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Incentives have been extensively studied in the management and policy literature, with most attention focusing on their type, magnitude, alignment, and effects. More recently, scholars paid attention to discounting issues and how these issues impact the effectiveness of incentives. Building on the nascent literature related to incentive timing, we argue that timing can offer an additional dimension to better characterize incentives and leverage their power by exploiting windows of opportunity. Using conceptual reasoning, we identify several mechanisms by which the timing of incentives can be used to increase their behavioral power. Specifically, well-timed (green) incentives can harness temporal landmarks, intermittence, immediacy and surprise effects, and intrinsic motivation reinforcement to reach environmental goals without significantly increasing the overall costs. We also indicate new avenues for further research such as designing a timing menu or considering time itself as an incentive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the strategic relations between emission taxes and firms' managerial delegation contracts, which include incentives based on relative profit performance (RPP) and environmental performance (EP). We demonstrate that under quantity (price) competition, the government imposes higher (lower) emission taxes, while the firm owner sets lower (higher) EP incentives and negative (positive) RPP incentives, which leads to lower (higher) welfare. We also explore an endogenous competition mode game and find that quantity (price) competition emerges when both consumers' green willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) and product differentiation are low (high). Our findings suggest that public education on greenness is crucial for enhancing EP incentives in the design of managerial delegation contracts, while intense product market competition may be detrimental to consumers and society, especially when consumers' green WTP is low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the conflict between the traditional public sector values of egalitarianism and new public management, talent management (TM) in the public sector is more difficult to implement under resource constraints. Equity and efficiency in China's public sector are squeezed out of each other under egalitarianism, resulting in the " talent dilemma" in which talent works more but does not get more. The "talent dilemma" leads to the fact that it is very attractive for talents to hide their abilities and reduce their efforts in the public sector. In this paper, from the perspective of the "talent dilemma", we study the contract design problem of the coexistence of heterogeneous talent's adverse selection and moral hazard in the public sector. Specifically, an incentive model combining exclusive and inclusive TM factors under information asymmetry is constructed. The optimal incentive contract is designed to motivate heterogeneous talents to display true information about their abilities and to maintain a maximized level of effort. The results of the study show that the optimal incentive contract can realize the role of information screening and break the "talent dilemma". These findings provide a theoretical basis for the reform of incentive mechanisms in the public sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] Multi-campus operation is common in Chinese higher education, where most universities run several campuses within the same or across different provinces. Although this model offers educational advantages, it presents challenges in constructing and sharing resources between diverse campuses, talent cultivation models, and university management systems. A considerable challenge is the development and collaboration of research infrastructure. Effective management of large instruments and their operations is crucial for supporting discipline construction and scientific research in universities. Under multi-campus operation, factors such as management mechanisms, technological advancements and exchange, and technical management personnel directly impact the efficacy of the open sharing of large-scale instrument platforms in universities. Exploring rational configuration, collaborative management, and open sharing of these large-scale instruments among multiple campuses--especially those in different locations--is crucial for research. [Methods] This study first summarizes the challenges in the open sharing of large-scale instruments across campuses, including issues related to management mechanisms, technological exchange and development, and technical management personnel. From the literature, this study summarizes practices and experiences from well-known international universities regarding cross-regional instrument sharing. Key practices include proactive attitudes among technical personnel, incentivizing management models, and sound laws and regulations. Considering the actual management practices of Beijing Normal University's campuses in Beijing and Zhuhai, several measures were summarized to improve instrument sharing efficiency, which includes standardizing procedures for large-scale instrument verification and acceptance, establishing an instrument information website, promoting instruments, strengthening technological exchange and integrated management, implementing instrument classification and grading management, and implementing incentive measures. For example, in mass spectrometry instruments, measures such as establishing information interconnection between the instruments on both campuses, determining unified management standards, and conducting proficiency testing using the same standard samples at both campuses were implemented. Additionally, a collaborative management method for mass spectrometry instruments between the two campuses was proposed. [Results] Concerning prevalent multi-campus universities where large-scale instruments are scarce yet important, exploring collaborative management methods and establishing a shared operational mechanism are vital. By implementing unified management practices and incentive mechanisms, considering the shared needs of researchers and the workload of instrument managers, effective communication and assistance between campus instrument platforms can prevent duplicate purchases of large-scale instruments, improve utilization efficiency, and maximize research funding effectiveness. [Conclusions] This study summarizes the practices and experiences of Beijing Normal University's Beijing and Zhuhai campuses in collaborative management and open sharing of instruments. These insights and suggestions provide guidance for managing and sharing scientific research instrument platforms under the cross-campus operation and remote education models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic resistance is an ongoing public health crisis fueled by overuse and misuse of antibiotics. The goal of this article is to examine the impact of action-based incentive payments on reducing inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions in primary care, where 30%–50% of antibiotic prescriptions are inappropriate. Various financial incentive programs to reduce the rate of inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions have been implemented and studied empirically. However, there have not been analytical studies to evaluate payment model contract design features and the potential for payment models to impact diagnosis decision making. We develop a stylized physician compensation model to study the interaction between a payer and a provider. The payer offers a payment contract, with a bonus tied to the prescription, to maximize social welfare, considering total costs of providing care and social harm from antibiotic resistance. Given the contract offered and their own opportunity cost associated with factors such as fear of misdiagnosis and time spent explaining to patients why antibiotics are not indicated, the provider chooses whether or not to prescribe antibiotics to patients for whom antibiotics are not clinically indicated. We consider four cases: when diagnostic accuracy relies on symptom presentation versus additional diagnostic testing and when the opportunity