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Abstract: Previous studies demonstrate humans can detect fatty acids via specialized sensors on the tongue, such as the CD36 receptor. Genetic variation at the common single nucleotide polymorphism rs1761667 of CD36 has been shown to differentially impact the perception of fatty acids, but comparative data among different ethnic groups are lacking. In a small cohort of Caucasian and East Asian young adults, we investigated if: (1) participants could detect oleic acid (C18:1) added to safflower oil emulsions at a constant ratio of 3% (w/v); (2) supplementation of oleic acid to safflower oil emulsions enhanced perception of fattiness and creaminess; and (3) variation at rs1761667 influenced oleic acid detection and fat taste perception. In a 3‐alternate forced choice test, 62% of participants detected 2.9 ± 0.7 mM oleic acid (or 0.08% w/v) in a 2.8% safflower oil emulsion. Supplementation of oleic acid did not enhance fattiness and creaminess perception for the cohort as a whole, though East Asians carrying the GG genotype perceived more overall fattiness and creaminess than their AA genotype counterparts (P < 0.001). No differences were observed for the Caucasians. These preliminary findings indicate that free oleic acid can be detected in an oil‐in‐water emulsion at concentrations found in commercial oils, but it does not increase fattiness or creaminess perception. Additionally, variation at rs1761667 may have ethnic‐specific effects on fat taste perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food & Dairy Sciences is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Drought stress significantly declines crop yield. Efficient soil moisture management and its consequent effects on metabolic changes which happen in response to drought stress are important in dry regions agriculture. This research was performed to evaluate yield, yield components, and oil accumulation in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars seed in response to water deficit conditions. A field experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of the College of Agriculture, Tabriz University during two growing seasons of 2014 and 2015. The treatments were arranged as split plots based on randomized complete block design with three replicates. Irrigation treatments (irrigation after 70, 100, 130, and 160 mm evaporation from class A pan) were assigned to the main plots and spring safflower cultivars (Faraman, Goldasht, Sina, and Soffeh) were allocated to the subplots. Safflower seeds were harvested in 5-d intervals at seven stages during development and maturity period. The result showed that Sina cultivar had the highest seed yield per unit area. Maximum oil percentage of safflower seeds was obtained at 1 to 12 d after plant physiological maturity. Water stress caused seed oil percentage decline across all cultivars. Sina and Faraman cultivars had higher oil percentage across all irrigation treatments. The highest oil and seed yield per unit area under both full and limited irrigation conditions was produced by Sina cultivar. Drought stress decreased seed yield, yield components, and oil content across all safflower cultivars, however, the extent of the damage was limited due to cultivar genetic characteristics and ecological origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safflower is an important oilseed crop for the dry regions of the world. In the present study, we aimed to find out the seed oil content and composition of the wild relatives of safflower. For this purpose, 71 populations from 5 naturally growing Carthamus species were collected from Turkey: Carthamus dentatus (30 accessions), Carthamus lanatus (30 accessions), Carthamus persicus (2 accessions), Carthamus glaucus (6 accessions), and Carthamus tenuis (3 accessions). Our research covered all naturally growing safflower species in the flora of Turkey. The seeds belonging to 71 accessions were germinated in cabinets and transferred to vials in order to obtain seedlings and then sown in the field manually. After harvesting, the seed oil content (%) and fatty acid compositions were determined. The seed oil content ranged between 10.50% and 20.40% in all accessions. Thirteen fatty acids, mainly linoleic (58.8% to 82.6%), oleic (7.3% to 22.8%), and palmitic acids (4.8% to 8.8%) were determined. The fatty acid compositions were more or less similar in all investigated species; however, the seed oil contents were different. For the evaluation of fatty acid properties as a taxonomic character, cluster analysis was performed. The dendrogram based on the fatty acid ratios discriminated section Carthamus and section Atractylis of the genus Carthamus; however, the resulting tree was not compatible with the previously constructed phylogeny trees in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cisplatin, a platinum chelate with potent antitumor