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The KEAP1-NFE2L2 axis is essential for the cellular response against metabolic and oxidative stress. KEAP1 is an adaptor protein of CUL3 (cullin 3) ubiquitin ligase that controls the cellular levels of NFE2L2, a critical transcription factor of several cytoprotective genes. Oxidative stress, defective autophagy and pathogenic infections activate NFE2L2 signaling through phosphorylation of the autophagy receptor protein SQSTM1, which competes with NFE2L2 for binding to KEAP1. Here we show that phosphoribosyl-linked serine ubiquitination of SQSTM1 catalyzed by SidE effectors of Legionella pneumophila controls NFE2L2 signaling and cell metabolism upon Legionella infection. Serine ubiquitination of SQSTM1 sterically blocks its binding to KEAP1, resulting in NFE2L2 ubiquitination and degradation. This reduces NFE2L2-dependent antioxidant synthesis in the early phase of infection. Levels of serine ubiquitinated SQSTM1 diminish in the later stage of infection allowing the expression of NFE2L2-target genes; causing a differential regulation of the host metabolome and proteome in a NFE2L2-dependent manner.Abbreviation: ARE: antioxidant response element; Dup: deubiquitinase specific for phosphoribosyl-linked serine ubiquitination; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; h.p.i: hours post infection; HIF1A/HIF-1α: hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha; KEAP1: kelch like ECH associated protein 1; KIR: KEAP1-interacting region; LIR: LC3-interacting region; NES: nuclear export signal; NFKB/NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B; NLS: nuclear localization signal; NFE2L2/Nrf2: NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2; PB1 domain: Phox1 and Bem1 domain; PR-Ub: phosphoribosyl-linked serine ubiquitination; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; tBHQ: tertiary butylhydroquinone; TUBE2: tandem ubiquitiin binding entity 2; UBA domain: ubiquitin-associated domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractCaffeic acid is a common phenolic acid found in coffee and numerous fruits and vegetables. Known for its antioxidant properties, it is widely used as a dietary supplement as part of a polyphenol mixture or as an extract in the form of a capsule or powder. It is also available in liquid form as a homeopathic supplement. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is an active component of propolis produced by honey bees. Propolis extract is used as a supplement and is available in various forms. The present paper is a comprehensive review of the biomedical literature, showing that caffeic acid effects are hormetic and occur in numerous biological models and cell types for a broad range of endpoints including many aging-related processes. Hormesis is a biphasic dose/concentration response displaying a low concentration/dose stimulation and a high concentration/dose inhibition. Complex alternative search strategies for caffeic acid were used since publications rarely used the terms hormesis or hormetic. Evaluation of the data provides the first assessment of caffeic acid-induced hormetic concentration/dose responses and their quantitative features. Their mechanistic foundations, extrapolative strengths/limitations, and their biomedical, clinical, and public health implications are discussed. Suggestions for future research are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder associated with various comorbidities. The role of nutrition and dietary antioxidants in psoriasis management has gained attention. The Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index (CDAI) quantifies overall dietary antioxidant intake, but its association with psoriasis remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between the CDAI and psoriasis, as well as the relationship between individual components of CDAI and psoriasis risk. Methods: Data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed. Baseline characteristics, CDAI scores, and psoriasis status were assessed. Multivariable logistic regression and restricted cubic splines were employed to analyze the association. Results: The study included 23,311 participants, with 621 diagnosed with psoriasis. Higher CDAI scores were associated with a lower odds ratio (OR) of psoriasis occurrence (OR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.56–0.92, P = 0.009 in Model 3). Vitamin E intake exhibited an inverse correlation with psoriasis risk (OR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.60–0.96, P = 0.039 in Model 3). Other CDAI components did not show significant associations with psoriasis. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a significant inverse association between CDAI and psoriasis, indicating that higher dietary antioxidant intake is associated with a reduced risk of psoriasis. Specifically, higher vitamin E intake was associated with a lower likelihood of psoriasis. These findings underscore the potential role of dietary antioxidants in psoriasis management. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and explore targeted dietary interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Redox imbalance and oxidative stress are increasingly recognized as significant factors in health disorders such as neurodegenerative disorders, premature aging and cancer. However, detecting antioxidant levels that is crucial for managing oxidative stress, can be challenging due to existing assays' limitations, such as insensitivity to thiol-containing antioxidants. This study presents a simple fluorescence-based assay for antioxidant detection employing the enhanced photocatalytic oxidase-like activity of dithiothreitol (DTT)-assisted bovine serum albumin (BSA)-stabilized gold nanoclusters (DTT@BSA-AuNCs). The reported nanozyme exhibits remarkable stability, versatility, and catalytic activity. Under LED irradiation, DTT@BSA-AuNCs generate singlet oxygen, which converts non-fluorescent thiamine to fluorescent thiochrome, utilizing dissolved oxygen for catalysis. Antioxidants inhibit thiochrome formation, leading to fluorescence quenching. This method enables sensitive detection of antioxidants such as ascorbic acid and glutathione with limits of detection of 0.08 µM and 0.32 µM, respectively, under neutral pH, outperforming previous studies. The assay successfully detects antioxidants in human saliva and cancer cell models. The DTT@BSA-AuNCs-based assay offers a cost-effective, sensitive, and straightforward approach for detecting antioxidants in biological samples, facilitating improved monitoring of oxidative stress in various diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The toxicological hazard of iron-containing products is a public health concern that inspires research in identifying and developing readily available, inexpensive antidotes. Natural products, like plant-sourced antioxidants, can be of great value in this regard. Hesperetin a flavonoid abundantly present in citrus fruits is known to possess a diverse pharmacological and antioxidant attribute. The present study investigated the alleviation of detrimental effects of ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) by hesperetin in Drosophila melanogaster. Flies were exposed to FeSO4 (10 µM) alone or supplemented with hesperetin (50 or 100 µM) via diet for 7 consecutive days. Antioxidant enzyme activities, non-enzymatic antioxidant levels, acetylcholinesterase activity and oxidative stress markers were then measured. Hesperetin supplementation significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated FeSO4-induced oxidative stress by enhancement of enzymic antioxidants (catalase and glutathione-S-transferases) activities, preservation of non-enzymic antioxidants (total thiols and non-protein thiols), and reduction of other markers of oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide, protein carbonyl and lipid peroxidation) in D. melanogaster. In addition, hesperetin supplementation decreased nitric oxide levels and enhanced acetylcholinesterase activity. Furthermore, hesperetin supplementation improved FeSO4-induced locomotor deficit, while there was no significant difference in cell viability (mitochondrial metabolic rate) in the treatment groups. This study suggests that hesperetin might be a promising functional agent in preventing iron toxicity and similar metal-induced impairments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ephedra alata Decne is a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine for the management of bronchial asthma and cancer. Phytochemical analysis and biological activities, including antioxidant and anticancer effects, were investigated in the current work as new findings for the plant E. alata, a species growing wildly in the marsh and saline environments of the central area of Saudi Arabia. The Ultra Pressure Liquid Chromatography coupled with Electron spray ionization-Quadropole-Time of flight (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF) system was used for the phytochemical analysis of the plant constituents. In addition, Polyphenolic profiling including the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents of the plant extracts were measured. Phenolic acids were found at the highest relative percentages among all the identified compounds and were measured at 66.07 mg GAE (Gallic acid equivalent). The UPLC analysis of the E. alata extract indicated the presence of chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, rosmarinic acid, umbelliferone, isorhoifolin, and apigenin at the highest relative percentages. Mineral analysis indicated that the microelement content of E. alata was relatively low, except for magnesium (Mg). In vitro antioxidant assays revealed the ability of the plant to scavenge DPPH free radicals, reduced molybdenum ions, and ferrous at levels of 14.63, 19.97, and 27.78 mg Trolox equivalents, respectively. The extract induced transition metal chelation at 31.36 mg EDTA equivalents. The extract induced cytotoxic effects against MDA-231 and A549 cell lines at IC50 levels of 25.31 and 39.81 µg/mL, respectively. The plant extract inhibited the colonization and migration of cancer cells as part of its potential anticancer effects. In addition, major E. alata constituents like isorhoifolin, chlorogenic acid, apigenin, and rosmarinic acid exhibited the lowest binding energy to the