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Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023; Aachen : RWTH University Aachen Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2023). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023, This thesis describes the development of a closed-loop model for the virtual application of the air con-ditioning system for vehicles. Virtual application describes the design and development of the control behavior of a system by a virtual model. To be able to observe the behavior of the controlled system, the model must be in a closed-loop state, since this is the only way to represent the complete control loop. Within the literature research conducted at the beginning of the thesis, mainly models where found in which either the control system, the air conditioning system in connection with the air vents or the cabin model were simplified to an extent that a closed-loop state is not possible. First, different parts of the air conditioning system were investigated by measurements to enable their modeling. To measure the air and temperature distribution of the HVAC Unit, a test setup of the distribution tract was built to measure the distribution of the flow variables for different representative flap positions. Since the accuracy of the existing measurement methods was not sufficient, special attention was paid to the development of a new measurement method. Furthermore, a measurement of the leakage enables the integration of the leakage air rate into the simulated models. In addition to the distribution tract, a test setup was created to measure the delivery characteristic of the blower. Training data is needed as a basis for building machine learning models. In this work, the models used to generate this data are referred to as baseline models. Derived equivalent pressure drops for diffusers and air ducts significantly reduced the computational time of the baseline CFD model used for the re-quired number of data points, allowing an HVAC fluid model to be derived in STARCCM+. In addition, a baseline blower model was also created in STARCCM+ and validated using the blower characteristics. Due to the complex flow processes in the area of the blower tongue, the delivery characteristic of the blower can only be calculated with the required accuracy by scale-resolving simulations. Based on the validation of the baseline models, reduced metamodels from the field of machine learning were built using the Python Toolbox P7. Here, the air handling unit consists of several submodels based on Gauss-ian processes. The initial model of the distribution tract does not achieve the necessary accuracy for the virtual application. To increase the accuracy, a resampling algorithm and a linear error condition were designed and implemented in an extended model. The different submodels were interconnected in a HVAC-metamodel. The modeling used results that have no information about the multi-dimensional flowfield at the cabin vents. The flow field of the outlets is relevant for the thermal comfort in the cabin. To compensate for this effect and to avoid having to calculate the outlets in the overall vehicle model due to the different geometric length dimensions, a reduced model was derived for the outlets based on a principal component analysis. The flow fields were decomposed into their characteristic eigenmodes and eigenvalues and the eigenvalues were represented by a regression model. A model of a Porsche 911 4S (992) with a high level of detail was built as the controlled system in this work. The model consists of a weathering model, vehicle model and cabin model. The software of the climate con-troller was derived as an FMU model and coupled with the complete vehicle model, the reduced mod-els and a residual bus simulation. For representative load cases, the closed-loop composite model was validated using a climatic wind tunnel measurement. The load cases correspond to the VDI specifica-tions for summer and winter load cases for the representation of heating and cooling processes. The validation demonstrated the suitability of the model for virtual application., Published by RWTH University Aachen, Aachen

Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagrammme (2023). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023, With a global upsurge in energy demands, the challenge to improve the energetic performance of existing buildings calls out for district and building level interventions through precise energy demand estimations, retrofitting measures and the recognition of energy efficient solutions within the built environment. Often the amount and type of data required for district-level energy calculations are unclear, and it leaves decision-makers in a dilemma within the development of low to high quality data sources based on its value as perceived by stakeholders. There exists a lack of robust indicators that could guide urban planners and policy makers to channelise their resources in reducing energy consumption based on the input data for district level energy simulation. Keeping in mind the inadequacy of coherent computational models and informing the users about the implications of acquiring different input data, it is vital to develop methodologies to optimally model, store and exchange city-wide physical, operational, environmental, geometrical and contextual data. Urban Building Energy Modelling (UBEM), a technique to model urban areas quantitatively helps define georeferenced building-related data and energy-specific attributes to compute and identify a building’s energy performance characteristics. UBEM assists the quantification of a building’s energy demand, consumption, and the effects it possesses onto its surrounding buildings’ energy requirements. The technique enables virtual modelling of the built environment and allows representing individual buildings in the form of data models. These models provide a standardised structure for storage and exchange of building-specific data and allow its extension with energy-specific attributes for energy simulations. One such model, the City Geographical Markup Language (CityGML) is prevalent within the UBEM community and is employed for applications related to energy. Although the model has an extensive usage, its limited availability, inconsistency, complexity, and reproducibility are always questioned upon. Therefore, this thesis highlights the strengths and shortcomings of CityGML and proposes novel solutions to overcome the identified limitations in using the format for UBEM. This thesis utilises a UBEM-based implementation methodology and introduces methods to assist stakeholders in individual stages of an urban-scale energy simulation process. The proposed methods facilitate the generation and deployment of CityGML building models using raw input data, and provide techniques to enrich the models with energy-specific attributes that are required for heating energy demand simulation. The developed methods, consolidated as DESCity, envision to increase CityGML’s usage in UBEM by allowing users of varying experience levels to use the methods semi-automatically. The incorporated mathematical computations and the developed process algorithms allow users to model, validate, transform, enrich, and simulate CityGML building models without the need of explicit modelling and in an uncomplicated manner. The proposed methodology for DESCity provides functionalities to analyse, search and validate existing CityGML building models incorporated within the CityGML Analysis Toolbox (CityATB). The methodology further includes CityGML Building Interpolation Tool (CityBIT) that helps generate new building models by using user-defined inputs and interpolation techniques. The functions incorporated within the DESCity’s CityGML LoD Transformation Tool (CityLDT) enable the trans formation of a CityGML model’s granularity as the implementation methodology enables users to upscale or downscale the CityGML Levels of Detail (LoD). The developed workflow of CityGTV facilitates geometric transformation and validation of building models as required by its users. For enhancing the geometric data models with energy-specific attributes, the methodology of DESCity includes CityGML Enrichment Tool (CityEnrich) and TEASER+ that enable manual and archetype-based enrichment, respectively. Apart from enriching the building models with energy-related data, both the implemented workflows enable the export of an enriched CityGML model in the form of Energy Application Domain Extension (Energy ADE). Each workflow within DESCity has its own user interface and the functionalities of the platform are available as open source. This thesis highlights the adapted methodology and implementation of the aforementioned functions and demonstrates the applicability of DESCity’s modules in urban-scale heating energy demand simulations. It further reflects upon the current limitations of the development and conclusively discusses the potential future research direction within the field. Urban planners, policy makers and engineers could use the developed methodology to model, enrich and simulate building models for determining and identifying the heating energy demands and energy-efficiency potential, particularly, at an urban scale. The devised approach reduces the necessity of explicit modelling of the city-wide buildings, and enables stakeholders to generate, validate, analyse and simulate 3D building models in CityGML. The work at hand could be used to develop digital representations of the urban buildings with limited data and resources, and the developed methodology could be integrated in existing workflows and software for supporting data exchange and reproducibility., Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2022; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2022). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2022, Technical systems in the Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Operations (AECO) industry are complex interconnected structures that are interdependent with each other and with spatial entities. Over the life cycle of technical systems, different stakeholders with various information needs and software applications work together in temporary organizations. To cope with this high complexity, large amounts of data have to be processed and exchanged. Building Information Modeling (BIM) makes it possible to represent this data as structured, digital information in machine-readable representations. However, not all hierarchical, structural, and functional aspects of technical systems can be represented in current data models and linked with information on further domains. Therefore, Semantic Web Technologies (SWT) offer the possibility to link information web-based on data level and to define a common terminology for the description of resources in the form of knowledge representations with the help of ontologies. Against this background, the current state of the art for the representation of technical systems in the AECO industry, based on SWT, is analyzed. Furthermore, shortcomings with respect to the holistic representation according to general systems theory are identified. Building on this, TSO is explained as a knowledge representation for an integrated explicit representation of linked technical systems, their hierarchical subdivision, structural and functional interconnections, and relationships to spatial entities. As such, TSO supports the effort to represent linkable information in a future semantic web of building data. In addition, a method and its modular implementation for informational enrichment, topological complexity reduction, and transfer of information from Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) models to TSO are presented. The modular design enables the usage of the individual process steps independently and, thus, also for review processes and quality assurance of technical systems in BIM models. For validation purposes, a fictitious and a real project are used to show that the information required for an holistic representation can be enriched and transferred from IFC models to TSO as well as represented in TSO. With respect to the representation, use cases from the planning and operation phases are considered in detail. Finally, the findings are critically discussed and corresponding limitations as well as the need for further research are pointed out., Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