activity against cancers of the testis, ovary, urinary bladder, prostate, and head and neck, has adverse effects on the kidney, bone marrow, and digestive organs, and its use is particularly limited by nephropathy as a side effect. In the present study, safflower seed extract was administered to a mouse model of cisplatin-induced acute renal failure to investigate its activity. Cisplatin (20mg/kg body weight) was administered by intraperitoneal injection to mice that had received oral safflower seed extract (100 or 200mg/kg body weight per day) for the preceding 2 days. Three days after the cisplatin injection, serum and renal biochemical factors; oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis-related protein expression; and histological findings were evaluated. Cisplatin-treated control mice showed body-weight, food intake and water intake loss, and increased kidney weight, whereas the administration of safflower seed extract attenuated these effects (, ). Moreover, safflower seed extract significantly decreased the renal functional parameters urea nitrogen and creatinine in the serum ( and , respectively). Safflower seed extract also significantly reduced the enhanced levels of reactive oxygen species in the kidney observed following cisplatin treatment, with significance. The expression of proteins related to the anti-oxidant defense system in the kidney was down-regulated following cisplatin treatment, but safflower seed extract significantly up-regulated the expression of the anti-oxidant enzyme catalase. Furthermore, safflower seed extract reduced the overexpression of phosphor (p)-p38, nuclear factor-kappa B p65, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, ATR, p-p53, Bax, and caspase 3 proteins, and mice treated with safflower seed extract exhibited less renal histological damage. These results provide important evidence that safflower seed extract exerts a pleiotropic effect on several oxidative stress- and apoptosis-related parameters and has a renoprotective effect in cisplatin-treated mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary We examined the effects of fish oil and fenofibrate (FF) on the pancreatic islet hypertrophy, and on the modification of glucose and lipid metabolic dysfunctions in KK mice with insulin resistance. The mice were fed one of four diets [25 en% lard/safflower oil (LSO), 25 en% fish oil (FO), or each of these diets plus 0.1 wt% FF (LSO/FF, FO/FF)] for 9 weeks. FO group and both FF groups had significantly lower final body and adipose tissue weights than LSO group. Pancreatic islet hypertrophy was observed only in LSO group but not in the other groups with fish oil or FF. And, it is likely that fish oil has a stronger therapeutic effect on islet hypertrophy. Plasma adiponectin level was significantly higher in FO group but not in both FF groups. Expression of hepatic lipogenic enzyme genes such as fatty acid synthase (FAS) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) was lower in FO groups with or without FF, whereas fatty acid oxidation-related mRNAs such as acyl-CoA oxidase (AOX) and uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2) were more abundant in FF groups with or without fish oil. Our results suggest that both fish oil and FF improve pancreatic islet hypertrophy with the amelioration of insulin resistance. Fish oil enhances insulin sensitivity by increasing plasma adiponectin; however, the beneficial effect of FF on insulin resistance seems to be independent of the plasma adiponectin level. These results mean that improvement of glucose and lipid metabolic dysfuctions in diabetic KK mice are independently approached by fish oil and FF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gelatin and exopolysaccharide (EPS) as wall matrix were investigated for safflower oil microcapsules using complex coacervation. The EPS from Pseudomonas PT-8 was negatively charged, which can react with positive charge of gelatin electrostatic to yield polymer rich phases. Single factor and orthogonal tests were carried out to determine optimal preparation conditions, mixing gelatin (30 g/L) and EPS (30 g/L) with a ratio of 5:4 at pH3.6 firstly, then coating safflower oil with 50 g/L gelatin-EPS, 60 g/L Tween 80, and Span 80 (1:1) as emulsifier and 3‰ transglutaminase (TG) as cross-linking agent, encapsulation efficiency of microcapsules reached 81.27% by cross-linking for 120 min at 20,000 rpm. Free flowing spherical microcapsules were made up of small round particles whose diameters were between 1 and 20 µm. When microcapsule powder dissolved in water, it can be dyed well by safranin due to its good dispersivity. Evaluation of endotoxin suggested that gelatin-EPS was not contaminated by endotoxin. Practical applications Gelatin and a novel microbial polysaccharide as shell matrix are used in safflower oil microcapsules. It can be easily digested by the body and effectively decrease