CAIX enzyme at − 8.41, − 6.64, − 6.32, and − 6.26 kcal/mol, respectively, compared to the binding energy (− 7.72 kcal/mol) of the co-crystallized ligand (Y0R). The docking results further supported the selection of the CAIX enzyme as a standard predictive therapeutic target, since it exhibited significant binding interactions with the major constituents of the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated environmentally correlated abiotic stressor desiccation (D), heat (H), and starvation (S) in the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) using Drosophila melanogaster larvae as an experimental model, subjected to either individual stressors or exposed to a combinatorial form of stressors (D +H, H+ S, and D + S). The study was also extended to find synergistic endpoints where the impacts of all three stressors (D+H+S) were exerted simultaneously. We estimated the lethal time (LT20) at specific doses using regression and probit analyses based on the larval survival. LT20 values were used as the base-level parameter for further oxidative stress experimental analysis work. First, all stressors led to the activation of a typical common oxidative stress-mediated response irrespective of the mode of exposure. As envisaged, D. melanogaster larvae exhibited a homeostatic stress tolerance mechanism, triggering an antioxidant defense mechanism, indicated by an elevated level of total antioxidant capacity and enhanced activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase. In all types of stress-exposed regimes, we found a negative impact of stressors on the activity of mitochondrial enzyme aconitase. Elevated levels of other oxidative stress markers, viz., lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content, and advanced oxidative protein products, were obvious although the increment was treatment-specific. Desiccation stress proved to be the most dominant stressor compared to heat and starvation. Among the combination of stressors, rather than a single stressor, D + H impacted more than other binary stress exposures. Focusing on the impact of singular versus combinatorial stress exposure on RONS generation, we observed an increase in the RONS level in both singular and combinatorial forms of stress exposure although the magnitude of the increment varied with the nature of stressors and their combinations. The present study indicated an "additive" effect when all three stressors (D + H + S) operate simultaneously, rather than a "synergistic" effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to reveal the effects of yeast culture replacing fish meal (FM) or chicken meal (CM) on the growth performance, serum biochemical indexes, intestinal digestive enzyme activities, hepatic antioxidant, and hepatic and intestinal histology of bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus). The basal diet contained 100 g/kg FM and 100 g/kg CM, and then yeast culture was used to decrease FM or CM level to 75 and 50 g/kg with yeast culture inclusion of 32 and 64 g/kg, respectively, resulting in five groups of isonitrogenous diets (control, FM75, FM50, CM75, and CM50). A total of 450 bullfrogs (45.5 ± 0.4 g initial weight) were fed the five diets for 50 days. (1) The FM50 group presented significantly lower weight gain, condition factor, hind leg index, and higher feed conversion ratio than the control group, while the other three groups of FM75, CM75, and CM50 showed no significant difference in growth performance when compared to the control group. (2) The serum triglyceride content of FM50 group was significantly lower, while the alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly higher than those of the control group. The serum total cholesterol levels were significantly lower in the CM50 group compared to the control group. (3) In intestinal digestive enzyme activities, the trypsin and α‐amylase activities in the CM75 and CM50 groups, the trypsin activity in the FM75 group, and lipase activity in the CM50 group were all significantly higher than those in the other groups. (4) The replacement of 50% FM with yeast culture (FM50 and CM50 groups) promoted the total antioxidant capacity in the liver, but compared to the control group, the intestinal villi height and muscularis propria thickness in the FM50 group were significantly lower. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in liver histology among all the groups. In conclusion, in a basal diet containing 100 g/kg FM and 100 g/kg CM, 32.0 and 64.0 g/kg yeast cultures could successfully replace 25% of dietary FM and 50% of dietary CM without negative effects on the growth performance, serum biochemical indexes, and hepatic and intestinal health of bullfrogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: 18KHT01 is a novel synergistic composition of Quercus acutissima, Camellia sinensis, Geranium thunbergii, and a small portion of Citrus limon. Our previous report demonstrated that the 18KHT01 exhibits potent antiobesity effects, with synergistic antioxidant, antiadipogenic, and antiobesity activities in diet‐induced obese mice. This study explores the toxicity profile and quality control parameters of the 18KHT01 formulation. Methods: Broad‐spectrum acute and subacute oral toxicity studies were performed using male and female ICR mice. In order to simultaneous analysis of the 18KHT01 formulation, an ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector (UPLC‐DAD) method was developed and validated using six marker compounds. Results: Acute oral toxicity evaluation of 18KHT01, administered at single high doses of 2, 2.5, 3, and 5 g/kg, identified 2 g/kg as the no‐observed adverse effect level (NOAEL). The LD50 (50% lethal dose) and LD100 (100% lethal dose) of 18KHT01 for male ICR mice were 3.99 and 7.77 g/kg, and those for the female mice were 2.94 and 4.70 g/kg, respectively. In addition, a 30‐day repeated dose oral subacute toxicity evaluation indicated that 18KHT01 is safe below 500 mg/kg/day for long‐term administration in ICR mice of either sex. UPLC‐DAD method validation revealed that each calibration curve for the marker compounds showed good linearity, as well as the validation parameters such as precision, specificity, and accuracy met the acceptance criteria. Conclusion: The present study evidenced the toxicological profile of 18KHT01 polyherbal formulation in mice as well as developed a simple, rapid, and accurate chromatographic method for quality control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Despite progress in reducing antimicrobial use in the veterinary field, it is crucial to find alternatives to preserve effectiveness and limit antimicrobial resistance. In pig farming, pathogenic strains of E. coli are the main cause of gastrointestinal disorders and antibiotic use. In this field, algae represent an innovation in animal nutrition that aligns with livestock sustainability principles and provide a high content of functional molecules. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of an innovative dietary combination of Ascophyllum nodosum and Lithothamnium calcareum, on growth, duodenum gene expression, jejunum intestinal morphology, and serum oxidative status in F4+ Escherichia coli challenged piglets. Materials and methods: Forty-eight weaned pigs, aged 28 ± 2 days, were divided into two groups (n = 24 pigs/group): the control group was fed a commercial diet (CTRL), while the seaweeds group was fed a commercial diet supplemented with 1.5% A. nodosum and 0.5% L. calcareum for 27 days (ALGAE). After 13 days, 50% of animals in each group were challenged with a single dose of 108 CFU/dose of E. coli F4+, resulting in two infected groups (CTRL+ and ALGAE+, n = 12 pigs/group). Growth performance was assessed by measuring the individual body weight. At day 27, from six animals/group duodenum and jejunum sections were sampled for gene expression analysis via qRT-PCR and histological evaluation. Results and discussion: The results indicated a significantly higher body weight in the ALGAE+ group compared to CTRL+ after 7 days post-challenge (p < 0.0001). Jejunum morphology revealed lower villus height, villus width and villus height/crypt depth ratio in CTRL+ compared to ALGAE+ (p < 0.05) suggesting a protective effect of seaweeds on gut health. Conclusion: In conclusion, algae mixture exerted a protective effect against intestinal damage from E. coli F4+ infection proposing A. nodosum and L. calcareum supplementation as interesting strategy to support animal growth, enhance health and reduce antibiotic treatments in weaned piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C-tetra(4-methoxyphenyl)calix[4]resorcinarene was synthesized by hydrochloric acid-catalysed cyclocondensation of resorcinol and 4-methoxybenzaldehyde. Under these conditions, the reaction produces a conformational mixture of crown and chair structural conformers, which were separated and characterized by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The antioxidant activity of both conformers was measured by using the DPPH assay, through which it was observed that the chair conformer showed greater antioxidant activity (IC50 = 47.46 ppm) than the crown conformer (IC50 = 78.46 ppm). Additionally, it was observed that the mixture of both conformers presented lower antioxidant activity than either conformer in isolation. The results found suggest that the chair conformer has efficient antioxidant activity that makes it a potential target for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accidental exposure to high-dose radiation while pregnant has shown significant negative effects on the developing fetus. One fetal organ which has been studied is the placenta. The placenta performs all essential functions for fetal development, including nutrition, respiration, waste excretion, endocrine communication, and immunological functions. Improper placental development can lead to complications during pregnancy, as well as the occurrence of intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) offspring. IUGR is one of the leading indicators of fetal programming, classified as an improper uterine environment leading to the predisposition of diseases within the offspring. With numerous studies examining fetal programming, there remains a significant gap in understanding the placenta's role in irradiation-induced fetal programming. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on how irradiation affects placental function to guide future research directions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of placental biology, including its development, structure, and function, and summarizes the placenta's role in fetal programming, with a focus on the impact of radiation on placental biology. Taken together, this review demonstrates that fetal radiation exposure causes placental degradation and immune function dysregulation. Given the placenta's crucial role in fetal development, understanding its impact on irradiation-induced IUGR is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New active ingredients, including those of plant origin, which could protect the skin against various harmful factors, such as UV radiation and free radicals responsible for skin ageing, are still being sought. The present study was focused on the antioxidant activity of Hippophaë rhamnoides L. and Vaccinium oxycoccos L. fruit glycolic extracts. Investigations were also carried out to evaluate the effect of UVA radiation and the storage of the sea buckthorn and European cranberry extracts at an elevated temperature of 50 °C on their interactions with free radicals. The kinetics of the interactions of the extracts with DPPH were assessed using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The sea buckthorn and European cranberry extracts quench the EPR signal of DPPH free radicals, which indicates their antioxidant potential. The EPR method further showed that a mixture of sea buckthorn and cranberry extracts in a volume ratio of 2:1 was more potent in quenching free radicals compared to a mixture of these extracts in a ratio of 1:2. Our findings demonstrate that long-term UVA radiation exposure reduces the ability of sea buckthorn and cranberry extracts to interact with free radicals. Moreover, storage at elevated temperatures does not affect the interaction of sea buckthorn extract with free radicals, while it alters the ability of cranberry extract to interact with free radicals. This study has demonstrated that an important factor in maintaining the ability to scavenge radicals is the storage of raw materials under appropriate conditions. H. rhamnoides and V. oxycoccos extracts can be used as valuable raw materials with antioxidant properties in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemicals are compounds found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and legumes that are non-nutritive but have bioactive properties. A high intake of these compounds is essential for optimal health and disease prevention. No study has investigated the association between Dietary Phytochemical Index (DPI) and polyneuropathy in patients with diabetes. This study aimed to examine the association between DPI and Diabetic Sensory-motor Polyneuropathy (DSPN) in a case-control study. In this case-control study, a total of 185 diabetic patients with DSPN (case group) and 185 sex- and age-matched diabetic patients without neuropathy (control group) were enrolled in this study. Participants were 30–60 years old. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to measure the dietary intake of all participants. Daily energy derived from phytochemical-rich foods was used to calculate the DPI score. Toronto clinical neuropathy score was applied to define DSPN. Anthropometric data and fasting blood glucose levels were measured using standard methods. The Binary logistic regression was used to estimate Crude and multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI) for DSPN across tertiles of DPI for the whole population. In the crude model, there was a significant trend across the tertile of DPI (OR highest vs. lowest tertile of DPI = 0.33; 95%CI 0.18, 0.52; P-trend < 0.001). After controlling for age, sex, and energy, a significant reverse association was observed between DPI and DSPN (OR highest vs. lowest tertile of DPI = 0.27; 95%CI 0.15, 0·48; P-trend < 0.001). Moreover, after adjusting for a wide range of confounding variables such as energy intake, physical activity, education, smoking status, and HbA1c, participants in the third tertile of DPI had 75% reduced odds for DSPN (95%CI 0.14, 0.45; P-trend < 0.001). Finally in the full adjusted model, after further adjustment for BMI, observed significant association was remained (OR highest vs. lowest tertile of DPI: 0.24; 95% CI 0.13, 0.14; P-trend < 0.001). Higher intakes of phytochemical-rich foods are associated with lower odds of DSPN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rose (Rosa sp.) is one of the most important ornamentals which is commercialize for its aesthetic values, essential oils, cosmetic, perfume, pharmaceuticals and food industries in the world. It has wide range of variations that is mostly distinguished by petal color differences which is interlinked with the phytochemicals, secondary metabolites and antinutrient properties. Here, we explored the color, bioactive compounds and antinutritional profiling and their association to sort out the most promising rose genotypes. For this purpose, we employed both quantitative and qualitative evaluation by colorimetric, spectrophotometric and visual analyses following standard protocols. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications where ten rose genotypes labelled R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9 and R10 were used as plant materials. Results revealed in quantitative assessment, the maximum value of lightness, and the luminosity indicating a brightening of rose petals close to a yellow color from rose accessions R4, and R10, respectively which is further confirmed with the visually observed color of the respective rose petals. Proximate composition analyses showed that the highest amount of carotenoid and β-carotene was found in R10 rose genotype, anthocyanin and betacyanin in R7. Among the bioactive compounds, maximum tocopherol, phenolic and flavonoid content was recorded in R8, R6 and R3 while R1 showed the highest free radical scavenging potentiality with the lowest IC50 (82.60 µg/mL FW) compared to the others. Meanwhile, the enormous variation was observed among the studied rose genotypes regarding the antinutrient contents of tannin, alkaloid, saponin and phytate whereas some other antinutrient like steroids, coumarines, quinones, anthraquinone and phlobatanin were also figured out with their presence or absence following qualitative visualization strategies. Furthermore, according to the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), correlation matrix and cluster analysis, the ten rose genotypes were grouped into three clusters where, cluster-I composed of R3, R4, R5, R8, cluster-II: R9, R10 and cluster-III: R1, R2, R6, R7 where the rose genotypes under cluster III and cluster II were mostly contributed in the total variations by the studied variables. Therefore, the rose genotypes R9, R10 and R1, R2, R6, R7 might be potential valuable resources of bioactive compounds for utilization in cosmetics, food coloration, and drugs synthesis which have considerable health impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pelargonium graveolens L'Hèr. (Geraniaceae) is renowned for its traditional use as a flavor, ornamental and medicinal plant. This work aimed at an in-depth study of the phytochemical profiling and in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibition assessment of a methanol-aqueous extract from P. graveolens leaves. A UHPLC-HRMS analysis revealed more than 110 secondary metabolites, including 8 acyltartaric and 11 acylcitric/acylisocitric acids; 8 gallotannins; 36 flavonols, flavanones and methoxylated flavonoids together with 17 phenolic and aliphatic acids; and 21 phenolic acid glycosides. For the first time, acylcitric acids along with feruloyl- and coumaroyltartaric acids are reported in the species. The leaf extract actively scavenged 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl DPPH (273.45 mg trolox equivalent (TE/g)) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+) radicals (531.97 mgTE/g) and showed a high reducing power: 431.32 mg TE/g Cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and 292.21 mg TE/g Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). It possessed a metal chelating capacity (13.44 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid equivalent (EDTAE)/g) and contained 2.71 mmol TE/g in the phosphomolybdenum assay. The rose geranium extract exhibited high inhibition towards acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (2.80 and 2.20 mg galantamine equivalent (GALAE)/g, respectively) and tyrosinase (75.49 mg kojic acid equivalent (KAE)/g). It inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase (3.75 mmol and 0.79 acarbose equivalent (ACAE)/g, respectively) and lipase (28.91 mg orlistat equivalent (OE)/g). This study sheds light into the future potential application of the rose geranium in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of biostimulants in vegetable cultivation has emerged as a promising approach to enhance the nutritional quality of crops, particularly in controlled environment agriculture and soilless culture systems. In this study, we employed a rigorous methodology, applying various biostimulants amino acids, Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), fulvic acid, chitosan, and vermicompost along with mineral fertilizers, both foliar and via the roots, to soilless greenhouse tomatoes during spring cultivation. The experiment, conducted in a coir pith medium using the 'Samyeli F1' tomato cultivar, demonstrated that plants treated with biostimulants performed better than control plants. Notable variations in nutritional components were observed across treatments. PGPR had the best effects on the physical properties of the tomato fruit, showing the highest fruit weight, fruit length, equatorial diameter, fruit volume, fruit skin elasticity, and fruit flesh hardness while maintaining high color parameters L, a, and b. PGPR and fulvic acid demonstrated significant enhancements in total phenolics and flavonoids, suggesting potential boosts in antioxidant properties. Amioacid and vermicompost notably elevated total soluble solids, indicating potential fruit sweetness and overall taste improvements. On the other hand, vermicompost stood out for its ability to elevate total phenolics and flavonoids while enhancing