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The rapid advancements in technology have spurred interest in electronic voting systems as a means to modernize and enhance the democratic electoral process. However, ensuring the security and integrity of electronic voting systems remains a critical challenge. In this study, we present a highly secure and efficient model for an electronic voting system, featuring a robust three-layer security architecture that includes the device authentication, user authentication and network security. The proposed system incorporates Kerberos authentication and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) to fortify device and user authentication. The segmentation of the system network into zones that includes the Virtual Private Network, the Public Network and the Demilitarized Zone also helps to mitigate potential cyber-attacks and fraudulent activities. Leveraging biometric security (fingerprint) and user tokens (voter's cards), the system ensures the accurate identification and authentication of voters, thereby enhancing the overall integrity of the voting process. Through a series of tests involving 500 enrolled users, the proposed electronic voting system demonstrated remarkable efficacy, achieving a 100 percent accuracy rate in ballot tallying. Having addressed key concerns related to security and transparency, the proposed voting system has the potential to instil trust and confidence in electoral processes.

Differential fault attack (DFA) is a distinctive methodology for acquiring the key to block ciphers, which comprises two distinct strategies: DFA on the state and DFA on the key schedule. Given the widespread adoption of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), it has emerged as a prominent target for DFA. This paper presents an efficient DFA on the AES, utilizing a two−byte fault model that induces faults at the state with discontiguous rows. The experiment demonstrates that, based on the proposed fault model, the key for AES–128, AES–192, and AES–256 can be successfully recovered by exploiting two, two, and four faults, respectively, without the need for exhaustive research. Notably, in the case of AES–256, when considering exhaustive research, two (or three) faults are needed with 232 (or 216) exhaustive searches. In comparison to the currently available DFA on the AES state, the proposed attack method shows a higher efficiency due to the reduced induced faults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a prototype wearable Cryptographically Secure PseudoRandom Bit Generator CSPRBG (wearable CSPRBG). A vest prototype has been fabricated to which an evaluation board with a ZYBO (ZYnq BOard) Zynq Z-7010 has been mounted using tailoring technology. In this system, a seed generator and block cryptographic algorithms responsible for the generation of pseudo-random values were implemented. A microphone and an accelerometer recorded sound and acceleration during the use of the prototype vest, and these recordings were passed to the seed generator and used as entropy sources. Hardware implementations were made for several selected Block Cryptographic algorithms such as Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Twofish and 3DES. The random binary values generated by the wearable CSPRBG were analyzed by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) statistical tests as well as ENT tests to evaluate their randomness, depending on the configuration of the entropy sources used. The idea of possible development of the wearable CSPRBG as a System on Chip (SoC) solution is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Programmable Object Interfaces are increasingly intriguing researchers because of their broader applications, especially in the medical field. In a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN), for example, patients' health can be monitored using clinical nano sensors. Exchanging such sensitive data requires a high level of security and protection against attacks. To that end, the literature is rich with security schemes that include the advanced encryption standard, secure hashing algorithm, and digital signatures that aim to secure the data exchange. However, such schemes elevate the time complexity, rendering the data transmission slower. Cognitive radio technology with a medical body area network system involves communication links between WBAN gateways, server and nano sensors, which renders the entire system vulnerable to security attacks. In this paper, a novel DNA-based encryption technique is proposed to secure medical data sharing between sensing devices and central repositories. It has less computational time throughout authentication, encryption, and decryption. Our analysis of experimental attack scenarios shows that our technique is better than its counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this review was to examine the different biometric data encryption techniques or algorithms used in authentication for information security. Consequently, the PRISMA methodology was used to select articles in different databases during the period between 2019 and 2023. The databases used were SCOPUS, SCIELO and GOOGLE ACADEMICO, where when applying the proposed inclusion and exclusion criteria, they were considered 13 articles for this research. In this way, it was possible to notice the need to apply encryption algorithms as a form of attack prevention and aimed at meeting the objectives of information security, the most used being AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) and encryption chaotic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data security is a primary concern in cloud computing as data is traveling over the internet and is originated from various sources. Encryption techniques are used to protect sensitive information from unauthenticated users, but sometimes brute force methods can identify the hidden data. To improve data privacy and authentication, we proposed a method that combines Advanced Encryption Standard and proxy re-encryption algorithm with a Honey encryption algorithm and N-th degree Truncated Polynomial Ring Unit (NTRU) or Number Theory Research Unit). Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a popular symmetric encryption method that encrypts and decrypts data using a secret key. Proxy re-encryption is a cryptographic technique that allows a third party to transform cipher texts from one key to another without seeing the plaintext. Honey encryption is a relatively new technique that adds realistic-looking but bogus data to encrypted messages, making it difficult for attackers to determine if the decrypted message is real or fake. NTRU is a cryptosystem that uses the public key on the polynomial ring. By combining these techniques, the proposed method can improve data security for outsourced data in the cloud. Unauthorized users may face challenges accessing messages that appear to be legitimate when Honey encryption is combined with Hybrid cryptography. Overall, the use of these techniques provides enhanced security and protection to the user’s data, and ensure that only authorized user can access and manipulate sensitive data, stored in the cloud. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now‐a‐days advanced cryptographic algorithms are needed in order to improve data security and confidentiality. One such algorithm used prominently is advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm. AES is a complex algorithm with multiple rounds of processing data and occupies more space or area when implemented on hardware. Since each sub‐step of computation has a similar structure, the proposed method employs the novel idea of using the same hardware to implement the AES functionality. Hence the number of logical units occupied are leveraged. The proposed scheme, Mux‐Demux pair method (MDP), uses a mux‐demux structure. It is implemented on Virtex‐7 and ZynQ7000 FPGAs and the code is written in Verilog HDL language in the Vivado software. The proposed work when simulated on Virtex‐7 occupies an area of 1932 slices, giving an optimized throughput of 10.167 Gbps while the work simulated on ZynQ7000 occupies an area of 3253 slices, resulting in a throughput of 23.858 Gbps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet-based interactions in contemporary culture are increasingly using confidential information thus data security is a top concern for internet users the ideal approach is to use a cryptography technique which encrypts information in a cipher transfers it over the internet and then redecrypts it to disclose the original information the area of cryptography that deals with information security also includes information transmission despite the fact that anonymity on the internet is a top concern many apps have been created and designed without making secrecy authentication and data protection their main priorities the goal is to ensure that only the authorized parties can properly interpret a message while preventing eavesdroppers from doing soon computers with enough processing power and memory our classic cryptographic approaches like Advanced Encryption Standard encryption and Rivest, Shamir, Adleman signing work well however they do not adapt well to an environment with integrated systems and wireless sensing devices thus methods for light-weight cryptography are recommended to overcome a number of problems with classical cryptography this study seeks to further the general body of knowledge in the area of classical cryptography by developing a ground-breaking hybrid approach of plaintext encryption the plaintext is first encrypted by the crypto model using the modified Vigenère cipher and then it is encrypted once more using the Extended Polybius cipher utilizing the ciphertext. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contains an in-depth investigation into a modularized and parameterized AES implementation with options for the addition of many different AES optimizations. This implementation takes advantage of the low complexity and high malleability of the AES standard's hardware implementation and its ability to integrate with different block modes of operation. Through investigation of the various available optimizations and implementation methodologies, a high frequency, low power, and low area AES implementation is presented. Results are delivered in an SoC 90nm technology using a combination of multiple industry-standard tools. Results compare the different optimizations and Power, Performance, and Area (PPA) compromises available to AES hardware as well as different options for implementation configuration. This work also presents a new design optimization for AES that provides a significant decrease in the critical path of the hardware design of the operation. In addition to this, this work presents a pipelined architecture which utilizes the optimized AES core to obtain a high throughput. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Basrah Researches (Sciences) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Basrah Researches (Sciences) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Personal Medical Records (PMR) manage an individual’s medical information in digital form and allow patients to view their medical information and doctors to diagnose diseases. Today’s institution-dependent centralized storage, fails to give trustworthy, secure, reliable, and traceable patient controls. This leads to a serious disadvantage in diagnosing and preventing diseases. The proposed blockchain technique forms a secured network between doctors of the same specialization for gathering opinions on a particular diagnosis by sharing the PMR with consent to provide better care to patients. To finalize the disease prediction, members can approve the diagnosis. The smart contract access control allows doctors to view and access the PMR. The scalability issue is resolved by the Huffman code data compression technique, and security of the PMR is achieved by an advanced encryption standard. The proposed techniques’ requirements, latency time, compression ratio and security analysis have been compared with existing techniques.

