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The aim of the research was to develop mathematical models describing the emission of selected pollutants correlated with the residual oxygen content in the flue gas. The correlation was made for low-temperature combustion of wood pellets in biomass boilers and furnaces. The developed models can be used in modern control systems of boilers, furnaces or for precise calculation of emission factors for the discussed group of heating devices. The description was made for devices with a stationary wood pellet combustion process with a heat output range from 12 kW to 30 kW. The obtained models, not currently used in this group of devices, will allow controlling the operation of heating boilers in a sustainable and ecological way, taking into account the environmental burden.

In many developing nations, wood is still commonly used as a fuel for domestic cooking. However, fuelwood combustion can have a pronounced effect on air quality by releasing considerable level of PAHs, thereby posing serious risk to global and environmental health. In this study, seven fuelwood samples were cut into small pieces (100 g) and subjected to open burning with a view to estimate PAHs emissions and their toxicity potentials. During combustion, sixteen basic PAHs were characterized by collecting gaseous emissions from the combustion on PUFs (Polyurethane foams) using probe from the air sampler. The PUFs were washed in a Soxhlet extractor with Acetone to extract the emission which was then analyzed using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for characterization. Chrysene and Dibenzo[a, h]anthracene have the highest and lowest PAHs concentrations, respectively. All PAHs levels observed exceeded permissible limits of 1x10−6 and 1.2x 10−7 mg/m3 of European Union and World Health Organization, respectively. PAHs from cashew wood showed highest levels of toxicity and mutagenicity, while all the samples have the same carcinogenic effect, indicating that all the samples have the same environmental/harmful impacts, going by ∑PAHcarc/∑PAH ratios (ratio that indicates general harmfulness). The study concluded that despite the relatively low toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects observed in this study, exposure to these concentrations for a long period should be avoided, especially for persons with existing known health conditions such as asthma, lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases.

Investigating the impact of ethanol and TiO2 on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines running on a blend of ethanol and castor biodiesel is the primary goal of this study. The nanoparticles of ethanol, biodiesel, and TiO2 diesel fuel were combined at several concentrations. Diesel, B10, B20, B30, B10E10T, B20E10T, B30E10T, B10E20T, B20E20T, and B30E20T were among the various fuels that were investigated. The physiochemical properties of all the sample fuels were assessed, including density, pour point, cloud point, fire point, flash point, and kinematic viscosity. Following this, other engine performance indicators, such as torque, power, and fuel-consumption, were examined. Studies were also carried out on the properties of emissions, including CO, CO2, HC, and NO. Peak braking power and engine torque were found for each fuel under investigation at around 2750 and 2500 rpm, respectively. The addition reduced the brake-specific fuel consumption for B10E20T by 7.41 % while increasing the braking engine's torque and power by 8.64 and 3.86 %, respectively, in compared to blends without the TiO2 additions. When compared to diesel, the exhaust emission data without the addition of TiO2 revealed a decrease in CO and HC emissions but an increase in CO2 and NO emissions. On the other hand, using ethanol blend reduced NO emissions. According to the overall findings, diesel engine performance, combustion characteristics, and exhaust gas emissions were enhanced averagely by 7.43 % when a certain ratio of ethanol, biodiesel, and TiO2 additives (B10E20 + 50 ppm) was used.

Bioluminescence is the generation and emission of light by living things. In the present investigation, Mycena chorophos is reported for the first time from the Konkan region of Maharashtra, India. We observed tiny, luminous clumps of Mycena chlorophos on a rotten bamboo substratum. The fungi grow in clusters of one or more individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doping has been proven to be a good way to regulate the optical and electrical properties of the active elements including both inorganic and organic materials. In this paper, the study demonstrates a bipolar doping strategy for an intrinsic charge‐transfer binary‐complex through the use of p‐ and n‐type dopants, which incorporate toward highly‐ordered ternary complexes. Benefitting from the good lattice matching and energy level tuning, the supramolecular system with a large doping concentration range (0 ≤ x ≤ 50% or 40%) assembles into the original crystal lattice and exhibits tunable luminescence or quenching phenomena even at very low ratio. The 7h‐benzo[c]carbazole (BCZ) dopped cocrystals show yellow–green to red emission due to the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET); while only 5% 7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) dopant can bring superior photothermal (PT) behavior with a high PT conversion efficiency up to 75.3%, owing to the efficient non‐radiative decay way contribution. It is believed that the strong π–π interactions and free rotation of −C(C≡N)2 promote this decay way transition. This work on the charge‐transfer complex doping system suggests the great potential in optical, photothermal imaging, and therapy applications as well as information memory and photo sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to increasingly stringent global environmental policies, this study addresses the pressing need for accurate prediction models of CO2 emissions from vehicles powered by alternative fuels, such as compressed natural gas (CNG). Through experimentation and modelling, one of the pioneering CO2 emission models specifically designed for CNG-powered vehicles is presented. Using data from chassis dynamometer tests and road assessments conducted with a portable emission measurement system (PEMS), the study employs the XGBoost technique within the Optuna Python programming language framework. The validation of the models produced impressive results, with R2 values of 0.9 and 0.7 and RMSE values of 0.49 and 0.71 for chassis dynamometer and road test data, respectively. The robustness and precision of these models offer invaluable information to transportation decision-makers engaged in environmental analyses and policymaking for urban areas, facilitating informed strategies to mitigate vehicular emissions and foster sustainable transportation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural production, including animal husbandry, is associated with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which have a negative impact on the environment. The purpose of this study was to determine methane and nitrous oxide emissions at the level of individual farms and to identify differences in emissions by type of production. Analyses were conducted using data from the FADN agricultural accounting system, covering the farms in Poland engaged in dairy production and the breeding of other grazing livestock for the period from 2012 to 2021. The relationships and trends of the indicators during the study period were also analyzed. The statistical analysis confirmed the relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and economic performance. In the case of dairy farms, the emissions averaged 137.09 kg·ha−1 of methane and 94.05 kg·ha−1 of nitrous oxide, which were found to increase as the net-added value and farm income increased. The results of the presented research highlight the existence of a link between economic goals and GHG emissions, which is an important contribution to the development of mitigation strategies in livestock