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This article presents a prototype for informal learning about nearby singular architectures, under the concept of a "hands on" educational approach. The contents developed are based on a graphic substrate and are available on an open platform, which proposes inclusive and autonomous learning, offering the possibility of making different representations and products to get to know and learn about the places of reference. The aim of this prototype is to facilitate multiple approaches from the representation, for the realisation of activities with different levels of complexity and results, which allow different architectures to be shown and learnt with rigour and creativity. The hypothesis of this research project is that, through design, learning contents and resources can be generated, with different techniques and technologies, supports and ad hoc applications, freely accessible to users, which constitute instruments of experimentation for new forms of learning and accessibility that are versatile, economical and competitive. The project won the Urban and Social Innovation Award 2021 by the Valencia City Council in the Sustainable City category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personal health records (PHR) represent health data managed by a specific individual. Traditional solutions rely on centralized architectures to store and distribute PHR, which are more vulnerable to security breaches. To address such problems, distributed network technologies, including blockchain and distributed hash tables (DHT) are used for processing, storing, and sharing health records. Furthermore, fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) is a set of techniques that allows the calculation of encrypted data, which can help to protect personal privacy in data sharing. In this context, we propose an architectural model that applies a DHT technique called the interplanetary protocol file system and blockchain networks to store and distribute data and metadata separately; two new elements, called data steward and shared data vault, are introduced in this regard. These new modules are responsible for segregating responsibilities from health institutions and promoting end-to-end encryption; therefore, a person can manage data encryption and requests for data sharing in addition to restricting access to data for a predefined period. In addition to supporting calculations on encrypted data, our contribution can be summarized as follows: (i) mitigation of risk to personal privacy by reducing the use of unencrypted data, and (ii) improvement of semantic interoperability among health institutions by using distributed networks for standardized PHR. We evaluated performance and storage occupation using a database with 1.3 million COVID-19 registries, which showed that combining FHE with distributed networks could redefine e-health paradigms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Architectural soda-lime silicate glass (SLS) is increasingly taking on complex shapes that require more detailed numerical analysis. Glass modeling is a thoroughly described topic with validated constitutive models. However, these models require a number of precise material parameters for SLS glass, and these are very sensitive to changes in glass composition. The currently available information is based on SLS glass tested in the late 1990s. As a result, most current publications are based on the above data. The object of this work was to analyze the available sources and update the information on selected key parameters for modeling. Using the currently utilized SLS glass in construction, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), glass transition temperature, and the Young's modulus have been experimentally investigated. The updated material parameters will allow for more accurate modeling of the SLS glass currently used in construction, and in consequence will make the prototyping process for glass with complex geometries possible to be transferred from the production stage to the design stage, resulting in shorter production times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of PC framework resources. Especially information storage and handling power, without direct unique administration by the customer. It has provided customers with public and private computing and data storage on a single platform across the Internet. Aside from that, it faces several security threats and issues, which may slow down the adoption of cloud computing models. Cloud computing security threats, difficulties, strategies, and solutions are discussed in this paper. Numerous people raised security concerns in a previous survey. Another survey looks at the cloud computing architectural model, and a few of them detail security challenges and techniques. This article brings together all the security concerns, difficulties, techniques, and solutions in one place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Architects use different media to represent and display their ideas. These media include a wide range of architectural volumetric models, hand drawings, verbal allegories, sketches and recently, computer modeling. Among these media, hand drawings have always been important in architectural design and have played a pivotal role. This role has become more important in architecture since the Renaissance with the emergence of perspective. Before the spread of such drawings around the 15th to 17th centuries, drawing in architecture was common in previous periods. Until then, drawing was a tool for conversation