vitamin C content, indicating a comprehensive enhancement of nutritional quality. In addition, vermicompost had the most significant impact on plant growth parameters and total yield, achieving a 43% increase over the control with a total yield of 10.39 kg/m2. These findings underline the specific nutritional benefits of different biostimulants, offering valuable insights for optimizing tomato cultivation practices to yield produce with enhanced health-promoting properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of combined stress factors involving light intensity and salinity (NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, and their combinations) on the two-stage cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris for simultaneous production of biomass and high-value products, were investigated. The two-stage strategies comprised a 25-day vegetative stage in BG11 medium, followed by a 15-day combined stress stage. During salt stress conditions, the addition of 15 g L−1 CaCl2 or 7.5 g L−1 MgCl2 / 7.5 g L−1 CaCl2 mixture with 140 µmol m−2 s−1 light intensity significantly promoted the growth of C. vulgaris achieving maximum biomass productivity of 50.50 ± 0.50 and 50.25 ± 3.25 mg L−1 d−1, respectively. Cultivation of C. vulgaris in a medium containing 7.5 g L−1 NaCl/ 7.5 g L−1 CaCl2 had remarkably increased the lipid content (31.15 ± 1.18%) and lipid productivity (14.55 ± 1.48 mg L−1 d−1). The saturated fatty acids (SFAs) at 39.52–59.29%, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) at 27.16–35.47%, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) at 7.18–29.97%, were obtained with palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:1), stearic (C18:0), and linolenic (C18:3) acids as predominant fatty acids. Cultures supplemented with 5 g L−1 NaCl / 5 g L−1 MgCl2 / 5 g L−1 CaCl2 and high light intensity exposure attained consistently high carbohydrate content (52.71 ± 2.50%). The combination of 7.5 g L−1 NaCl / 7.5 g L−1 MgCl2 also resulted in a marked increase in the protein content (35.32 ± 2.20%) and total carotenoids (0.31 ± 0.03 μg mL−1) as compared to the Controls. The highest antioxidant activity (86.16%) was achieved with a 7.5 g L−1 NaCl / 7.5 g L−1 CaCl2 combination in the growth stage. The antioxidant activities were attributed to the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins due to the stressed conditions. One of the key benefits of using a combined stress strategy in this study is that if one factor has a low impact on enhancing target metabolites, other factors can compensate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of partially purified venom protein extracted from five different species of Chrysaora jellyfish. The extracted venom was subjected to total protein analysis and the molecular weight was determined. The venom protein of Chrysaora fuscescens among tested exhibits free radical scavenging activity of about 77.3 and 56.5% by DPPH and ABTS, respectively. In addition, the venom protein exhibited lipid peroxidase (77.66%) and nitric oxide (72.07%) inhibition properties. Furthermore, venom protein exhibits antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and A549, in a dose-dependent manner after 48 h of treatment, with IC50 values 63.70 and 44.20 µg/mL, respectively. Overall, this study demonstrates the antioxidant and antiproliferative potential of Chrysaora species venom protein and could be utilized in pharmacological industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Extra virgin olive oil is a fundamental component of the Mediterranean diet. It contains several molecules that sustain human well-being by modulating cellular metabolism and exerting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-ageing effects to protect normal tissues, and it can exert anti-angiogenic and pro-apoptotic effects on cancer cells. Metabolites found in different parts of the olive tree, including leaves, also possess properties that might help in cancer prevention and promote wellness in aging. Olive mill wastewater (OMWW), a liquid residue produced during olive oil extraction, represents an environmental issue. However, it is rich in phytochemicals with potential beneficial properties. Dietary supplements based on OMWW can be produced for nutritional supplementation with advantages to the ecology. Purpose: This work aims to measure hematochemical, anthropometric, and metabolomic parameters in volunteers taking an OMWW dietary supplement, Oliphenolia® (OMWW-OL). Methods: The supplementation of OMWW-OL 25 mL twice daily for 30 days was tested on a pilot cohort of volunteers with characteristics close to metabolic syndrome. Hematochemical, anthropometric, serum biomarkers and serum metabolomic parameters were analyzed before the intervention, at 30 days, and 30 days after stopping consumption. Results: A total of 29 volunteers were enrolled, and 23 completed the study. The participants' parameters at baseline were measured, and then twice daily at 30 days of treatment and 30 days after assumption discontinuation. Although treatment was with an olive derivative, their weight did not increase. Their body mass index, instead of augmenting, slightly decreased, particularly in the women. Also, hydration increased, especially in the women, while blood pressure, glycemia, and insulin decreased. Cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, and triglycerides were stable, and LDL levels decreased, while vitamin D levels, alongside calcium, perceptibly increased. Albumin also increased. All the values were in support of an equilibrium, with no damaging effects. By mass spectrometry analysis, we also found favorable changes in the vitamin D/histamine and homocysteine/methionine ratios, an increase in a new metabolite of unknown formula, and the vitamin D/unknown metabolite ratio. Conclusions: Supplementation of OMWW-OL has no detrimental effects and might imply the beneficial modulation of several biological parameters. Although this is a small pilot study, with limited potency, it preliminarily suggests that the OMWW extract use could be potentially valuable for people at risk of metabolic syndrome. Some of these parameters could also be relevant in supporting healthy ageing and in cancer prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive inflammatory reactions are the most important pathological injury factor in acute lung injury (ALI). Our recent study found that sialic acid had an anti-colitis effect. In this study, the effect of sialic acid (SA) on acute lung inflammation was investigated. A lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI animal model and LPS-stimulated HUVEC cell model were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of SA and study its molecular mechanisms. Compared with the LPS group, the lung index of the SA group decreased from 0.79 ± 0.05% to 0.58 ± 0.06% (LPS + 50 SA) and 0.62 ± 0.02% (LPS + 100 SA), with p < 0.01, suggesting that SA could improve the pulmonary edema of mice and alleviate LPS-induced lung injury. Transcriptome research identified 26 upregulated genes and 25 downregulated genes involved in the protection of SA against ALI. These genes are mainly related to the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Our study also proved that SA markedly downregulated the expression of inflammatory factors and blocked the JNK/p38/PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway. Meanwhile, SA treatment also upregulated the expression of HO-1 and NQO1 in ALI mice. In vitro, SA obviously repressed the expressions of inflammatory cytokines and the JNK/p38-NF-κB/AP-1 pathway. SA also regulated the expression of oxidative stress-related genes through the Nrf2 pathway. Taken together, SA exhibits a protective role by modulating the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation pathways in ALI, and it may be a promising candidate for functional foods to prevent ALI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study investigated how different levels of antioxidants and contrasting proportions of native legumes in the diet affect lamb meat quality. Twenty-four male Texel lambs were randomly assigned to three groups: two groups on a natural pasture in southern Brazil (Pampa Biome), each at a different proportion of legumes: Low-legume (LL, 4.37%) and High-legume (HL, 14.01%); the other group was stall-fed (Control) to achieve the same growth rates as the grazing groups. Cold carcass yield from the Control lambs was higher than HL. The meat from pasture-fed animals had a higher deposition of muscle α-tocopherol and lower lipid oxidation (TBARS values) after 9 days of storage. LL lambs had higher subcutaneous fat thickness, which promoted better sensory quality of the meat, as assessed by a trained panel. Pasture-based diets enhanced odd- and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFAs), trans vaccenic acid, and total conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs), while decreasing elaidic acid. Despite the lower ∆9-desaturase activity, the higher proportion of Desmodium incanum (condensed tannin-rich native legume) in the HL diet did not impact meat nutritional quality. Finishing lambs on the Pampa Biome grasslands is an option for improving the oxidative stability and beneficial fatty acid content of lamb meat, which improves product quality and human consumer health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusionThe objective of this review is to qualitatively appraise the available literature to evaluate the efficacy of circulatory systemic oxidative stress markers (OSMx) in determining the diagnosis and outcome of TBI.A systematic review was conducted of PubMed/Medline, Embase and Google Scholar databases per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) for studies which employed serum or plasma OSMx analysis for diagnostic or prognostic purposes in patients with TBI.Eight studies were included. There were 654 patients across the eight studies, of which 518 (79.2%) patients had sustained a TBI. The heterogeneity between studies in terms of OSMxs analyzed ultimately made collective analysis inappropriate. Nevertheless, several studies highlighted the potential role of circulatory OSMx levels in determining the diagnosis (presence and severity) and prognosis (functional outcome and mortality) of TBI.The care for patients with TBI remains a complex clinical challenge