production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pathogen‐based diseases are prime concern for modern society. Some oxide‐based nanomaterials have been found to show promising antimicrobial activities. However, the industrial synthesis of these oxide materials are harmful to environment. Zinc oxide nano‐flakes were prepared using corn silk (Zea mays) extract. The material was characterized by spectral and microscopic techniques. XRD data shows rutile structure and nano‐crystal size of 36.15 nm. SEM indicates morphology consisting of nano size particles with porous structure. EDX confirms presence of Zn and O. UV‐Vis data shows band gap of 3.62 eV. On excitation, PL exhibits a variety of emission bands in visible spectrum. Dielectric properties suggest the dielectric constant has a well‐dispersed real and imaginary portion. The ZnO NFs were subjected to antimicrobial activities (in dark and under white light) against various strains like E. coli, K. pneumonia and S. aureus. The light induced antibacterial activity is slightly higher as compared to that in dark. Best part of this study is that minimum concentration of ZnO can be used in presence of light thereby reducing the toxicity to the environment due to these metal oxides. Based on the observed results, this material could be used as multi‐dimensional functional material in day‐to‐day life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative fuels and energy sources are necessary to combat climate change and deplete fossil fuel stocks. Greenhouse gasses and environmental degradation are consequences of traditional energy sources, making the need for sustainable alternatives critical. Another feasible solution to lessen the environmental impact of transportation and industry is biodiesel and biofuels. Using an efficient approach for trash disposal is another important consideration. The manufacturing of many things has skyrocketed, leading to an explosion of trash. For a long time, waste polymers were the material of choice for many items due to their low production costs and high adaptability. The purpose of this article is to promote a more sustainable environment by addressing the challenges of conventional fuel scarcity and the disposal of polymer waste. Diesel engine's performance was studied in relation to waste polymer fuels recovered from different waste grades of waste polymer with diethyl ether added. Diesel fuel and a blend of waste polymer fuel, typically 20% and 40% by weight, are combined to provide the primary fuel. The diethyl ether additives, in concentrations of 10% and 20%, were mixed with waste polymer fuel to enhance the performance of the engines, serving as an alternative fuel source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trend in the exploration and development of alternative fuels have been growing especially over the past few decades. The limited availability of conventional fuels like gasoline and diesel, their harmful effects on the environment and human health due to unwanted engine exhaust emissions and continuously increasing fuel prices have led the research into the use of alternative fuels and fuel blends. More advantages can be gained if these fuels are used with advanced combustion techniques instead of conventional approaches in internal combustion engines (ICEs). In this direction, the low temperature combustion (LTC) techniques play an important role as it can use conventional fuels such as gasoline and diesel or unconventional/alternative fuels such as alcohol fuels and fuels blend as a main fuel. LTC is also one of the advanced combustion techniques which has the potential to overcome the harmful pollutants coming from diesel engines and gasoline engines. In LTC approach the combustion of homogeneous charge happens at low temperature which provides better ground to reduce the harmful NOx emission and simultaneously reduces the soot/particulate matter (PM) emissions to ultra-low level. Higher thermal efficiency can also be achieved using LTC technique as it has no throttling devices. This review paper describes the use of different fuels (conventional/unconventional/blends) and their effects on the ignition and emission of LTC engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The worldwide fuel crises that occurred in the 1970s brought the issue of many countries' susceptibility to oil embargoes and shortages to the forefront of public consciousness. Blends of fish oil and diesel fuel were researched and it was found that they were technically feasible to use in vehicles. The development of alternative fuel sources received a significant amount of attention. As a direct consequence of this, the use of alternative fuels as a means of satisfying these prerequisites has attracted a lot of interest. Because of this, there has been a resurgence of interest in the mixtures of fish oil and diesel, with a particular focus on its potential use as an alternative fuel in diesel engines. A lot of considerations need to be taken into account while looking into alternative fuels that could be used in diesel engines. The goal of this study is to provide a review of these difficulties, paying special attention to concerns pertaining to distribution and safety. In the experiment, different proportions and evolutions of critical qualities like flash point, fire point, viscosity and calorific value are analyzed and the results are tabulated and graphs are made, respectively. According to the findings of this investigation, the most effective ratio was found to be 80% diesel and 20% fish oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, in order to improve the fuel economy of the actual application of the engine under multi-operating conditions, an experimental study is carried out on a turbo-charged direct-injection engine based on different pre-chamber structures. The engine used for the study is a four-cylinder turbo-charged direct-injection gasoline engine with different structures of pre-chamber spark plugs. The operating conditions in this study include load characteristics at 2000 r/min and characteristic loads at different speeds, including 3000 r/min, 3200 r/min, and 3600 r/min. With stable BMEP or fully open throttle and pedal, the experiment was conducted by the spark angle scanning method to collect data of engine power, economy, and emission under each condition. It was found that the pre-chamber structure has a direct effect on engine performance, with a clear load demarcation line for its effect. Under the WOT condition, the power of pre-chamber ignition is 1.6% higher than that of conventional spark plugs; at the low load of 2 bar, the economy of pre-chamber ignition is degraded by 6%; at the medium load of 8 bar, the economy of the two is comparable; at the large load of 16 bar, the fuel economy proves advantageous. Compared with conventional spark plugs, the pre-chamber spark angle can be advanced by 2~3 °CA, and the pre-chamber ignition with separate ground electrodes is highly reliable. The emission levels of the pre-chamber spark plugs and conventional spark plugs are comparable at all loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Diesel engine is expected to be available for operation at high altitude. However, power loss and emission deterioration have been plaguing highland Diesel engines. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of altitude on the performance and combustion characteristics of Diesel engines that is limited discussed in existing studies. The research was conducted by varying the altitude from 0-4500 m using a research Diesel engine and analyzing the combustion characteristics at different combustion phases with the help of triple Wiebe function. The results indicated a noticeable drop in power output with increasing altitude, and the deterioration of performance and emissions became significant when the altitude exceeded 3000 m. Specifically, the indicated specific CO, unburned hydrocarbon, and soot emissions increased while nitrogen NOx showed a reverse trend. Additionally, it was found that the lower cylinder pressure at high altitude extended the ignition delay and caused a higher heat release rate in the premixed combustion stage. Moreover, the high altitude condition shortened the duration of combustion and reduced the energy release fraction in the diffusion phase. Furthermore, the late combustion phase occurred earlier and lasted longer at high altitude, which consequently reduced the combustion and thermal efficiency. The most important finding is that the engine performance, especially the combustion efficiency, shows an abrupt degradation with altitudes above 3000 m. As a result, engines operating at extremely high altitudes require multi-stage turbocharging to compensate for combustion deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implications of adding cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles as a fuel additive to a castor oil biodiesel–diesel fuel blend on engine performance and emissions in a single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine under various speed were examined in the current study. The test fuels used were fossil diesel fuels, B5 blend biodiesel (as 5% biodiesel and 95% diesel), B10 blend biodiesel (as 10% biodiesel and 90% diesel), B15 blend biodiesel (as 15% biodiesel and 85% diesel), B20 blend biodiesel (as 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel), and B25 blend biodiesel (as 25% biodiesel and 75% diesel), with cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticle additive (75 ppm). The result of the physio-chemical properties of the oil samples was within the limit of the ASTM standard. The addition of CeO2 nano additive to the biodiesel–diesel blends has demonstrated a significant reduction in emission and increased in engine performance for all biodiesel–diesel blends for the engine operating speed range. From the result B25 have the maximum reduction rate in BSFC and B10 have the minimum reduction rate in BSFC. The average maximum increment of thermal efficiency was 22.2% for B10 with CeO2 inclusion. CO emission increased as engine speed increased. HC emission was reduced for all blend, with and without CeO2 nano additions as speed increased. Maximum NOx emission was seen at the rated speed of 2700 rpm without nano additive and at 2900 rpm with nano additive. CeO2 nano additive reduced the soot opacity by 11.56% for all biodiesel–diesel blends for the engine operating speed range. As the objective of this study the results indicates CeO2 nano additive reduced emissions and improved the performance. So, using sustainable biodiesel–diesel blends made from castor oil with CeO2 nano additive advisable in ideal operating conditions for diesel engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to increase the comfort of vehicle passengers in specific vehicle categories, the heating of the passenger compartment is not provided by the heat from the engine driving the vehicle but by an additional heating device. The study examines the effect of auxiliary heaters that use liquid fuels to heat the passenger compartment of vehicles. The device was operated during the test with two different mixtures containing bioethanol (E30, E100) and the original motor gasoline (E10). It aimed to understand the effects of different fuels, particularly heating performance, operating time and emissions. Based on the results, as the ethanol content increases, the temperature of the device's flame and heating air decreases. The experiments showed that in the case of E100 bioethanol, the average temperature measured in stable operating conditions was significantly lower than in the case of E10 motor gasoline. That suggests that an increase in the ethanol content reduces the heating performance. Another significant result of the study was that in the case of mixtures containing ethanol, a longer operating time is required to achieve the same amount of heat, which leads to additional fuel consumption. In addition, when using E100 bioethanol, the amount of harmful gases that are emitted increases significantly during the longer operating time. This observation can be important for evaluating the environmental impact and efficiency of vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decarbonisation of the maritime sector is one of the world's priorities to reduce the volume of polluting emissions. The basis of this decarbonisation is the adaptation of existing ships to emission control regulations by means of transformations, installation of new equipment, development of new low-emission fuels and development of the infrastructure that makes the supply of this new generation of fuels feasible. In addition, hydrogen is the energy vector for all these new technologies, and its role over the next 30 years needs to be addressed. In a changing global situation such as the one we are currently experiencing; this article has the objective of making a review paper on the different fuels currently being used in the maritime sector and the existing alternatives. It also discusses the situation and the impact the current environmental situation has on the world ship order book, both in terms of legislation and economics. As a conclusion, the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) will have a very important role to play as a bridge between the current situation and the development of hydrogen technology. Hydrogen is an energy vector that can achieve the decarbonisation objectives by 2050. Storage problems, lack of infrastructures to supply it and the development of technology and regulations are the major challenges it will have to face. Biofuels also present a serious proposal for the decarbonisation of the sector, and the role of hydrogen in their composition, is essential to achieve green fuel generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this experimental work, the effects of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles on emissions and performance of 4.4 kW diesel engine powered by palm biodiesel were studied. Palm biodiesel of 20% by volume was blended with diesel fuel (B20). Each test fuel blend was doped with CuO nanoparticles with concentrations of 25, 50, and 75 ppm. Experimentations were carried out for 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% engine loads at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. Different parameters, such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and smoke opacity were analysed. From the results, it is observed that by using CuO nanoparticles along with B20, BTE (1.18%-7.69%) were significantly increased and BSFC (4.12%-6.76) were lowered. Besides, by using CuO nanoparticles, there were also substantial reductions in CO (2.21%-8.86%). Furthermore, there is an insignificant increase in HC (0.3%-9.78%), CO2 (2.38%-5.97%), and NOx (1.75%-5.27%) emissions when compared to B20 blend. However, when compared to diesel fuel all the emissions were low for all biodiesel blends except NOx emission. Overall, it is concluded that CuO could be considered as a appropriate petroleum additive for palm biodiesel blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the changes in performance and emission values in a four-stroke and three-cylinder diesel engine by using pure diesel fuel and fuels created by adding TiO2 nanoparticles. Adding TiO2 nanoparticles to the fuel aimed to improve the combustion characteristics of the diesel engine and reduce the harmful effects of exhaust emissions. Pure diesel and TiO2 nanoparticle-added fuel samples in three distinct amounts, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, and 75 ppm, were prepared in magnetic and ultrasonic mixers as D100, D100+25TiO2, D100+50TiO2, and D100+75TiO2. All fuel samples used in the research were tested at a constant speed of 1800 revolutions per minute (rpm) at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% full loads. When TiO2-added fuels were compared to pure diesel, there was a 15.12% rise in brake thermal efficiency at %25 load and a 13.36% drop in brake specification fuel consumption at %25 load. EGT values also increased with the increase in load and adding TİO2. The amount of CO2 in exhaust emissions