undesirable taste and odor. It also can keep the ability of reducing blood viscosity, improving blood circulation and enhancing memory, due to the special shell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the effects of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 and n-6 PUFAs) in a murine model of herpetic chorioretinitis.Methods: BALB/c mice were fed on three high fat diets, which contained: Menhaden oil (rich in n-3 PUFAs); Safflower oil (rich in n-6 PUFAs); or Corn oil (rich in saturated fatty acids) as control group, 14 days previously and until 12 days following anterior chamber (AC) HSV-1 inoculation.Results: Mice fed on Menhaden oil present an early development of contralateral chorioretinitis by day 6 post-AC HSV-1 inoculation and also significant increase of RNA HSV-1 expression compared with Safflower and Corn oil groups. Furthermore, mice fed on Menhaden oil showed a significant decrease secretion of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-10 in splenic cells and both retinas.Conclusion: Our results showed that mice fed on Menhaden oil (n-3 PUFAs) presented an early development of contralateral chorioretinitis by day 6 post-AC HSV-1 inoculation and also a significant increase in RNA HSV-1 expression compared with animals fed on Safflower and Corn oils. This increase of HSV-1 could be associated with the higher development of chorioretinitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High intake of trans fat is associated with several chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Fat blends, produced by direct blending process of palm stearin (PS) with high oleic safflower oil (HOSO) in different concentrations, were investigated. The effects of the PS addition (50, 70, or 90%) and the rate of agitation (RA) (1000, 2000, or 3000 rpm) on physical properties, fatty acid profile (FAP), trans fatty acids (TFA), crystal structure, and consistency were researched. The blend containing 50% of each sort of oil (50% PS/50% HOSO) showed that melting point and features were similar to the control shortening. The saturated fatty acids (SFA) were higher followed by monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Significant differences in the content of palmitic and oleic acids among blends were observed. The 50% PS/50% HOSO blend contained higher oleic acid (42.9%) whereas the 90% PS/10% HOSO was higher in palmitic acid (56.9%). The blending of PS/HOSO promoted the - crystal polymorphic forms. The direct blending process of equal amounts of PS and HOSO was an adequate strategy to formulate a new zero-trans crystallized vegetable fats with characteristics similar to commercial counterparts with well-balanced fats rich in both omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel is an alternative renewable fuel which is produced by using biomass resources. Its physicochemical properties are close to those of the petroleum diesel fuel. This study highlights biodiesel production from safflower seed oil. The main aim of this experimental work is to optimize the process parameters, namely the methanol-to-oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction time and reaction temperature for biodiesel production. The Taguchi robust design approach was used with an L9 orthogonal array to analyze the influence of process factors on performance parameters. The results showed that the optimum yield of biodiesel was 93.8% with viscosity 5.60 cSt, with a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 4:1, catalyst concentration of 1.5 wt%, reaction time of 90 min and reaction temperature of 60 °C. The catalyst concentration was found to be the most influencing parameter which contributed 51.1% and 50.8% of the total effect on the yield of biodiesel, Y , and viscosity of biodiesel, Y , respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crystallization behavior and structure of mixtures of a high behenic acid stabilizer (HBS) in peanut oil, high oleic safflower oil and sesame oil were studied in order to elucidate the mechanism behind liquid oil stabilization. Both the chemical composition of the oil and cooling rate influenced the crystallization behavior and structure of HBS. The critical gelation concentration of HBS ranged from 6.5% for peanut oil crystallized at 3 °C/min to 11% for sesame oil mixtures crystallized at 0.6 °C/min. The free energy of nucleation (Δ G) was the highest for sesame oil (142 kJ/mol) followed by high oleic safflower oil (75.8 kJ/mol) and peanut oil (15.9 kJ/mol). The HBS peanut oil mixture displayed the highest storage modulus ( G′) under both cooling rates studied. In general, HBS-oil mixtures crystallized at a higher cooling rate exhibited high SFC values, lower crystallization temperatures and a predominance of the β′ polymorph, and they had a microstructure characterized by uniformly sized spherulites. In contrast, slow cooling rates led to higher critical gelation concentrations of HBS, lower SFC, fractionation of higher melting and lower melting fractions, a more stable polymorphic form β and a wide range of spherulite sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B Immobilization of Lipoxygenase, Catalase, and Lipase for a Reactor Design Targeting Linoleic Acid Hydroperoxidation b Valentin Gala Marti, Christoph Müller, Vitaliy Spektor and Ulrich Schörken DOI: 2200140 Article number 10.1002/ejlt.202200140 by Ulrich Schörken and co-workers shows that hydroperoxides synthesis from safflower oil is feasible in a two-reactor system with immobilized lipase in reactor 1 and co-immobilized lipoxygenase (LOX) with catalase for in situ oxygen generation in reactor 2. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: Hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic effects of Carthamus tinctorius Linn.(Safflower) seed oil was investigated in diabetic rats. Methods: Diabetes was induced by administration of 120 mg/kg alloxan monohydrate. The seed oil of safflower at dose of 200 mg/kg was administered as single dose per day to diabetic rats for a period of 28 days. The effect of oil on blood glucose level was measured in the diabetic rats. Serum lipid profile [total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), low density (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) and enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were also determined. Results: Levels of blood glucose, TC, TGs, LDL, ALT, AST and ALP decreased and HDL increased in alloxan induced diabetic rats after treatment with 200 mg/kg safflower seed oil for 28 days. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that seed oil of safflower seems to be useful for the prevention of diabetes complications.

This study aimed to characterize the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression in the bovine mammary gland and to infer their functions in dietary response to 5% linseed oil (LSO) or 5% safflower oil (SFO). Twelve cows (six per treatment) in mid lactation were fed a control diet for 28 days followed by a treatment period (control diet supplemented with 5% LSO or 5% SFO) of 28 days. Mammary gland biopsies were collected from each animal on day-14 (D-14, control period), D+7 (early treatment period) and D+28 (late treatment period) and were subjected to RNA-Sequencing and subsequent bioinformatics analyses. Functional enrichment of lncRNA was performed via potential cis regulated target genes located within 50 kb flanking regions of lncRNAs and having expression correlation of >0.7 with mRNAs. A total of 4955 lncRNAs (325 known and 4630 novel) were identified which potentially cis targeted 59 and 494 genes in LSO and SFO treatments, respectively. Enrichments of cis target genes of lncRNAs indicated potential roles of lncRNAs in immune function, nucleic acid metabolism and cell membrane organization processes as well as involvement in Notch, cAMP and TGF-β signaling pathways. Thirty-two and 21 lncRNAs were differentially expressed (DE) in LSO and SFO treatments, respectively. Six genes (KCNF1, STARD13, BCL6, NXPE2, HHIPL2 and MMD) were identified as potential cis target genes of six DE lncRNAs. In conclusion, this study has identified lncRNAs with potential roles in mammary gland functions and potential candidate genes and pathways via which lncRNAs might function in response to LSO and SFA.

This study was carried out as split split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Field of Agriculture Faculty, during 2014-2015 in Iran. In this study, the main factor was two safflower cultivars including: Sina and Faraman and subplot were foliar application of fulvic acid in 2 stages as: stem elongation and flowering and also sub sub plot were 3 different fulvic acid concentrations including as: 0: control (distilled water), 0.5 and 1 kg*ha-1. The results showed that the characters including: numbers of seed in head, 1,000 seed weight, seed yield, harvest index and oil percent were affected significantly by safflower cultivars, and also head weight were affected in different growth stages. Also the results of fulvic acid were showed significant different about head numbers, numbers of seed in head, biological yield, harvest index and oil percent. In this study the maximum seed yield and oil percent were achieved by Faraman cultivar in comparison with Sina, as it produced 14.33 and 19.5 percent more seed yield and oil percent in arrangement. Foliar application in stem elongation stage obtained 6.02 percent more seed yield but in flowering stage, fulvic acid spraying were achieved 35.5 percent more oil percent. Finally the results showed the positive effects of foliar application of fulvic acid in 1 kg*ha-1, as it produced 85.67 percent more oil percent in comparison with control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recently we showed that 5% linseed oil (LSO) and 5% safflower oil (SFO) supplementation