and media between the employer and the architect. But after that, drawing is a tool for thinking and a tool for predesigning, modifying and correcting the pre-construction form. It can be said that the methods of representation, image and perception of architecture have always had a reciprocal relationship with our perception of space and also with the spatial organization of architecture. So far, only a few studies have been done on architectural drawings and their relationship with the Iranian architectural organization of space. These few studies have focused more on the typology and classification of drawings left over from islamic Architecture and have questioned their application in the Iranian architectural space organization. Iranian painters, especially after the Ilkhanate period, have represented architectural and urban spaces in paintings. Compared to the European perspective and tradition of drawings, Iranian painters represented architectural and urban spaces differently. Most of the research in the field of Iranian miniature has dealt with philosophical foundations, especially around the concept of the imaginal world, or the methods of representation in the form of analytical-aesthetic methods. The purpose of this study is to understand the structure of miniature representation. In this regard, it deals with two aspects of the content of representation and the way of representation of miniatures and analyzes them. The emphasis of the article is to find out how Iranian painters have portrayed the world around them. In this research, forty miniatures belonging to the Seljuk, Ilkhanid, Timurid and Safavid periods have been studied. This research can be considered as a historical study that uses an analytical-aesthetic method to discover how architecture is represented in Iranian miniatures. The findings of this study show that Iranian miniatures include three independent systems of architectural, landscape and behavioral representation. These systems overlap to form a miniature. Each of these three systems of representation has its own rules. The findings of this study show that the method of composing the page in a miniature follows three general principles: (a) organizing the general space with clear lines and framing (b) independent spaces and their collage (c) intensive space narration (collage of space units) and high horizon. This research showed that the way of representing the architectural effect in miniature includes (a) isometric or flat display of side surfaces, (b) special rules of displaying the floor and interior surfaces of the porch and (c) simultaneous display of interior and exterior of a building. These findings have been achieved by focusing on the architectural representation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The proposed software solution is a tool developed for the analysis, forecast and visualization of geophysical data, which is collected and provided by a set of spatially distributed heterogeneous data repositories via standard web protocols (HTTP, HTTPs, FTP, etc.). They include ground magnetic observatories and stations, satellites, as well as various numerical models based on geophysical standards and specifications. The technological stack is limited with the tool's webbased implementation and represented by integrated client- and server-side technologies with specialized frameworks and APIs. Client-side implementation is represented by several markup, styling and interaction software technologies, which are HTML5/CSS3/JavaScript with geospatial ESRI ArcGIS API for JavaScript available as the RESTful resources. Django web framework based on the "Model - View - Controller" architectural model represents server-side implementation, where Python is the main programming language used for the application's business logic. The complete Web-based GIS represents a web portal with a set of services providing a rich instrumentation for the appropriate geophysical data analysis, processing, and visualization. Each tool upon execution provides an interactive geospatial image, which is generated according to the user request parameters or by default date-time settings. The proposed web services are freely available at https://aurora-forecast.ru and https://geomagnetic.ru through the web browsers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) with tractography is useful for the functional diagnosis of degenerative lumbar disorders. However, it is not widely used in clinical settings due to time and health care provider costs, as it is performed manually on hospital workstations. The purpose of this study is to construct a system that extracts the lumbar nerve and generates tractography automatically using deep learning semantic segmentation. We acquired 839 axial diffusion weighted images (DWI) from the DTI data of 90 patients with degenerative lumbar disorders, and segmented the lumbar nerve roots using U-Net, a semantic segmentation model. Using five architectural models, the accuracy of the lumbar nerve root segmentation was evaluated using a Dice coefficient. We also created automatic scripts from three commercially available software tools, including MRICronGL for medical image viewing, Diffusion Toolkit for reconstruction of the DWI data, and Trackvis for the creation of the tractography, and compared the time required to create the tractography, and evaluated the quality of the automated tractography was evaluated. Among the five models, the architectural model Resnet34 performed the best with a Dice = 0.780. The creation time for the automatic lumbar nerve tractography was 191 s, which