In photonic computing, the quantum systems consist of coherent states and squeezed coherent states. Common quantum gates found in these systems are: phase shift, displacement, and squeezing gates. These gates are all unitary and reversible. Outside of quantum systems, coherent states also plays a significant role in coherent optical communications with speeds of hundreds of gigabits per second. Secure optical communications is generally implemented at the data layer with classical symmetric encryption such as Advanced Standard Encryption or AES. This inevitably allows any wiretapping to capture the transmitted data either in the plaintext mode or in the encrypted ciphertext mode in the optical infrastructure. The recent and rapid developments in Quantum computing further lift up the need for quantum secure communications in the optical infrastructure. This paper proposes a novel quantum encryption in the coherent optical domain utilizing a displacement operator and implementing with IQ-MZM optical modules, called Quantum Encryption in Phase Space or QEPS. The communication peers share a secret used to seed cryptographic pseudo random number generators to produce a synchronized random number at both the transmitter and receiver. The synchronized random numbers are used to establish displacement operators to encrypt the coherent states at the transmission and decrypt the cipher coherent states at the receiver. Therefore, malicious parties tapping along the fibre line would not extract the message in transit from optical domain due to a high Bit Error Rate or BER. The optimal displacement operator is split into a standard 16-QAM and a random phase shift operator to enhance the transmission security. We analysis the transmission security with the wiretap channel model for semantic security. We have simulated the QEPS encryption and decryption for two data modulation schemes: QPSK and 16-QAM over 80 km for transmission speeds of 56 Gbps for QPSK and 112 Gbps for 16-QAM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The latest version of ZigBee offers improvements in various aspects, including its low power consumption, flexibility, and cost-effective deployment. However, the challenges persist, as the upgraded protocol continues to suffer from a wide range of security weaknesses. Constrained wireless sensor network devices cannot use standard security protocols such as asymmetric cryptography mechanisms, which are resource-intensive and unsuitable for wireless sensor networks. ZigBee uses the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), which is the best recommended symmetric key block cipher for securing data of sensitive networks and applications. However, AES is expected to be vulnerable to some attacks in the near future. Moreover, symmetric cryptosystems have key management and authentication issues. To address these concerns in wireless sensor networks, particularly in ZigBee communications, in this paper, we propose a mutual authentication scheme that can dynamically update the secret key value of device-to-trust center (D2TC) and device-to-device (D2D) communications. In addition, the suggested solution improves the cryptographic strength of ZigBee communications by improving the encryption process of a regular AES without the need for asymmetric cryptography. To achieve that, we use a secure one-way hash function operation when D2TC and D2D mutually authenticate each other, along with bitwise exclusive OR operations to enhance cryptography. Once authentication is accomplished, the ZigBee-based participants can mutually agree upon a shared session key and exchange a secure value. This secure value is then integrated with the sensed data from the devices and utilized as input for regular AES encryption. By adopting this technique, the encrypted data gains robust protection against potential cryptanalysis attacks. Finally, a comparative analysis is conducted to illustrate how the proposed scheme effectively maintains efficiency in comparison to eight competitive schemes. This analysis evaluates the scheme's performance across various factors, including security features, communication, and computational cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for a secured web storage system is increasing daily for its reliability which ensures data privacy and confidentiality. The proposed paper aims to find the most secure ways to maintain integrity and protect privacy and security in healthcare management systems. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm is used to encrypt data transferred by providing a means to check the integrity of information transmitted and make it more immune to cyberattack techniques, this was implemented by using Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC) and Secured Hash Algorithm-256 (SHA-256). The risk of exposure to attackers can be avoided by using honeypot systems combined with Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) as a firewall system is not effective against such attacks alone. The experimental results evaluate the proposed security health information management system by comparing the performance of the encryption algorithm based on encryption time, memory and CPU usage, and entropy for different plaintext lengths. In addition, it can be seen that when changing the AES key size, more memory and time are required the longer the key size is used. The 128 bits AES key is therefore advised if the system must operate in hard real-time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are widely utilized in a variety of applications. Attackers might interfere with equipment, and eavesdrop on conversations. Attackers can also modify the data which has been communicated or connect unauthorized devices to the network if such devices are deployed in the physical environment. To ensure WSN security, messages exchanged between communicating nodes must be encrypted, and for encryption and decryption, the network must store a key. Consequently, Key management is of significant importance in achieving security in WSN. Obtaining such a key arrangement in a resource-constrained environment is required for secure and energy-efficient data transmission in WSN. Current algorithms have certain security issues, such as vulnerability to plaintext attacks, brute force attacks, side-channel attacks, and computational complexity. Cryptography along with clustering has been found to be a practical and efficient technique to improve the secure and energy-efficient data transmission in WSNs. In this article we have used an asymmetric Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) method for key generation whereas encryption and decryption of data, has been done by a hybrid of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and ECC cryptography A novel algorithm has been developed that incorporates both techniques (Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and ECC cryptography) along with clustering through standard LEACH protocol for improving energy efficiency, data security, and network lifetime. The proposed algorithm has been able to overcome the issue of key exchange that plagues AES, simpler than ECC and more reliable than AES. More significantly, it is able to encounter a variety of security threats including