cost of not prescribing antibiotics is public versus private information of the provider. When there is no information asymmetry, an action-based incentive payment can co-ordinate care and achieve the first-best policy, decreasing the rate of inappropriate prescribing, even when incentive payments can affect the diagnosis behavior. However, when the diagnosis depends on additional testing, the first-best policy results in fewer inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions, when the test has high specificity. Therefore, when an accurate technical diagnostic is available, a simple to implement action-based incentive payment can be effective in reducing inappropriate antibiotic prescribing. In the realistic setting where the provider's opportunity cost is private information, an action-based incentive payment cannot eliminate inappropriate antibiotic prescribing. In these settings, the introduction of point of care diagnostics to aid in objective diagnostic criteria will reduce the unintended consequences of the contract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Technology Economics is the property of Chinese Society of Technology Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Federated learning facilitates collaborative computation among multiple participants while safeguarding user privacy. However, current federated learning algorithms operate under the assumption that all participants are trustworthy and their systems are secure. Nonetheless, real-world scenarios present several challenges: (1) Malicious clients disrupt federated learning through model poisoning and data poisoning attacks. Although some research has proposed secure aggregation methods to address this issue, many methods have inherent limitations. (2) Clients may refuse or passively participate in the training process due to considerations of self-interest, and may even interfere with the training process due to competitive relationships. To overcome these obstacles, we have devised a reliable federated framework aimed at ensuring secure computing throughout the entirety of federated task processes. Initially, we propose a method for detecting malicious models to safeguard the integrity of model aggregation. Furthermore, we have proposed a fair contribution assessment method and awarded the right to write blocks to the creator of the optimal model, ensuring the active participation of participants in both local training and model aggregation. Finally, we establish a computational framework grounded in blockchain and smart contracts to uphold the integrity and fairness of federated tasks. To assess the efficacy of our framework, we conduct simulations involving various types of client attacks and contribution assessment scenarios using multiple open-source datasets. Results from these experiments demonstrate that our framework effectively ensures the credibility of federated tasks while achieving impartial evaluation of client contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public transport plays an indispensable role in the whole public transport system. This paper makes an in-depth study on how public transport can provide passengers with higher service quality while meeting the needs of passengers. In order to achieve this research goal, this paper organically incorporates the three key subjects of government supervision, public transport and passengers into the research framework. Evolutionary game theory is used to construct the corresponding research model. It has been found that the decision-making behaviours of government regulators, public transport and passengers are intricately intertwined to influence each other in the evolutionary process. It is particularly noteworthy that the incentive or punishment measures adopted by the government have a great impact on the quality of public transport services. In addition, timely supervision and inspection of government regulatory authorities by higher authorities proved to be crucial for buses to provide stable and high-quality services. This study reveals the mechanisms of interaction between different subjects in the public transport system, particularly the government-guided incentive measures and supervision mechanism to promote the overall service level. To further support the research conclusions, this paper carries on the simulation analysis, and puts forward the countermeasures and suggestions for the bus to provide high-quality service according to the simulation results. These recommendations will help guide the government, public transport and passengers to make better decisions in the synergistic development process, thereby improving the overall level of service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized the connectivity of physical devices, leading to an exponential increase in multimedia wireless traffic and creating substantial demand for radio spectrum. Given the inherent scarcity of available spectrum, Cognitive Radio (CR)-assisted IoT emerges as a promising solution to optimize spectrum utilization through cooperation between cognitive and IoT nodes. Unlicensed IoT nodes can opportunistically access licensed spectrum bands without causing interference to licensed users. However, energy constraints may lead to reduced cooperation from IoT nodes during the search for vacant channels, as they aim to conserve battery life. To address this issue, we propose a Punishment-reward-based Cooperative Sensing and Data Forwarding (PR-CSDF) approach for IoT data transmission. Our method involves two key steps: (1) distributing sensing tasks among IoT nodes and (2) enhancing cooperation through a reward and punishment strategy. Evaluation results demonstrate that both secondary users (SUs) and IoT nodes achieve significant utility gains with the proposed mechanism, providing strong incentives for cooperative behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The molten Li2CO3 transformation of CO2 to oxygen and graphene nanocarbons (GNCs), such as carbon nanotubes, is a large scale process of CO2 removal to mitigate climate change. Sustainability benefits include the stability and storage of the products, and the GNC product value is an incentive for carbon removal. However, high Li2CO3 cost and its competitive use as the primary raw material for EV batteries are obstacles. Common alternative alkali or alkali earth carbonates are ineffective substitutes due to impure GNC products or high energy limitations. A new decarbonization chemistry utilizing a majority of SrCO3 is investigated. SrCO3 is much more abundant, and an order of magnitude less expensive, than Li2CO3. The equivalent affinities of SrCO3 and Li2CO3 for absorbing and releasing CO2 are demonstrated to be comparable, and are unlike all the other alkali and alkali earth carbonates. The temperature domain in which the CO2 transformation to GNCs can be effective is <800 °C. Although the solidus temperature of SrCO3 is 1494 °C, it is remarkably soluble in Li2CO3 at temperatures less than 800 °C, and the electrolysis energy is low. High purity CNTs are synthesized from CO2 respectively in SrCO3 based electrolytes containing 30% or less Li2CO3. The transformation of CO2 to oxygen and graphene nanocarbons using lithium carbonate as an electrolyte is a promising, large-scale process for CO2 removal and valorization, but lithium carbonate is already in high demand as an important battery material. Here, the authors report the use of strontium carbonate as an alternative electrolyte in the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to carbon nanotubes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arab Journal for Scientific Publishing is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Integrated demand response (IDR) is deemed as an effective tool to balance energy supply and demand. User's uncertain information containing prior uncertain information and posterior uncertain information is a key factor affecting the implementation effectiveness of IDR, but existing studies fail to consider the two types of uncertain information, response risk caused by the uncertain information, and risk appetite comprehensively. Based on the principal‐agent theory of optimal incentive contract under uncertain information and Markowitz's mean‐variance portfolio