of cow's diets reduced milk fat yield by 30·38 and 32·42% respectively, accompanied by differential expression of genes and regulation by microRNAs (miRNA). This research communication addresses the hypothesis that epigenetic regulation could be involved in the observed milk fat reduction. Thus, this study investigated the gene expression pattern of major epigenetic modifying enzymes in response to dietary supplementation with LSO or SFO. Twenty-six Canadian Holstein cows in mid lactation were randomly assigned to two groups (13/group) and fed a control diet for 28 d (day −28 to −1) (control period- CP) followed by a treatment period (TP) (control diet supplemented with 5% LSO (LSO treatment) or 5% SFO (SFO treatment) of 28 d (day +1 to +28). After treatment, cows in the two groups were returned to the control diet for another 28 d (day +29 to +56) (post treatment period-PTP). Milk samples were collected on day −1 (CP), +7, +28 (TP) and +56 (PTP) for RNA isolation and measurement of the expression of thirteen epigenetic modifying genes including two DNA methytrasferases (DNMT1, DNMT3A), four histone acetylases (HAT1, KAT2A, KAT5 and CREBBP), five histone deacetylases (HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, SIRT1 and SIRT2) and two histone methytransferases (EHMT2 and PRMT1) by qPCR. Linseed oil supplementation significantly repressed the expression of EHMT2, HDAC2 and HDAC3 on day +7 (P < 0·05) and KAT2A and SIRT2 on day +28 (P < 0·05) as compared with the control period (day −1) while SFO had no effect. When LSO was withdrawn, the expression of some of the genes increased slightly but did not reach control (day −1) levels at the end of the PTP. Our study demonstrated a significant role of LSO in the epigenetic regulation of fatty acid synthesis as compared to SFO. The effect of LSO may be related to its higher degree of unsaturation and might represent a different regulatory mechanism which needs further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) is a highly branched, herbaceous, thistle-like annual plant. It is commercially cultivated for vegetable oil extracted from the seeds, which is cultivated under arid environments. In such environments, the water needed for germination is available for only a short time and, consequently, successful crop establishment depends not only on rapid and uniform germination of the seedlot, but also on its ability to germinate under low water availability. All of these attributes can be analyzed through the hydrotime model (HT). Safflower seeds were germinated in various polyethylene glycol (PEG 600) solutions to obtain water potentials of 0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, and -0.8 Mpa. Results indicated that germination of safflower cultivars decreased significantly with reduction of osmotic potential. The highest germination percentage for Sina (93.06 and 94.02%), Faraman (93.52 and 95.33%), Talaei (94.98 and 93.98%) and Kouseh (93.58 and 95.55%) cultivars were attained from distilled water (0 MPa) and -0.2 MPa, respectively. The hydrotime constant (θH) for Sina, Faraman, Talaei and Kouseh cultivars were 0.93, 0.84, 0.78 and 0.72 MPa d, and the water potential (Ψb(50)) for Sina, Faraman, Talaei and Kouseh cultivars were -0.56, -0.67, -0.64 and -0.77 MPa, respectively. Cumulative germination of safflower seed was higher in Kouseh cultivar, than in Sina, Faraman and Talaei cultivars. Results showed that, hydrotime model is suited to predicting seed germination of safflower seeds. In addition, the information gathered with this work allows us to build mathematical models to predict germination of safflower cultivars in the field under various environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) is one of the oldest domesticated crops, mainly grown as oilseed in the arid and semi arid regions of the world. Cross-ability of Carthamus species has made wild safflower species a suitable source for transferring drought tolerant genes to cultivated species. This study was conducted to investigate seed yield per plant, oil content and fatty acid composition of some Carthamus species and to identify the effects of drought stress on these measured traits. In this regard, 27 genotypes from C. tinctorius, C. palaestinus, C. oxyacanthus, C. lanatus and C. glaucus were planted in the field under normal and drought-stress conditions for two years. Results showed that some studied species differed in oil content, seed yield per plant and fatty acid profiles. As an example, the highest seed oil content (32%) was found in genotype number 22 from C. palaestinus, and the lowest (18%) was obtained for the genotype number 11 from C. lanatus. For all the species, oil content was not affected by moisture stress and did not change over different environments. Similar and stable responses of various Carthamus species for fatty acid composition indicated that hybridization between these species