side-channel attacks. The proposed algorithm is better and has been compared to current techniques with respect to time complexity, encryption time and decryption time to demonstrate its efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the modern era, Cloud Platforms are the most needed port to maintain documents remotely with proper security norms. The concept of cloud environments is similar to the network channel. Still, the Cloud is considered the refined form of network, in which the data can easily be stored into the server without any range restrictions. The data maintained into the remote server needs a high-security feature, and the processing power of data should be high to retrieve the data back from the respective server. In the past, there were several security schemes available to protect the remote cloud server reasonably. However, the attack possibilities over the cloud platform remain; only all the researchers continuously work on this platform without any delay. This paper introduces a hybrid data security scheme called the Improved Attribute-Based Encryption Scheme (IABES). This IABES combines two powerful data security algorithms: Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE) algorithm. These two algorithms are combined to provide massive support to the proposed approach of data maintenance over the remote cloud server with high-end security norms. This hybrid data security algorithm assures the data cannot be attacked over the server by the attacker or intruder in any case because of its robustness. The essential generation process generates a credential for the users. It cannot be identified or visible to anyone as well as the generated certificates cannot be extracted even if the corresponding user forgets the credentials. The only way to get back the certification is resetting the credential. The obtained results prove the accuracy level of the proposed cypher security schemes compared with the regular cloud security management scheme, and the proposed algorithm essential generation process is unique. No one can guess or acquire it. Even the person may be the service provider or server administrator. For all, the proposed system assures data maintenance over the cloud platform with a high level of security and robustness in Quality of Service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine learning techniques, especially deep learning, are playing an increasingly important role in our lives. Deep learning uses different models to extract information from the data. They have already had a huge impact in areas such as health (i.e., cancer diagnosis), self-driving cars, speech recognition, and data encryption. Recently, deep learning models, including convolutional neural networks (CNN), have been proven to be more effective in the security field. Moreover, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) recommends the advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm as the most often utilized encryption method in several security applications. In this paper, a crypt-intelligent system (CIS) capable of securing data is proposed. It is based on the combination of the performance of CNN with the AES, by substituting the key expansion unit of AES with a CNN architecture that performs the key generation. Our CIS is described using very high-speed integrated circuit (VHSIC) hardware description language (VHDL), simulated by ModelSim, synthesized, and implemented with Xilinx ISE 14.7. Finally, the Airtex-7 series XC7A100T device has achieved an encryption throughput of 965.88 Mbps. In addition, the CIS offers a high degree of flexibility and is supported by reconfigurability, based on the experimental results, if sufficient resources are available, the architecture can provide performance that can satisfy cryptographic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum computing is currently being researched in many countries, and if implemented in the near future, it may pose a threat to existing encryption standards. In the quantum computer environment, asymmetric encryption can be solved by Shor's Algorithm in polynomial time, and the difficulty of breaking symmetric encryption using brute force is reduced from N times to square root N times by Grover's Algorithm. We take the Advanced Encryption Standard as the theme and increase the key length from the original standard 192 bits and 256 bits to 384 bits and 512 bits, respectively, in order to maintain the security level of AES 192/256 under the environment of quantum computing, so we propose the key schedule of AES 384/512, and write the software in C++ on FPGA. The experimental results show that our scheme can achieve Level III and Level V security levels in a quantum computer attack environment. In addition to increasing the length of the key, we use the LUT method in the process of writing SubBytes to replace the array and speed up the computation to optimize the execution speed. In addition, the proposed scheme is still based on 128-bit computing blocks, rather than computing blocks in larger blocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Beijing University of Technology is the property of Journal of Beijing University of Technology, Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The need of keeping medical information safe and secure stems from the fact that doctors rely on it to make accurate diagnoses. If this information is altered in any way, no matter how minor, there is a risk of an inaccurate diagnosis, which could result in severe medical issues and death. The transition from paper to electronic health records (EHRs) has considerably improved patient care quality and efficiency. However, for many healthcare service providers, it has extended the attack surface. Because of the value of a patient's medical information, this has posed a threat to both patients and healthcare providers. When security is not taken into account in healthcare systems, patients' privacy is jeopardized. The intended solution to this challenge is to create a modified AES algorithm to secure patient medical information. Although, the AES algorithm is secure, however, there is always a need for improvement on any cryptographic algorithms in terms of computational cost. This study implements AES and modified the last round of the AES and their performance has been measured by scrambling input datasets of various contents and volumes. The experimental results show that modified AES outperforms AES algorithms in terms of Encryption time while AES outperform modified AES in terms of decryption time. Also, the Avalanche effect results revealed that modified AES has a higher avalanche effect for small-size files while a smaller avalanche effect for larger file sizes. This signifies that modified AES security is stronger for a small size file while conventional AES has higher security for larger file sizes. The average encryption time of the AES algorithm for text files is 1513.3ms while the modified AES average encryption time gives 1293.837ms. The average decryption time for conventional AES is 1289.627ms while the average decryption time for modified AES give 1400.136ms. Modified AES uses lesser time complexity during the encryption of all categories of data files while conventional AES uses lesser time complexity during the decryption of all categories of data files. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fog computing network plays a significant role in enhancing the communication between the end users and the cloud server accompanying high security. The quality of service of the systems could be greatly enhanced by these fog computing technologies that provide high computation capability, storage and enhanced network connectivity. The transmission of data through this technology is highly vulnerable to various threatening especially medical data are highly vulnerable due to their sensitivity. In this research, a trust based fog computing authentication model is enabled for assuring the security of the data transmission. The proposed model is executed in five different phases that includes setup phase, user registration phase, Fog node registration phase, login phase and authentication phase and each phase performs a specific function to improve the security. In each phase the data are transmitted in the encrypted form that is performed using the Advanced Encryption Standard algorithm that ensured the security of the data and this algorithm could be enabled to both public and private sectors. In every phase the data are authenticated and the users are validated for the proceeding of authentication and this authorized access enhances the security level of the systems. The efficiency of the proposed trust based fog computing authentication model is proved by measuring the parameters detection rate, computation time, storage capability, vulnerability rate and privacy ratio that attained the improvement of 5% in detection rate, 42% in computational time, 31.51% memory usage, 82.41% vulnerability rate and 27.53% privacy ratio that shows the superiority of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cloud computing has gained great attention among the individual user and the organization. Transitioning to the cloud platform is not simple as it involves various cybersecurity and operational issues. Due to a large amount of data storage in the cloud, ensuring the security of the data outsourced in the cloud is highly important. A Key Management System (KMS) is a secure data protection method that is commonly used in e-healthcare information systems, information security (confidentiality, integrity, authenticity), large-scale organizations, architecture security, sensor security, identity management, access control (privacy preservation), identity proofing (authentication), and legal issues. Because this approach allows the secret key information to be exchanged safely, the security level may be guaranteed to be high. Using a random prime number, a master secret key, and a parameter value, one can generate a secure key that is difficult for hackers to break. Secure data transfer with exact and consistent authentication is the goal of this new approach. This research focuses on the development of secure secret key creation and the improvement in secure key sharing. To generate the key (in the form of a QR code), we have used an asymmetric Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) method, whereas encryption and decryption of data have been done by a hybrid of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and ECC cryptography. The hybrid ECC-AES model was found to take less amount of time than the AES model and other existing models. Current algorithms have certain security issues, such as vulnerability to plaintext attacks, brute force attacks, side-channel attacks, and computational complexity. The proposed algorithm has been able to overcome the issue of key exchange that plagues AES, simpler than ECC and more reliable than AES. As a result, KMS has been designed to provide high levels of security for healthcare information. We have proposed a Hybrid Cryptographic Approach to enhance the Mode of Key Management System (HCA-KMS) in a Cloud Environment based on authenticated encryption with AES and ECC. The proposed algorithm has been compared to existing methods concerning confidentiality, integrity, time complexity, storage overhead, resource utilization, security, and log time to demonstrate its efficacy. The proposed HCA-KMS has time complexity, encryption time (O (n)), and decryption time (O (logn)). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many military and business documents such as memorandums, invoices, medical records and bills among others are transmitted over the network in the form of images. These scanned document images may contain some private information that must not be accessed by third party or unauthorized users. Most of the encryption techniques encrypt the complete image but only parts of it require protection, which increases the computational and overhead communication cost. In this paper, we introduce a novel technique for selective multi-modal text recognition and encryption in scanned document images to overcome the issue of security and efficiency. Maximally stable extremal regions (MSER) are used in combination with two filtering techniques to automatically detect regions of interest (ROI) that contain text. Proposed technique combines optical character recognition (OCR) and natural language processing (NLP) in text recognition thus taking advantage of different modalities of data. Multi-modal recognized text is then encrypted using advanced encryption standard in cipher-block chaining mode (AES-CBC) and hybrid chaotic map. Simulation results illustrate the reliability and efficiency of proposed encryption scheme based on ROI. Moreover, security analysis exhibits the robustness of proposed encryption technique against linear and differential cryptographic attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Privacy preservation (PP) in Digital forensics (DF) is a conflicted and non-trivial issue. Existing solutions use the searchable encryption concept and, as a result, are not efficient and support only a keyword search. Moreover, the collected forensic data cannot be analyzed using existing well-known digital tools. This research paper first investigates the lawful requirements for PP in DF based on the organization for economic co-operation and development OECB) privacy guidelines. To have an efficient investigation process and meet the increased volume of data, the presented framework is designed based on the selective imaging concept and advanced encryption standard (AES). The proposed framework has two main modules, namely Selective Imaging Module (SIM) and Selective Analysis Module (SAM). The SIM and SAM modules are implemented based on advanced forensic format 4 (AFF4) and SleuthKit open source forensics frameworks, respectively, and, accordingly, the proposed framework is evaluated in a forensically sound manner. The evaluation result is compared with other relevant works and, as a result, the proposed solution provides a privacy-preserving, efficient forensic imaging and analysis process while having also sufficient methods. Moreover, the AFF4 forensic image, produced by the SIM module, can be analyzed not only by SAM, but also by other well-known analysis tools available on the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, high-resolution images pose several challenges in the context of image encryption. The encryption of huge images’ file sizes requires high computational resources. Traditional encryption techniques like, Data Encryption Standard (DES), and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) are not only inefficient, but also less secure. Due to characteristics of chaos theory, such as periodicity, sensitivity to initial conditions and control parameters, and unpredictability. Hence, the characteristics of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), such as vast parallelism and large storage capacity, make it a promising field. This paper presents an efficient color image encryption method utilizing DNA encoding with two types of hyper-chaotic maps. The proposed encryption method comprises three steps. The first step initializes the conditions for generating Lorenz and Rossler hyper-chaotic maps using a plain image Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-256/384). The second step performs a confusion procedure by scrambling the three components of the image (red, green, and blue) using Lorenz hyper-chaotic sequences. Finally, the third step combines three approaches to encrypt the scrambled components for diffusion: DNA encoding/decoding, addition operation between components, and XORing with Rossler hyper-chaotic sequences. The simulation results indicate that the suggested encryption algorithm satisfies the requirements of security. The entropy value of confusion and diffusion is 7.997, the key space is 2200, and the correlation coefficient is nearly zero. The efficacy of the proposed method has been verified through numerous evaluations, and the results show its resistance and effectiveness against several attacks, like statistical and brute-force attacks. Finally, the devised algorithm vanquishes other relevant color image encryption algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a cryptographic encryption standard is proposed whose model is same as presented in Rijndael Algorithm by Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen. The modification lies in the design of the Cipher, we have used inverse property (IP) loop instead of Extended Binary Galois Field (GF). The proposed mathematical structure is superior to GF in terms of complexity and has the ability to create arbitrary randomness due to a larger key space. Moreover, IP loop are non-isomorphic and have more than one Cayley table representation as compared to GF. This in result confirms the resistance against cryptanalytic attacks specifically on mathematical structures. The complete description of S-box, encryption and decryption of this cryptographic scheme is measured and evaluated critically to substantiate its multimedia applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a well-known, extensively used, broadly studied, and industry-standard symmetric key-based block cipher. Hence cryptanalysis of AES is a felicitous job for the cryptography researchers. Impossible differential cryptanalysis (IDC) is a powerful attack technique on symmetric-key ciphers. In this paper, we report a cluster-based parallel attack to retrieve the full key for all versions of five-round AES (128, 192, 256) and partial key recovery of six-round AES (192, 256) using IDC. The full key of AES-128 can be determined in only 6.5 min. To recover the full key of five-round AES-192/256, a total of 10 minutes is required. Next we find the second round key of six-round AES-(192, 256). It takes a total of 12.5 min. To the best of our knowledge, our results outperformed the existing best results with respect to timing and as well as the success probability for the full/partial key recovery of five/six rounds of AES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D is an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)-like cipher employed 3D structure proposed in 2008. The main innovation of 3D is the multi-dimensional state, generalizing the design of Rijndael and allowing block sizes beyond the 256-bit boundary. Saturnin, a lightweight block cipher has been selected as a second-round candidate in the National Institute of Standards and Technology standardization for lightweight cryptography. It also employs a 3D structure and provides high security against quantum and classic attacks. The exchange-equivalence attacks proposed by Bardeh and Rønjom consider how quadruples of plaintexts confirm distinguishable properties for AES. It is similar to the principle of yoyo attack, but it can find a longer number of rounds of distinguisher. In this paper, we investigate the exchange-equivalence attack on 3D and yoyo attack on Saturnin. Our new results turn out to be the first secret-key chosen plaintext distinguisher for 10-round 3D. The complexity of the distinguisher is about |$2^{364.2}$| in terms of data, memory and computational complexity. For Saturnin, we propose the first six-super-round impossible differential yoyo attack, which is suitable for the