly to the needs of the elderly. Supervision process improved the understanding of the elderly, their behaviors and emotions. Conflicts are also reduced, both in relations with the elderly, as well as in relations with colleagues and management. A person develops the internal models,which act automatically, in primary relationships with their own caregivers. Early experiences influence the individual's perception of himself and his own values, his expectations of the accessibility and responsiveness of the person they’re attached to, and the application of strategies for regulating the affection. Different styles of attachment are patterns of expectations, needs, emotions and social behavior that are more or less stable throughout their lives and influence the experiencing and managing of stress, functioning in the working environment and emotional responsiveness to the needs of people under care. The mere understanding of these differences and the awareness of reactions in connection with their internal model, play an important role in the more effective management of stress situations. They contribute to more functional relationships and greater emotional responsiveness, as well as a better residential care climate, increased life optimism and increased willingness of people under care to work with MS, which is an important factor in ensuring the satisfaction of home care users, greater efficiency and competitiveness of elderly homes.

Uvod: Trend staranja prebivalstva v Evropi prinaša izzive na področju usposabljanja iz prve pomoči. Evalvacije tečajev prve pomoči med mlajšimi v Sloveniji kažejo na pozitivno naravnanost udeležencev, stališča starostnikov so še dokaj neraziskana. Zgodnje prepoznavanje zdravstvenega stanja, učinkovito izvajanje temeljnih postopkov oživljanja, ter takojšnje aktiviranje nujne medicinske pomoči so ključni dejavniki za preživetje po nenadnem obolenju v zunaj bolnišničnem okolju. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je ugotoviti znanje starostnikov o temeljnih postopkih oživljanja in njihovo pripravljenost za teoretično učenje in praktično usposabljanje o tej tematiki. Metode dela: Raziskava je temeljila na opisni metodi s kvantitativnim pristopom znanstvenega raziskovanja. Za zbiranje podatkov smo oblikovali anketni vprašalnik, ki je vseboval 19 vprašanj. Vzorec je bil neslučajnostni in namenski, vključeni pa so bili starostniki, starejši od 65 let, fizično aktivni, pogovorljivi in brez zdravstvene izobrazbe. Živijo v urbanem in ruralnem območju osrednje slovenske regije. Anketiranje je potekalo v mesecu septembru 2017. Pridobljene podatke smo obdelali s programom Excel. Rezultati: V raziskavo smo vključili 175 starostnikov iz Osrednjeslovenske regije. Večina anketirancev je starih od 66 do 75 let, ter ima dokončano poklicno ali srednjo šolo. 74 % anketirancev se je tečaja prve pomoči udeležilo pred 10 leti ali več. Rezultati kažejo tudi, da 93 % starostnikov še ni oživljalo nenadno obolelega. Le 12 % vprašanih je prepoznalo vse tri znake srčnega zastoja, pravilno dihanje pa je ugotovilo 47 % anketirancev. 63 % anketirancev bi se z veseljem udeležilo izobraževanja o temeljnih postopkih oživljanja, prilagojenega za starostnike. Razprava in sklep: Rezultati raziskave so pokazali pomanjkljivo znanje starostnikov o temeljnih postopkih oživljanja. Več kot polovica anketiranih starostnikov se je pripravljena o tej temi izobraževati. Treba bi bilo podati več poudarka na izobraževanju starejših, saj le-ti dosegajo skoraj petino slovenskega prebivalstva. Introduction: Ageing population in Europe poses challenges to first aid training. Evaluating opinions among young generations in Slovenia showed a positive attitude towards first aid courses, while the views of the elder generations are not yet explored. Early recognition of health conditions, effective implementation of basic life support and immediate activation of emergency health services are critical factors of survival after a sudden illness outside the hospital environment. Purpose: Our research purpose was to assess elderly people's knowledge about basic life support and their willingness to participate in theoretical and practical training. Methods: The research was based on a descriptive method with a quantitative approach. A questionnaire containing 19 questions was used to collect the data. We included a random sample of people over 65 years of the age, provided they were physically active, without prior medical education, and reside in the urban or rural areas of the central Slovenian region. The surveys were conducted in September, 2017. We analysed the data using Microsoft Office Excel. Results: The survey included 175 people aged between 66 and 75 years of age, that had completed vocational or high school. 74 % of respondents have not attended a first aid course in ten years or more. The results also show that 93 % of the elderly people have not yet performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation on a person. Only 12% of respondents identified all three signs of cardiac arrest, while 47 % of respondents recognized correct breathing as one of the signs. 63 % of respondents would be willing to attend course of basic life support techniques specially designed for elderly people. Discussion and conclusion: The results of the research showed that elderly people have insufficient knowledge of basic life support. Since elderly people represent almost one fifth of the Slovenian population, this thesis proposes more emphasis should be given to their first aid education.