for genetic improvement of drought tolerance may have no adverse effects on oil quality. Considerable diversity within species for all measured traits, similarity in fatty acid profiles and almost the same pattern of changes under drought stress showed that the wild species especially the crossable ones, are good candidates to be used in breeding of cultivated safflower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the differences in macrostructure and microstructure, rheology, and storage stability of pre-emulsified safflower oil (PSO) prepared by natural and magnetic field modified soy 11S globulin were analysised. It was concluded that the PSO with magnetic field modified soy 11S globulin (MPSO) has better emulsifying activity and physical stability. The changes in gel quality, oxidational sensitivity, rheological, and sensory properties of pork batters with different substitute ratios (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of pork back-fat by MPSO with magnetic field modified soy 11S globulin were studied. Compared to the sample without MPSO, pork batter with MPSO showed higher emulsion stability, apparent viscosity, L ⁎ value, springiness, cohesiveness, and expressible moisture, while lower a ⁎ value and cooking loss. Moreover, added MPSO could be more uniformly distributed into the meat matrix with smaller holes. With the increase in the replacement proportion of pork back-fat, the hardness, water- and fat-holding capacity, and P 21 of pork batter significantly decreased (P < 0.05). As revealed by sensory evaluation and TBARS, using MPSO to substitute for pork back-fat decreased the lipid oxidational sensitivity of pork batter, and without negative effects on the appearance, juiciness and overall acceptability. Overall, it is feasible to apply MPSO as a pork-fat replacer to produce reduced-animal fat pork batter with excellent gel and sensory properties., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors (Zhuang-Li Kang, Jing-jie Xie, Yan-ping Li, Wan-jie Song, Han-Jun Ma) declare that there are no financial interests or personal relationships that will influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Copyright of Applied Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Expressing circulating phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) in relative concentrations has some limitations: the total of all fatty acids are summed to 100%; therefore, the values of individual fatty acid are not independent. In this study we examined if both relative and absolute metrics could effectively measure changes in circulating PLFA concentrations in an intervention trial. 66 HIV and HHV8 infected patients in Uganda were randomized to take 3 g/d of either long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (1856 mg EPA and 1232 mg DHA) or high—oleic safflower oil in a 12-week double-blind trial. Plasma samples were collected at baseline and end of trial. Relative weight percentage and absolute concentrations of 41 plasma PLFAs were measured using gas chromatography. Total cholesterol was also measured. Intervention-effect changes in concentrations were calculated as differences between end of 12-week trial and baseline. Pearson correlations of relative and absolute concentration changes in individual PLFAs were high (>0.6) for 37 of the 41 PLFAs analyzed. In the intervention arm, 17 PLFAs changed significantly in relative concentration and 16 in absolute concentration, 15 of which were identical. Absolute concentration of total PLFAs decreased 95.1 mg/L (95% CI: 26.0, 164.2; P =0.0085), but total cholesterol did not change significantly in the intervention arm. No significant change was observed in any of the measurements in the placebo arm. Both relative weight percentage and absolute concentrations could effectively measure changes in plasma PLFA concentrations. EPA and DHA supplementation changes the concentrations of multiple plasma PLFAs besides EPA and DHA.Both relative weight percentage and absolute concentrations could effectively measure changes in plasma phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the effect of diets low in saturated fatty acids and high in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) or polyunsaturated fatty acids on body composition in participants at risk for metabolic syndrome (MetS).Methods: This study was a randomized, crossover, controlled feeding study. Participants (n = 101, ages 49.5 ± 1.2, BMI 29.4 ± 0.4 kg/m2 ) were randomized to five isocaloric diets containing treatment oils: Canola, CanolaOleic, CanolaDHA, Corn/Safflower, and Flax/Safflower. Each diet period was 4 weeks followed by a 2- to 4-week washout period.Results: Canola (3.1 kg, P = 0.026) and CanolaOleic oil diets (3.09 kg, P = 0.03) reduced android fat mass compared with the Flax/Saff oil diet (3.2 kg), particularly in men. The decrease in abdominal fat mass was correlated with the reduction in blood