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Background: Mouth-breathing syndrome is when a child has mixed breathing. Factors such as lifestyle, eating habits, allergies, postural problems, facial changes, and incompetent lip seals cause mouth breathing. During growth the craniofacial structures adapt to the mouth breathing pattern, leading to changes in the facial musculature, thereby affecting the dental arches. As a mouth breathers, it exhibit characteristics of the typical adenoid facies. Aim: To evaluate various parameters associated with mouth breathing and its effects on the craniofacial structure of growing children. Methods: This in vivo study involved 162 children (81 mouth breathers and 81 nasal breathers) aged 10-14 years. Each subject was clinically examined for characteristics such as lip seal, postural changes, long face, anterior open bite, high narrow palate, and gingivitis in maxillary incisors. Water-holding test was performed to confirm mouth breathing habit. In addition, these children were referred to ENT for airway evaluation. Guardians of participants were asked to fill out a self-designed questionnaire consisting of 30 questions related to factors causing mouth breathing. Craniofacial morphology of both mouth breathers and nasal breathers was assessed using a lateral cephalogram. Various cephalometric landmarks were recorded in order to compare variables between nasal and mouth breathers. Result: Awaited. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and treatment of mouth breathing syndrome is important to prevent possible future dental and physical problems. Hence, a joint effort by pedodontists, orthodontists, otorhinolaryngologists, and pediatricians is thus required for reducing continuing detrimental effects of breathing impairments on craniofacial characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To examine the influence of mouth breathing on maxillofacial and airway development in children and adolescents with different cervical vertebral maturation stages. Methods: Lateral cephalometric radiograph of a total of 120 children and adolescents, 64 girls and 56 boys (7–15 years old), diagnosed with mouth breathing were examined. Maxillofacial hard tissue, soft tissue and airway measurements were obtained using both manual and digital techniques. Independent samples t-test was performed to compare the difference between the measured indexes and the standard values. Results: As for maxillofacial hard tissue, SNB (CS1–CS5), GoGn (CS1–CS5), ArGoNa (CS1–CS5), ArGo (CS1–CS2) and SNA (CS1–CS2) in mouth breathing children and adolescents were below the standard values (P < 0.05). NGoMe (CS1–CS5), SN-MP (CS1–CS4), SN-PP (CS1–CS4), PP-MP (CS1–CS3) and SN-GoGn (CS1–CS2) in mouth breathing children and adolescents were above the standard values (P < 0.05). As for maxillofacial soft tissue measurements, H angle (CS1–CS5), lower lip length (CS1–CS5), upper lip protrusion (CS1–CS5), upper lip length (CS1–CS4), lower lip protrusion (CS1–CS3), surface Angle (CS2–CS3) and nasolabial angle (CS2) in mouth breathing children and adolescents were above the standard values with statistically significance (P < 0.05). As for airway measurements, PAS (CS1, CS2, CS5) in mouth breathing children and adolescents was above the standard value with statistical significance (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Mouth breathing had a real effect on maxillofacial and airway development, which differed among mouth breathing children and adolescents with different cervical vertebral maturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mouth breathing is considered as a mode of breathing modality that presents as a replacement to normal nasal breathing. This persistent pattern of mouth breathing have considerable influence on the development of dentofacial structures. This altered pattern of breathing have resulted in exhibiting considerable changes in pharyngeal airway space in children thereby hampering the child's normal respiration which influences the developing occlusion in the child. Hundred subjects were selected following responses obtained from a provided questionnaire detailing the breathing modalities. They were divided into two groups of fifty each namely nasal breathers and mouth breathers and subjected to adequate clinical and cephalometric evaluation and their study casts were obtained for carrying out definitive conclusion. This study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of mouth breathing on dentofacial growth and pharyngeal airway space in children. Results: The values showed positive correlation between mouth breathers with increase in palatal height (P < 0.05), narrowing of the intermolar width (P < 0.05), reduction in pharyngeal airway space (< 0.05) and subsequently an increased incidence of Class II malocclusion. Conclusions: Mouth breathing have undeniable influence on the growth of pharyngeal airway space and associated dental and skeletal structures in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adenoid hypertrophy is the most common cause of nasopharyngeal airway obstruction in children. The radiographic evaluation of the adenoid hypertrophy using the adenoid-nasopharyngeal ratio is a simple, economical, and reliable method in determination of the position, size, and shape of the adenoids. Aims and Objectives: The study was conducted to determine the relationship between radiographic adenoid-nasopharyngeal ratio and clinical symptoms of adenoid hypertrophy. Materials and Methods: This crosssectional prospective study was carried out in the Department of Radiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, North West Nigeria. A total of 90 consecutive patients aged between 3 and 12 years with clinical symptoms of adenoid hypertrophy were included in the study. All the patients had plain radiography of the post-nasal space. The adenoid-nasopharyngeal ratio (ANR), which is the ratio of the adenoid thickness measured from the maximum convexity of the adenoid to the margin of the basiocciput and the nasopharyngeal depth measured from the posterior border of the hard palate to the anteroinferior aspect of the sphenobasioccipital synchondrosis (Fujioka method), was calculated and scores obtained for each patient were graded into mild (0.50-0.62), moderate (0.63-0.75), and severe (0.76-0.88). The clinical symptoms assessed included snoring, mouth breathing, sleep apnea, otitis media, and recurrent upper airway infections. Each symptom was scored on a 4-point scale and the sum of the scores was graded into mild (0-5), moderate (6-10), and severe (11-15). The data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22. Results: A total of 90 patients were involved in the study, their age ranged between 3 and 12 years (mean=6.11±2.77); and male-tofemale ratio was 2:1.5. The mean ANR score was 0.71±0.11 and that of the clinical symptoms score was 8.67±3.23. ANR correlated significantly with the clinical symptoms scores (r=0.901; P<0.0001). The association was significant at ANR grading for mild (X²=20.91; P=0.003) and severe (X²=11.39; P=0.022). Conclusion: This study shows that radiographic ANR can predict the degree of nasopharyngeal airway obstruction especially for mild and severe grading. A severe nasopharyngeal airway obstruction as determined by both ANR and symptom's severity was observed in the 3-5 years age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flow and saliva particulate transport dynamics during normal human breathing through the mouth are simulated numerically using an Eulerian large-eddy simulation (LES) approach for the flow coupled with a Lagrangian approach for the transport of saliva particles. The coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian (EL) simulation results reveal new striking insights into the rich dynamics of the Lagrangian coherent structures (LCS) that arise from saliva particles during normal breathing. Specifically, they uncover a new time-periodic mechanism via which particles are introduced into the flow as individual breathing pulses and accumulate to form a slowly propagating vortex front that persists long distances away from the source. The simulated LCS reveal a wealth of recurrent material motion through which the biosols propagate forward while their cloud expands laterally with a slowly evolving vortex front. Also, the finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) field