increased by 5% at maximum load in the fuel with the highest TiO2 additive according to neat diesel. There was an average increase of 11.44% in NOx emissions for all loads with TiO2 addition. The results show that the fuel mixture created by adding TiO2 nanoparticles can be used in certain proportions in diesel engines and that the TiO2 addition positively improves the combustion properties, engine performance, and exhaust gas emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is facing declining liquid fuel reserves at a time when energy demand is exploding. As the supply decreases and costs rise, everyone will be forced to adopt the alternative energy resources. In order to achieve a secure and stable energy supply that does not cause environmental damage, renewable energy sources must be explored and promising technologies should be developed. This study investigates the effects of exhaust gases of diesel-Cadoba farinosa forskk bio-ethanol blended fuel samples run on a compression ignition engine. The test fuels were prepared; BDE2 (97% Diesel and 2% bio-ethanol volumetric proportion), BDE4, BDE6, BDE8 and BDE10 with 1% biodiesel (palm oil methyl esters) was maintained throughout to prevent phase separation of the ethanol and diesel respectively. The engine performance and exhaust gas analysis were also conducted to investigate the effect of bio-ethanol as diesel fuel extender, with a TD110-115 single-cylinder, four-stroke and air-cooled, compression ignition engine test rig, under different loading conditions, and incorporated with an SV-5Q automobile exhaust gas analyzer was used to monitor and measure the concentration of gaseous emissions, such as; exhaust gas temperature (EGT), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) from the engine tail pipe. Results of the test revealed an appreciable increase in exhaust gas temperature of 16.66% due to the rise in cylinder pressure and temperature respectively. An appreciable decrease in HC, CO and CO2 (15.7%, 37.5% and 15% respectively) emissions was recorded for all blended fuel samples with the exception of diesel. While, the least CO and CO2 emission levels were observed for BDE10 fuel samples. On the account of its satisfactory engine performance behavior, fuel conservation advantages, and inherent greenhouse gas mitigation potentials, the candidacy of Cadoba Farinosa Forskk bio-ethanol and diesel blends, offers the promise of a prospective fuel for compression ignition engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advantages of reusability, lower cost, and environmentally friendly operation have made the heterogeneous catalyzed methylic process a preferable alternative to the homogeneously catalyzed protocol. The optimal production yield of palm kernel shell oil (PKSO) methyl ester (PKSOME) was modeled using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The cost of PKSOME was determined, and the synthesized PKSOME was blended with diesel fuel with various volume ratios. Several analyses were done, including thermophysical properties using ASTM test methods, density and viscosity, fire point and flash point, aniline point, and acid value. Emission characteristics such as exhaust smoke, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide were measured using an IC engine. The use of waste eggshells for heterogeneously catalyzed biodiesel from underutilized PKSO for green diesel can reduce production costs even further. The green biodiesel model and TP correlations have applications in the biodiesel and aviation industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Chongqing University of Technology (Natural Science) is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article compares the equivalent emissions from battery electric vehicles (BEVs) with those of internal combustion engines vehicles (ICEVs) and hybrid vehicles (HV). The considerations focused on the dependence of the equivalent emission from electric cars on the official/national Polish energy mix (which is still mainly based on hard coal). The results of mathematical simulations of the impact of the fuel type on pollutants' emissions are presented. The article also focuses on the effects of the fuel used in internal combustion engines vehicles (LPG, CNG, petrol, diesel, hydrogen) and the official/national Polish energy mix for battery electric vehicles on carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity distribution has become one of the most essential components of our society since the beginning of human civilization, relying on an abundant, reliable, and affordable power supply. Fossil fuels dominate the production of electricity (89.57 %), emitting 68.7 % of greenhouse gases, polluting water and soil, and depleting fossil fuels. Future energy needs are faced with growing demand for coal (772 million tonnes by 2040) and fluctuating fuel prices. The Indian power sector withdraws over 20 billion m³ of water, whereby coal power plants use around 35 % of freshwater. Among the seventeen sustainable development goals, Goal 7 emphasizes meeting the demand for electricity, the availability of clean fuels, and mitigating air pollution. In 2021, about 747 TWh of energy consumption was met by coal, oil (92 TWh), and solar energy (25 TWh). Renewable power would meet the world’s growing energy needs, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, boost the economy, and strengthen the society. Therefore, renewable energy has gained global attention as a sustainable electricity source. For this, a thorough examination of the economic and social implications of electricity generation technologies must be carried out. This study discusses how fossil fuel-based electricity generation affects global health and the environment and helps achieve Goal 7 of the sustainable development goals. All sectors must work together to stop global warming and water war and make electricity available worldwide for integrated development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intrinsically fluorescent liquid crystals are highly sought after for a variety of applications. Most of the measurements of photo-physical properties of liquid crystals are made in dilute solutions, which is mainly due to the relative ease of both these measurements and the interpretation of data. The fluorescence spectra depend on a number of parameters including the concentration in liquid crystal solutions, the device geometry, and the mesophase in which the spectra have been measured. Working with neat, or concentrated, liquid crystal samples adds experimental complexities such as the inner filter effect (IFE), which affects the collection of data, interpretation of the results, and accuracy of the conclusions. In this paper, we present a systematic study of the photo-physical properties of both a model reference material, Nile red, and a nematic liquid crystal, 4-cyano-4′-pentylbiphenyl (5CB). The influence on the emission spectra of an increasing solute concentration is investigated and discussed. Moreover, a detailed investigation of the influence of the used device geometry, as well as the choice of appropriate data fitting methodologies, are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce methane slip from marine gas engines installed in gas fuelled ships, it is necessary to understand the effects of exhaust composition and temperature on the activity of the methane oxidation catalysts in the marine gas engine exhaust. A comparative study was performed to evaluate catalyst performance in both actual engine exhaust and the simulated gas under the same flow conditions. The test using actual exhaust gas test showed that despite the lower exhaust temperatures during low load operation, the catalyst exhibited an extremely high performance, achieving approximately 100% CH4 conversion. In contrast, at high load, despite high exhaust temperatures, the CH4 conversion was decreased to 50-60%. In the simulated gas test showed that the catalyst' activity was declined with increasing concentration of H2O and NO, whereas it was improved by CH4 and CO oxidation. The results