with a high morbidity and mortality profile. Evidenced by this review, circulatory OSMxs appear to have the potential to supplement current diagnostic measures, in addition to identifying new treatment strategies and monitoring recovery. Despite early promise, the evidence for such markers remains in its infancy and robust prospective studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We synthesized some novel isoxazole azo derivatives using conventional methods and studied their linear, non‐linear optical properties and antioxidant activity. UV‐Vis spectroscopy revealed absorption bands ranging from 310–470 nm for the obtained compounds. Compounds 3 c and 3 b, for example, showed a large redshift and solvatochromic behavior. NLO analysis results show that compounds exhibit a greater NLO response than the magnitude of urea done by the DFT method. The electrochemical properties of compounds are studied using cyclic voltammetry and results are used for calculation of HOMO and LUMO experimentally. The antioxidant activity of the synthesized azo dyes displayed that 3 c has excellent antioxidant activity with the highest percentage (71.54605 %) of radical inhibition as compared to reference standard Vit‐C. Molecular docking analysis shows that compounds have a strong binding affinity in the range of −7.0 to −4.6 kcal/mol compared to Vit‐C, which has a binding affinity of −3.6 kcal/mol. The sun protection factor performance was determined by UV‐Vis spectroscopy, and results show that compounds are most effective, exhibit a remarkable SPF value, and offer superior sun protection by absorbing UV rays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of nanomaterials using plant extracts is considered to be a safer, environmentally friendly, and cost‐effective alternative method. In this work, Eysenhardtia polystachya (EP) extract and choline chloride/urea (ChCl/urea)‐based deep eutectic solvent (DES) were used for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), without an additional stabilizing agent, which is of great interest in the field of biomedicine. The antioxidant capacity of the extract and the phenolic content, involved in the reduction of Au3+ ions of the precursor were evaluated. The AuNPs were characterized by ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, ζ‐potential, confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The nanoparticles are mostly quasi‐spherical shape, with a multiply‐twinned structure, an average particle size of 36 nm, and a characteristic absorption peak at 545 nm. The colloidal stability was confirmed with a ζ‐potential value of −32.8 mV. Finally, the AuNPs were tested for their potential in cancer therapy using human prostate adenocarcinoma PC‐3 cells. The anti‐inflammatory activity of the EP extract and AuNPs was also evaluated. The results showed that the synthesized AuNPs could potentially induce cell death and have an anti‐inflammatory effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing global palm oil production yields a valuable palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) – a rich vitamin E (Vit‐E) source and multifunctional ingredient in the food agro‐industry – that can be utilized to achieve sustainability. This article reviews trends in the use and role of PFAD and its Vit‐E in the food sector and proposes an integrated agro‐industrial concept toward sustainability. Vit‐E can be separated from PFAD with diverse and impactful pharmaceutical activities, including antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anticancer and anti‐ultraviolet effects. Based on in vivo experimental tests, PFAD and Vit‐E supplementation can enhance the productivity and quality of livestock‐based food products. PFAD is a plasticizer and antistatic packaging material in food packaging systems, and its derivatives can be used as food additives. Meanwhile, the Vit‐E molecule in packaging can extend food shelf life by maintaining color stability, reducing lipid oxidation and rancidity, adding antimicrobial properties, and influencing changes in packaging properties such as water vapor, tensile strength, melting point and other physical properties. Toward sustainability, an integrated agro‐industrial design has been proposed to implement clean production, increase the added value of palm oil industry residues, minimize environmental risks and increase profits to achieve long‐term social welfare. In conclusion, PFAD residues and their Vit‐E content have shown broad benefits in the food sector and prospects toward sustainability. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The exploration of targeted therapy has proven to be a highly promising avenue in the realm of drug development research. The human body generates a substantial amount of free radicals during metabolic processes, and if not promptly eliminated, these free radicals can lead to oxidative stress, disrupting homeostasis and potentially contributing to chronic diseases and cancers. Before the development of contemporary medicine with synthetic pharmaceuticals and antioxidants, there was a long-standing practice of employing raw, natural ingredients to cure a variety of illnesses. This practice persisted even after the active antioxidant molecules were known. The ability of natural antioxidants to neutralise excess free radicals in the human body and so prevent and cure a wide range of illnesses. The term "natural antioxidant" refers to compounds derived from plants or other living organisms that have the ability to control the production of free radicals, scavenge them, stop free radical-mediated chain reactions, and prevent lipid peroxidation. These compounds have a strong potential to inhibit oxidative stress. Phytochemicals (antioxidants) derived from plants, such as polyphenols, carotenoids, vitamins, and others, are central to the discussion of natural antioxidants. Not only may these chemicals increase endogenous antioxidant defenses, affect communication cascades, and control gene expression, but they have also shown strong free radical scavenging properties. This study comprehensively summarizes the primary classes of natural antioxidants found in different plant and animal source that contribute to the prevention and treatment of diseases. Additionally, it outlines the research progress and outlines future development prospects. These discoveries not only establish a theoretical groundwork for pharmacological development but also present inventive ideas for addressing challenges in medical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clanis bilineata is a nutritious and edible insect. In this study, the effects of dietary C. bilineata larva meal (CBLM) on laying performance, egg quality, and serum biochemical parameters of aged laying hens were investigated. A trial diet was formulated by replacing soybean meal with CBLM in the basic diet of laying hens, whereas the basic diet served as a control. Results showed that compared with the control, dietary CBLM increased day egg production, egg weight, egg mass, food intake, yolk colour, eggshell strength, yolk linolenic acid content, yolk total polyunsaturated fatty acid content, superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione peroxidase activity, catalase activity, acid phosphatase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, glutamyl transpeptidase, activity, and high-density lipoprotein level. Conversely, dietary CBLM decreased the feed-conversion ratio, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and monounsaturated fatty acid in yolks, as well as serum malondialdehyde, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. These findings indicated that dietary CBML can ameliorate the laying performance, egg quality, and health status of aged laying hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is an inflammatory disease characterized by increased reactive oxygen species. Diets rich in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties may be linked to a reduced risk of developing HT. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) with HT in Iranian adults. Methods: The study was a hospital-based case-control study conducted on 230 participants (115 cases and 115 controls). Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The FFQ data were used to calculate DII and DTAC scores. Anthropometric measurements, thyroid function, and antibody tests were evaluated using standard methods. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed in both raw and adjusted models to determine the association between DII and DTAC scores with HT. Results: The average age of the participants was 39.76 ± 9.52 years. The mean body mass index in the case and control groups was 28.03 ± 6.32 and 26.43 ± 5.13 (kg/m2), respectively (P = 0.036). In the HT group, the DII level was higher (P < 0.001) and the DTAC level was lower than those in the healthy group (P = 0.047). In the multivariable logistic regression model, after adjusting for confounding factors, subjects in the last tertile of DII had a nonsignificantly higher HT risk than those in the first tertile (OR = 1.75; 95% CI = 0.83–3.65; P = 0.130). Regarding DTAC, the subjects in the last tertile of DTAC had a significantly decreased risk of HT (OR = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.23–0.98; P = 0.043) compared to those in the first tertile. The DII had a positive correlation with anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (anti-TPO), thyroglobulin antibodies (TG-Ab) and thyroid-stimulating hormone, while DTAC had a negative correlation with anti-TPO and TG-Ab (P < 0.050). Conclusion: The increase in DII is not associated with an increase in the risk of HT, while DTAC can significantly reduce its risk. Having an anti-inflammatory and antioxidative diet can be effective in improving thyroid function. These conclusions should be confirmed in additional prospective studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A number of Italian grape berry varieties, such as Fiano (F) and Pallagrello Nero (P), represent National strategic products. Therefore, it is important to identify soil conditions emphasizing their peculiar characteristics as well as find innovative and sustainable treatments improving their compositional and nutraceutical quality. The field spray preparation 500 is a biodynamic product that is presumed to serve as biostimulant