Veliko starostnikov v današnji družbi izkusi mnogo izgub, ostane brez socialnega kroga, se sooča z mnogimi zdravstvenimi težavami in temu pogosto sledijo negativna občutja. Za mnoge starostnike je institucionalno varstvo ali preselitev v dom tista točka, ki hudo strese njihov emocionalni svet. Nekateri med njimi spremembo doživijo precej pozitivno, saj jim prinaša oskrbo, nov socialni krog, morebitne hobije, lepo bivalno okolje, zdravniško in drugo pomoč. Za določeno skupino starostnikov pa je iztrganje iz domačega, znanega okolja šok, ki ga le stežka obvladujejo. Osnovni namen magistrskega dela je preučitev dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na osamljenost, zadovoljstvo z življenjem in prevladujoče razpoloženje starostnikov. Kvantitativno raziskavo smo opravili na vzorcu 100 udeležencev od teh jih je 65 (65 %) ženskega spola in 35 (35 %) moškega spola. Udeleženci so stari med 65 in 97 let, s povprečno starostjo 79,01 let (SD = 8,04). V kvaliativnem delu je sodelovalo 20 intervjuvancev. Uporabljeni instrumenti: SWLS, PANAS, UCLA, The Bradburn Affect Balance Scale, polstrukturiran intervju. Rezultati kažejo, da med skupinama starostnikov glede na način bivanja (doma ali v instituciji) prihaja do pomembnih razlik v zadovoljstvu z življenjem in pozitivnem afektu. Starostniki, ki živijo doma, občutijo statistično pomembno višje zadovoljstvo z življenjem v primerjavi s starostniki, ki živijo v domu za ostarele ali drugi obliki institucionalnega varstva. Rezultati kažejo, da imajo starostniki, ki živijo doma, statistično pomembno bolj izražen pozitivni afekt kot starostniki, ki živijo v domu za ostarele ali drugi obliki institucionalnega varstva. Pri občutku osamljenosti ne prihaja do statistično pomembnih razlik. Prav tako pa razlik ni na našem vzorcu pri spremenljivkah, kot sta negativni afekt in skor Bradburnove lestvice razpoloženja. Zadovoljstvo z življenjem (Lestvica SWLS) je na našem vzorcu statistično pomembno višje pri moških, prav tako pozitivni afekt lestvice PANAS. Občutek osamljenosti je statistično pomembno negativno povezan z zadovoljstvom življenjem in pozitivnim afektom ter pomembno pozitivno z negativnim afektom. Iz teh rezultatov lahko vidimo, da je socialna vključenost, ki je na drugem polu osamljenosti pozitivno povezana tako s pozitivnim afektom kot tudi z zadovoljstvom z življenjem. Soočanje s problematiko in celostna obravnava socialnega varstva ter staranja zahteva precej napore in energije vseh vpletenih – od zaposlenih, ki vsakodnevno skrbijo za starostnike, družin in prijateljev, lokalnih skupnosti do makro nivoja – države. In nenazadnje upoštevaje okvirja Evropske unije, ki predpisuje in nalaga določene ukrepe na področju trajne oskrbe. Many seniors in today's society have experienced a great many losses, and stayed without any social circle or faced many health problems and often negative feelings follow therefrom. For many seniors an institutional guardianship or a move into an old people's home is a point that shudders heavily their emotional life. Some of them experience such a change rather positively since it provides them with nursing, new social environment, eventual hobbies, a pleasant milieu to stay, medical as well as any other kind of assitance. However, for some seniors such a snatch out from their domestic, everyday environment can be a shock that they hardly get over. The basic purpose of the Master's thesis is to research the factors exerting influence upon loneliness, contentment with life as well as the seniors' prevalent mood. The quantitative research was made by a pattern of 100 participants, among them 65 (65 %) of women and 35 (35 %) of men aged from 65 to 97 years, i.e. 79,1 years (SD = 8,04) on the average. 20 interviewed persons took part in the qualitative part of the research. The instruments used: SWLS, PANAS, UCLA, The Bradburn Affect Balance Scale, a semi-structured interview. The results have shown that there are significant differences among the groups of seniors as regards their residence (at home or in an institution) and their contentment with life and positive affection. The seniors staying at home feel a statistically significantly greater contentment with life compared to the seniors staying in an old people's home or in another kind of instititional guardianship. The results have shown that the seniors staying at home have got a statistically significantly more expressive positive affection than the seniors staying in an old people's home or in another kind of instititional guardianship. As regards the feeling of loneliness, there are no statistically significant differencies and so there are no differencies implied in our pattern with variablenesses like a negative affection and the contentment acc. to the Bradburn Scale score. The contentment with life ( SWLS Scale) is in our pattern statistically significantly higher with men and so it is the positive affection of the PANAS Scale. The feeling of loneliness is statistically significantly negatively related to the contentment with life and the positive affection and significantly positively to the negative affection. It can be seen from these results that the social implication being on another pole of loneliness is positively related to the positive affection as well as to the contentment with life. Confrontation with the problems and the entire dealing with the social welfare and ageing require a great deal of efforts and energy of all involved, i.e. from the employees taking care of the seniors daily, the families and friends and local communities to the state macro-level. And after all, considering the frame of the European Union regulating and imposing certain measures in the field of permanent care.