two-S-layer version. Compared with the previous impossible differential attacks in the design report of Saturnin, the attacks presented here are the best in terms of the complexity under the chosen-plaintext scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To mitigate state exposure threats to long-lived instant messaging sessions, ratcheting was introduced, which is used in practice in protocols like Signal. However, existing ratcheting protocols generally come with a high cost. Recently, Caforio et al. proposed pragmatic constructions, which compose a weakly secure 'light' protocol and a strongly secure 'heavy' protocol, in order to achieve so-called ratcheting on-demand. The light protocol they proposed has still a high complexity. In this paper, we propose the lightest possible protocol we could imagine, which essentially encrypts and then hashes the secret key. We prove it secure in the standard model by introducing a new security notion, which relates symmetric encryption with key updates by hashing. Our protocol composes well with the generic transformation techniques by Caforio et al. to offer high security and performance at the same time. In a second step, we propose another protocol based on a newly defined integrated primitive, extending standard one-time authenticated encryption with an additional output block used as a secret key for the next message. We instantiate this primitive firstly from any authenticated encryption with associated data, and then we propose an efficient instantiation using advanced encryption standard (AES) encryption to update the key and AES-Galois/Counter mode of operation to encrypt and decrypt messages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the security of images or information is very important. This paper introduces a proposed hybrid watermarking and encryption technique for increasing medical image security. First, the secret medical image is encrypted using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. Then, the secret report of the patient is embedded into the encrypted secret medical image with the Least Significant Bit (LSB) watermarking algorithm. After that, the encrypted secret medical image with the secret report is concealed in a cover medical image, using Kekre's Median Codebook Generation (KMCG) algorithm. Afterwards, the stegoimage obtained is split into 16 parts. Finally, it is sent to the receiver. We adopt this strategy to send the secret medical image and report over a network securely. The proposed technique is assessed with different encryption quality metrics including Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Correlation Coefficient (Cr), Feature Similarity Index Metric (FSIM), and Structural Similarity Index Metric (SSIM). Histogram estimation is used to confirm the matching between the secret medical image before and after transmission. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed technique achieves good performance with high quality of the received medical image and clear image details in a very short processing time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, security is significant for individuals and organizations. All information need security to prevent theft, leakage, alteration. Security must be guaranteed by applying some or combining cryptography algorithms to the information. Encipherment is the method that changes plaintext to a secure form called cipherment. Encipherment includes diverse types, such as symmetric and asymmetric encipherment. This study proposes an improved version of the advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm called optimized advanced encryption standard (OAES). The OAES algorithm utilizes sine map and random number to generate a new key to enhance the complexity of the generated key. Thereafter, multiplication operation was performed on the original text, thereby creating a random matrix (4×4) before the five stages of the coding cycles. A random substitution-box (S-Box) was utilized instead of a fixed S-Box. Finally, we utilized the eXclusive OR (XOR) operation with digit 255, also with the key that was generated last. This research compared the features of the AES and OAES algorithms, particularly the extent of complexity, key size, and number of rounds. The OAES algorithm can enhance complexity of encryption and decryption by using random values, random S-Box, and chaotic maps, thereby resulting in difficulty guessing the original text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Securing digital data from unauthorized access throughout its entire lifecycle has been always a critical concern. A robust data security system should protect the information assets of any organization against cybercriminal activities. The Twofish algorithm is one of the well-known symmetric key block cipher cryptographic algorithms and has been known for its rapid convergence. But when it comes to security, it is not the preferred cryptographic algorithm to use compared to other algorithms that have shown better security. Many applications and social platforms have adopted other symmetric key block cipher cryptographic algorithms such as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm to construct their main security wall. In this paper, a new modification for the original Twofish algorithm is proposed to strengthen its security and to take advantage of its fast convergence. The new algorithm has been named Split-n-Swap (SnS). Performance analysis of the new modification algorithm has been performed using different measurement metrics. The experimental results show that the complexity of the SnS algorithm exceeds that of the original Twofish algorithm while maintaining reasonable values for encryption and decryption times as well as memory utilization. A detailed analysis is given with the strength and limitation aspects of the proposed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Replacement of physical labor and repetitive tasks by the agents is an attractive issue in the Smart Environment (SE). SE is distinguished by its ability to be controlled from a distance, to facilitate the connection between devices through middleware, to gather and share data from sensors, to improve the intelligence of devices, and to make decisions. To be effective, SE design must make use of information and networks that already exist in the actual world. Effective SE design is complicated by several difficulties, including monitoring, data collecting, assessment, evaluation, prediction