on the vine. However, so far, the scientific results probing its effectiveness are still lacking. Moreover, it is necessary to establish a reliable relationship between the grape quality and the spatial microvariability of the vineyard's soil. On this basis, the main objective of this work consisted in correlating structural and morphological characteristics (via MRI), the primary metabolome (via semi-solid state HRMAS NMR) and important nutraceutical parameters (total phenols and antioxidants via DPPH assay) of F and P grapes with both the action of preparation 500 biostimulant and the vineyard soil microvariability, based on soil apparent electrical conductivity. Results: HRMAS enabled the identification of the primary metabolome of F and P. The elaboration of 1H NMR spectra through chemometrics revealed significant changes in F and P grapes, accounting for both soil microvariability and the application of field spray (the latter also confirmed by PLS-DA and Heat-map clustering). Interestingly, for both F and P it was observed a significantly lower content of carbohydrates after biostimulant treatment while MRI revealed diagnostic structural and internal details of intact grapes. The combined use of proton parametric indices, such as relaxation times and diffusion coefficients, indicated alterations induced in grapes by both the spatial microvariability of the soil and the effects of investigated biostimulant. Interestingly, a tight correlation was found between MRI transverse relaxation time and the contents in total phenols and antioxidants. Conclusions: Our results have proven that both soil spatial microvariability and the application of field spray preparation 500 significantly affect the structural, metabolomic and nutraceutical characteristics of grapes. Moreover, the preparation 500 treatment has increased the nutraceutical value of grapes. Importantly, these data may be potentially used to promote and protect biodynamic grape and predict the quality of the resulting wines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of novel 2‐(chloromethyl)‐5‐(3, 5‐disubstituted‐1H‐indol‐2‐yl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole (3 a–h) derivatives have been synthesized as potential COX inhibitors, anti‐TB, and anti‐oxidant activities. The structures were confirmed by IR, NMR (1H and 13C) mass spectral techniques. The physicochemical properties, ADME, and drug‐likeness profile for the synthesized compounds were evaluated by SwissADME. Based on our interest in indole chemistry and SAR study, foresaid indole compounds were examined for in vitro COX inhibitory activity, anti‐TB, and antioxidant activities. The physicochemical and ADME studies were disclosed for newly synthesized compounds. The compounds 3 a,3 b and 3 c recognized outstanding COX‐II inhibitions with IC50 values of 0.28, 0.24, and 0.45 μM compared to standard drugs. The compounds 3 a,and3 b showed outstanding anti‐TB activity with MIC value 0.78 μg/mL. The compounds 3 a,3 b, and 3 c attested outstanding antioxidant activity at 10 μg/ml with a rate of inhibition of 66.52 %, 68.25 %, and 65.95 % respectively. Finally, the molecular docking studies carried out with cyclooxygenase‐2 (PDB ID: 6COX), M. tuberculosis enoyl reductase (INHA) complexed with 1‐cyclohexyl‐N‐(3,5‐dichlorophenyl)‐5‐oxopyrrolidine‐3‐carboxamide (PDB ID: 4TZK), and cytochrome c peroxidase (PDB ID: 2X08), for all the newly synthesized derivatives. Finally, selected compounds were taken for their molecular dynamic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. This study investigated the effects of different housing systems on oxidative defence mechanisms, heterophil functions, cellular immune response and cytokine production in laying hens. One hundred and twenty laying hens were allocated into one of four groups: conventional cages, furnished cages, deep litter, and free range.2. Housing system did not affect malondialdehyde concentrations and enzymatic antioxidant status. Ascorbic acid values were higher in deep-litter hens than in those in conventional cages and free range.3. Phagocytic and chemotactic activities tended to rise in the deep-litter system, and oxidative burst was higher than in furnished cages. Cytotoxic T cells were decreased in furnished cages, both cytotoxic and helper T cells decreased in deep litter compared to free range.4. The IL-2 and IL-13 expression was higher in deep litter than in conventional cages, and IL-6 expression was higher in furnished cages than in free range.5. Housing system had no significant effects on the oxidative defence system; however, they affected heterophil functions, cellular defence mechanisms and cytokine production. The results suggested that breeders need to consider the housing system’s potential effects on immune defence responses while applying a breeding strategy appropriate for animal welfare and consumer demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat is an important staple crop not only in Pakistan but all over the globe. Although the area dedicated to wheat cultivation expands annually, the quantity of wheat harvested is declining due to various biotic and abiotic factors. Global wheat production and output have suffered as a result of the drought, which is largely driven by a lack of water and environmental factors. Organic fertilizers have been shown to reduce the severity of drought. The current research was conducted in semi-arid climates to mitigate the negative effects of drought on wheat during its critical tillering (DTS), flowering (DFS), and grain filling (DGFS) stages through the application of three different abscisic acid treatments: ABA0 (0 mgL−1) control, ABA1 (100 mgL−1) and ABA2 (200 mgL−1). Wheat growth and yield characteristics were severely harmed by drought stress across all critical development stages, with the DGFS stage being particularly vulnerable and leading to a considerable loss in yield. Plant height was increased by 24.25%, the number of fertile tillers by 25.66%, spike length by 17.24%, the number of spikelets per spike by 16.68%, grain count per spike by 11.98%, thousand-grain weight by 14.34%, grain yield by 26.93% and biological yield by 14.55% when abscisic acid (ABA) was applied instead of the control treatment. Moreover, ABA2 increased the more physiological indices (water use efficiency (36.12%), stomatal conductance (44.23%), chlorophyll a (24.5%), chlorophyll b (29.8%), transpiration rate (23.03%), photosynthetic rate (24.84%), electrolyte leakage (− 38.76%) hydrogen peroxide (− 18.09%) superoxide dismutase (15.3%), catalase (20.8%), peroxidase (− 18.09%), and malondialdehyde (− 13.7%)) of drought-stressed wheat as compared to other treatments. In the case of N, P, and K contents in grain were maximally improved with the application of ABA2. Through the use of principal component analysis, we were able to correlate our results across scales and provide an explanation for the observed effects of ABA on wheat growth and production under arid conditions. Overall, ABA application at a rate of 200 mgL−1 is an effective technique to boost wheat grain output by mitigating the negative effects of drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research introduces a novel method for creating drug-loaded hydrogel beads that target anti-aging, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects, addressing the interconnected processes underlying various pathological conditions. The study focuses on the development of hydrogel beads containing anti-aging compounds, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory drugs to effectively mitigate various processes. The synthesis, characterization and in vitro evaluations, and potential applications of these multifunctional hydrogel beads are discussed. A polymeric alginate-orange peel extract (1:1) hydrogel was synthesized for encapsulating fish oil. Beads prepared with variable fish oil concentrations (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 ml) were characterized, showing no significant decrease in size i.e., 0.5 mm and a reduction in pore size from 23 to 12 µm. Encapsulation efficiency reached up to 98% within 2 min, with controlled release achieved upto 45 to 120 min with increasing oil concentration, indicating potential for sustained delivery. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed successful encapsulation by revealing peak shifting, interaction between constituents. In vitro degradation studies showed the hydrogel's biodegradability improved from 30 to 120 min, alongside anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase activities, cell proliferation rate enhanced after entrapping fish oil. In conclusion, the synthesized hydrogel beads are a promising drug delivery vehicle because they provide stable and effective oil encapsulation with controlled release for notable anti-aging and regenerative potential. Targeted delivery for inflammatory and oxidative stress-related illnesses is one set of potential uses. Further research may optimize this system for broader applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second critical cause of cancer‐related deaths, with African Americans dying at higher rates in the U.S. The main reasons for the higher mortality rate are ethnic differences and lack of understanding of prostate cancer biology and affordable treatments, as well as the financial burden of African American men to obtain the most effective and safe treatments. The effect of micronutrients, including Vitamin K, on various cancer cell lines has been widely studied, but the potential anticancer effect of VK3‐OCH3, an analog of vitamin K3 (Menadione), on African American prostate cancer has not been evaluated. In this study, we compared the anticancer effect of VK3‐OCH3 on targeting African American derived PCa cell lines namely RC77‐T and MDA‐PCa‐2b. Our results show that VK3‐OCH3 significantly inhibits the proliferation of both RC77‐T and MDA‐PCa‐2b African American PCa cells and promotes apoptosis, and the underlying mechanism of cell death appears to be similar in both the cell lines. Notably, VK3‐OCH3 inhibits colony‐forming ability and induces apoptosis by blocking the cell cycle at G0 in African American PCa cells. VK3‐OCH3 also acts as an anti‐metastatic agent by inhibiting the migration ability of the metastatic properties of African American PCa cells. The cell death of African American