showed that high CH4 concentrations under low load conditions enhanced catalyst activity owing to the exothermic reaction, which increased the catalyst temperature despite the low exhaust temperature and the presence of H2O vapour. Furthermore, during actual engine operation, the catalytic performance at a high load was improved by controlling the air excess ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 2020, Euro 5 emission standards have required CO, NOx, and THC to be reduced by 12%, 14.29%, and 73.68%, respectively. The cost-effective twin spark plug (TSP) configuration seems to be a promising solution to reduce HC. In this study, the experimental and numerical work were both tested for a 125 c.c. engine adopting either single spark plug (SSP) or TSP configuration. Compared to the SSP engine, the TSP reduced the ignition delay and burn duration by an average of 10%–12.26% and 10.89%–15.20%, respectively. TSP can operate with a 13.60% leaner mixture without facing knock or compromising performance. Therefore, 12.73% lower fuel economy, 47.07% lower ISCO and 29.14% lower ISHC achieved for a compromise of ISNOx of 2 times at WOT. According to the numerical work, simultaneous ignition under TSP helps shorten the ignition delay, while the interaction between turbulence and flame propagation of two flames reduces the burn duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quasi-two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) halide perovskites, as a kind of emerged two-dimensional layered materials, have recently achieved great attentions in lasing materials field owing to their large exciton binding energy, high emission yield, large optical gain, and wide-range tuning of optical bandgap. This review will introduce research progresses of RP halide perovskites for lasing applications in aspects of materials, photophysics, and devices with emphasis on emission and lasing properties tailored by the molecular composition and interface. The materials, structures and fabrications are introduced in the first part. Next, the optical transitions and amplified spontaneous emission properties are discussed from the aspects of electronic structure, exciton, gain dynamics, and interface tailoring. Then, the research progresses on lasing devices are summarized and several types of lasers including VCSEL, DFB lasers, microlasers, random lasers, plasmonic lasers, and polariton lasers are discussed. At last, the challenges and perspectives would be provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the possible sources of carbon dioxide emission into the atmosphere can be river ecosystems. The paper presents the results of measuring CO2 fluxes from the surface of several rivers and lakes in Tomsk Region. In the experimental period, average carbon dioxide fluxes were 143.7 ± 21.7 (August 13–14, 2023), 53.3 ± 21.2 (August 19), and 80.4 ± 59.9 mgC m−2 h−1 for the Ob River; 66.1 ± 17.3 mgC m−2 h−1 for the Ket River; 33.3 ± 17.3 mgC m−2 h−1 for the swamp Karasevoye Lake, 50.2 ± 23.0 mgC m−2 h−1 for the Suiga River, and 81.9 ± 11.5 mgC m−2 h−1 for the Iksa River. The flux magnitudes significantly depended not only on the object of the study, but also on hydrometeorological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many nanoforms of zinc oxide (ZnO) structures can be synthesized, such as spheres, rods, flowers, disks and walls, as scatter centers in random laser. However, nanoflower and nanowire shapes in this work have received particular interest due to their wide range of applications, including biological, medical cancer cell detection, gas sensors, and biosensors. In this paper, we investigate the optical and morphological properties of two-shaped nanoparticles as scatter centers in the laser active medium on the performance emission of a random laser. Fluorescence and absorption spectra show that 10 − 4 M for R6G dye and 0. 1 8 4 × 1 0 1 3 cm − 3 ZnO NPs are the optimal nanocomposite film concentrations for R6G dye. With excitation energies ranging from 3.44 mJ to 28.34 mJ and a repetition rate of 2 Hz, second-harmonic generation Nd: YAG laser Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) spectra of the nanocomposite films were observed. The results indicated a minimum bandwidth (Full width at half maximum (FWHM)) of 13 nm at a threshold energy of 8.65 mJ for ZnO NW (nanowire) nanocomposite films at 0. 1 8 4 × 1 0 1 3 cm − 3 with R6G dye at 10 − 4 M and Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The ZnO NF (nanoflower) nanocomposite film had an FWHM of 11 nm and a threshold energy of 4.8 mJ at the same concentrations of R6G dye on PMMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildfires are increasing across the USA. While smoke events affect human exposure and air quality, wildfire smoke effects on ecosystem‐atmosphere interactions are poorly understood. We investigate smoke effects on biogenic volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions and photosynthesis for ponderosa pines. During several wildfire smoke events, we observed photosynthetic reduction with evidence for stomatal plugging and changes in leaf‐level uptake and emission of both biogenic and wildfire VOCs. During intense smoke events, photosynthesis and VOC emissions were almost entirely suppressed, but increased dramatically upon stomatal opening. We propose four types of VOC responses to this burst in stomatal opening: post‐burst emissions, pulsed emissions, surge emissions, and post‐burst uptake. Our observations suggest that wildfire smoke can affect plant physiology and leaf‐atmosphere gas exchange. Plain Language Summary: Wildfires are becoming more prevalent in the United States. Wildfire smoke affects human health and air quality, but we know little about how smoke interacts with plants, or the subsequent feedback with the atmosphere. We present results from a field experiment during which smoke repeatedly spread across a pine forest. We measured smoke‐induced changes in plant physiology (namely photosynthesis) and a suite of chemical emissions. During prolonged periods of intense smoke, we found that both photosynthesis and leaf emissions of chemical compounds decreased. When we induced photosynthesis, we observed a burst of different chemicals and identified several different pathways for these chemical releases. Further analyses suggest that smoke intensity and exposure may change the known relationship between emissions and temperature. Key Points: Wildfire smoke interacts with stomates and leaf surfaces, suppressing photosynthesis and stomatal conductanceIntense smoke can alter emissions and uptake of biogenic and other volatile organic compounds through three mechanismsThe effects of wildfires on photosynthetic capacity and leaf emissions appear proportional to the intensity and duration of smoke events [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global environmental pollution presents formidable obstacles to the long-term viability of the planet. This study synthesized current relevant literature with statistical snapshots from pollution statistics and reports and presented feasible recommendations to address the ramifications of global environmental pollution. A central focus is laid on the importance of preventive environmental management (PEM) and the strategic enforcement of environmental policies (EP), with a detailed exploration of history evolution and current application challenges. Specifically, the study centers on the significance of environmental policy and preventive environmental management in combatting global pollution. The examination encompasses an overview of environmental pollution and its implications for the environment and human health. It explores the role of environmental policy in mitigating environmental pollution, scrutinizes the principles underlying preventive environmental management, and evaluates the effectiveness of environmental management systems in curbing pollution. Furthermore, the study identifies and analyzes the challenges of implementing environmental control techniques, offering recommendations to overcome these