theory, a new IDR model is established in this paper, and an IDR optimization strategy considering risk appetite under uncertain information is proposed. By proposing the user model considering multi‐dimensional uncertain information and the risk appetite‐based integrated energy service providers (IESP) model based on the principal‐agent theory and Markowitz's mean‐variance portfolio theory, we have achieved effective modelling of the user's uncertain information and the risk borne by IESP. The arithmetic examples have verified advantages of the model in enhancing the accuracy of user's actual response prediction and the superiority of incentive strategies, which is beneficial to reduce the cost of IESPs and enhance the benefit of users participating in IDR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from A-share pharmaceutical manufacturing listed companies between 2011 and 2021, this paper constructs a difference in differences (DID) model to systematically analyze the impact of China's Marketing Authorization Holder (MAH) system pilot policy on pharmaceutical enterprise innovation. Our findings indicate that implementing the MAH system can significantly stimulate innovation in pharmaceutical enterprises, both in terms of input and output. Additionally, local intellectual property protection positively moderates the incentive effect of MAH system on pharmaceutical innovation. The results of our heterogeneity analysis further demonstrate that the pilot policy of the MAH system exerts a stronger incentive effect on the innovation behavior of non-state-owned enterprises and enterprises in the growth and mature stage. Moreover, we provide evidence for the long-term impact of MAH system on innovation within pharmaceutical companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the factors influencing the intention to purchase electric vehicles (EVs) following the implementation of financial incentives. It integrates the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the Technological Acceptance Model (TAM), and extensions of TPB, including consumer knowledge, perceived risk, and financial incentives. Data were collected from 384 respondents, comprising both EV users and non-users in Batam City. The findings reveal that attitude has an insignificant effect on the intention to buy EVs, while perceived usefulness also shows an insignificant effect on attitude. In contrast, consumer knowledge and financial incentives significantly influence both attitude and purchase intention. Perceived risk negatively affects attitude and intention to buy EVs. The study highlights the need for policies providing financial incentives to consider long-term benefits for consumers to ensure sustainable adoption of EVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to establish a general framework for "Consensus Game" that characterizes the behavior of blockchain ecosystems, and to address behaviors of the "Mining Pool Gap Game", that is, we first give the characterizing and interpreting the behavior of "Consensus Equilibria", and establishing and explaining the stability of the blockchain platform itself with the positive answer based on the existence of consensus equilibrium through the new concept called "consensus game" in the presence of mining gap (game) behavior, here, the blockchain ecosystem where "Gap Game" is located refers to a mining platform based on the consensus principle of "Proof of Work" (PoW) with longest chain rules (LCR) proposed by Nakamoto in 2008. Specifically, this paper first establishes the existence of general consensus equilibrium and the corresponding stability results for continuous operation of the blockchain ecosystem un- der general incentive mechanism conditions, based on the consensus game framework in the blockchain ecosystem. Then, combined with the three main factors involved in "mining Bitcoin" work, including work costs, reward mechanisms, and mining capabilities, from the perspective of mining miner (group) profits, it interprets and analyzes the potential impact of different embedding scenarios on the "gap game behavior" of mining miners (groups). The theoretical results and case analysis of this article indicate that by combining appropriate incentive compatibility mechanisms for different mining scenarios, the concept of consensus game (equilibrium) can obtain or form a consistent explanation and interpretation of mining behavior in different scenarios without simulation results of scenario data. In addition, we have reason to expect and believe that consensus games, combined with factors related to mining (group) profits, can help us build appropriate incentive compatibility mechanisms. By characterizing behaviors such as "interval behavior", "branching chains", and "mining pool attacks", we can support the healthy development of the digital economy and promote the development of basic theories of consensus economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant changes, whether at the organizational or social level, are effected only at scale. The early Christian church delivered perhaps the most remarkable scaling phenomenon in history, exhibiting tremendous resilience, resourcefulness, and capacity to leverage adversity. Adherents to the faith manifested the power of a simple vision that spawned a strong culture and elicited behaviors that delivered remarkable outcomes through networking, change management, and incentives mechanisms-lessons with broad beneficial implications for scaling nascent enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the profound integration of digital technology and traditional agriculture, the whole industry chain of rural e-commerce, as an advanced system, is reshaping the production, sales, and management models of agriculture and is emerging as a new catalyst for the advancement of digital agriculture through significant innovation. This paper focuses on the digital empowerment attributes and strategic attributes of the whole industrial chain of rural e-commerce, and evolutionary game models under market mechanisms and regulations are constructed. It examines the influence of various elements, such as the digital technology empowerment coefficient, on collaborative innovation within the whole industry chain of rural e-commerce. Using case simulations, this paper discusses the role of government regulation and intervention when market mechanisms are inadequate. The study reveals that factors such as the digital technology empowerment coefficient, technology absorptive capacity, and the amount of technology and information stored in collaborative innovation positively influence the whole industry chain. Potential risk losses and free-rider gains have negative effects on the evolution of the system toward collaborative innovation. When market mechanisms are inadequate, a combination of operational cost subsidies and incentive measures can yield more effective policy synergy, with the incentive impact of cost subsidies being particularly notable. The strategic application of enterprise-liquidated damage and government penalties will aid in regulating and directing corporate behavior. The findings of this research not only offer a new microlevel explanation for understanding the decision-making mechanism behind collaborative innovation in the whole industrial chain of rural e-commerce but also serve as a reference for government policy formulation to ensure the stability of the whole rural e-commerce industry chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A system of incentives can be established to encourage several parties to unite as a community of interest and become jointly committed to the platform economic governance. The platform economy involves progressively more complex subjects of interest and relationships, which are not the typical principal–agent one-time cooperative relationship. This study investigates the problem of regulatory incentives in the platform economy, specifically focusing on the relationship between the government, platform enterprises, and merchants. It analyzes this issue under conditions of asymmetric information by constructing and solving a dual principal–agent model. The findings indicate the following: (1) the government's incentives and regulatory mechanisms can be considered