was significantly shorter by 235 s than the manual time of 426 s (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the agreement between manual and automated tractography was 3.67 ± 1.53 (satisfactory). Using deep learning semantic segmentation, we were able to construct a system that automatically extracted the lumbar nerve and generated lumbar nerve tractography. This technology makes it possible to analyze lumbar nerve DTI and create tractography automatically, and is expected to advance the clinical applications of DTI for the assessment of the lumbar nerve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building energy modeling is pivotal in achieving sustainable energy goals throughout a building's design and operation. However, discrepancies often arise between actual energy consumption and predictions made by building energy models due to uncertainties in input parameters. This study addresses this challenge by calibrating building energy modeling with empirical data, focusing on apartment buildings in South Korea. Specifically, it targets public and lease apartments, which is crucial in attaining Zero Energy Building (ZEB) ratings. This study develops an apartment building model based on architectural design and energy use patterns, employing the whole building energy simulation tool, EnergyPlus. Key calibration elements were identified through systematic literature reviews, statistical analysis, architectural drawings, and monitoring data. The calibrated model achieved a prediction error of 2.7 % and a CV(RMSE) of 9.4 %, closely mirroring actual measurements. This was particularly influenced by using realistic occupancy schedules instead of generic ones. The results provide valuable insights for refining the residential building energy modeling process, especially in the context of ZEB goals. The study underscores the importance of accurate data collection and model calibration in bridging the gap between theoretical models and real-world energy consumption. [Display omitted] • This study investigates the energy consumption patterns in high-rise apartments in South Korea. • Comprehensive review and collection of energy and architectural characteristics were performed. • A benchmarking model for high-rise apartment buildings was developed and calibrated. • A detailed calibration and validation process was conducted, utilizing collected field data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Branch architecture provides crucial information for the understanding of plant trait variability and the adaptive strategies employed by trees in response to their environment. High-fidelity terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) data provide an accurate, efficient, and non-destructive means for constructing three-dimensional (3D) tree models and estimating architectural traits. However, the complex canopy structure of trees in natural forests and the presence of occlusion in TLS data pose significant challenges to achieving this goal. In this study, we present a novel algorithm, L 1 -Tree, for the construction of 3D tree models and the estimation of architectural traits from TLS data. This algorithm is grounded in the L 1 -Median algorithm and integrates a tree skeleton optimization procedure that considers the structural characteristics of tree branches. By comparing modeling results and manually derived branch traits for 24 trees of 24 species, we found that the L 1 -Tree algorithm achieved precision, recall, and F-score values of 0.94 for branch identification, coefficient of determination, root-mean-squared error, and normalized root-mean-squared error of 0.998, 0.068 m, and 0.3 % for branch length estimation, and a respective value of 0.958, 0.257 cm and 0.9 % for branch radius estimation. Additionally, the branch identification accuracy and accuracy in branch architectural trait estimation remained satisfactory across branch orders. Compared to established 3D tree model construction algorithms (e.g., TreeQSM), our L 1 -Tree algorithm demonstrated a superior capability in handling noisy environments and data gaps, making it a robust tool for TLS data-based tree architecture studies. Leaf-wood separation emerged as a crucial step influencing the performance of the L 1 -Tree algorithm. We observed significant drop in branch identification accuracy when using an automatic leaf-wood separation algorithm as input, highlighting the urgent need to develop effective leaf-wood separation algorithms to generate high-quality wood point clouds for tree architecture studies. • Proposed a novel L 1 -Tree algorithm for constructing 3D tree models from TLS data. • The algorithm achieved a high branch identification accuracy across branch orders. • The algorithm achieved a high branch architectural trait estimation accuracy. • The algorithm outperformed existing algorithms in handling noise and data gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of direct-ink-writing 3D printing in food processing highlights potential for innovation but underscores challenges with food-grade inks, notably their inadequate self-supporting properties post-extrusion that impede maintaining structural integrity and crating complex 3D forms. This challenge is particularly pronounced with starch—a key food ingredient. This study aims to bolster the printability of normal corn starch (NCS) through integration with pregelatinized (PG) high-amylose starch (G50 and G70, with 55% and 68% amylose contents, respectively) and proteins (soy, wheat, pea protein isolates, and whey protein). The PG starch was prepared by disorganizing the high-amylose