of human breathing was calculated using the flow map from the LES velocity field. The ridges of the calculated FTLE field revealed distinct hyperbolic LCS, which closely resemble trajectories of saliva particles obtained from the coupled EL simulation. Finally, simulation results for normal breathing with a non-medical face mask show that the mask can effectively disrupt the formation of coherent particle surfaces and, thus, effectively limit saliva particle propagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this retrospective study was to correlate the narrowest area and volume of nasal cavity assessed by acoustic rhinometry (AR) with the oropharynx area and volume assessed by cone -beam computed tomography (CBCT). This retrospective study was carried out on CBCT images and AR datas of 45 mouth-breathing individuals (27 male and 18 female) aged between 12-14 years. The examinations assessed: (a) acoustic rhinometry: nasal volume (Vol) and minimum cross-sectional area (MCA) 1 and 2 of nasal cavity; (b) cone-beam computed tomography: oropharyngeal volume and area. The results were evaluated by Pearson correlation analysis. p<0.05 was accepted statistically significant. There was no statistically significant relation among airway volume and nasal cavity parameters (MCA1, MCA2 and nasal volume) (p>0.05). There was a low negative correlation among airway area and nasal volume (r=-0.394; p=0.013). The highest correlation was found only between the airway area and the nasal volume when the AR results were compared with the data obtained from the CBCT imaging technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attached and unattached radon and thoron progeny concentrations were measured in indoor environment using LR-115 detector-based Direct Progeny Sensors in a test village at Tehri Garhwal, India. The goal of this study is to determine radiological dosage attributed to inhalation of attached and unattached radon/thoron progeny. Human Respiratory Tract Model (HRTM) was used to estimate Inhalation Dose owing to nasal and mouth breathing. The average value of the annual effective dosage due to exposure of radon and thoron progeny was estimated to be 1.4 ± 0.4 mSv/y and 0.6 ± 0.2 mSv/y, respectively. The experimental techniques and results obtained are discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To evaluate the anxiety of children and their mothers in relation to sleep bruxism (SB) and associated risk factors. Methods: A total of 96 children (48 with and 48 without bruxism) and their mothers participated in this study. A form with comprehensive history and oral and parafunctional habits associated with SB was used. Screen for Child Anxiety and Related Disorders (SCARED) was used to measure anxiety in children. The anxiety levels of the mothers were evaluated with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). SPSS version 21.0 was used for the analyses. Chi-square test was used to compare categorical data. Student t test or Mann-Whitney U test was used for the comparison of continuous data, and multiple logistic regression model was applied to detect the real factors associated with SB. Results: The comparisons of SCARED total (P = .005), factor 3 (separation anxiety; P = .015), factor 4 (social anxiety; P = .011) and factor 5 (school fear; P = .005) showed significant differences between groups. State anxiety scores of the mothers were significantly higher in the bruxism group (P < .001). Statistically significant differences were seen for learning/behavioral/anger problems, mouth breathing, snoring, bad breath, parasitic infections, sleep difficulty, chewing a pen or pencil, and sleeping in their own room (P < .05). The real risk factors associated with SB were learning/behavioral/anger problems, an experience causing stress, snoring, and increased anxiety levels of mothers and children. Conclusion: Elevated anxiety levels of mother or children, learning/behavioral/anger problems, experience causing stress, and snoring increased the risk of having SB in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malocclusion is highly reported among mixed dentition cases. Therefore, we aimed to determine the relationship of dental malocclusions in the vertical, transverse, sagittal planes with deleterious habits in pediatric patients. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out on 155 children aged 6–12 years attended at the clinic of the School of Dentistry of Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos in 2017. Results: Among 155 evaluated patients, 45.3% had vertical malocclusion, 52.0% had sagittal malocclusion and 13.6% had transverse malocclusion. The most frequent type of malocclusion in the vertical plane was anterior deep bite (22.2%), in the transverse plane, the edge-to-edge bite (7.1%) and the anterior crossbite (6.5%) were less frequent. Finally, in the sagittal plane, Class II Div 1 (20%) and Class III (20.7%) were the most frequent. Among the most common deleterious habits, anteroposition (58.7%) and mixed breathing (51.0%) were observed in contrast to the habit of retroposition, lip sucking and mouth breathing, which were the least frequent. Considering age and sex, children who have an atypical swallowing habit are more likely to have malocclusion in all three planes of space. Conclusions: It is concluded that there is an association between the deleterious habits with the different types of malocclusions in the different planes of the space, being the atypical swallowing a habit that should be early diagnosed and treated interdisciplinary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modulatory effect of nasal respiration on integrative brain functions and hence consciousness has recently been unambiguously demonstrated. This effect is sustained by the olfactory epithelium mechanical sensitivity complemented by the existence of massive projections between the olfactory bulb and the prefrontal cortex. However, studies on slow nasal breathing (SNB) in the context of contemplative practices have sustained the fundamental role of respiratory vagal stimulation, with little attention to the contribution of the olfactory epithelium mechanical stimulation. This study aims at disentangling the effects of olfactory epithelium stimulation (proper of nasal breathing) from those related to respiratory vagal stimulation (common to slow nasal and mouth breathing). We investigated the psychophysiological (cardio-respiratory and electroencephalographic parameters) and phenomenological (perceived state of consciousness) aftereffects of SNB (epithelium mechanical – 2.5 breaths/min) in 12 experienced meditators. We compared the nasal breathing aftereffects with those observed after a session of mouth breathing at the same respiratory rate and with those related to a resting state condition. SNB induced (1) slowing of electroencephalography (EEG) activities (delta-theta bands) in prefrontal regions, (2) a widespread increase of theta and high-beta connectivity complemented by an increase of phase-amplitude coupling between the two bands in prefrontal and posterior regions belonging to the Default Mode Network, (3) an increase of high-beta networks small-worldness. (4) a higher perception of being in a non-ordinary state of consciousness. The emerging scenario strongly suggests that the effects of SNB, beyond the relative contribution of vagal stimulation, are mainly ascribable to olfactory epithelium stimulation. In conclusion, slow Pranayama breathing modulates brain activity and hence subjective experience up to the point of inducing a non-ordinary state of consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional (2D) materials and their composites have gained significant importance as the functional layer of various environmental sensors and nanoelectronics owing to their unique properties. This work reports for the first time a highly sensitive, fast, and stable humidity sensor based on the bi-layered active sensing area composed of graphene flower (GF) and poly (vinyl alcohol) PVA thin films for multifunctional applications. The GF/PVA humidity sensor exhibited stable impedance response over 15 days, for a relative humidity (RH) range of (40–90% RH) under ambient operating conditions. The proposed bi-layered humidity sensor also exhibited an ultra-high capacitive sensitivity response of the 29 nF/%RH at 10 kHz and fast transient