as interchangeable to some extent, with decisions made by evaluating their respective costs; (2) the government's optimal incentives and regulations ultimately shape the self-regulatory behavior of merchants through platform enterprises; and (3) the optimal level of incentives for both the government and the platform enterprise is influenced by factors such as the ability coefficient, the social transformation coefficient, and the merchants' reliance on the platform enterprise. Additionally, the optimal effort level of the platform enterprise and the merchants increases with higher levels of the regulatory effort, risk sensitivity coefficient, and ability coefficient. A win–win scenario and a long-term, stable cooperative partnership can be reached by the three parties under the ideal incentive intensity. The study's conclusions can serve as a theoretical foundation and support for the creation of incentive contracts for platform economy regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to validate the link between production manipulation and a firm's performance variability (fundamentals and stock returns). It explores whether executives' risk-taking incentives encourage production deviations around the normal level during uncertainty. Design/methodology/approach: Utilizing panel data of manufacturing firms from Compustat over three decades, the study investigates production management practices during economic uncertainty. The Economic Policy Uncertainty Index (EPU) is employed as a key metric. The empirical strategy involves documenting the effect of economic uncertainty on overproduction and underproduction, examining the role of executive compensation and assessing the impact on risk. Findings: The research finds that risk-taking incentives increase over/underproduction, particularly amplifying the extent of underproduction during uncertainty. Production deviation rises, indicating that firms take greater risk by engaging in abnormal business operations. The study's results are robust against various econometric methods, emphasizing the influence of risk-taking incentives on corporate production decisions. Research limitations/implications: While providing valuable insights, the study acknowledges inherent limitations, including factors influencing production decisions beyond risk-taking incentives. Further research could explore additional determinants for a comprehensive understanding. Practical implications: The findings highlight the potential dark side of executive compensation that motivates suboptimal risk-taking decisions, impacting risk, cost of capital and firm performance. Policymakers and compensation committees can use these insights to design efficient systems that mitigate moral hazard problems associated with productivity changes. Social implications: The study emphasizes the broader social implications of production manipulation under uncertainty. It prompts discussions on the ethical considerations of managerial opportunism, its potential consequences for stakeholders and market dynamics. Originality/value: This study contributes to the literature by examining the role of economic uncertainty on production manipulation and the influence of risk-taking incentives. It extends the earnings management literature by considering real activity manipulation and emphasizing the importance of decomposing production deviation into positive and negative values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We integrate the perspectives of tournament and agency theories to examine whether, how, and when external tournament incentives influence firms' corporate social irresponsibility (CSI). Using data on Chinese listed companies from 2003 to 2020, we show that external tournament incentives positively affect firms' CSI. Essentially, CEOs can use CSI to rapidly improve the firm's short‐term performance and thus increase their chances of winning external tournaments. Therefore, CEOs have an incentive to push companies to implement more CSI in response to external tournament incentives. Meanwhile, we find that good external corporate governance mechanisms (short‐selling pressure, marketization, and social trust) inhibit CEOs' opportunistic tendency to use CSI in response to external tournament incentives, thus attenuating the positive impact of external tournament incentives on CSI. This study extends the literature on external tournament incentives and CSI and provides important insights for shareholders and policymakers to effectively curb CSI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the role of communities, local institutions, conservation organizations and government agencies in the governance of large-scale common-pool resources (CPR) at the Gulf of Mottama Ramsar wetland, Myanmar before and one year after the 2021 coup d'état. The research employed a mixed method approach in two villages in the GOM on common alluvial land, waterbirds, and fisheries CPRs. The robustness of CPR governance is evaluated with Ostrom's eight design principles. We found that pre-coup the formation of local user associations, livelihood incentive strategies, and co-management approaches were increasingly effective to conserve fisheries and waterbirds CPRs, while land conflicts over new common alluvial land persisted. One year following the coup, offshore fisheries especially faced challenges from illegal practices by outsiders, due to significantly weakened co-management practices and accountability of local authorities and large-scale commercial fishers to the fishing communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since sustainability is completely critical for industry, this study puts forwards an integrated methodology based on Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to propose an export model for sustainable naval shipbuilding industry. This study, which includes real-cases and theoretical work, proposes a systematic approach to create export model for a sustainable naval shipbuilding industry by providing a roadmap for companies together with the external necessities to pursue a to-the-point export strategy. The methodology SWOT analysis is used to determine internal and external factors of the export potential for Turkish naval shipbuilding industry. Then, the AHP method is employed to prioritize the critical criteria and sub-criteria of naval shipbuilding projects in order to create a successful export model. The proposed model has been applied with a real case study to obtain a robust export model. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is also adopted to verify and extend usability of obtained results for soundness of the model. The obtained results of this study disclose that criterion "Resources" which includes sub criteria such as "importance of government-supported credit/incentive mechanisms", "presenting the offer with the financial credit package", and "the sufficiency of the company's capital", arises as the foremost important criteria for obtaining a successful export project methodology. While the criterion "Project Management" that includes sub criteria such as "ability to deliver in accordance with the project schedule", and "the ability to produce timely solutions to additional and unprecedented requirements" is also determined as the least favored criteria for reaching an export project model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incentive is a common phenomenon in the process of decision management. It is important and necessary to integrate incentive requirement into the decision-making process. To this problem, the paper proposed a new family of aggregation operators, denoted the vector-based uncertain ordered density weighted averaging (V-UODWA) operators. The proposed V-UODWA operators first classify the attributes performances into different clusters by considering their development level and trend. Then, the attributes performances are aggregated by the way of local clusters. In this process, it is found the V-UODWA operator can realize the reward or punishment effect by setting appropriate decision-maker's attitude measurement and V-UODWA weights. The main properties of the V-UODWA operator are discussed, including commutativity, idempotency, boundness, and monotonicity under conditions. The application