PCa cells mediated by VK3‐OCH3 is associated with the production of free radicals, such as intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, antioxidants such as N‐Acetylcysteine (NAC) and Glutathione (GSH) effectively negated the oxidative stress induced by VK3‐OCH3 on PCa cell lines derived from African American patients. Of note, VK3‐OCH3 reduces androgen receptor and prostate‐specific antigen expression in these PCa cells. Furthermore, molecular dynamic studies reiterated that VK3‐OCH3 strongly binds to the androgen receptor, suggesting that the androgen receptor is the potential molecular target of VK3‐OCH3. In addition, Western blot analysis showed that VK3‐OCH3 reduces the expression of androgen receptor, TRX2, and anti‐apoptotic signaling molecules such as Bcl‐2 and TCTP in the MDA‐PCa‐2b metastatic PCa cellular model. In conclusion, our results suggested that VK3‐OCH3 is a promising anticancer agent that could potentially reduce the mortality rates of African American PCa patients, warranting further preclinical and translational studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In human body, free radicals cause oxidative stress which is reported to be the main reason of many life style human diseases. This stress induced by the imbalance of antioxidants and oxidants. Many deadly diseases induced by oxidative stress as it forms the root cause of several degenerative changes in the cells and tissues. Nucleic acids, lipids and proteins in our body are demaged by this stress, made changes to cellular functions and lead to apoptosis or necrosis. Antioxidants have an important role in protection human body from oxidative damages and prevention of many chronic diseases, for example, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, aging, even diseases related to the nervous system. Currently, the exploration of natural antioxidants is trends in the pharmaceutical industries because synthetic antioxidants are reported to cause major side effects. Antioxidants of natural origin are considered safe and highly effective. These substances are abundant in many medicinal herbs including algae, fungi, plants and animals. Among them, seaweed is believed to be a potential source of medicinal herbs capable of synthesizing compounds with good biological activity. Off these, macroalgae, including red, brown, and green macroalgae, are considered a natural source of antioxidant components that can provide a valuable contribution to the innovation of pharmaceutical and industrial fields. Since algal products' antioxidant properties and nutritional benefits have been increasingly recognized, their properties as antioxidants require further investigative studies. This review provides information on various aspects of antioxidants, including algal sources containing antioxidants, the chemical composition of macroalgae, and antioxidant components, as well as their benefits to human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Some age-related testicular changes, such as Sertoli cell vacuolization and blood–testis barrier breakdown, reduce total sperm production and male fertility. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of vitamin E on restoring testicular function in aged mice. Sperm cryo-resistance was also assessed. Methods: Twenty-eight 48-week-old male Naval Medical Research Institute mice were divided into four groups for a daily gavage of vitamin E: the control group received distilled water, while the three treatment groups were administered 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, respectively, for 4 weeks. Subsequently, semen analyses, DNA fragmentation index (DFI), and protamine deficiency tests were conducted. Testicular histology, tissue antioxidant enzyme activity, and gene expression levels were also assessed. Results: The two higher dosages of vitamin E were associated with a higher sperm count, greater progressive motility, and improved sperm morphology (p<0.05). These benefits were also evident after sperm freezing (p<0.05). Although chromatin abnormalities increased following vitrification, the treatment groups showed better outcomes (p<0.05). The tubular diameter, epithelium height, and luminal diameters remained unchanged with age. The tissue antioxidant capacity was greater in the groups receiving the high doses of vitamin E. Additionally, significant increases in inhibitor of DNA binding protein-4 (Id4) and GDNF family receptor alpha-1 (Gfra1) expression were observed in the higher vitamin E dosage groups, and promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (Plzf) expression was notably present in the 400 mg/kg treatment group compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Antioxidant supplementation might enhance reproductive outcomes in aging males. The observed effects included improved sperm cryo-resistance, which is advantageous for future applications such as sperm freezing or fertility preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental stress poses serious threats to animal welfare and production, particularly in poultry, which are susceptible to such stress. It can increase susceptibility to diseases and infections, reduce growth rates and reproductive performance, and increase behavioral issues. Environmental stress caused by conventional housing conditions can negatively affect wellbeing and productivity. High temperature, overcrowding, poor ventilation, insufficient lighting, and wire cages are some of the most prominent stressors in conventional housing systems. To address environmental stress in chicken farms, some strategies and tools, such as using anti-stress feed additives and enriching cages, can help improve bird behavioral activities and welfare. Breeders can improve overall bird performance by implementing these strategies and creating a more enriched and comfortable environment. Thus, this review discusses the importance of using different feed additives and environmental enrichment materials to reduce stress in chicken farms (broiler and layer) and improve bird productivity and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study offerings the preparation, structural analysis, and estimation of novel diorganotin(IV) complexes derived from an ampicillin as a ligand in terms of their antioxidant activity. The diorganotin complexes were yielded by a direct reaction between ampicillin and a different number of diorganotin(IV) chloride precursors. Various spectroscopic techniques, including CHNS, FTIR and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C, 119Sn NMR), were used to explain the molecular structures of the produced complexes. Through in vitro experiments such as the CUPRAC and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging technique, the novel diorganotin complexes' antioxidant activity were assessed. The results were compared to that of ligand antioxidants to evaluate the effectiveness of the complexes that were produced. The structural properties of the complexes were linked to their antioxidant capacity to identify the connection between molecular structure and biological function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of drying air temperatures (50, 60, 70, and 80°C) and velocities (0.5, 0.8, and 1.2 m/s) on chokeberry quality during convective drying were evaluated. The drying time decreased significantly with increasing drying air temperatures and velocities, from 2265 minutes at 50°C to 195 minutes at 80°C, and from 360 minutes at 0.5 m/s to 240 minutes at 1.2 m/s at 70°C. Higher drying air temperatures and velocities also enhanced the fruit color quality. The best antioxidant activity, anthocyanin, and phenolic content were achieved at 70°C with dryin air velocities between 0.5 m/s and 1.2 m/s. The Midilli et al. model provided the best fit for the drying kinetics, with high accuracy (R²≥0.9978, χ²≤0.0003, RMSE≤0.0161). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the areas of use of phenolic compounds, it is important to determine the concentrations at which they show synergistic and antagonistic interactions for their integration into various systems and their correct use. In this study, the synergistic interaction concentration of rosmarinic acid, gallic acid, and caffeic acid was determined by Folin--Ciocalteu and FRAP methods. The central composite design--response surface methodology was used to determine the optimum concentration for synergistic interaction. As a result of the optimization, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, and gallic acid showed synergistic interaction at 7.87 μM, 6.75 μM and 9.42 μM concentrations for Folin--Ciocalteu method; 8.03 μM, 9.34 μM and 6.00 μM concentration for FRAP method respectively. The capacity of phenolic compounds to prevent the formation of DNA base damage products was evaluated by GC--MS/MS. As a result, the synergistic concentration of three phenolics reduces the DNA damage products at 37.17% (FOLIN) and 40.17% (FRAP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a critical global health issue, marked by a progressive decline in kidney function and significant associated morbidity and mortality. Central to the pathogenesis of CKD is oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's antioxidant defenses. This review provides an integrative insight into the roles of oxidative stress and antioxidants in CKD progression. It synthesizes current research, highlighting the pathogenic mechanisms through which oxidative stress exacerbates kidney damage - principally through inducing apoptosis and inflammation - and discusses the therapeutic potential of natural antioxidants. Our comprehensive literature search covered key databases including PubMed/MedLine, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, focusing on studies that elucidate the interplay between oxidative stress and antioxidants in CKD pathophysiology. While emerging evidence from preclinical studies suggests that antioxidants can play a protective role by neutralizing ROS, clinical trials remain insufficient to justify widespread adoption of antioxidant therapy in CKD treatment protocols. The review underscores the urgent need for more rigorous clinical studies to establish the efficacy and safety of antioxidant interventions in CKD patients. Future research should prioritize identifying effective antioxidant therapies and elucidating their mechanisms of action