of important data, and meaningful presentation. For SE, the most important step is gathering information from a variety of sensors in various locations. Wireless sensor networks provide an underlying architecture for the coordinated collection of data from many sensors that have common characteristics (WSN). An essential aspect of sensor networks is their inability to function in the currently complicated environment for wireless network security. In the realm of remote sensor businesses, cryptology is an essential part of safety measures. Several of the prevalent cryptographic methods have significant flaws that prevent them from being fully reliable. In this paper, we provide a unified, three-stage cryptographic procedure that combines public-key and secret-key techniques for maximum security. Due to consideration of Public-key management and high degree of security, Rijndael Encryption Approach (REA), Horst Feistel's Encryption Approach (HFEA), and the more sophisticated Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (e-RSA). Time spent in both execution and decoding of the suggested approach was utilized to rank the quality of displays. The suggested set of rules uses a single evaluation boundary or computation time, which is different from the methodologies used before. Low Encryption Time (LET) and Low Unscrambling Time (LDT) values of 1.12 and 1.26 were observed on texts ranging in size from 6 to 184 MB, respectively. Comparisons show that the suggested hybrid form is 2.9% more efficient than AES+RSA, 1.36 times more efficient than ECC+RSA+MD-5, 1.36 times more efficient than AES+ECC, and 1.36 times more efficient than AES+ECC+RSA+MD-5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) has become an attractive encryption method for its high security and fast implementation. The encryption algorithm is approved as a standard to be used in widely used communication and data processing units However, the advance in technology and the introduction of quantum computers made the encryption scheme vulnerable to attack. Different attack procedures are continuously being developed for attacking end decrypted important and sensitive data. This paper evaluated an enhanced Advanced Encryption System operating in Cipher Block Chaining mode that suggests a promising solution for resisting future attacks. The approach depends on a time-dependent initialization vector that produces the initialization vector block depending on the epoch time without sharing any encryption key. The evaluation process includes correlation analysis, global and local Shannon entropy analysis, chi-square analysis, histogram analysis, and differential analysis. The results showed that the enhanced encryption scheme is reliable and can resist most cyber-attacks without exposing any encrypted data to the public. The results were compared with previously published and tested algorithms and found that it satisfies and exceeds the minimum requirement. So, the encryption method can be implemented safely in future communication channels or used in the file encryption process. . .

A widespread application of technology has promoted a rapid development of IoT, where the process of data transfer are made with low latency, higher ranges of effective data transfer using widespread sensors and connections. Nevertheless, the security and the privacy concerns with the WSN are crucially considered for effective means of data transfer using WSN. Thus, the vulnerabilities and the attack against the WSN has to be implemented. With prospects to these advantages of using WSN, many Artificial Intelligence (AI) based concepts such as Machine Learning (ML) models have been used and are established. But the overall outcomes from these models are not satisfactory in terms of their accuracy rates, and are only applicable for small ranges of data. Thus, to overcome these pitfalls, the proposed method has implied an effective Deep Learning (DL) based models for classification. The entire working of the model is adapted in the matlab environment. Initially, the data are generated using the Ant Colony Optimisation (ACO) and the Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) for the Cluster Head (CH) selection. The Encryption and decryption approaches for making the data to be secured and are accessible only upon key-generation using Elliptic Curve Cryptosystems (ECC) and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm in hybrid mode and are implied with improved rages of feature selection using Genetic Algorithms. For the aspects of classification of attack and non-attack upon WSN, the combination of Modified Deep-Convolutional Neural Network-Bi-Directional Long Short Term Memory with Attention Mechanism is established (MDCNN- Bi-LSTM- AM). The effective working of the proposed model performing the classification of attack and non-attack upon WSN is evaluated using applicable and measurable metrics. Further affirmative ability of the proposed model is carried out by comparison with state-of-art approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of smart cities has been applied in the process of urban modernization and informatization to promote the sustainability of cities and societies, enhancing the well-being of residents. The ubiquitous visual sensors in smart cities contribute to the central understanding of the urban environment and constitute one of the foundations of urban informatization. However, this has also resulted in the recording of residents' privacy information within the city. Currently, some methods based on image encryption have been proposed to protect the privacy of images. However, these schemes sacrifice the visual usability inherent in the images, further hindering the management of smart cities based on images. In this work, we propose a reversible resolution degradation scheme to balance image privacy protection and usability management in smart cities. The visual effect of the degraded image resembles a mosaic effect, and the balance between privacy and usability can be adjusted through the block size. In addition, to enhance security, we introduced the concept of the one-time pad. Before each image processing, a new key is derived based on the advanced encryption standard and a hash function. The experiments validated the effectiveness of the proposed method in balancing privacy protection and usability, and it also demonstrated the visual effects in the cloud. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]