response of 2 s and 3.5 s, respectively. Furthermore, the reported sensor also showed a good response towards multi-functional applications such as non-contact skin humidity and mouth breathing detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The available literature on the orthodontic treatment of patients with rare disorders is extremely scarce. The aim of this study was to analyze the diagnosis and orthodontic treatment of a group of 94 individuals with rare diseases, referred for orthodontic evaluation to a university special care dentistry center (University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain). We created a control group of 94 systemically healthy individuals, paired by sex and age range. For all participants, we recorded their dental and skeletal abnormalities, oromotor dysfunctions and the characteristics of their orthodontic treatment. Some of the morphological and functional abnormalities were more prevalent in the rare disorders group than in the control group, including dental agenesis, microdontia, enamel defects, maxillary hypoplasia, overbite, cleft lip/palate, mouth breathing, atypical swallowing, lingual/labial interposition, labial incompetence, modified consistency diet, bruxism, and muscle tone abnormalities. Compared with the control group, the 56 patients with rare disorders who underwent orthodontic treatment required more desensitization sessions, used mixed appliances (fixed and removable) more often and for longer periods and had more frequent complications, such as gingivitis, caries, mucosal ulcers and recurrent debonding of the device. In conclusion, for selected patients with rare disorders, it is feasible to perform orthodontic treatment, whose planning will be determined by the dental-skeletal abnormalities and oromotor dysfunctions. Although complications are more frequent, they can typically be solved without having to stop treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To ascertain and illustrate specific clinical dento-craniofacial characteristics associated with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in non-syndromic children.Methods: Narrative review of literature on SDB, dental occlusion and craniofacial morphology retrieved through online literature database search for these terms. The review focused on clinical examples and graphical illustrations in order to ascertain the association between dento-craniofacial characteristics and SDB. Only publications concerning healthy non-syndromic children without any somatic or psychological diagnosis were included.Results: Dento-craniofacial characteristics such as anterior open bite, large overjet, cross bite and facial appearance such as convex profile due to mandibular retrognathia and inclination, narrow and high palate can predispose to SDB in non-syndromic children. Furthermore, extended head posture, mouth breathing and general adenoidal face may be symptoms or predisposing factors to SDB in non-syndromic children.Conclusion: Dento-craniofacial characteristics as anterior open bite, large overjet due to mandibular retrognathia, cross bite, and narrow and high palate can predispose to SDB in non-syndromic children. Facial characteristics predisposing to SDB can be a convex facial profile, extended head posture, mouth breathing and general adenoidal face. Interdisciplinary collaboration between medical doctors and dentists can prove valuable in diagnostics, prevention and treatment of SDB in non-syndromic children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Mouth breathing is a key feature of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The current study evaluated dental, salivary and orthodontic characteristics of children with OSA, and compared them to those of children without OSA. Materials and methods: Twenty-two children (mean age 5.3 years, 13 males) with OSA and 21 children without OSA who served as a control group (mean age 6.8 years, 11 males) underwent dental examinations. The OSA group was classified according to the apnea–hypopnea Index. Clinical examination included plaque index, gingival index, caries status, pH at 7 oral sites, salivary carries bacterial counts and inflammatory cytokine levels. Orthodontics measurements were calculated as the percentage of children with values in the normal range, in each group. Results: The mean values of the decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT)/dmft index, the gingival index and the plaque index were higher in the OSA than the control group. Salivary Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli counts were significantly higher in the OSA than the control group; as were pH values in the hard and soft palate, and in the posterior and middle tongue. Significantly lower values were observed in the OSA than the control group for most of the orthodontic variables examined. Similarly, stratification of AHI according to severity shows the lowest values among those with mild OSA, and the highest among those with severe AHI. Conclusions: Compared to a control group, mouth breathing children with obstructive sleep apnea had differences in oral microbiota, greater acidity and poorer dental status. Clinical relevance: Clinicians should be aware of the various oral disturbances that may accompany OSA, and implement preventive measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Mouth breathing is closely related to the facial skeletal development and malocclusion. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effect of mouth breathing on facial skeletal development and malocclusion in children. Methods An electronic search in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Medline, Web of Science, EMBASE and Sigle through February 23rd, 2020, was conducted. Inclusion criteria were children under 18 years of age with maxillofacial deformities due to mouth breathing. The risk of bias in nonrandomized studies of interventions (ROBINS-I) tool for controlled clinical trials. The Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used for the quality assessment. The included indicators were SNA, SNB, ANB, SN-OP, SN-PP, PP-MP, SNGoGn, MP-H, 1-NA, 1. NA, 1. NB, 1-NB, Overjet, Overbite, SPAS, PAS, and C3-H. Data concerning the mean difference in mesial molar movement and extent of canine retraction were extracted for statistical analysis. The mean differences and 95% confidence intervals were analyzed for continuous data. Review Manager 5.3, was used to synthesize various parameters associated with the impact of mouth breathing on facial skeletal development and malocclusion. Results Following full-text evaluations for eligibility, 10 studies were included in the final quantitative synthesis. In Sagittal direction, SNA (MD: − 1.63, P

CaseCarly is a 5-year-old girl who presents for an interdisciplinary evaluation due to behaviors at school and home suggestive of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Parent report of preschool teacher concerns was consistent with ADHD. Psychological testing showed verbal, visual-spatial, and fluid reasoning IQ scores in the average range; processing speed and working memory were below average. Carly's behavior improved when her mother left the room, and she was attentive during testing with a psychologist. Tests of executive function (EF) skills showed mixed results. Working memory was in the borderline range, although scores for response inhibition and verbal fluency were average. Parent ratings of ADHD symptoms and EF difficulties were elevated.Carly's parents recently separated; she now lives with her mother and sees her father on weekends. Multiple caregivers with inconsistent approaches to discipline assist with child care while her mother works at night as a medical assistant. Family history is positive for ADHD and learning problems in her father. Medical history is unremarkable. Review of systems is significant for nightly mouth breathing and snoring, but no night waking, bruxism, or daytime sleepiness. She has enlarged tonsils and a high-arched palate on physical examination.At a follow-up visit, parent rating scales are consistent with ADHD-combined type; teacher rating scales support ADHD hyperactive-impulsive type. Snoring has persisted. A sleep study indicated obstructive sleep apnea. After adenotonsillectomy, Carly had significant improvement in ADHD symptoms. She developed recurrence of behavior problems 1 year after the surgery.