within the CKD context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of diets supplemented with probiotics (Bacillus spp.), prebiotics (chitosan), and synbiotics on the growth performance, innate immune system, antioxidant levels, intestinal community, and food quality of the Nile tilapia over 120 days. Experimental fingerlings (15.5 ± 0.352g) were randomly distributed into 12 rectangular polyethylene tanks, with 60 fish per tank. Four treatments, each with three replicates, were tested: Control, probiotic (Sanolife® PRO-F, Pro), prebiotic (chitosan, Pre), and synbiotic (combination of probiotic and chitosan, Syn). Results showed a significant increase in dissolved oxygen concentration and improved pH levels in the probiotic treatment. Unionized ammonia (NH3) levels were reduced in all treatments compared to the control. The prebiotic-supplemented diet significantly improved the final body weight, final length, weight gain, condition factor, average daily weight gain, specific growth rate, and survival rate. Serum lysozyme activity and nitric oxide levels were higher in all treatments supplemented with probiotics. Additionally, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) enzyme levels in the liver were significantly higher in the probiotic group, while malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreased. The addition of probiotics and the presence of synbiotics increased the total bacterial counts in fish intestines and pond water over four months. Pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila was identified only in the control group's water during the first month. Escherichia coli and Salmonella were identified in the intestines of the control group in the fourth month. 16S rDNA gene sequencing identified Lysinibacillus sphaericus in the water of the probiotic treatment and Citrobacter freundii in the flesh of the control treatment. Adding Bacillus strains and chitosan individually enhances the growth and health of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collagens are conventionally derived from bovine and porcine sources. However, these sources were commonly associated with infectious diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy, foot and mouth disease, autoimmune and allergic reactions, and religious constraints. The significant amount of collagen available in marine species, especially fish skins, scales, fins, and bones, shows that marine species can be a potential alternative source to mammalian collagen. Therefore, this review aims to give a clearer outlook on the processing techniques of marine collagen and its physicochemical and bioactive properties as a potential alternative to mammalian collagen. The two most suitable extraction methods for marine collagen are pepsin‐soluble extraction and ultrasound‐assisted extraction. Additionally, marine collagen's physicochemical and bioactive properties, such as antioxidants, wound healing, tissue engineering, and cosmetic biomaterial have been thoroughly discussed in this review. Practical Application: Collagen extracted from marine sources showed its potential in physicochemical and bioactive properties, including antioxidants and wound‐healing capabilities, as an alternative to mammalian collagen. The significant amount of collagen found in marine species, particularly in fish skins, scales, bones, and sea cucumbers, suggests that marine sources could be a viable alternative to land mammal collagen due to their abundance and accessibility. The ultrasound‐assisted extraction technique has improved the extracted marine collagen's physicochemical and bioactivity properties and quality properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aviation lubricating oil, as the "blood of machine operation", plays an important role in the lubrication, cooling, cleaning, sealing, rust prevention, and other aspects of aero‐engines, thereby ensuring the safe and stable long‐term endurance of aero‐engines under high‐speed and high‐temperature conditions. The thermal oxidation of aviation lubricating oil leading to decay is the most important factor causing lubricating oil failure, which will seriously affect the performance of aero‐engines and endanger flight safety. Here, we comprehensively summarize the oxidation mechanism of aviation lubricating oil, factors affecting thermal oxidation of aviation lubricating oil, evaluation methods for thermal oxidation of aviation lubricating oil, and antioxidants that inhibit thermal oxidation of aviation lubricating oil. We hope that this review can enhance readers' understanding of the thermal oxidation of aviation lubricating oil, stimulate broader interest, and promote more exciting development in this promising field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyptis capitata Jacq. known as Sumambu plants in Sulawesi, has phytopharmaceutical importance. H. capitata extracts were evaluated for their phytochemical properties, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity. Using the maceration yielded five types of extracts: root chloroform (RC), root methanol (RM), leaf chloroform (LC), leaf methanol (LM), and leaf ethanol (LE). Phytochemical properties were identified by qualifying procedure and digital image analysis for quantifying Red-Green-Blue (RGB) percentage and hex colour code. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay was used to determine the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). Cytotoxicity screening of each extract was performed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay against HeLa and 4T1 cells. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) assay was used to identify the phytochemical compounds of the extracts with the most promising potential. Alkaloids were the major constituents of the phytochemicals of RC, RM, LE, LC, and LM. RM and LM have potency and weak free radical scavenging activities, with IC50 value 31.08 and 58.03 µg/mL, respectively. The IC50 of RC and RM against HeLa cells were 84.21 ± 0.63 and 172.10 ± 02.90 µg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the cytotoxicity of RC and RM against 4T1 cells were 86.42 ± 0.80 and 182.82 ± 7.00 µg/mL, respectively. It means RC and RM exhibit a moderate level of cytotoxicity in both HeLa and 4T1 cells. LM shows moderate cytotoxicity, but it is limited to 4T1 cells with an IC50 value of 181.86 ± 12.68 µg/mL. The cytotoxicity level of extracts was lower than doxorubicin. Campesterol, ferruginol, stigmasterol, cis-13-octadecenoic acid methyl esters, and methyl palmitate were predicted to play a role in the antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of RC, RM, and LM. RC, RM, and LM possess the potential for development as anticancer agents. Moreover, RM shows promise as an antioxidant due to its notable radical scavenging activity. Further research is required to explore the cytotoxic effects of RC, RM, and LM on normal cells and to assess their toxicity in experimental animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine sponges are important sources of chemical variety and repository of biodiversity. In this study, the microbial communities found in the Spongia officinalis that was taken from the Kanyakumari coast in India were explored. We identified, characterised, and evaluated the bioactive potential of the sponge-associated bacteria. A total of 12 bacterial isolates were obtained, primarily consisting of gram-positive rods (7 isolates) and some gram-negative rods (2 isolates), and cocci (1 isolate). Among these KKS6 showed tremendous radical scavenging activity (85.16 ±1%) with a minimum inhibitory concentration as 167.26±0.1 µg/mL at the highest concentration when compared to other extracts. With an IC50 value of 55.32 g/mL, this isolate also displayed impressive anticancer activity against HeLa cells. The screened isolate was identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens strain using 16S rRNA sequencing. This discovery emphasises the importance of bacteria associated with Spongia officinalis as a source of bioactive compounds with medicinal potential. This study highlights the novel findings of diverse microbial communities found in Spongia officinalis and their potential for use in biotechnology and medication development. Pseudomonas fluorescens was found to be a prolific generator of bioactive byproducts, including strong antioxidants and anticancer agents, which could be a potent drug molecule in future anticancer research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruits and vegetables are a rich sources of different nutrients, pigments, secondary metabolites and other nutritional components which are beneficial and fundamental components for human health. In recent years, the consumption of coloured fruits and vegetables has increased significantly due to their superior nutritional characteristics. In this context, purple tomato is now gaining importance due to the high content of the pigment anthocyanins. This article provides knowledge on 1) Tomato in general and anthocyanin-rich purple tomato, 2) Benefits of anthocyanins in plants and human diet, 3) Strategies for development of purple tomato, 4) Better postharvest life of purple tomatoes, 5) Purple tomato in India and 6) Health benefits of purple tomato. Purple tomato fruits provide higher nutraceutical value as compared to the classical red tomato as it combines the health benefits of the anthocyanins along with other usual and known phytochemicals as already present in tomato fruit. Due to higher anthocyanins and antioxidative properties, purple tomatoes possess anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-cancerous, cardio-protective, hepto-protective and neuroprotective effects. Regular consumption of purple tomatoes has also been found effective in the prevention of certain chronic diseases of humans as well. The use of conventional breeding and modern transgenic approach is paving the way for higher anthocyanin and other nutraceuticals in tomato fruits. Higher anthocyanin content has also imparted enhanced shelf-life and better storability to purple tomatoes. In the coming time, the availability and popularity of purple tomatoes in India will be beneficial for farmers, processing industries and human health. This will also serve as another step forward towards attaining nutritional security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]