obstacles. The outcomes of this research contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the potential of environmental control methods in tackling global environmental pollution. The study underscores the crucial nature of robust environmental policies and proactive approaches to prevent pollution and foster sustainable development. Additionally, it offers insights into the necessity for collaboration and cooperation among stakeholders at various levels to attain effective pollution control and environmental management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to analyze the emission, combustion, and performance parameters of a CRDI diesel engine fueled by waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel (B20%), diesel (80%), and their blend with two distinct metal-based nanoparticles cerium oxide (CeO2) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3). Transesterification was used to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO). An ultrasonication procedure was used to gradually mingle the nanoparticles with a B20-diesel fuel blend in mass fractions of 50 and 100 ppm. The developed nanoparticle fuel samples were designated as (B20 + 50 Al2O3, B20 + 100 Al2O3, B20 + 50 CeO2, B20 + 100 CeO2). The CRDI engine was run at a constant speed with four different engine loads: 3 kg, 6 kg, 9 kg, and 12 kg. The result showed that the presence of Al2O3 in the blended fuel improved the BTE by 11.39%, reduced the SFC by 13.74%, and increased the cylinder pressure and heat release rate (HRR) by 16.77% and 21.48% respectively compared to B20 fuel at peak load condition. Regarding harmful emissions, CO emissions decreased by 15.06% for B20 + 50 Al2O3 than B20 and HC emissions decreased by 50% for B20 + 50 CeO2 than diesel at peak load. Further, NOx is reduced by 18.29% for B20 + 50 CeO2 than B20 at peak loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The predominance of petroleum-based fuels is lessened by the preference for biodiesel as an alternative. However, one of the adverse effects arising from the use of biodiesel is the formation of waste heat. The novel aspect of this study proposes a sustainable solution that will decelerate global warming by recovering waste heat through a new exhaust design equipped with thermoelectric generators. The study obtained test fuels by blending vegetable-derived biodiesel in five different volumetric ratios (0, 10%, 20%, 50%, and 100%). The experiments were carried out at three different constant engine speeds (1000, 1250, and 1500 RPM) and five different engine loads (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) on a single-cylinder diesel engine. At the end of the experiment, the combustion characteristics, engine performance, exhaust emissions, waste heat values, and electrical energy gained from the thermoelectric system of biodiesel blend fuels compared to diesel were evaluated. Specific fuel consumption, effective efficiency, exhaust gas temperatures, exhaust emissions, and electrical power generation with TEG in the diesel engine were evaluated, focusing on the different biodiesel blend ratios, engine load, and engine speeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamically growing sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) industry and the implemented European policy create the need for conducting research on the actual benefits of using alternative fuels in aviation. The aim of this research was to assess the impact of HEFA (hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids) fuel on the particulate matter emission indicators of an aircraft engine. This article presents the results of the measurements of particle emissions from a jet engine fueled by a blend of aviation kerosene and HEFA fuel (with HEFA content at 5%, 20%, and 30% by volume). A positive effect of HEFA on both the number and mass indices of particles was observed. The use of SAF fuel led to a reduction in the particulate number index by 90% and the particulate mass index by 75%. The Particle Number Emission Index (EIN) for an engine fueled with Jet A-1 exhibited values ranging from 5.23 × 1016 to 1.33 × 1017 particles per kilogram. The use of HEFA fuel (30% content) allowed for a reduction in the EIN to the range of 2.83 × 1015 to 1.04 × 1016 particles per kilogram. A detailed analysis of particle size distribution (PSD) for both the number and volume of particles was conducted. It was noted that neither the fuel composition nor the engine operating parameters significantly affected the shape of the PSD, but the use of HEFA fuel distinctly reduced the values of the number-based PSD. It was observed that the volume-based PSD had a bimodal shape, indicating a significant contribution of particles larger than 100 nm, forming the so-called soot mode. Our findings suggest that even a small amount of HEFA fuel yields satisfactory results in reducing particulate matter emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each container terminal has attempted to improve its performance through effective strategic and tactical management. Therefore, performance measurement is needed due to the long waiting time of the service process within container terminal operations. We have utilized the system dynamics methodology to assess container terminal performance. Container port enterprises have been influenced by governance, environmental and social components, therefore, the management of those components has significant impacts on the service port's performance. Therefore, the objective of the research is to model the dynamic performance of the container terminal with consideration of environmental, social, and governance components. Furthermore, this dynamic model has presented practical value for increasing the performance of the container terminal operation under capacity constraints. The case study focused on the Indonesia Port Corporation of Jakarta, Indonesia. As a result, the research has identified the influence of container terminal decision variables, such as emissions, employee satisfaction, and good corporate governance, on container terminals, implying their significance in reducing berthing time as the main indicator of container terminal performance. The novelty of this research is to provide a system dynamic model which combines tactical and strategic levels for container terminal operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wide range of wastes can potentially be used to generate thermal and electrical energy. The co-combustion of several types of waste as part of water-containing waste-derived fuels is a promising method for their recovery. In this research, we use thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry to study the thermal behavior and kinetics of coal slime, biomass, waste oils, and blends on their basis. We also analyze the concentrations of gaseous emissions. The results show that biomass, oils, and coal slime significantly affect each other in the course of their co-combustion when added to slurry fuels. The preparation of coal-water slurry based on slime and water reduced the ignition and burnout temperature by up to 16%. Adding biomass and waste oils additionally stimulated the slurry ignition and burnout, which occurred at lower temperatures. Relative to dry coal slime, threshold ignition temperatures and burnout temperatures decreased by 6%–9% and 17%–25%, respectively. Also, the use of biomass and waste oils as part of slurries inhibited NO х and SO 2 emission by 2.75 times. According to the kinetic analysis, added biomass and waste turbine oil provide a 28%–51% reduction in the activation energy as compared to a coal-water slurry without additives. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible polyurethane foams (PUF) are used in many consumer products. PUF may contain trace levels of aromatic diamine impurities that could represent a potential health risk. The risk associated with sleeping on a PUF mattress was evaluated. Toxicity benchmarks for sensitization and non-cancer endpoints were derived from the respective points-of-departure using standard assessment factors. For the cancer endpoints, toxicity benchmarks were derived from the 25th-percentile values of animal studies. Recently published emission and migration data allowed to link exposure with the CertiPURTM voluntary quality limits of ≤5 mg.kg−1 for 2,4-toluene diamine and 4,4'-methylene dianiline in PUF. Using conservative exposure scenarios, lifetime-average daily internal doses from the combined inhalation and dermal exposures were calculated. Margins of safety for non-cancer and sensitization endpoints were >104. The theoretical excess cancer risk was ≤1.5 × 10−7. It is concluded that sleeping on a mattress that satisfies the CertiPUR limit value does not pose undue risk to consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the investigation of the effect of the SME-Jet A1 mixture on the thrust performance, fuel consumption and pollutant emissions of a small-scale jet engine, also the alternative of safflower methyl ester (SME) to Jet A1 fuel. The experiments were carried out by using bio jet fuels obtained by mixing Jet A1 and the fuel produced from safflower oil in taxi, approach, climb and take-off power cycles of a jet engine. The thrust forces of both types of fuel obtained from the percentage power values of the aircraft under real operating conditions were determined and accordingly CO, HC, CO2 emissions, fuel consumption and exhaust gas temperature measurements were made. As a result of the measurements, approximately 27.5% reduction in thrust was observed with the use of biojet. In addition, HC emissions decreased by up to 51%, while CO emissions increased by 30% at take off while being closer to each other at low rpm. While the CO2 emissions of methyl ester increased by 8-16% depending on the speed change, fuel consumption, while at an acceptable level at low rpm, exceeded 50% at take off. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is a fundamental necessity for man›s life in the digital world today. The rapid depletion of fossil fuel resources forces rigorous alternative fuel analysis. Petroleum diesel can better replace vegetable oils, edible or motored today. The rapid depletion of fossil fuel resources forces rigorous alternative fuel analysis. Petroleum diesel can better replace vegetable oils, edible or not. Karanja may be a possible supplier of diesel fuel for non-edible oil substitution. Current combustion surfaces for pistons, valves, and cylinders have been filled with ceramic materials, which make the engine totally adiabatic (LHR). The performance of a biodiesel-powered compressing ignition (CI) engine may be further boosted by utilising the engine›s heat effectively and increasing thermal efficiency. Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) is actually one of the most important methods of limiting NOx emissions in internal combustion engines. Explore the output with and without exhaust gas recirculation on a retarded timing engine with diesel and karanja oil methyl ester (KOME). The LHR with a retarded timing engine yielded improved thermal brake efficiency (TBE), decreased HC, smoke, and CO emissions, while increasing KOME›s NOx in comparison with an uncoated engine. As the EGR rate grew, NOx and BTE were reduced marginally with increased HC, CO, and smoke. 24.1 g/kw-hour CO, 10.1 g/kw-hour NOx, and 0.55 g/kW-hour HC were registered at 20 percent of EGR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low calorific value and poor atomization of biodiesel seriously hinder its application. The development of nanotechnology has led people to focus on using nanoparticles to improve the performance of biodiesel/diesel. Metal nanoparticles have a high surface volume ratio and good heat transfer properties, which can compensate for the poor performance of biodiesel. However, some conflicting results have been found in the literature. Therefore, this review aims to elucidate the effect of metal nanoparticle addition to biodiesel/diesel on engine performance and emission characteristics. The stability of the nanofluid is particularly important when applying metal nanoparticles. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of nanofluid preparation and stability enhancement strategies. Finally, the effects of nanoparticles on human health are also discussed. The results show that adding metal nanoparticles positively affects diesel engines' performance and emission characteristics. For stability studies, it was found that very few evaluations of the stabilization time of nanofluids have been conducted. In addition, further reduction of their effects on human health is needed before large-scale commercial use. All content has been carefully summarized with the aim of providing reference for future research directions. [Display omitted] • The preparation methods of metal nanoparticles and nanofluids are introduced. • Methods to improve the stability of nanofluids are summarized. • Observed that the use of metal nanoparticles can significantly improve engine performance and emissions. • The hazards of metal nanoparticles to human health are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perylene diimides (PDIs) have received considerable attention as a versatile class of functional dyes owing to their flexible reaction sites and remarkable stability. Recent advances have enhanced our understanding of the fluorescence and photothermal conversion properties of PDI molecules. The interplay between radiative and nonradiative transitions controls the emission and heat generation processes in these molecules. This comprehensive overview summarizes the recent strategies for manipulating the structures of PDI molecules for fluorescence and photothermal conversion applications. Additionally, challenges and potential solutions associated with the usage of fluorescent and photothermal PDI molecules are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important irritant trace gas in the atmosphere, ammonia (NH3) significantly impacts human health and environment. Bottom-up emission inventories are widely used to estimate ammonia emissions and their geographical distributions over China. However, high uncertainties are still associated with emission inventories due to inaccurate emission factors used. The Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm is a population-based stochastic optimization algorithm used to solve complicated optimization problems. We quantify NH3 emissions and lifetime from Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) NH3 observations together with MERRA-2 wind fields based on the DE algorithm. Two inland cities, Urumchi and Golmud in China, are chosen to study of the NH3 emissions based on the distributions of NH3 total columns and wind fields. The NH3 emissions rate estimated is about 5.84 × 10−11 and 4.19 × 10−11 kg·m−2s−1 in Urumchi and in the Golmud area from May to September from 2008 to 2023, respectively. The lifetime of NH3 estimated in the two areas is 4.31 and 9.19 h, respectively. We compare the NH3 emissions and lifetime estimated in this study with the values in other studies, and the results show the reliability of the method used. This work is one of few quantitative studies of NH3 emissions from cities using satellite observations in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We, herein, report a facile green synthetic route for the gram‐scale synthesis of high‐quality thiol‐derivatized zinc selenide quantum dots (QDs) using selenourea as the source of selenium at a relatively low temperature. The one‐pot synthesis of colloidal dots has been achieved by selenizing zinc (II) acetate in a non‐coordinating solvent medium. The structural, microstructural, optical, thermal, textural and electronic properties of the as‐synthesized monodisperse ZnSe dots have been investigated in detail. We attribute the observed green emission from the dots to the donor‐acceptor pair (DAP) recombination of photoexcited charge carriers. All the findings of the investigation indicate that ZnSe QDs hold great promise as a nanoscale emissive probe to unveil cellular dynamics beyond the capabilities of conventional