Introdução: A Respiração Bucal é um dos distúrbios respiratórios mais frequentemente encontrado em crianças, e, por sua alta prevalência e complexidade, é considerada um grave problema de saúde pública. Esta patologia é reconhecida como uma síndrome - Síndrome da Respiração Bucal- porque se apresenta como um conjunto de sinais e sintomas que, dependendo da sua intensidade, frequência e duração, podem produzir alterações que envolvem diversos órgãos, estruturas e sistemas, podendo, inclusive, levar à morte. Estas consequências durante o crescimento e desenvolvimento infantil, afetam a vida da criança, com impactos em sua vida pessoal, psicológica e social, que comprometem sua qualidade de vida até a fase adulta. Segundo a literatura científica, podem ser observadas modificações musculoesqueléticas no desenvolvimento do complexo craniofacial, com alterações no sistema estomatognático e a nível sistêmico, que comprometem a saúde bucal e geral do respirador bucal. Os problemas advindos desta síndrome têm sido motivo de grande preocupação pelos profissionais de várias áreas da saúde, como médicos, odontólogos, psicólogos, nutricionistas, fonoaudiólogos, fisioterapeutas, o que contribui para a realização de estudos multidisciplinares e atualização constante. Ainda de acordo com a literatura, a melhor forma de prevenção é o aleitamento materno, por estabelecer, durante o ato, uma sincronia entre sucção, deglutição e respiração, conduzindo a uma perfeita harmonia no crescimento muscular e ósseo do complexo crânio facial. Objetivo: Este estudo tem como objetivo elencar as principais consequências sistêmicas da Síndrome da Respiração Bucal e implicações na qualidade de vida do respirador bucal, em uma perspectiva interdisciplinar- Metodologia: foi realizada uma revisão de literatura dos últimos cinco anos, utilizando-se as bases de dados do Schoolar Google, SciELO e PubMed, utilizando como palavras-chaves “Mouth breathing”, “Mouth breathing syndrome”, “Mouth breathing and consequences” “Respiração bucal”, “Respiração Oral”, “Síndrome da respiração bucal”, tendo como critério de inclusão, publicações que abordassem o objetivo deste estudo, e como critério de exclusão, aquelas que não fossem em português, inglês e espanhol. Resultados: Foram selecionadas diversas publicações como amostra final para esta revisão, as quais revelaram várias e graves consequências sistêmicas, principalmente alterações no sono com ronco e apneia, alterações posturais e função cognitiva, comportamento, associação com TDAH, função pulmonar, alimentação, crescimento e qualidade de vida. Conclusão: São várias as consequências sistêmicas produzidas pela Síndrome da Respiração Bucal o que implica dizer que o diagnóstico e o tratamento precoce, numa perspectiva interdisciplinar, são de fundamental importância, possibilitando reduzir ou mesmo impedir suas sequelas e contribuir para melhoria da qualidade de vida do respirador bucal.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of deleterious oral habits and its effect on occlusion in school going children from 7 to 13 years old, in Aseer region of Saudi Arabia. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by clinical examination for the total sample of 750, who were attending private/ government schools in Aseer region school. Students were selected by stratified cluster random sampling. Clinical findings of each oral habits, including assessment of malocclusion, were examined involving the following parameters, i.e., crowding, spacing, open bite, crossbite and deep bite. Logistic regression analysis was conducted. Results: Boys had 26.2 % of crowded teeth, while 16.3% of girls were found to have crowded teeth; the difference was found to be significant (p=0.002). Spacing was present in 26.4% of boys and 16.7% girls; a significant difference was found between the two (p=0.002). Sleep bruxism was observed more among male subjects than females with a statistically significant difference in detrimental habits (p

Background/purpose: Previous studies have suggested that mouth breathing has harmful effects on atopic dermatitis (AD) and oral health in children, but the evidence has been insufficient. To investigate the association of mouth breathing with AD and oral health in Korean schoolchildren aged 8–11 years. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional data were obtained from March to April 2016. A questionnaire was used to investigate children's mouth breathing habits and personal/family histories related to allergic disease. Oral health status was determined through a clinical oral examination. Data were analyzed with multivariable logistic regression. Results: In total, 1507 children were included. A moderate relationship was observed between mouth breathing and AD (adjusted odds ratio, 1.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.00–1.10; p-value, 0.035), whereas no association was found between mouth breathing and dental caries in children. Mouth breathing during sleep (MBS) was closely related to allergic diseases and other respiratory diseases. Furthermore, mouth breathing was associated with child's tonsillitis and was identified as a possible risk factor for class II dental malocclusion. Conclusion: We confirmed the positive association between mouth breathing (especially during sleep) and allergic diseases, including the AD in school-aged children. The influence of mouth breathing on dental caries remains uncertain. An intervention trial is required to evaluate whether the prevention of mouth breathing can reduce the risk of allergic diseases.

Abstract Background Systemic and local factors may lead to disruption of craniofacial growth and development, causing an imbalance between the orofacial skeleton, muscle and soft tissue, dental occlusion, and the dental arch during growth periods. We aimed to reveal whether the prevalence of incompetent lip seal (ILS) varies with age and region, as well as to clarify the factors related to an ILS, in a national, large-scale epidemiological study. Methods We surveyed 3399 children, from 3 to 12 years of age, visiting 66 pediatric dental clinics throughout Japan. For this survey, we employed a questionnaire consisting of 44 questions regarding daily health conditions and lifestyle habits. We evaluated the differences in ILS prevalence by age and region (using a Cochran-Armitage test for trend and a Kruskal-Wallis test), and the relationship between ILS and factors investigated in the questionnaire (using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient). Results We observed that 30.7% of Japanese children exhibited an ILS and that the ILS rate increased with age (p

Introduction: Orthodontic anomalies are very common both in the world and in our country. The etiology of orthodontic anomalies is multifactorial, complex and conditioned by numerous genetic and non-genetic factors: endogenous and exogenous. Prevention of orthodontic anomalies is possible if we have an insight into the most common etiological factors. Goal: To assess the frequency of individual etiological factors and assess the overall risk of orthodontic anomalies in children in suburban environments. Materials and methods: The research was conducted on 115 children, first grade elementary school pupils (28.68% of all 1st grade students), average age of 6.8 years, from 4 settlements around Novi Sad: Kisač, Kać, Veternik, and Futog. The research was conducted in the form of anonymous rounding surveys for parents with a preliminary explanation of the questions asked. The questions included etiological factors for the occurrence of orthodontic anomalies (diseases in pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding, supplementation and feeding, type of pacifier, position of the bottle when eating, bad habits, position when sleeping, position of arms when sleeping in relation to the jaw, pillow height, mouth breathing, orthodontic anomalies in parents). Results: Results indicate the following etiological factors as the most common: supplementary feeding and bottle feeding (in 41.74% of cases), breastfeeding from 0 to 6 months (40.87% of respondents) and mouth breathing (in 24.35% of children). In the examination of the total risk for orthodontic anomalies, low-risk was found in 95.65% of cases, medium-risk in 4.35% (in Kisac 9.38%, in Kać 2.94%, in Veternik 4.35%, in Futog 0% of children), while there were no high-risk respondents. Conclusion: Preventive measures should be aimed at educating mothers about the need and benefits of a natural way of breastfeeding and of using a spoon for supplementation and feeding.