and the primary characteristics of the V-UODWA operators are illustrated by numerical examples and comparison analysis. The main contribution of the research is that the proposed V-UODWA operators have the effect of incentive management, especially when considering the importance of the attributes, which can be used to guide the sustainable development of alternatives. In addition, the attributes performances are aggregated in the form of vectors, which can greatly improve the aggregation efficiency. The proposed V-UODWA operators have a good application prospect in the fields of incentive management and behavior guidance of organizational personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Badan Kepegawaian Negara (BKN) are an organization of government agencies operating in the field of public service with a unique context as well as regulations and policies on public service management. The high performance of officials is crucial to government agencies. Staff performance is a qualitative and quantitative measure of work performance and work outcomes based on the standard of work achieved by employees per unit of time in performing work in accordance with the assigned responsibilities. The study aims to look at the impact of empowerment, incentives, self-effectiveness, and organizational commitments on staff performance, the influence of empowering, incentive, and self effectiveness in relation to organization commitments, as well as the effect of empoverment, motivation, and Self-effictiveness on employee performance with the intervening variable of organizational engagement. This is a quantitative descriptive study, with respondents of 90 BKN employees, using questionnaires as a basis for data assumption as well as data analysis using SmartPLS software. The results of the analysis show that empowerment, incentives, self efficacy, and commitment of the organization have a positive and significant impact on the performance of the staff, the influence of empowering, incentive, and self effecacy have a significant and positive effect on the organization's commitment, and empowerement, the incentive has an impact on staff's performance with the commitment organiassi as a variable part mediation, and the self efficiency on staff performance with organizational commitmentasi as a full mediation variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monetary incentives are widely used to align employee actions with employer objectives. We conducted a field experiment in a retail chain to evaluate whether an attendance bonus could reduce employee absenteeism. Apprentices in 232 stores were randomly assigned to a control group or one of two treatment groups in which a monetary or time-off attendance bonus was introduced for one year. We find that neither variant of the attendance bonus led to a systematic reduction in absenteeism. On the contrary, the monetary attendance bonus increased absenteeism substantially by around 50% on average, which corresponds to more than five additional days absent per employee and year. This effect was driven by the most recently hired apprentices. Survey results reveal that the monetary attendance bonus shifted the perception of absenteeism as acceptable behavior. The backfiring effect persisted beyond the end of the experiment, indicating a lasting erosion of social norms. This paper was accepted by Marie Claire Villeval, behavioral economics and decision analysis. Funding: Funding by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; German Research Foundation) [Grant EXC 2126/1–390838866] is gratefully acknowledged. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.00484. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a set of information guidance models and corresponding algorithms which are embedded in a traffic information guidance system. Through a systematic analysis, the following results were obtained. When vehicles have different degrees of rationality, it is better to use a differentiation strategy in terms of traffic rewards and punishments; in particular, in a situation in which the strength of interactions between vehicles is different, the platform can guide vehicles to reduce overall transport costs by changing the information of rewards and punishments. The related stability analysis verifies that the information induction can induce the behavioural state of vehicles to stabilize, and the targeted information induction can help the whole system to stabilize. Finally, based on these findings, the traffic inducement strategy of the platform is proposed under different road conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to examine the impacts of financial and nonfinancial incentives on the development of employee work motivation and knowledge sharing in the postpandemic environment. The paper further investigates the role of transformational leadership as a moderator in enhancing the relationship between work motivation and knowledge sharing. Design/methodology/approach: Adopting a quantitative approach, the study uses data collected from multiple informants, specifically senior managers, in Nepalese manufacturing and service business-to-business (B2B) firms. Findings: Contrary to prior research, the results reveal that nonfinancial incentives have a stronger impact on work motivation in the postpandemic era. This enhanced work motivation, in turn, contributes to knowledge sharing, with transformational leadership further strengthening the relationship. Practical implications: The findings suggest that B2B firms should consider moving toward leveraging nonfinancial incentives to motivate employees to develop knowledge sharing initiatives, especially in challenging circumstances such as those experienced in the postpandemic era. In addition, it is recommended that chief executive officers adopt a transformational leadership style to facilitate effective knowledge sharing within their firms. Originality/value: In a developing economy and amid the challenges of the global pandemic, there has been limited research exploring the possible effects that financial and nonfinancial incentives could have on work motivation and knowledge sharing. This research bridges this gap by providing a fresh perspective on work motivation and knowledge management in B2B firms, contributing novel insights to the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Accounting Perspectives is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Previous studies on charitable giving have emphasized the importance of socioeconomic status in explaining why individuals choose to donate or not to donate money. Other explanations, such as social capital or local contexts, have also been investigated, but these perspectives are rarely combined and tested against an actual behavioral outcome measure. We seek to compare the statistical importance of these explanations for individual‐level donation decisions. Methods: Our study investigates survey respondents' choices to repeatedly donate their earned incentive after a completed interview in the three waves of the Immigrant German Election Study II from 2021. In each wave, respondents were offered an incentive worth 10 euros, which they could either keep as a gift card or donate to the local food bank. This decision is a measurement of real rather than self‐reported donation behavior. We combine individual‐level variables and neighborhood‐level variables that capture the heterogeneity of our sample to systematically compare explanations for this donation decision. Results: We find that the respondents' self‐assessed economic situation and sociopolitical preferences in favor of more social spending by the state, rather than the respondents' objective socioeconomic status, have strong positive effects on the total amount donated throughout the survey. Conclusion: Not the rich per se, but those who think they are doing well economically, and who are on the redistributive left, give more to others. These findings remain robust after controlling for the strong heterogeneity of our sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general purpose of this article is to examine incentives and their relations with institutions and with other motivations. The article proposes a concept of incentives in a narrow and in a