Building simulation supports the conceptual design, planning and operation of innovative and economical energy supply options for buildings and cities. Typical applications of Urban Building Energy Modeling are quantification of the impact of retrofits or the optimization of heat transfer of district heating networks. The necessary input data for design-driven building simulation are often not available for existing buildings. Archetypes are used to fill the missing information and thus enable a dynamic simulation of a large number of existing buildings. The simulation results of archetypes show differences to hourly measured data of individual buildings due to statistical and discrete assumptions. To improve the description and prediction of individual buildings, the calibration of simulation models is key. This thesis describes a method for automated calibration of individual urban building simulation models using hourly measurement data. The proposed framework automates all necessary steps from model generation, selection of sensitive parameters, calibration, and evaluation using statistical indices. The model generation uses the standardized information model CityGML and its extension EnergyADE and utilizes all available building data. In addition, further building parameters are identified with the help of the analysis of existing measurement data. The selection of sensitive parameters is done for each building and thus takes into account specific building characteristics. Bayesian calibration is used as the calibration method, which is particularly characterized by the determination of probability distributions. Hourly measurements are considered in calibration and evaluation of the simulation results with a combination of several statistical indices. The application of the framework to emulated and real buildings helps to better understand the strengths and weaknesses of automated calibrations for building models. It was shown that the reliability of automated calibration cannot be evaluated based on simulation results alone, but the calibrated parameter values have to be taken into account. In this context, compensation effects were described in detail. It could be shown that the more information is used for the parameterization of the initial building model and the more measurement data is available in hourly resolution, the better is the calibration of the models in comparison to the simulation results and the lower are compensation effects.

Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2022; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2022). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2022, Driven by the digitalization of the construction industry as well as the expanding integration of regenerative energy systems in building technology, and the increasing use as a verification method, thermal building simulation is gaining in importance. In combination with simulations of thermo-fluid dynamics, buildings can be designed more economically and ecologically while ensuring thermal comfort. To an increasing extent, simulations are integrated into Building Information Modeling. In the context of openBIM, this includes the exchange of information using IFC files, which ideally contain a comprehensive data set for the creation of the simulation models. However, in practice, the data is often erroneous and incomplete. Consequently, the advantage of semi-automated model creation leading to a reduction in effort and increased use of simulations is lost. This also affects Space Boundary models, which are relevant for creating simulation geometries. Therefore, various methods for their downstream generation have been proposed, most notably in thermal building simulations. Disadvantages of these methods are, to varying degrees, the high demands on data quality, limitations in the accepted scenarios, and the insufficient attribution of the Space Boundaries. In addition, the requirements of Computational Fluid Dynamics are mostly not considered, although the coupled simulation can significantly increase the quality of the results. Concerning fluid dynamics simulation, only a few approaches for automated transfer of IFC data have been presented already. Existing methods often represent the building geometry in a simplified way or ignore the handling of faulty models. This thesis deals with a new method for the automated generation of Space Boundaries (IFC2SB). It is characterized by high robustness concerning model quality and comprehensive consideration of simulation- and scheme-specific requirements. In two introductory chapters, the thesis presents the state of the art in building simulation, Building Information Modeling, and Space Boundaries. Subsequently, the challenges and opportunities of existing approaches are discussed. Based on this, the new methodology IFC2SB is designed. It provides a variety of geometric and topological algorithms. Using example models and a prototypical implementation in the \CC programming language, the validity, robustness, and performance of the method are proven. Finally, the findings are discussed critically. Also, corresponding limitations, as well as potential research topics, are pointed out., Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2020; Aachen 1 Online-Ressource (ix, 238 Seiten) : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2020). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2020, The present work describes an auto-adaptive predictive model for quantifying simultaneity effects within load distributions of urban energy systems named AMSA (Auto-adaptive Model for Simultaneity Analysis). The mathematical structure of AMSA is based on Machine Learning techniques in combination with methods related to energy data analysis enabling the integration in intelligent interconnected energy information systems. AMSA is implemented in Matlab using a modular design including different functional components. Thus, individual modifications of interface functions and modular extensions do not influence the numerical calculation core. Previous simultaneity factor quantification for economically optimized dimensioning of energy generation plants and networks is based on experience values and empirical analysis focusing on historical measurement data. Conventional derivations of characteristic curves using measurement databases imply a decreasing simultaneity factor in combination with increasing building group sizes, which isused for replanning energy supply systems. In order to optimize the latter, it is necessary to know historical and current as well as scenario based future energy demand of single buildings and building groups taking uncertainty into account. Moreover, similarity analysis concerning building load profiles is required to recognise simultaneously recurring patterns in order to identify energy network systems. In this context, the developed model serves for knowledge gain from varying complex databases to identify decision ranges for long- and medium-term planning regarding the development of districts and urban regions. Furthermore, on operational level, it improves short-term load management strategies concerning energy supply. The derivation of suitable methods for component model development is based on appropriate scientific literature research and analysis regarding method categories with their specific characteristics as well as findings from application-based studies. An ensemble model serves to calculate future load conditions, consisting oft wore current neural networks of various depth and two support vector machine configurations using different kernels. According to input data characteristics, a building-specific suitable prediction method is automatically chosen based on an error evaluation during the method testing period. In order to analyse influences of varying weather conditions and building retrofits on simultaneity effects within urban load distributions, mathematical-statistical methods for load profile modifications are introduced. For pattern recognition of load distributions, self organizing maps combined with learning vector quantification are used, which is assigned to competitive neural networks category. In this regard, initially, buildings are automatically grouped according to their characteristic load profile. Secondly, the building group is identified, which provides the most correlated load profile compared to the district load profile. Subsequently, simultaneity factors and peak load shares of buildings an building groups are calculated. In the final part of this work, monitoring data of building-specific heating and cooling consumption of a research campus serve for model demonstration. In this context, besides statistical analysis of the database, results of preliminary studies concerning component models are presented. These include clustering of thermal load profiles, a detailed comparison concerning prediction models used as well as long-term heating load predictions based on retrofit scenarios. Furthermore, conventionally derived curves for simultaneity factors enable classification and evaluation of the results using AMSA. Taking the corporate model level into consideration, various model-related advantages may be shown: Regarding short-term load management, less generating capacities have to be provided. Regarding similarity-based grouping, key buildings and the building group may be identified, where temporal peak load shifting contains the largest share of the expected peak load on district level. This information enables predictive loading and unloading strategies for storage systems in terms of demand side management. With respect to longer-term planning periods, it is shown that simultaneity factors combined with similarity-based building classification suit for the identification of possible energy network systems. Future weather and retrofit scenario analysis demonstrates external influences on the results of simultaneity analysis, which emphasizes the demand for an auto-adaptive predictive model. The scope of future research work should focus on the validation of AMSA taking detailed information bases into account, Published by Aachen

Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2020; Aachen 1 Online-Ressource (xvii, 216 Seiten) : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2020). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2020, The construction industry is dominated by a traditional trade-oriented way of thinking and acting with the focus on „fast and cheap“ construction. This leads to the planning and construction of buildings that are hampered by unnecessarily high operating costs, often function poorly and consume a lot of resources. Furthermore, the insufficient identification and communication of existing uncertainties in the planning phase leads to time delays and an exceeding of costs. The increased usage of digital planning methods such as Building Information Modeling (BIM) as well as the early consideration of life cycle costs and the integration of systematic risk management are central recommendations to solve this problem. However, current calculation models from computer sciences in engineering do not adequately address the above-mentioned aspects, especially not in combination. The calculation and presentation of life-cycle costs can be used in particular to optimise construction design, to compare design variants, for budgeting and to assess economic quality in the context of sustainability assessments. Thus, this thesis proposes a web-based cost simulation model for the probabilistic life cycle cost calculation, BIM5Dplus, based on digital building models. The calculation is based on the net present value method and Monte Carlo simulation. The calculations are implemented on the server-side in Python, and the required computing effort can be minimized by using different methods for drawing samples, such as random sampling, Latin hypercube sampling, or sampling based on Sobol sequences. In addition, the modular design allows cost simulations in the various planning phases at different levels of granularity. For early phases, it is possible to provide statistical planning and cost parameters using a few input parameters. A presented process for the derivation of suitable probability functions based on the least squares method allows an early probabilistic cost estimation. In addition, an IFC interface for transferring data from digital models with the aim of automated quantity determination in accordance with the German standard DIN 276 was implemented to meet the requirements of increasing digital planning using BIM. The IFC interface is validated in this thesis using three test instances. The cost simulation model is used for a total of four examples to illustrate possible applications. The applicationcan help to improve the planning process with regard to the holistic view of structures and the integration of existing uncertainties and to facilitate decision-making., Published by Aachen

Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2020; Aachen : RWTH University Aachen 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2021). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2020, Global warming is a major aspect of climate change and is caused primarily by the emission of greenhouse gases through industrial processes and the burning of fossil fuels. The energy sector comprises 72% of global greenhouse gas emission which can be divided into electricity and heating demand (31.0%), transportation (15.0%), manufacturing and construction (12.4 %), fuel and combustion (8.4%) and fugitive emissions (5.2%) [Pac+14]. A large part of energy consumption of residential and commercial buildings as well as the transportation sector can be attributed to modern air conditioning [POP08; FR00; Lu+05]. Perez et al. state that heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are the most energy consuming devices of final energy use in developed countries [Pér+11]. Reduction in energy consumption for air conditioning is therfore an important contributor to the mitigation of global warming.Currently, air conditioning is commonly done by heating or cooling the entire air volume of a space. While in modern consumer vehicles there are settings for zonal heating or cooling, control heuristics generally run at a global or semi-global level. Similarly, air conditioning in buildings is mostly done by regarding rooms as single zones. Conditioning an entire space, however, is not always the most efficient way to maintain a desirable temperature for occupants or passengers. This is because energy required to change the temperature of air that is not in direct contact with the human body is effectively wasted. A much more efficient way to maintain a desirable thermal state of a person is to directly heat or cool segments of the body without changing the overall air temperature. This method, which is referred to as "personalized thermal conditioning" utilizes user specific information acquired through sensor input, direct user feedback and thermophysiological simulation.This thesis focuses on the development of a personalized thermal conditioning system that controls local heating and cooling actuators in close proximity to the human body. The system uses segment-wise skin temperature information in combination with internal models in order to estimate the current state of thermal comfort. Skin temperatures are acquired using a thermal infrared camera and a face and pose tracking algorithm. Emperical models are trained on-the-fly using direct user feedback which is correlated with corresponding skin temperature measurements. Specifically, models used in this work are an existing comfort model proposed by Zhang [Zha+10b] which is kept fixed and serves as a reference model, an adaptive version of the Zhang model where coefficients are modified using Monte Carlo sampling as well as decision tree, support vector machine and multilayer perceptron models which are all trained bottom-up with no prior information. The system is designed in such a way that different software and hardware components communicate asynchronously over a central communication server. Here, a simple key-value storage is used to exchange data between sensor and actuator software, numerical models, visualization tools and external software. The software components connected to the data server include a vision component that combines user face and pose tracking with thermal infrared skin temperature measurements, components that serve as adapters for sensor and actuator hardware, a user component which provides a user feedback interface along with capabilities to learn thermal comfort models and co-simulation adapters used to integrate human thermoregulatory models. Furthermore, this work aims at providing a general paradigm of how personalized thermal conditioning systems can be designed and implemented with regard to software design patterns, data and control flow, software and hardware choice, programming languages and libraries as well as physical structure, experiment design, testing and validation. The system is assessed with regard to validity of measurement methods, prediction accuracy, user comfort and overall power consumption. This comprises the following experimental studies: contactless skin temperature measurement using thermal infrared is examined by comparing the method with conventional sensors and through variation of tracked measurement points. Heating and cooling of localized body regions using on-off control, proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control and model predictive control (MPC) is tested using a thermal mannikin. In addition, a user study is conducted which examines all proposed concepts, namely training of individual models through user feedback and contactless skin temperature measurements as well as subsequent control of local actuators under changing room air temperature conditions., Published by RWTH University Aachen, Aachen

Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2020; Aachen 1 Online-Ressource (ix, 195, XVII Seiten) : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2020). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2020, The current research findings outline and demonstrate the importance of a systematic monitoring approach with regard to building-specific structures and to constraints, such as individual climate conditions or user-specific occupation (behaviour). Key values are therefore meant to be decisive parameters for the evaluation of buildings. This work provides evidence that the settings for the composition of the measurement devices, like the local positioning of sensors, data handling structures and data transport within the communication network are mandatory for data quality from measurement data. Therefore reliable data depends on clear objectives for the monitoring layout and on proper preparation from the early planning stage throughout the detailed design. The practical application and experience gained during the project phase emphasizes each the necessity of a conceptual and structured design approach for establishing building energy monitoring. The energy performance results of the analysed buildings highlight the complexity of the research field which equally demands engineering and data-handling knowledge besides energy standards or building types. Under these premises the outlined monitoring strategy pursues a project-neutral approach, based on general building balancing concepts and key-values, that defines building monitoring as a targeted view from a set of measurable and analysed state variables., Published by Aachen

Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2020; Aachen 1 Online-Ressource (167 Seiten) : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2020). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2020, In this thesis, BIM is examined as part of the integral planning methodology. Specifically, the BIM goal in this thesis is to develop the thermal-energy simulation of HVAC systems using the harmonized Information Delivery Manual (IDM) and Model View Definition (MVD) method, using various application examples. Based thereon, the requirements for a given software architecture are derived and several data models are interconnected. The connection of the different data models is accomplished via specially defined transformation logics. The approaches based on the object and data level allow the definition of the associated Level of Development (LOD)s. Through these extensive elaborations future tools and methods can be established and tailored according to practical requirements. With the development of an IDM, the goal-oriented modeling is described component by component. In the first step, the user level and the technical level are initially considered separately, but in thesecond step they are considered holistically . At the user level, a process diagram is defined from the perspective of management, coordinators, and modelers. While creating the process diagram, the individual tasks, the sequence of execution, and their interfaces are identified. Within the interfaces, the data and information needed for the exchange is specified. This preliminary work allows the definition of a data exchange requirement model at the technical level. Such a model records not only the method of transmission, but also the type of data and information subject to exchange in the respective interfaces.After this formalization, a MVD will be developed. The purpose of the MVD is to tailor the individual interfaces for future applications. The IDM, in particular the process diagram and the data exchange requirements model, form the basis for the definition of the LODs. The LODs define the coordination of the model versions to be delivered during the course of the collaboration on the building project. The specification of the period-related degrees of each model’s maturity allows the coordination of the project. A loss-free transfer in the different interfaces requires a further specification of the transformation of the data and information in the course of the generated output. For this purpose, the relationship structure of the individual models is examined and a method for the transformationof the different data is presented. The methods and results presented in this thesis were elaborated and examined during the course of the EnEff: BIM research project. This research project, funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, was carried out from the end of 2013 to November 2016 and bears the title:ËnEff: BIM planning and operational optimization of energy-efficient buildings through building information models", with the funding code: 03ET1177A-F. To channel further international activities, this project was bundled and edited together with an international research consortium in the IEA EBC Annex 60: "New generation of computational tools for building and community energy systems based on the Modelica and Functional Mockup Interface standards"coordinated by the Energy and Buildings Communities Program., Published by Aachen

Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2020; Aachen 1 Online-Ressource (xii, 139 Seiten) : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2020). doi:10.18154/RWTH-2020-08443 = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2020, Human-building interactions are driven by a complex combination of social, psychological and physiological factors. As such, occupants’ energy consumption related actions can not be addressed using analytical approaches, as conventionally adopted in building performance simulation (BPS) and building automation systems (BASs). An additional degree of occupant behavior (OB) modeling complexity comes from occupants’ individuality and diversity. As a consequence, occupants’ energy consumption related behavior may be highly variant, even in case of similar settings and indoor environmental quality (IEQ). Given a large occupant population, this result in complex, yet contradictory requirements on diversity representation and model scalability. The aim of this thesis is to develop models towards more reliable OB modeling. In particular, it is aimed to gain knowledge towards more generic OB modeling, that could be applicable for a number of diverse occupants in different commercial building settings. For that purpose, the methodological focus is on machine learning (ML) methods using physical monitoring data. In order to obtain and quantify models’ generalization to alternative occupants’ and buildings, the building-wise modeling paradigm is followed through the major part of this thesis. Firstly, the potential of the time-independent OB in terms of manual window openings is explored. The modeling is conducted using conventional machine learning and deep learning classification approaches. The data imbalance is identified as a key modeling challenge. The obtained results show that the random forest based classification and developed deep learning model can reliably represent window opening behavior in given settings. As an alternative to the time-independent modeling, the sequence based modeling of OB is explored. The modeling objectives is defined to be adaptive and non-adaptive OB in commercial settings. The resulting target functions are window states modeling and miscellaneous electric loads (MELs). The sequential nature of proposed models is represented by including the time-series of past IEQ and OB measurements as the model inputs. The results show that the model formulations where the short- and long-term past of IEQ and OB data are used as inputs resulted in improved models’ performance, when compared to the alternative, established methods. Conclusively, the imbalanced properties of OB data and limited models’ applicability to alternative buildings are identified as the major limitations of the current OB modeling practices, that are addressed in the scope of this thesis. Finally, the presented models lead to more accurate yet scalable OB modeling and they show the practical potential for the inclusion in BAS and BPS as end-use real-life applications., Published by Aachen

The increasing popularity of smartphones over the past 10 years has drastically propelled mobile technology forward, enabling innovative applications and experiences, as for example in form of mobile virtual reality (VR) and mobile augmented reality (AR). While in earlier days mobile AR systems were constructed using multiple large and costly external components carried in bulky and heavy backpacks, today low-cost off-the-shelf mobile devices, such as smartphones, are sufficient, since these provide all the necessary technology right out-of-the-box. However, the realization of highly accurate and performant systems on such devices poses a challenge, since the inexpensive parts (e.g. sensors) are often prone to inaccuracies. Many AR systems are developed for entertainment purposes, but mobile AR potentially also has further beneficial applications in more serious fields, such as archaeology, education, medicine, military, etc. For civil engineering and city planning, mobile AR is also promising, as it could be used to enhance some typical workflows and planning processes. A real-life example application is the visualization of planed building parts, to simplify planning processes and to optimize the communication between the participating decision makers. In this thesis, a concept for a mobile AR system aimed at the mentioned scenarios is presented, implemented and evaluated. For this, on the one side a suitable mobile AR system and on the other some appropriate data are necessary. A problem is that much digital 3D building data typically lacks the required spatial referencing and important additional information, like semantics or topology. Some exceptions can be found in the construction sector and in the geographic information domain with the IFC and CityGML format. While the focus of IFC primarily lies on particular highly detailed building models, CityGML emphasizes more general, less detailed models in a broader context, thus, enabling city and room scale visualizations. A proof-of-concept system was realized on an Android-based smartphone using CityGML models. It is fully self-sufficient and operates without external infrastructures. To process the CityGML data, a mobile data processing unit consisting of a SpatiaLite database, a data importer and a data selection method, was implemented. The importer is based on a XML Pull parser which reads CityGML 1.0 and CityGML 2.0 data and writes it into the SpatiaLite-based CityGML database that is modelled according to the CityGML schema. The selection algorithm enables efficiently filtering the data that is relevant to the user at his current location from the entirety of data in the database. To visualize the data and make the information of each object accessible, a customized rendering solution was implemented that aims at preserving the object information while maximizing the rendering performance. For preparing the geometry data for rendering, a customized polygon triangulation algorithm was implemented, based on the ear-clipping method. To superimpose the physical objects with these virtual elements, a fine-grained (indoor) pose tracking system was implemented, using a combination of image- and inertial measurement unit (IMU)-based methods. The IMU is utilized to determine initial coarse pose estimates which then are optimized by the CityGML model-based optical pose estimation methods. For this, a 2D image-based door detector and a 3D corner extraction method that return accurate corners of the door were implemented. These corners are then used for the pose estimations. Lastly, the mobile CityGML AR system was evaluated in terms of data processing/visualization performance and accuracy/stability of the pose tracking solution. The results show that off-the-shelf low-cost mobile devices, such as smartphones, are sufficient to realize a fully-fledged self-sufficient location-based mobile AR system that qualifies for numerous AR scenarios, like the earlier described one.

Displacement ventilation systems are used for cooling and air conditioning in rooms with high occupancy to achieve good air quality and high thermal comfort. The use of displacement ventilation in an occupied zone is limited by the vertical temperature gradient ΔT/Δy in K/m, and its use is recommended at temperature gradients of up to 3 K/m in current standardisations ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55 [2013] and up to 4 K/m in DIN EN ISO 7730 [2006]. In recent studies, the effect of the vertical temperature gradient ΔT/Δy and the mean room temperature Tm on thermal comfort have proven to be independent. In realistic displacement ventilation environments, an interaction of these parameters exists. The objective of this research is to increase the range of the application of displacement ventilation and propose new design criteria. New experimental investigations conducted under constant and reproducible boundary conditions are necessary for the revaluation of the thermal comfort of displacement ventilation. To this end, a modular test chamber, the Aachen Comfort Cube (ACCu), was constructed. Test subjects were subjected to a variation in vertical temperature gradients from ΔT/Δy = 1 K/m to 12 K/m and mean room temperatures of Tm = 20 °C, 23 °C and 26 °C. Finally, the results were statistically analyzed. In total, 822 test subject evaluations are included in the study. Factors such as gender and age were examined more closely. The results of this study reveal that the effect of the mean room temperature is larger than the vertical temperature gradient. The optimum of a mean room temperature for a seated position (M = 1.0 to 1.2 met) and a light to moderate degree of clothing (Icl = 0.6 to 0.9 clo) is between Tm = 22 °C and 24 °C. In a displacement ventilation system with a low temperature gradient (Tm = 23 °C, ΔT/Δy = 1 K/m), approximately 82% of the test subjects are satisfied with the environment. For single body parts and overall thermal comfort, the percentage of dissatisfied persons (PD) increases nearly linearly for higher vertical air temperature gradients and all mean room temperatures. More statistically significant results for local instead of global evaluation, and for thermal sensation instead of thermal comfort evaluations, were found. Based on the comfort classes according to the standard DIN EN ISO 7730 [2006], new recommendations for vertical temperature gradients can be designed. In conclusion, higher vertical air temperature gradients of up to 8 K/m can be tolerated in displacement ventilation concepts. Moreover, between 0 K/m and 8 K/m, the PD increases by approximately 10%. This PD corresponds to the comfort class C. The previous one-dimensional dependency cannot be confirmed; in fact, the results suggest a multi-dimensional dependency of the vertical temperature gradient ΔT/Δy and the mean room temperature Tm. These findings deviate significantly from current recommendations. The air change rate is geared to new ventilation concepts in the aircraft industry and is thus significantly higher than in the building sector. A transferability to real rooms is partly possible. Further studies should be condructed on this issue.

Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2019; Aachen 1 Online-Ressource (XLIX, 167 Seiten) : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2020). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2019, In order to reduce the primary energy requirement of buildings, the present work is devoted to the investigation of possibilities for heating drinking water utilizing heat pumps in conjunction with waste water as a source of energy. For this, various system configurations are proposed and investigated simulatively. Based on this, an energetic and economic comparison to conventional systems is carried out. For the simulation of systems with waste water recovery, the behavior of waste water heat exchangers in relation to the heat transfer-diminishing biofilm formed has not been adequately investigated. A test stand was built in order to quantitatively measure the behavior of thermal resistances resulting from biofouling on waste water heat exchangers over the course of time. It could be shown, that employing a fluidic cleaning process can reduce the thermal resistance of the biofilm. Completely cleaning the biofilm is only possible using manual procedures. Based on the measurement results, an optimization of the heat exchanger with regard to the heat exchanger surface and the cleaning cycle was carried out simulatively. It can be seen that cleaning the heat exchanger does not result in significant energy savings. Instead, the heat exchanger should be designed efficiently larger. Based on further simulations, a capital value-optimized dimensioning of the wastewater heat exchanger was developed. Based on this, there is a simulative comparison of the system configurations. The simulation results show that by recovering the energy from domestic wastewater by using heat pumps, domestic hot water can be provided in an energy-efficient manner. A further optimization of the domestic hot water supply can be achieved by the arrangement of decentralized micro heat pumps. However, these high potential primary energy savings could not be represented economically over a period of 20 years. In systems that bivalently heat the drinking water, the total cost exceeds the cost of conventional systems slightly. With higher energy price increases, these systems will show significant cost-saving potential in the medium term., Published by Aachen

Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2018; Aachen, 1 Online-Ressource (xv, 122 Seiten) : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2018). = Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2018, In the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, Owners and Operators (AECOO) industry, generation of Building Energy Models (BEMs) for Building Energy Performance Simulation (BEPS) currently is a time consuming and costly process, primarily due to BEMs may be hampered by diverse inconsistencies caused by modeling failures or inconsistencies or simply due to conceptual differences between the AECOO domains and their modeling hierarchy, especially from a geometrical and topological point of view concerning the issue of space boundaries. The manual BEM development process, e.g., using traditional BEM tools such as EnergyPlus, often takes considerable effort and can result in errors and omissions, and adds to the cost of the BEM project. In order to address the challenge, this thesis provides a scientific methodology for automatically transforming a digital Building Information Model (BIM) format, SimModel, into an object-oriented acausal model in Modelica that can be readily used for advanced BEPS. The outcome of the thesis is a transformation middleware developed to link SimModel with different Modelica BEM libraries for improving the BEM development process.The acronym BIM in this thesis represents building information modeling or model. When it is used as a noun, it denotes a building information model which is an instance of the data model of buildings containing multi-disciplinary data, e.g., geometry, physics, and Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC), specific to a particular building. When it is using as a verb, i.e., building information modeling, it is the act or process of creating a building information model. Furthermore, Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) is a fully object-based open-BIM data format in the AECOO industry. SimModel is then a BIM format contains all necessary data for BEM and the structure of this model is closely aligned to the IFC data format, in order to link to incoming or outgoing IFC information data, which is also a motivation factor for using SimModel as the starting point for this work. The transformation middleware developed in this thesis focuses on automatically transforming the HVAC systems of buildings from SimModel into equation-based BEM, especially with respect to Modelica. Modelica is a non-proprietary, object-oriented, equation-based modeling language which is becoming more important in the BEM community. It allows modellers to conveniently model complex physical systems containing sub-components ofmechanics, electrics, hydraulics, etc. The typical manual BEM creation is accelerated by the transformation method proposed which avoids the prevalent tedious, cumbersome and error-prone process of manual data transformation and model generation.In summary, this thesis presents the following contributions: 1) proposed a scientific method to automatically transform a digital BIM format into an object-oriented acausal model for BEPS. To prove the concept of the proposed method, the thesis developed an open source transformation system for transforming SimModel into different Modelica libraries. This system framework converts actual HVAC component instances and their physical propertiesfrom the SimModel side into the Modelica world. 2) developed a data transformation schema, based on the XML Schema Definition (XSD), to support the data transformation to multiple Modelica BEM libraries with different model topologies and varying syntax in the meantime. The schema model defines possible data mapping logics between SimModel and Modelica. It stores generic mapping rules for transforming different levels of SimModel data intoModelica models, such as the library level for specifying a target Modelica BEM library, HVAC component level, and the internal property level of each HVAC component. Based on the schema model, simulation experts can easily define a specific data transformation process between SimModel and different Modelica libraries by re-using the generic mapping rules of the schema model. 3) presented a generic Application Programming Interface (API)for interfacing two different programming languages used in the system development. The main parts of the transformation system are implemented in the C++ programming language, in order to accelerate the system efficiency on model transformation. The Modelica data model generation is then developed in the Python language as it is widely used in the pre- or post-processing of Modelica-based BEM. This generic API, interfacing C++ and Python languages, is embedded in the transformation system, and provides control on the Modelica code generation for the Python-based modellers and simulation engineers. The proposed flexible model transformation system is an enhancement to current work by demonstrating a generic method for transforming a BIM format into different Modelica libraries in order to accelerate the BEM development. In addition, the other related works focused on linking one specific Modelica library to their BIM formats. When namingconventions, data representations or library structures of the other different Modelica libraries differ from the target library, the other works are not suitable for transforming their BIM formats into different Modelica libraries. This shortcoming was addressed in the proposed method., Published by Aachen

Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2017; Aachen, 1 Online-Ressource (xii, 199 Seiten) : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2017). = Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2017, In many industrial multi-physics engineering applications, models need to capture the heat transfer effects of spatial and temporal changes in conditions around the human body. For thermal comfort assessment, convection heat transfer coefficients (hc) form part of the heat balance equation of the human body. In many non-uniform flow conditions, due to the turbulently mixed or stratified environment, convection heat transfer varies significantly on the human body segments. Thus considering a whole body heat transfer coefficient for calculating overall thermal comfort may be inappropriate. Parametric, segment-wise applicable convection heat transfer correlations are seen as an alternative in order to bridge these scales and levels in space and time. Therefore, robust reduced-order convective heat transfer models are needed for predicting heat transfer between the human body and its surroundings.The main goal of this research is to develop a reduced order model database that provides the segment-wise convective heat transfer coefficients (hc) for typical indoor flow responses in multiple applications. This is achieved by using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methodology to model air flow and heat transfer and also further to computationally evaluate the convective heat transfer coefficients for different body segments by temperature gradient analysis. Validation of CFD approach forms an integral part of this research. Chapter 6 presents the experimentally investigated heat transfer analysis around the human body and also the comparisons with numerically reproduced data.This work presents a parametric multi-segment human manikin model which has been developed based on the prerequisites of a human thermoregulation model. Furthermore, tested the parametric model by introducing the standard literature benchmarks, such as a standing manikin and a sitting manikin. Numerical results showed excellent agreement with most commonly referenced literature values. Moreover, this work highlighted the significant role of different reference fluid temperatures for determination of hc values.This thesis highlights a parametric approach for estimating segment-wise body convection heat transfer coefficients for different postures. The methodology follows a new strategy i.e. initially, primarily relevant parameters are identified which affect the convective heat exchange. Following the sensitivity analysis of numerous Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations with varying conditions, heat transfer coefficients correlations are developed and accordingly through regression analysis the correlations accuracy is evaluated. Finally, a database-driven approach is developed in order to make correlations accessible during simulations, for example addressing energy performance. Last but not least, two application examples demonstrate the benefit of developed reduced order model database framework, such as one from the aircraft domain and the other from the building domain., Published by Aachen

Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Diss., 2017; 184 Seiten(2017)., The book on hand provides a method for evaluating different thermal passive improvements on the vehicle cabin. A thermal cabin simulation model in Modelica is developed, based on the RWTH Aachen Modelica Library “AixLib”. The model respects the cabin geometry, material properties and Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning is regulated by a simple PI-controller to the interior temperature. Models for surrounding conditions like weather, driving cycle or solar radiation are implemented. Main output-value is the power-consumption of the HVAC-model and the interior temperature. The whole model is validated against measurements on a real test vehicle in a climate dynamometer chamber.Within the development of the cabin-model the glass-curvature is one parameter that normally is not respected with thermal cabin simulation. Since there was no possibility to get the influence of the glass curvature for passenger car thermal cabin simulation models this parameter is evaluated in detail. Based on the known radiation properties of flat glass, a new method for calculating transmission through curved glass is developed respecting influences due to changing ray-progress in the glass and the effects of the wider projected area of curved windows. An analysis of this effects leads to a prioritization based on effect-size and all relevant influences are summarized in a set of curves. The major effort for calculating this set of curves leads to a simplification process that brings a formula depending on a normed curvature radius and the incident angle. This formula is further developed to a method for calculating the influence of curvature on radiation transmission in 3D-simulations. To evaluate the impact of the glass curvature on transmission for passenger cars, curved building facades and roofs three exemplary simulations are done, respecting the position of the sun during a whole day. The simulations indicate, that glass curvature can be neglected for normal passenger cars. For curved building facades and roofs the simulation gives evidence that glass curvature can't be ignored. The developed model is an adequate method for respecting this influence in an early state of thermal building simulation.Corresponding to the objective of this work a sensitivity analysis is performed with the developed thermal cabin simulation model. For this analysis three parameters are identified for variation: Thermal insulation of the cabin, thermal mass and solar transmission. These parameters are evaluated in three different environment conditions (warm, moderate and cold temperature). The analysis determines the solar transmission as the major parameter. Therefore window concepts with glass technologies to affect solar radiation are developed for a passenger car. These concepts are implemented and simulated in the thermal cabin simulation. The results show a significant benefit of infra-red reflecting technologies. Although switchable glass is not yet ready for the use in passenger cars due to performance issues and optical properties the thermal benefit is proven by the results., Published by Aachen