BACKGROUND: The ongoing TANGO2 (Telephone Assisted CPR. AN evaluation of efficacy amonGst cOmpression only and standard CPR) trial is designed to evaluate whether compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by trained laypersons is noninferior to standard CPR in adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. This pilot study assesses feasibility, safety, and intermediate clinical outcomes as part of the larger TANGO2 survival trial. METHODS: Emergency medical dispatch calls of suspected out-of-hospital cardiac arrest were screened for inclusion at 18 dispatch centers in Sweden between January 1, 2017, and March 12, 2020. Inclusion criteria were witnessed event, bystander on the scene with previous CPR training, age above 18 years of age, and no signs of trauma, pregnancy, or intoxication. Cases were randomized 1:1 at the dispatch center to either instructions to perform compression-only CPR (intervention) or instructions to perform standard CPR (control). Feasibility included evaluation of inclusion, randomization, and adherence to protocol. Safety measures were time to emergency medical service dispatch CPR instructions, and to start of CPR, intermediate clinical outcome was defined as 1-day survival. RESULTS: Of 11 838 calls of suspected out-of-hospital cardiac arrest screened for inclusion, 2168 were randomized and 1250 (57.7%) were out-of-hospital cardiac arrests treated by the emergency medical service. Of these, 640 were assigned to intervention and 610 to control. Crossover from intervention to control occurred in 16.3% and from control to intervention in 18.5%. The median time from emergency call to ambulance dispatch was 1 minute and 36 s (interquartile range, 1.1–2.2) in the intervention group and 1 minute and 30 s (interquartile range, 1.1–2.2) in the control group. Survival to 1 day was 28.6% versus 28.4% (P =0.984) for intervention and control, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this national randomized pilot trial, compression-only CPR versus standard CPR by trained laypersons was feasible. No differences in safety measures or short-term survival were found between the 2 strategies. Efforts to reduce crossover are important and may strengthen the ongoing main trial that will assess differences in long-term survival. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02401633. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between obstructive sleep-disordered breathing (oSDB) and arterial stiffness, an independent predictor of cardiovascular outcomes, is not well established in children. This study compared cardiovascular parameters between healthy and oSDB children and aimed to identify predictors of arterial stiffness indices in children with oSDB. Cross-sectional study realized in a tertiary hospital from June 2018 to January 2020. Forty-eight children (3 to 10 years old) with clinical diagnosis of oSDB and indication for adenotonsillectomy and 24 controls were evaluated. Cardiovascular parameters were measured non-invasively by brachial artery oscillometry with a portable device. The main arterial stiffness indices assessed were augmentation index and pulse wave velocity, both derived from the aortic pulse wave. In the oSDB group, the questionnaires Obstructive Sleep Apnea-18 (OSA-18) and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory version 4.0 (PedsQL 4.0) were applied. The oSDB group had higher values of reflection coefficient (p = 0.044) and augmentation index (p = 0.003) than the control group. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that age, female sex, reflection coefficient, and systolic volume were independent predictors of augmentation index. Higher pulse wave velocity values were associated with worse quality of life assessed by PedsQL 4.0 questionnaire. There was no association with OSA-18. The vascular and hemodynamic parameters were similar in both groups. Conclusion: Children with oSDB have increased augmentation index, an independent predictor of cardiovascular outcomes. The early identification of subclinical cardiovascular changes reinforces the importance of treating the disease, as well as changing lifestyle habits, to prevent complications in adulthood. What is Known: • The association between oSDB and cardiovascular risk in adults is well described in the literature. • Children with oSDB, regardless of their weight or sex, have higher PWV values when compared to non-snoring children. What is New: • Children with oSDB have augmented arterial stiffness, evidenced by the increase in AIx@75, measured non-invasively by brachial artery oscillometry with a portable device. • Low quality of life and therefore a high disease burden in children with oSDB may be a risk factor for arterial stiffness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inadequate masticatory function can be linked to oral problems and result in functional limitation. In children, this function is extremely important for their development, and therefore efforts are made to keep it adequate. To evaluate whether dental pain‐related behaviors are associated with masticatory performance (MP). A cross‐sectional study was conducted with a sample of 123 children from 3 to 5 years old. Toothache was evaluated using the Dental Discomfort Questionnaire. Anthropometric data, predominant type of breathing, presence of malocclusion, number of posterior teeth cavitated by dental caries, and masticatory units were collected. MP was measured by the median size of the crushed particles (X50) after 20 cycles of chewing the Optocal test material and was calculated with the Rosin–Rammler equation. Data analysis involved a description of variable frequencies, as well as simple and multiple linear regression, and a confidence level set at 95%. The mean scores of dental pain‐related behaviors were 1.14 (±1.90) points, and the mean X50 value was 3.96 mm (±1.34). In the multiple linear regression, a larger median size of the particles remained associated with a higher score of dental pain‐related behaviors (β = +.81, p =.01); mouth breathing (β = +.22, p =.01); and a smaller number of masticatory units (β = −.22, p =.02). Greater dental pain‐related behavior scores are associated with worse MP, regardless of the presence of associations with predominantly oral breathing and fewer chewing units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiratory diseases such as pneumonia are one of the main concerns in the livestock industry. Economic losses owing to pneumonia are prevalent in small ruminants and pathogenic organisms such as Pasteurella and Mannheimia are the principal bacterial agents involved in pneumonic pasteurellosis. Two adult Alpine female goats with signs of respiratory involvement were referred. Clinical examinations of these animals showed fever, anorexia, dyspnea with head and neck strain and open mouth breathing, unilateral serous nasal discharge, abdominal breathing with harsh, and crackles lung sound upon auscultation. Radiography of the thoracic region was performed and severe generalized pulmonary involvement was detected in the goats. Due to the severity of the conflict, both cases were lost despite treatment. At necropsy, consistent findings included non-collapsing lungs with varying degrees of consolidation covered by fibrin and cranioventral consolidation with red-grey discoloration and firm, meaty consistency. Histopathologically, fibrinosuppurative bronchopneumonia was diagnosed in both cases. Finally, following microbiological findings, Pasteurella multocida was isolated from lung lesions of both animals, and pasteurellosis was confirmed. Overall, pasteurellosis is one of the most important pulmonary diseases in goats, and the best way to deal with it is to prevent the disease through vaccination and control stressful behaviors in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is made on overnight polysomnography (PSG). Given the widespread availability of smartphone video technology, we aimed to develop and test a standardised scoring system for smartphone videos and compare these scores to PSG results.Methods: Children aged 1-16 years undergoing PSG for suspected OSA were included. Parents were asked to take 1-2 min videos of the breathing they were concerned about. Videos were scored using a newly developed and tested tool on five components: inspiratory obstructive noises (1-4), presence of obstructive events (0-1), increased work of breathing (0-1), mouth breathing (0-1) and neck extension (0-1). Video scores and the Obstructive Apnoea Hypopnoea Index (OAHI) were compared using Spearman correlation. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were calculated for different cut-off scores to achieve the best results.Results: Videos from 43 children (28 men (65.1%), median age 5.7 years (range 2.6-14.0 years), median OAHI 3.8/hour (range 0-82 events/hour) were included. Nine children (20.9%) had a video score of <3, all of whom had an OAHI of ≤5 events/hour. For a video score of ≥3, sensitivity was 100%; specificity was 36%; positive predictive value was 53%; and negative predictive value 100% for moderate to severe OSA (OAHI>5 events/hour) .Conclusion: We have developed and validated a simple clinical tool (the Monash Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Video Score) to quantify abnormalities in breathing seen on short video recordings made on a smartphone. A low score rules out moderate-severe OSA and may be valuable in the triage of children with symptoms of OSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conductive olfactory dysfunction (COD) is caused by an obstruction in the nasal cavity and is characterized by changeable olfaction. COD can occur even when the olfactory cleft is anatomically normal, and therefore, the cause in these cases remains unclear. Herein, we used computational fluid dynamics to examine olfactory cleft airflow with a retrospective cohort study utilizing the cone beam computed tomography scan data of COD patients. By measuring nasal–nasopharynx pressure at maximum flow, we established a cut-off value at which nasal breathing can be differentiated from combined mouth breathing in COD patients. We found that increased nasal resistance led to mouth breathing and that the velocity and flow rate in the olfactory cleft at maximum flow were significantly reduced in COD patients with nasal breathing only compared to healthy olfactory subjects. In addition, we performed a detailed analysis of common morphological abnormalities associated with concha bullosa. Our study provides novel insights into the causes of COD, and therefore, it has important implications for surgical planning of COD, sleep apnea research, assessment of adenoid hyperplasia in children, and sports respiratory physiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Nasal disuse and mouth breathing are associated with negative structural, functional, postural, occlusal, and behavioural changes. While there is some research to suggest that nasal breathing exercises can reduce mouth breathing, clinical protocols have not been extensively investigated. The purpose of this research was to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of a nasal breathing rehabilitation protocol based on Integrative Breathing Therapy principles called Functional Nasal Breathing Rehabilitation (FNBR). Methods: Twenty-three participants with symptoms of nasal obstruction and self-reported mouth breathing completed the 4-week online FNBR training. Outcome measures included the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale, a numeric rating scale (NRS) for nasal breathing difficulty and obstruction, allergy symptoms, self-reported daytime and nighttime mouth breathing, and a composite questionnaire called the Selfreported Nasal Breathing Difficulty Questionnaire (SRNBQ) to compare symptoms of nasal obstruction, allergy and reported mouth breathing pre- and post-trial. A content analysis was performed on qualitative data collected during weekly online interviews. Results: There were statistically significant improvements in the SRNBQ total score (p = .002), NOSE scale (p = .006), NRS score (p = .008), and mouth breathing daytime and night-time (MBDS) score (p = .024), but not in allergy symptoms. Participants were highly adherent with the techniques, with 91% of the participants completing formal breathing practice more than four times a week and 96% reporting that they used the practices informally in daily life mostly or all of the time. Conclusion: Functional Nasal Breathing Rehabilitation appears to be a feasible and effective modality for reducing mouth breathing and improving nasal obstruction symptoms in patients with subjective signs of nasal obstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nasal obstruction leads to oral breathing and consequently hypoxia. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of hypoxia on inflammatory response and the effect on alveolar bone development in a rat model in which mouth breathing was induced by nasal obstruction. Unilateral nasal obstruction was performed by injecting a Merocel sponge into the nasal cavity of 8-week-old Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. After 3 and 6 weeks of nasal obstruction, rats were sacrificed, the organs were weighed, and the changes in mandibular bone quality were examined by micro-computed tomography (μ-CT). The stereomicroscope was used for the morphological analysis of alveolar bone loss in response to nasal obstruction. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical staining were employed to examine inflammation and bone remodeling induced by hypoxia. Nasal obstruction led to a delay in overall growth and organ development. The bone mineral density (BMD) and bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) of the mandible were reduced due to nasal obstruction, and the loss of the alveolar bone was confirmed morphologically. Our nasal obstruction method was observed to be successful in inducing hypoxia along with an increase in hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-α). Oral hypoxia induced by nasal obstruction increased inflammatory response, and increased expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) led to bone destruction. This study demonstrated that nasal obstruction induced mouth breathing led to hypoxia in a rat model. Under hypoxic conditions, an increase in osteoclast differentiation induced by activation of the inflammatory pathway causes destructive changes in the alveolar bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible humidity sensor, a promising device for monitoring humidity, is widely used for patients' respiratory analysis due to its portability and cost‐effectiveness. However, through intrinsic rigid nature of traditional flexible substrate such as polymer and paper, the fiber‐based device exhibits great application potential in wearable platform. In this work, a fabric humidity sensor based on diamine‐decorated graphene oxide/mesoporous silica nanospheres (GONH2/mSiO2) is designed via screen printing. The decoration of diamine is introduced to improve the hydrophilic properties of GO, and the mesoporous structure of mSiO2 is employed to adjust the adsorption and desorption of water molecules. As a result, the fabric humidity sensor exhibits fast response (≈12.6 s), high sensitivity (14.8 MΩ/% relative humidity (RH)), and low hysteresis (2.71% RH) at the humidity interval from 23% to 97% RH. Owing to the GONH2/mSiO2 composite materials screen‐printed on the medical mask, the fabric humidity sensor can delicately detect respiratory rates, mouth and nose breathing, as well as coughing. Moreover, the GONH2/mSiO2 humidity sensor is applied for noncontact sensation (such as the detection of fingertip approaching). These properties allow the sensor to serve as excellent wearable electronics for real‐time and successive human health detecting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Mouth breathing is one of the most deleterious oral habits with a prevalence of 4%-6% among children. Due to the wide range of comorbidities associated with mouth breathing, early diagnosis and prompt treatment is indispensable. At present, there are very few objective methods available for the diagnosis of mouth breathing. The present study was planned to evaluate a possible correlation between nasal index (NI) and nasal cavity volume (NCV) among nasal and mouth breathers (MB). In addition, the average NCV of nasal and MB was also computed. The foresight of this research was to establish the significance of NI as an objective diagnostic tool for mouth breathing.