broad sense. It discusses the provision of incentives by different types of institutions (formal and informal social norms; conventions). It briefly considers the relation between the incentivizing influence of institutions and their constraining influence. It distinguishes incentives from intrinsic motivations and profound motivations. It establishes links between the incentivizing and the profound motivational influence of institutions, especially the possible unfolding of the former into the latter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the linkages between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation in teachers who are regulated by a career ladder policy in Chile. This work pays attention to specific components of this policy: salary increase, promotion, standards, performance evaluation, and feedback. We shed light on the motivational pattern that emerges from teachers' experience with this policy design. Drawing on work motivation literature and the 'contingent performance' model, the study theorizes that perceived competence links extrinsic policy elements to educators' intrinsic concerns for teaching quality. Using a qualitative approach and exploring in 24 teachers' semi-structured interviews, the article tests and validates the theoretical model. Findings uncovered two distinct groups of educators: one group that connects promotion and performance evaluation with their intrinsic concern of instructional quality and another group who did not. The perception of competence or 'competence cueing' as a connection between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation was an essential factor to distinguish between the two groups. Modest evaluative threat, attributed validity of the evaluation system, and usefulness of the process seem to be enabling conditions for teachers to recognize the career ladder as a system that speaks to their sense of competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Humanitas: International Journal of Social Sciences / Uluslararasi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Humanitas: International Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As climate change increasingly challenges business models, the disclosure of firm environmental performance casts growing attention by corporate stakeholders. This creates wider opportunities and incentives for greenwash behaviors. We propose a novel set of measures to capture greenwashing and we investigate the association between greenwashing and corporate governance features that traditionally mitigate agency problems. We show that board characteristics are variously associated with the apparent degree of corporate greenwashing. Firms with more independent directors tend to greenwash more, the presence of female board directors seems to have a positive impact on the degree of greenwashing, while the effect of board size on greenwashing remains ambiguous. Importantly, we find that greenwashing reduces firm value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do some militias bandwagon with the state during a civil war while others resist state authority? A formal model highlighting the role of material incentives treats militia commanders as rent-seekers competing for security sector jobs run by civilians. Western donors can send aid to inflate the size of the pie that civilians distribute to militia commanders. Our key result is a partial incorporation equilibrium by which jointly-sustainable strategies selected by a minimum winning coalition of battalion commanders maximize their share of rents. Battalion commanders outside this coalition do best by remaining outside the state. We evaluate the model using an analytic narrative of contemporary Ukraine – a hard case for our theory since ideology and ethnicity play an important role in most standard accounts of the conflict. Analysis of a volunteer battalion incorporation dataset, results from a survey of 64 Ukrainian volunteer battalion members, and a short discussion of the Azov Battalion suggest the salience of intra-Ukrainian distributional politics to militia commanders' incorporation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pinus pinea (stone pine), a Mediterranean species, is valued for its highly nutritious pine nuts and its ability to adapt to different environmental conditions. The species has been increasingly planted in Chile, where its main ecological requirements are met across a vast area. However, new plantations are established without considering social dimensions. Policymakers can regulate private decisions on tree planting through the appropriate design of economic incentives to foster social well-being. The objective of this work was to describe spatial patterns of potential areas for the cultivation of the exotic nut-bearing conifer P. pinea in central Chile and the possible correlation of those patterns with human development indices. Spatial data layers of the municipality development index (MDI), elevation, edaphoclimatic variables, and stone pine nut's productive potential were overlapped at the municipality scale along 1225 km in central Chile. A spatial principal component analysis (sPCA) was used to integrate multiple dimensions, summarizing covariation structures, and identifying spatial patterns in the study area. Key results showed that spatial patterns of the potential productive index (PPI) were strongly regulated by the spatial pattern of climate and soil variables, whereas the spatial pattern of MDI showed a cryptic pattern and that the three dimensions of MDI—welfare, economy, and education—showed a different spatial movement, especially education and welfare. The results allow us to recommend that public policies boost municipality development through the promotion of P. pinea plantations and should target areas with a high productive potential and low MDI to generate socio-economic improvements. These findings are useful for the strategic spatial planning of the species cropping in Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arab Journal for Scientific Publishing is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arab Journal for Scientific Publishing is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper explores the significance of digital governance for sustainable rural development in China, emphasizing the collaborative efforts of village administrative organizations, new agricultural business entities, and peasant households. Utilizing an evolutionary game approach, we examine the decision-making behaviors and stability points of these three entities within the context of rural digital governance. Our analysis is grounded in a mechanism of interest linkage among the stakeholders, with numerical simulations used to assess the impact of key variables and parameters on their evolutionary outcomes. The paper reveals that village administrative organizations are highly sensitive to changes in performance gains, special subsidies, penalty losses, and benefit distribution coefficients. Enhancing these variables can significantly motivate these organizations to engage in digital governance. In contrast, new agricultural business entities and peasant households demonstrate a stronger and more consistent willingness to collaborate, minimally affected by variable changes, which suggests a solid economic and social foundation for rural digital governance in China. Our paper underscores the need for positive incentives and a robust fault-tolerance mechanism to foster collaboration among village administrative organizations. It also highlights the importance of integrating new agricultural business entities into the digital governance framework to promote sustainable rural development. These insights provide valuable theoretical and practical implications for policymakers aiming to enhance the efficacy and inclusivity of digital governance in rural China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy trading is a new financial mechanism that can be adopted to incentivize the development of distributed energy resources (DERs), by promoting the selling of excess energy to other peers on the network at a negotiated rate. Current incentive programs, such as net metering (NEM) and Feed-in-Tariff (FiT), operate according to a centralized policy framework, where energy is only traded with the utility, the state-owned grid authority, the service provider, or the power generation/distribution company, who also have the upper hand in deciding on the rates for buying the excess energy. This study presents a comparative analysis of three energy trading mechanisms, P2P energy trading, NEM, and FiT, within a rural microgrid consisting of two prosumers and four consumers. The microgrid serves as a practical testbed for evaluating the economic impacts of these mechanisms, through simulations considering various factors such as energy demand, production variability, and energy rates, and using key metrics such as economic savings, annual energy bill, and wasted excess energy. Results indicate that while net metering and FiT offer stable financial returns for prosumers, P2P trading demonstrates superior flexibility and potentially higher economic benefits for both prosumers and consumers by aligning energy trading with real-time market conditions. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to optimize rural energy systems through innovative trading mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Investment efficiency is expected to mitigate agency problems in investment decision-making. However, the role of investment efficiency in accounting performance- based pay is less well-known. Purpose: This study investigates the moderating effects of investment efficiency on the nexus between accounting performance and executive compensation, which is termed accounting performance-based pay. We predict that executives at firms with more investment efficiency will receive a higher accounting performance-based pay. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses a sample comprising 888 firm-year observations of non-financial companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2010 to 2018. Finding/result: Using the level of investment efficiency and executive cash compensation as measures, we find that executive accounting performance-based pay significantly increases in investment-efficient firms. We also find that the association between investment efficiency and accounting pay-for-performance sensitivity is consistent with a robustness check using a different measure of investment efficiency. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that Indonesian firms generally incorporate relative investment efficiency when designing executive compensation contracts. Originality/value (state of the art): This study fills an important gap in the literature on the role of investment efficiency and the use of accounting performance-based pay to address empirical evidence of the incentive alignment effect of strategic decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biologically inspired jumping robots exhibit exceptional movement capabilities and can quickly overcome obstacles. However, the stability and accuracy of jumping movements are significantly compromised by rapid changes in posture. Here, we propose a stable jumping control algorithm for a locust-inspired jumping robot based on deep reinforcement learning. The algorithm utilizes a training framework comprising two neural network modules (actor network and critic network) to enhance training performance. The framework can control jumping by directly mapping the robot's observations (robot position and velocity, obstacle position, target position, etc.) to its joint torques. The control policy increases randomness and exploration by introducing an entropy term to the policy function. Moreover, we designed a stage incentive mechanism to adjust the reward function dynamically, thereby improving the robot's jumping stability and accuracy. We established a locus-inspired jumping robot platform and conducted a series of jumping experiments in simulation. The results indicate that the robot could perform smooth and non-flip jumps, with the error of the distance from the target remaining below 3%. The robot consumed 44.6% less energy to travel the same distance by jumping compared with walking. Additionally, the proposed algorithm exhibited a faster convergence rate and improved convergence effects compared with other classical algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual arousal (SA) is a multidimensional experience that includes cognitive, emotional, motivational and physiological components. Texts with erotic content have been used to generate a state of SA. Erotic texts often include aggressive content that has not been evaluated in relation to SA. The aim of this work was to compare cortical functionality in women when reading a sexually explicit text (SET) and a sexually explicit text with aggression (SETA). Twenty-seven women participated. The EEG activity of the frontal, temporal and parietal locations was recorded during the reading of both texts. The participants found the SET to be more pleasant than the SETA. Both texts were identified as triggers of general and SA. While reading the SETA, there was an increase in absolute power in the frontal and parietal locations, a higher intrahemispheric correlation between the left frontal and temporal locations in fast frequency bands and a greater interhemispheric correlation between the frontal locations in the delta and alpha1 bands. These findings indicate that cortical functionality during SA in women differs based on the content and context of the erotic material being read, possibly associated with mechanisms that underlie the processing and incentive value assignment of stimuli with sexual and aggressive connotations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the association between stock price incentives (portfolio delta) and earnings management using tax expense, as well as whether this association varies with opportunities to manage earnings. Prior research suggests stock price incentives provide a positive "reward effect" and a negative "risk effect," causing managers to trade off these countervailing effects when managing earnings. We posit that greater opportunities to manage earnings alter the risk-reward tradeoff related to portfolio delta, potentially changing the association between stock price incentives and earnings management. We do not find a significant association between stock price incentives and earnings management using tax expense on average. However, the association is positive and significant when tax-related earnings management opportunities are sufficiently high, consistent with opportunities mitigating the risk effect of delta. Collectively, our results suggest that managers respond to stock price incentives differently depending on their opportunity sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lack of incentive strategies within the health crowdsourcing platform has resulted in the loss of patient innovation and the failure in the diffusion of patients' innovations. To solve this problem, we compared four incentive strategies: (i) without incentive, (ii) cost‐sharing incentive, (iii) revenue‐sharing incentive, and (iv) a hybrid incentive strategy combining cost‐sharing and revenue‐sharing. Our analysis indicates that the innovation guidance effect is at its lowest level without incentive strategies, and the hybrid incentive strategy can maximize both innovation enthusiasm and profits. Furthermore, there exists a threshold for revenue‐sharing ratio, making the incentive effect of revenue‐sharing strategy better than that of the cost‐sharing strategy. Finally, short‐sighted thinking among platform participants will reduce the innovation enthusiasm of altruistic patients and the incentive investment of the platform. This study provides guiding principles for the health crowdsourcing platform to regulate online patient innovation solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterprise social media (ESM) fosters knowledge sharing, but employee's participation in ESM typically wanes. Thus, monetary incentives are often used to solve this problem. This research examined the effect of monetary incentives on four types of knowledge (high‐quality and low‐quality, work‐related and non‐work‐related) and the mediating role of self‐efficacy. Using quasi‐experimental approach to analyze data from an internal company blog, the research indicates that monetary incentives