RWTH Aachen University, Diss., 2017; 292 pp. (2017). = RWTH Aachen University, Diss., 2017, This work introduces a fully scalable numerical multi-element model for the prediction of the humanthermoregulatory responses of individuals to static, dynamic, homogeneous and inhomogeneousphysical ambient conditions. The described Morphable Human Energy Simulator (MORPHEUS)is based on the mathematical structure of the well-known Fiala model (Fiala et al., 1999, 2001)and was combined with modeling ideas of Tanabe et al. (2002). It is implemented in the acausal,equation-based modeling language Modelica and used in connection with the commercial codeinterpreterDymola. The latter facilitates the export of the model as a functional mock-up unit(FMU) for co-simulation, thus enabling its use within real-time applications.An extensive literature research is shown. It gives an overview of currently existing numericalhuman models, their fields of application, individualization approaches and key parameters thatinfluence the human thermoregulatory response.The implemented numerical human model, MORPHEUS, follows a component-based modeling approach,which offers the advantages of code-reusability and component substitutability/-extensibilitywithout having to modify the entire system of equations. It models the heat transfer phenomenaat the surface of the human body (mixed convection, longwave radiation, skin-moisture evaporationand diffusion for individual body segments) as well as heat transfer mechanisms that occurinside living tissue (blood circulation, heat production, -conduction and -storage). Furthermore,it considers the non-uniform thermal and evaporative resistance of clothing as well as influencesof the body posture on the radiative heat exchange between the human body and its surroundingstructures.The anatomical part of a human being is approximated with cylindrical and spherical elements andmodeled within the Passive System (PS) component. It includes a total of seven different tissuematerials and models the dry and wet heat exchange of the human being with the environmentrelated to the respiratory tract. The active control mechanisms that aim to keep the body coretemperature on a nearly constant level (37 C) are modeled within an Active System (AS) component.The latter follows a temperature error signal approach that involves skin and hypothalamustemperatures as the afferent signals that trigger the dynamic thermoregulatory responses shivering,sweating, vasoconstriction and vasodilatation. The entire system in its standard configuration(Fiala et al., 1999, 2001) was verified with literature data and shows good agreement with thecorresponding publication results.Extensive body composition data of female and male persons aged between 18 to 35 years arepresented. They were statistically evaluated and served as the base for the attached numerical representationsof a typical female subject (TFS) and a typical male subject (TMS). The latter wereused to demonstrate the scalability of the model as well as to theoretically investigate the genderspecificdifferences in the thermoregulatory response related to differences in body composition.The corresponding data were collected during diverse experiments and comprise detailed in-vivomeasurements of 289 subjects (168 males, 121 females) for the extremities and the trunk section. Inthis regard, a technology review of different body composition measurement technologies is introduced.It revealed multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) as the method of choicebecause of its accuracy, cost-effectiveness, flexibility with respect to location and manageability.Two different ways of adapting the passive model part of MORPHEUS to the anatomical characteristicsof individuals are shown. The latter comprise the modification of individual tissuecharacteristics (e.g. basal metabolic rate, density, etc.) as well as the geometrical adaptation oftissue layer thicknesses in combination with the scaling of segmental lengths. The former, however,does not reflect reality and cannot be used in connection with the realistic modeling of the humananatomy. In this regard, a systematized adaptation procedure is presented, which can be used forthe automatized adaptation of the PS-component.The real-time applicability of MORPHEUS is demonstrated on the base of the introduced humancenteredclosed-loop control (HCCLC) concept. In this regard, the model serves as a virtual humantwo-point controller of a thermoelectric thermostat that was used to control the indoor operativetemperature of an office room over a period of four consecutive office days in December 2016 inAachen, Germany. As a control signal for the thermostat the predicted mean skin temperature ofMORPHEUS configured with the parameters originally suggested by Fiala et al. (1999) was used(threshold value for thermal neutrality 34 C). Here, values bigger than the predefined thresholdcaused a deactivation of the radiator and vice versa. In addition, the thermoregulatory responsesof MORPHEUS configured with the anatomical characteristics of the TFS were simulated in parallel.Its corresponding reactions were chosen to have no influence on the thermostat. However, thepredicted radiator states were recorded, too. The results of the experiment demonstrate a realisticinteraction between the humanoids, the building and the outdoor climate. Furthermore, they indicategender-specific differences in heat requirements and show the need for customizable Heating,Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems that act locally on the human body, in orderto save energy and to be able to provide comfortable thermal environments for individuals. A firstcomparison with published literature data confirms these findings. A validation of the outcomeswith subject experiments, however, must be part of future work., Published by Aachen

As computer power still grows exponentially, engineering-based problems can be simulated today, which were deemed unsolvable a decade ago. In this work, a simulation pipeline able to work efficiently on massive parallel systems is presented, based on a newly introduced data structure together with an efficient multi-grid-like solver technique. Complex examples and an interactive visualisation are presented in order to demonstrate the capabilities of the chosen approach. Die nach wie vor exponentielle Steigerung der Rechenleistung erlaubt es heute, früher kaum lösbare Probleme aus den Ingenieurwissenschaften zu behandeln. Die hier neu eingeführte Datenstruktur zusammen mit einem mehrgitterähnlichen Gleichungslöser ermöglicht Simulationsläufe, die effizient auf Höchstleitungsrechnern realisiert werden können. Eine interaktive Visualisierung und komplexe Strömungsszenarien unterstreichen die vielfältige Anwendbarkeit des vorgestellten Ansatzes.

Facade design has significant impact on daylight. This paper presents a facade based on origami: kaleidocycle rings that can be morphed enhancing daylight performance in residential spaces, which complies with both LEED V4 and Daylight availability. Daylighting analysis was integrated using Grasshopper, Diva and Genetic optimization for a south-oriented living room facade in Cairo, Egypt, through two phases. First phase dealt with base cases of specific typology. Second phase was conducted using parametric optimization process. Results demonstrate that Kaleidocycle rings of 30 cm size and 64 rotation’s angle reached results that exceed LEED v4 requirements while passing Daylight availability standards.

Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit interaktiver Simulation von Raumluftströmungen auf Hochleistungsrechnern. Konkret werden thermische Strömungen untersucht, die als Grundlage für eine Behaglichkeitsanalyse dienen können. Hierzu wird das Thema Computational Steering und anschließend die Lattice-Boltzmann Methode als Basis der Strömungssimulation erörtert. Einen wesentlichen Aspekt der Arbeit bildet die Visualisierung der gewonnenen Daten. In einem weiteren Schritt wird die für die Simulation notwendige Parallelisierungsstrategie näher untersucht. Anschließend werden Optimierungsansätze für die Nutzung auf dem Höchstleistungsrechner Bayern II betrachtet und die Leistungsfähigkeit des Simulationscodes an Benchmark-Tests untersucht. Einen weiteren Kernbaustein der Arbeit bildet die Validierung des Simulationscodes anhand von zwei klar definierten Modellen. Abschließend werden zwei mögliche industrielle Anwendungsbeispiele gezeigt. This thesis examines the interactive simulation of indoor air flow using high-performance computers. Particular focus is given to thermal fluid flow, which can serve as a basis for comfort analysis. The dissertation begins by addressing the subject of Computational Steering before examining the Lattice-Boltzmann method as the basis for the computational fluid flow simulation. Another key aspect of this work is the visualization of the obtained data. Here, various issues, including the parallelization strategy which is necessary for the simulation is investigated. Different optimization strategies for use with the high-performance computer Höchstleistungsrechner Bayern II are also examined and the performance of the simulation code tested using benchmark examples in various configurations. Another key aspect of this work is the validation of the simulation code based on two clearly defined benchmark problems. Finally, two potential industrial application examples are shown.