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 8-11-year-old children. The NI was determined using a digital Vernier caliper and NCV was calculated using dolphin imaging.Results: There was a significant difference in NCV and nasal width (NW) in both groups, but no difference was seen in nasal height and NI. There was no statistically significant correlation between NCV and other parameters in both groups.Conclusion: The present study was a baseline analysis in this line. Even though this study did not reveal any significant correlation between both parameters, future studies are recommended to explore a plausible correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Stomatologica Naissi is the property of Clinic of Stomatology Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nasal filters are increasingly used in reducing personal haze exposures, but there is no retrievable evidence on its efficiency. In this study, a nasal filter testing system was designed. NaCl aerosols were generated to simulate PM1. Three different sizes of a new model of nasal filter were tested under two flow types (constant vs. cyclic) and three flow rates (15, 30, and 50 L/min). All PM1 penetration values were > 80%. Either enlarging filter size or lowering flow rate significantly reduced PM1 penetration, and PM1 penetration under cyclic flow was significantly higher compared with constant flow. To avoid mouth breathing, nasal filters could only be worn under light work-rates or rest conditions. The quality factor of nasal filters was only hundredths that of the N95 and P100 FFRs. This study reveals that there is a future need to design nasal filter materials with higher efficiency and lower flow resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of HNO is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Present study has been carried out for dose estimation from attached/unattached progeny fractions of radon and thoron using wiremesh capped DTPS/DRPS. The measured annual average attached radon/thoron progeny concentration (EERCA and EETCA) in the dwellings has been found to be 5.93 Bqm−3 and 0.43 Bqm−3 respectively. The calculated inhalation dose due to unattached fractions of radon progeny has been found to vary from 0.01 to 40.54 mSvy−1 with mean value of 5.48 mSvy−1 due to mouth breathing and from 0.01 to 9.42 mSvy−1 with mean value of 1.5 mSvy−1 for nasal breathing and the annual effective dose due to radon and thoron progeny has been found to vary from 0.17 to 1.11 mSvy−1and from 0.06 to 0.47 mSvy−1 respectively. These values lie well below the recommended safe range of 4 mSvy−1 at work places and 14 mSvy−1 at residential places (ICRP (International Commission on Radiological Protection) in Radiological protection against radon exposure. ICRP Publication ref 4836-9756-8598. ICRP, Stockholm, 2018). Hence, the indoor air in the study area is safe for breathing and poses no radiological health risk to the residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nasorespiratory obstruction has been purported to influence dentofacial growth adversely. This has sparked considerable debate for decades with a resurgence in interest in 'airway friendly orthodontics' among both general and specialist dental practitioners. This critical review aims to evaluate the current literature relating to two questions: does nasorespiratory obstruction alter dentofacial growth, and does early intervention targeted at alleviating nasorespiratory obstruction improve dentofacial growth? The strength of association between nasorespiratory obstruction, mouth breathing and a long face is weak. The common methodological flaws in research include unblinded and cross‐sectional study designs, a lack of adequate controls, inadequate follow‐up, subjective assessments and inadequate statistical power. Vertical dentofacial growth has a strong genetic influence, which implies a relatively minor contribution of environmental factors including airway obstruction. The current evidence does not support recommending procedures, such as adenotonsillectomy and maxillary expansion, with the singular aim of negating a hyperdivergent (vertical) dentofacial growth pattern. In light of low‐quality evidence, both the World Health Organization guidelines and ethical principles dictate that greater emphasis is placed on avoiding harm and wastage of resources over alternative options. These findings call for quality improvement in undergraduate and postgraduate curricula and continuing professional development for health professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim:Mouth breathing changes the temporomandibular joint structure and periarticular muscle groups, resulting in regular mouth breathing. This causes malocclusion (often class II malocclusion) as well as changes in the maxillofacial soft and hard tissues, which in turn affects the maxillofacial appearance and development. The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of mouth breathing on growth and development of facial bones and malocclusion in children. Method:Databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCO and Embase were searched for systematic literature between 2011 to August 2021. For Data extraction, two reviewers blind and independently extracted data from abstract and full text of studies that included.95% confidence interval for mean differences with fixed effect model and in-variance method were calculated. To deal with potential heterogeneity, random effects were used and I2 showed heterogeneity. Metaanalysis was performed using Stata/MP v.16 software (The fastest version of Stata). Result:In the initial review, duplicate studies were eliminated and abstracts of 226 studies were reviewed, the full text of 31 studies was reviewed by two authors, finally, seven studies were selected. Mean differences ofANB between Mouth breathing and Nasal Breathingwas 1.34° (MD, 1.34° 95% CI 1.03°, 1.65°). Mean differences of SN-PP, SN-OP, PP-MP and SNGoGNbetween Mouth breathing and Nasal Breathing WERE0.1 (95% CI -1.49, 1.69), 2.72 (95% CI 1.75, 3.70), 4.5 (95% CI 2.16, 6.84), -2.09 (95% CI -2.85, -1.33), respectively. Conclusion: The present Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis study showed vertical measurement changes were higher and all airway changes were lower in mouth-breathing individuals than in nasalbreathing individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the change in concepts of orthodontics over the years, the focus today has slowly shifted to airway-centered orthodontics. Several pathological conditions of the craniofacial region both genetic and epigenetic in origin can contribute to nasal and airway resistance and airway collapse, all of which could sooner or later predispose the patients to sleep-related breathing disorders. These have serious implications on the lifestyle, body homeostasis, and cardiovascular system. On the other hand increased resistance to airflow through the upper respiratory tract can lead to mouth breathing tendency or snoring at a young age which ultimately hinders the normal transverse, sagittal and vertical development of the craniofacial complex especially of the stomatognathic system. This review focuses on the two-way relationship between the airway and craniofacial region. It also attempts to point out the need to consider the various goals of airway-centered orthodontics as various orthodontic treatment modalities impact the airway in a significant manner both positively and negatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Although nasal obstruction (NO) during growth causes maxillofacial growth suppression, it remains unclear whether eliminating the NO affects maxillary and mandibular growth differentially. We aimed to clarify whether eliminating NO can help regain normal maxillofacial growth and to determine the optimal intervention timing. Forty-two 4-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups. Their left nostril was sutured to simulate NO over different durations in the experimental groups; the sutures were later removed to resume nasal breathing. Maxillofacial morphology was assessed using microcomputed tomography. Immunohistochemical changes in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, osteoprotegerin (OPG), and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) of the condylar cartilage were evaluated to reveal the underlying mechanisms of these changes. Maxillary length was significantly lower in rats with NO for ≥5 weeks. In groups with NO for ≥7 weeks, the posterior mandibular length, ramus height, thickness of the hypertrophic cell layer in the condylar cartilage, HIF-1α levels, and RANKL levels were significantly lower and OPG levels and RANKL/OPG were significantly higher than those in the control group. Our findings suggest that eliminating NO is effective in regaining maxillofacial growth. Moreover, the optimal timing of intervention differed between the maxilla and mandible.