imaging techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of EGR strategies on the HCCI engine's performance is studied. To achieve the research goal, a program was established to control the injection fuel and amount of exhaust gas recirculation in the HCCI engine. The set signal entered through the control computer is compared with the signal collected from the sensor's crankshaft and camshaft plates to give control signals to the injectors and EGR valves. The signals collected from the camshaft and crankshaft sensors are processed before being compared with the reference signal. A diesel engine that is 1 cylinder, 4-stroke, non-turbocharged, and air-cooled has an improved intake manifold to convert to combustion mode due to homogeneous charge compression ignition characteristics. The conversion engine is tested with 1200 rpm to 2800 rpm speed modes, a 400 rpm split point, 50 % load, 0 % to 30 % increased EGR rates, and a 5 % EGR split point. The fuel used in this research is n-heptane. The CEB-II gas analysis cabinet was used to investigate the exhaust gas components. The results of the research show that when the EGR rate is greater than 30 %, the engine operates stably according to the HCCI combustion characteristic at speeds lower than 2400 rpm. But when engine speeds are higher than 2400 rpm, the HCCI combustion characteristic is unstable; the torque and the indicator efficiency decrease rapidly. When the HCCI engine increases the EGR rate, the start of combustion is gradually later, the coefficient gradually decreases to close to the black smoke characteristic curve, the CO, HC, and CO2 emissions increase. The NOx emissions tend to increase when the EGR ratio increases from 0-25 %, but the NOx decreases when the EGR rate is greater than 25 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This paper introduces grasshopper optimization algorithm to efficiently prove its superiority in the optimal power flow problem. To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm, it is implemented on the standard IEEE 30‐bus, IEEE 57‐bus, and IEEE 118‐bus test systems with different objectives that reveal presentation indices of the power system. Twelve different cases, in single and multi‐objective optimization space, are considered on different curves of fuel cost, environmental pollution emission, voltage profile, and active power loss. The simulation results obtained from grasshopper optimization algorithm techniques are compared to other new evolutionary optimization methods surfaced in the current state‐of‐the‐art literature. It is revealed that the proposed approach secures better consequence over the other newly originated popular optimization techniques and reflects its improved quality solutions and faster convergence speed. The results obtained in this work demonstrate that the grasshopper optimization algorithm method can successfully be applied to solve the non‐linear problems connected to power systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugar-energy sector is key to the provision of food and energy worldwide. However, it can largely generate mill-run bagasse as an agro-residual biomass. The tradition of the sector is to put it back into the industrial process as an alternative fuel to co-generate steam and power for milling and biorefining factories. However, excessive ash in the mineral phase of this material typically makes it challenging for burning it in boilers cost-effectively, driving the need of developing a more suitable pathway for its disposal. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze whether co-pelleting sugarcane bagasse with either pinewood sawdust or peanut shell could make it possible for transforming this low-technical-quality agro-residual biomass into a solid biofuel of superior quality. The production of pellets consisted of co-pressing sugarcane bagasse with either pinewood sawdust or peanut shell at the standard proportion of 50/50 on an automatic pelletizer at 200 MPa and 125°C. The blending improved the quality of biopellets. These products fulfilled the requirements of European standards for premium-grade solid biofuels. Blends proved to be highly energetic (15.1–15.35 GJ m−3) and durable (98.05–98.7%). They also emitted less of NOx (92.7–101.55 mg m−3), CO (59.05–63.2 mg m−3), and volatile organics (26.3–29.65 mg m−3), making it possible for the boiler to operate a clearer and safer way. Therefore, insights into the conceptual and technical ramifications of this study can provide further knowledge to progress the field's prominence in transforming sugarcane bagasse into a solid biofuel of greater quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the first observations of the dayside coronal oxygen emission in far ultraviolet (FUV) measured by the Emirates Mars Ultraviolet Spectrometer (EMUS) onboard the Emirates Mars Mission (EMM). The high sensitivity of EMUS is providing an opportunity to observe the tenuous oxygen corona in FUV, which is otherwise difficult to observe. Oxygen resonance fluorescence emission at 130.4 nm provides a measurement of the upper atmospheric and exospheric oxygen. More than 500 oxygen corona profiles are constructed using the long–exposure time cross–exospheric mode (OS4) of EMUS observations. These profiles range from ∼200 km altitude up to several Mars radii (>6 RM) across all seasons and for two Mars years. Our analysis shows that OI 130.4 nm is highly correlated with solar irradiance (solar photoionizing and 130.4 nm illuminating irradiances) as well as changes in the Sun–Mars distance. The prominent short term periodicity in oxygen corona brightness is consistent with the solar rotation period (quasi–27–day). A comparison between the perihelion seasons of Mars Year (MY) 36 and MY 37 shows interannual variability with enhanced emission intensities during MY 37, due to the rise of Solar Cycle 25. These observations show a highly variable oxygen corona, which has significant implications on constraining the photochemical escape of atomic oxygen from Mars. Plain Language Summary: The highly sensitive Emirates Mars Ultraviolet Spectrometer (EMUS) onboard Emirates Mars Mission (EMM) is capable of observing ultraviolet emissions emanating from Mars. Oxygen in the Martian exosphere is hard to see because it's tenuous. In this study, the analysis of long exposure time EMUS optical observations show that the hot oxygen corona on Mars has a short term variability due to solar rotation. Hot oxygen corona also shows a long–term variability that depends on the Sun–Mars distance and the solar cycle progression. When comparing data from two Martian years, it is noticed that the oxygen corona became brighter when the Sun is more active. Key Points: Brighter O corona is observed during perihelion and dimmer during aphelion, indicating a strong relationship with the Sun‐Mars distanceThe variation in OI 130.4 nm brightness shows a linear correlation with solar EUV irradiance, with a short‐term solar rotation periodicityInterannual variability is observed from MY 36 to MY 37, showing an enhancement in O corona brightness with the rise of Solar Cycle 25 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) is a widely employed device in boilers to mitigate the release of particulate matter. This study proposes the design and fabrication of a similar device tailored for reducing emissions from automobiles, particularly targeting older versions of BS vehicles lacking dedicated emission control mechanisms. Despite the catalytic converters equipped in BS-6 vehicles, there exists a need for an efficient emission reduction solution for their predecessors. This research aims to analyse various ESP designs through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations using ANSYS software. The design optimization will be conducted based on fluid flow analysis, leading to the fabrication of the most optimal prototype. The final step involves testing the fabricated prototype to ensure compliance with Pollution Under Control (PUC) standards, contributing to environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]