pressure after the Canola (systolic blood pressure: r = 0.26, P = 0.062; diastolic blood pressure: r = 0.38, P = 0.0049) and CanolaOleic oil diets (systolic blood pressure: r = 0.39 P = 0.004; diastolic blood pressure: r = 0.45, P = 0.0006). The decrease in abdominal fat mass also was associated with a reduction in triglyceride levels after the CanolaOleic oil diet (r = 0.42, P = 0.002).Conclusions: Diets high in MUFA (compared with PUFA) reduced central obesity with an accompanying improvement in MetS risk factors. Diets high in MUFA may be beneficial for treating and perhaps preventing MetS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genotype × environment interaction (GEI) have direct impact on stability of genotypes grown under varied environmental conditions. In the present study, the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model was employed to investigate GEI, stability and adaptation of a worldwide germplasm of safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) for seed and oil yield. The experiments were conducted at seven environments (combination of location, year and irrigation regimes) using 100 safflower genotypes. The results of the AMMI analysis showed that the main effects due to genotype, environment, and GEI as well as the first four interaction principle component axes were significant for both seed and oil yield. Environment was the major source of variability, followed by GEI. The results of AMMI biplot and stability parameters including AMMI stability value (ASV), sum of the absolute value of IPC scores (SIPC) and genotype selection index (GSI) revealed that genotypes G60 (originating from Jordan) and G90 (originating from Kerman, Iran) had general adaptation under drought and normal conditions. Genotype G21, originating from Greece, exhibited high adaptation and yield under the normal environments. The AMMI biplot determined genotypes G65 (originating from USA) and G40 (originating from Tajikistan) as the superior to be grown under drought stress conditions. The results eventually indicated that the AMMI biplot is an informative method to explore the stability and adaptation patterns of genotypes in practical plant breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to monitor and compare formation of non-volatile and volatile oxidation compounds in a conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-rich oil, Tonalin oil (TO) and a linoleic acid (LA)-rich oil, safflower oil (SO) at 40 °C in the dark. In the TO, formation of hydroperoxides was negligible and the first and major compounds formed were polymerization products. When tocopherols were exhausted, the SO showed 152 meq O/kg oil and 3 % polymers, values which are consistent with the expected progress of oxidation in unsaturated oils under these conditions, while the TO showed only 19 meq O/kg oil of peroxide value and as much as 15 % polymers. In relation to the composition of volatile compounds, that found in the SO was close to that expected from the cleavage of the alkoxyl radicals formed from the LA-derived hydroperoxides, where hexanal is the main compound. However, the composition of volatile compounds of the TO was characterized by the occurrence of heptanal and t-2-nonenal, which were absent in the SO. An alternative route of formation for these distinct volatile oxidation compounds in TO could be scission of dioxoethanes coming from 1,2 cycloadditions of CLA with oxygen. Overall, the results obtained in this study, both on non-volatile and on volatile compounds, support that oxidation kinetics of CLA-rich oils differ substantially from that expected according to the hydroperoxide theory. Oxidation of CLA seems to proceed preferentially by the addition of the peroxyl radical to a double bond during propagation reactions, thus supporting the formation of oligomeric peroxides from the early events of lipid degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of acidolysis of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (PC) with concentrates of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was performed. CLA was obtained by the alkali isomerization of sunflower and safflower oils. Analysis of the influence of different reaction conditions on the process of isomerization was investigated. Reactions were carried out in preparative scale at 150°C in the ethylene glycol and afforded the mixture of isomers: cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12. Their content was 30.8 and 32.3% for product obtained from sunflower oil and 30.4 and 36.4% for the product obtained from safflower oil. Crude concentrates were purified by urea complexation with 1:3 fatty acids to urea weight ratio. Enzymatic modification of phosphatidylcholine from egg yolk with CLA concentrates was carried out using lipase from Rhizomucor miehei. The process was performed at 45°C with controlled water activity. The highest effective incorporation (42%) of CLA into PC and lysophosphatidylcholine molecules was obtained using concentrate from the sunflower and safflower oils after 36 h of reaction. Practical applications: Results of this research are useful for the development of scaled up acidolysis reaction to produce phosphatidylcholine enriched in biologically active isomers of CLA using the sunflower or safflower oil as a rich source of linolenic acid. Application of the concentrates of CLA obtained from sunflower and safflower oils to the enzymatic acidolysis of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the efforts of the government to increase oil seed production, Turkey continues to be import-dependent due to a net deficit in oilseeds and products. For this reason, The Turkish government began supporting oilseeds production in 2001 and continues to support oilseed production with production premium programs. The government of Turkey pays a premium per kilogram of oilseeds to producers. This study aims to analyze the factors related to farmers' benefiting from oilseeds production support of safflower growers in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. Data were collected by a questionnaire administered to 83 safflower growers selected by simple random sampling method. Chi-square test was used to analyze the existence of association between "benefiting or not" and each of the socioeconomic variables. The result of the analyses showed that size of safflower cultivation area, state of dealing with livestock, agricultural credit use and practice of crop rotation are all important. Certainly, the potential of safflower production is tremendous in Turkey, but that potential can be obtained only through effective and more specific support policies. Safflower marketing and low price appears to be a major problem requiring attention in research area. For this reason, government should give support and guarantees on the marketing of safflower to increase the safflower production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safflower oil constitutes an important source of oleic acid and linoleic acid which can be used for food and industrial applications. Because of their importance, nowadays, breeders are focused on selection of high-oleic or linoleic safflower breeding lines for particular end use purposes. For this aim, we investigated the expression levels of six CtFAD2 genes at leaf and root tissues of four Turkish safflower varieties (LINAS, OLAS, Remzibey-05 and Dincer) by qRT-PCR to find out suitable genes for the early selection of safflower lines with desired oleic/linoleic content. qRT-PCR results showed that all the genes exhibited differential expression levels among different safflower varieties. The highest mRNA levels of all CtFAD2 genes in the leaves were observed in LINAS safflower variety which is a high-linoleic type safflower variety having high yielding and high oil capacity. Among all six CtFAD2 genes, mRNA levels of CtFAD2-1, CtFAD2-5 and CtFAD2-10 genes were interestingly quite similar among leaf tissues of all safflower varieties. Results of the current study suggest that, according to their expression levels in leaf tissues, CtFAD2-10, CtFAD2-5 and CtFAD2-1 genes are appeared as good candidates for early selection of high oleic/high linoleic safflower varieties and can be conveniently used in breeding studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It has been considered by researchers to study the possibility of replacing chemical food additives (synthetic antioxidants) by natural products (medicinal plants). Objective: This study investigated the antioxidant properties of Satureja hortensis L. essential oil (SHEO) on safflower oil oxidation. Methods: Different assays have been used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of SHEO: total phenol content (TPC), DPPH•, ABTS+•, ferric thiocyanate (FTC), β - carotene bleaching. For evaluation of SHEO effect on safflower oil oxidation, peroxide value (PV), conjugated dienes (CD), and tiobarbituric acid (TBA) indices were compared with BHT (a synthetic antioxidant). Results: TPC of SHEO was determined to be 293.7 mg gallic acid equivalent in 1 ml of sample and IC50 was 0.71 mg/ml in DPPH•. 0.4 and 0.1 mg/ml of SHEO at all time (1, 5, 10, 15 min) showed the highest and lowest antiradical ABTS°+ activity (118.2 and 26.6 μg/ml AscAE =Ascorbic acid equivalent) in 15 min. In FTC and FTC-TBA, 8 mg/ml SHEO showed the highest activity. In β-carotene bleaching of 0.1-2 mg/ml SHEO, 0.1 has the minimum (%9.02), and 1 and 2 has the maximum inhibitory effects (%34.33 and %36.86 inhibitions). 4 mg/ml of SHEO had the highest inhibitory effect in the safflower oil test and that peroxide does not have significant difference with 0.1 mg/ml BHT. Conclusion: Antioxidant activities of SHEO concentrations increased in all indices (p< 0.05) and various concentrations were able to slow down the oxidation process.