Objective: To study the incidence of mouth breathing and its association with sleep disorders, dental caries, malocclusion and deleterious oral habits, in children. Material and Methods: 152 children (6 to 9 years), of both genders, were invited to perform clinical evaluation of the oral cavity and the application of the OSA-18. Results: 89 presented mouth breathing (MB), being 45% with malocclusion, 56% with dental caries, 38% with tooth loss, 51% with bruxism and 52% with the habit of sucking finger or pacifier, compared to 40%, 40%, 21%, 27% and 43%, respectively, in the 63 children with nasal breathing (NB). 35 MB showed moderate to high risk for OSAS, while only 8 of the children showed moderate risk. The average score of OSA-18 was 50 (MB:57/NB:40), with 29 (19%) children showing moderate risk. Among these, 74% presented mouth breathing, 26% malocclusion, 61% dental caries, 35% tooth loss, 42% bruxism and 55% sucked finger or pacifier, and in the 14 (9%) with high risk, they were 100%, 75%, 58%, 50%, 67% and 67%, respectively. Conclusion: High frequencies of respiratory disorders with sleep repercussions associated with oral alterations were observed, reinforcing the correlation between mouth breathing and changes in stomatognathic system.

Myofunctional therapy is non-iatrogenic, holistic, safe, and essential for achieving optimal treatment of the Cranio-Facial-Respiratory Complex orthodontic, craniofacial orthopedic, airway, and temporomandibular disorder conditions. Nasomaxillary complex deficiency is closely associated with many of the most complex challenges encountered in dentistry, both currently and historically: the treatment of temporomandibular disorders, craniofacial orthopedic irregularities, dental malocclusion, and sleep disorders. Although myofunctional therapy has been adopted as a tool that clearly has improved treatment outcomes for many CFRC conditions, there are challenges. [Extracted from the article]

Background. Respiratory disorder is a disease with a very high incidence, in which obstructive apnea-hypopnea syndrome is the most harmful. It has become a common and frequently occurring disease, which seriously influences the health of the affected population. The pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is numerous. With the continuous research on OSAHS disease, it has been found that one of its main pathogeneses is caused by the anatomical characteristics of upper airway obstruction induced during sleep. The narrowing and collapse of any plane can affect the ventilation of the upper respiratory tract. In recent years, with the deepening of research, the importance of the upper respiratory tract obstruction as a source of the disease has attracted increasing attention. Nasal stenosis can cause increased nasal resistance, increased pharyngeal inhalation negative pressure, soft palate collapse, and narrow pharyngeal cavity, resulting in open mouth breathing, which can be the initiating factor of the upper airway obstruction. With the development and popularization of nasal endoscopy technology, domestic and foreign scholars have reported more on the treatment of rhinogenic OSAHS with nasal cavity expansion, but they are different. There is still more controversy; the main controversy centered on the effective rate of surgical treatment and the improvement of objective indicators. Therefore, this study performed individualized nasal cavity expansion for patients with OSAHS who are mainly rhinogenic, from subjective symptoms, objective indicators, and effective rate of surgery. Methods and Patients. Conduct research and analysis to provide references for the clinical treatment of such patients. For patients with the obstructive apnea-hypopnea syndrome with nasal congestion, individualized nasal cavity expansion was performed to study the clinical effect of nasal cavity expansion in the treatment of OSAHS. This article mainly screens cases through big data and selects a large hospital in China to perform individualized nasal cavity expansion surgery to treat 43 adult OSAHS patients with nasal congestion. Results. There are uploaded sleep monitoring, nasal reflex, nasal resistance, and nasal symptoms before and after surgery. Conclusion. Spirometer examination records, along with apnea-hypopnea index and minimum arterial blood oxygen saturation, the minimum cross-sectional area of the nasal cavity, nasal cavity volume, nasal airway resistance, total nasal respiratory volume, and other information. Also we fill in the nasal obstruction symptom assessment scale, sleepiness scale, and study and analyze the surgical effect of nasal cavity expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao em Saude Coletiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics is the property of Xiangya Medical Periodical Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives Although adenotonsillar hypertrophy is the main cause of sleep-disordered breathing in children, surrounding anatomic factors, such as the width of the nasopharynx, can affect upper airway patency. However, there have been no reports of the association of nasopharyngeal width with sleep-disordered breathing in children. This study was undertaken to measure nasopharyngeal width in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy for sleep-disordered breathing and to investigate the clinical implications of this factor. Methods This was a retrospective study with a follow-up period of 1 year, performed at a tertiary referral center. We reviewed the operative records of children who underwent adenotonsillectomy at our center for symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing, such as snoring, apnea, and mouth breathing. The nasopharyngeal width was measured immediately before adenotonsillectomy, which was performed under general anesthesia with a microscopy-assisted mirror view. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy was graded on a four-point scale, and symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing were evaluated by using the Korean version of the Obstructive Sleep Apnea-18 questionnaire before and after surgery. The relationships between the average nasopharyngeal width and patient age and sex, adenotonsillar hypertrophy, and the Korean version of the Obstructive Sleep Apnea-18 score were analyzed. Results The study included 549 children (343 boys) with a mean age of 6.0 years (range, 2 to 11 years). The average nasopharyngeal width was 11.9 mm (range, 7.0 to 18.0 mm) and increased with age (range, 11.2 to 13.3; β=0.264; P