do have impacts on stimulating knowledge contribution, although their effectiveness appears to vary with the type of knowledge. Besides, self‐efficacy could be evoked by monetary incentives and mediate between monetary incentives and knowledge contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the emerging capital market of China, this paper uses the data of Chinese listed companies to test the market value management behavior of CEOs under the incentive of industry tournaments. The empirical results show that the CEOs industry tournament improves the value of listed companies by attracting investor attention. In the test of the incentive mechanism of the industry tournament, we find that in the samples with lower industry mobility and state ownership and where the CEO is new, retiring, or a founder, the industry pay gap has a weaker incentive effect on the CEO. In the test of the CEOs' efforts to manage investor attention, this paper finds that CEOs are incentivized to disclose more financial and nonfinancial information, increase advertising spending, and hold more shareholder meetings. Discussed with other incentives, compensation incentives and equity incentives enhance the motivational role of industry championships for CEOs. This study explores in depth the possible impact of industry tournaments on CEO behavioral decisions and also provides a new perspective for corporate to manage investor attention. This provides important reference value for corporate CEO compensation, information disclosure supervision, and investor decision‐making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crowdsourcing holds broad applications in information acquisition and dissemination, yet encounters challenges pertaining to data quality assessment and user reputation management. Reputation mechanisms stand as crucial solutions for appraising and updating participant reputation scores, thereby elevating the quality and dependability of crowdsourced data. However, these mechanisms face several challenges in traditional crowdsourcing systems: 1) platform security lacks robust guarantees and may be susceptible to attacks; 2) there exists a potential for large-scale privacy breaches; and 3) incentive mechanisms relying on reputation scores may encounter issues as reputation updates hinge on task demander evaluations, occasionally lacking a dedicated reputation update module. This paper introduces a reputation update scheme tailored for crowdsourcing, with a focus on proficiently overseeing participant reputations and alleviating the impact of malicious activities on the sensing system. Here, the reputation update scheme is determined by an Empirical Cumulative distribution-based Outlier Detection method (ECOD). Our scheme embraces a blockchain-based crowdsourcing framework utilizing a homomorphic encryption method to ensure data transparency and tamper-resistance. Computation of user reputation scores relies on their behavioral history, actively discouraging undesirable conduct. Additionally, we introduce a dynamic weight incentive mechanism that mirrors alterations in participant reputation, enabling the system to allocate incentives based on user behavior and reputation. Our scheme undergoes evaluation on 11 datasets, revealing substantial enhancements in data credibility for crowdsourcing systems and a reduction in the influence of malicious behavior. This research not only presents a practical solution for crowdsourcing reputation management but also offers valuable insights for future research and applications, holding promise for fostering more reliable and high-quality data collection in crowdsourcing across diverse domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the information age, electronic documents (e-documents) have become a popular alternative to paper documents due to their lower costs, higher dissemination rates, and ease of knowledge sharing. However, digital copyright infringements occur frequently due to the ease of copying, which not only infringes on the rights of creators but also weakens their creative enthusiasm. Therefore, it is crucial to establish an e-document sharing system that enforces copyright protection. However, the existing centralized system has outstanding vulnerabilities, and the plagiarism detection algorithm used cannot fully detect the context, semantics, style, and other factors of the text. Digital watermark technology is only used as a means of infringement tracing. This paper proposes a decentralized framework for e-document sharing based on decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) and non-fungible token (NFT) in blockchain. The use of blockchain as a distributed credit base resolves the vulnerabilities inherent in traditional centralized systems. The e-document evaluation and plagiarism detection mechanisms based on the DAO model effectively address challenges in comprehensive text information checks, thereby promoting the enhancement of e-document quality. The mechanism for protecting and circulating e-document copyrights using NFT technology ensures effective safeguarding of users' e-document copyrights and facilitates e-document sharing. Moreover, recognizing the security issues within the DAO governance mechanism, we introduce an innovative optimization solution. Through experimentation, we validate the enhanced security of the optimized governance mechanism, reducing manipulation risks by up to 51%. Additionally, by utilizing evolutionary game analysis to deduce the equilibrium strategies of the framework, we discovered that adjusting the reward and penalty parameters of the incentive mechanism motivates creators to generate superior quality and unique e-documents, while evaluators are more likely to engage in assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Should employers disclose their assessments of their employees? Popular managerial advice suggests that telling employees that they are assessed to have high potential leads to greater effort and engagement, boosting firm profits. However, some employers still choose to withhold employee assessments. What explains this paradoxical observation? We show that disclosing a positive assessment to an employee increases his incentive to appear successful. Success can be achieved by working hard or by misreporting. If the internal controls are sufficiently weak, the employee excessively substitutes misreporting for effort, thereby decreasing firm profits. Consequently, our model predicts that employers withhold assessments when internal controls are weak. Other predictions are that, all else equal, employers with an experienced human resources (HR) function will be more likely to disclose assessments, and employers who hire from "prestigious" target schools will be less likely to disclose assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Public-Private Partnership (PPP) implementation approach in Malaysia aims to enhance the delivery of public sector infrastructure and services. However, the Auditor General's Report 2012 highlighted several deficiencies in PPP project management, including delays, poor quality, and inefficient resource use. This study seeks to identify the issues in the management of PPP projects in Malaysia that contribute to these ongoing problems and to propose improvements for enhancing PPP practices. Adopting a qualitative approach with an inductive single case study, the research involved semi-structured interviews with 14 participants conducted over one month in May 2024. The data were analyzed using NVivo Version 14 software through thematic analysis, which generated relevant codes, categories, themes, and domains. The findings reveal seven key strategic issues in PPP project management, such as accountability; incentives and assistance; values, norms, and prevalence; standards and procedures; good and moral governance; duties and roles; and laws and regulations. To improve PPP practices in Malaysia, it is essential for both the government and private sector key players in PPP project management to focus on enhancing capacity building and process optimization. This study provides valuable insights for future PPP project management in Malaysia and serves as a guide for strengthening PPP practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]