starches in 33% CaCl 2 solution and then precipitating them with ethanol. The formulation featuring an NCS/PG-G70/soy protein isolate ratio of 5:5:3 emerged superior, yielding enhanced formability, precise line printing, and robust self-support. This adapted starch-based gel facilitated the 3D printing of sophisticated structures, such as hollow and overhanging architectural forms, without necessitating chemical modification or a support bath. In vitro enzymatic hydrolysis tests on the printed constructs manifested approximately 50% resistant starch and 15% slowly digestible starch. These results suggest that the composite biopolymer ink developed in this study showcases not only superior printability but also boasts improved digestion-resistance. Thus, the findings from this research provide a foundation for developing food-grade inks capable of crafting customizable, intricately structured food products while conferring health advantages. [Display omitted] • 3D printing models with sophisticated structures can be printed by starch-based gel. • Addition of PG-G70 improves the support capabilities of starch-based gel. • After rehydration, pre-gelatinized high-amylose starch (PG-G70) forms micro-domains. • The 3D printing models manifest 50% resistant starch and 15% slowly digestible starch. • Soy protein isolate can adjust in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis properties of starch-based gel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exchange of information among information technology (IT) systems is inevitable. Service fulfillment often involves sending and receiving messages. The article presents a set of messaging patterns for service-oriented architecture, microservices, and messaging protocols for the Internet of Things. The paper describes selected patterns that are the result of current research work. In addition, patterns introduced in open-source frameworks such as ZeroMQ have also been included. Moreover, the set includes Enterprise Integration Patterns. All considered messaging patterns have been described using the stereotype extensibility mechanism of the Unified Modeling Language (UML), and their complete set has been included in the new UML Profile for Messaging Patterns. The paper also shows the manner of integration flow modeling. In the illustrative examples, both the integration flow modeling diagram and the profile have been used to describe the communication in the context of the Integrated services view of the 1+5 architectural views model. The profile has been designed in the visual paradigm tool and revealed in a public repository for the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban spatial form is a significant reference to getting to know cities and running the cities. The fractal theory is an effective means to quantify urban spatial form. Taking the buildings in the outer ring of Zhengzhou City as the research object, the basic architectural models are built by extracting their forms. The research site is subdivided into 199 regions. The distribution of architectural forms in Zhengzhou is analyzed by fractal theory and spatial autocorrelation from the perspective of two-dimensional(2D) and three-dimensional(3D). The results indicate that the architectural layout of Zhengzhou has distinct fractal characteristics; Both global spatial autocorrelation and local spatial autocorrelation show significant positive correlations; There are obvious spatial differences in architectural space forms in different regions. The refined grid analysis strengthens the understanding of the urban spatial structure and development rules in more detail. The study promotes the refinement and visualization of fractal theory effectively and improves the depth of urban spatial form cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work displays an outlook on major questions concerning the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Architectural education. Gradually, part of the domain knowledge and hard skills become either irrelevant or insufficient by the time the students graduate. This paper suggests that integrating AI in the architectural design curriculum is beneficial for raising designers' awareness of all areas of architectural design, in the form of input, process, and output. The study views consecutive learning experiences in a continuum and explores the potentials of integrating AI applications and techniques in architectural education, and how architectural design practice may benefit from it. Consequently, it provides insights into how architectural design education may transform itself considering the future impact of AI on the Architecture Engineering Construction (AEC) industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study was undertaken to specifically identify challenges associated with the popular single‐family room (SFR) design in our new neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), so as to reap the full benefits of this architectural model. Methods: A survey was sent to all 223, newly recruited staff on our NICU. Questions explored staff perceptions of family experience, safety and staff's experience of the SFR in comparison with the open bay model. Results: We obtained a response rate of 66%. Most staff perceived SFR as having a positive impact on communication with families, privacy, feasibility for skin‐to‐skin contact, reduction in noise levels and family access to their baby. There were however concerns raised about patient safety and isolation of staff and families in the SFR architecture. Lack of opportunities to leave the patient room for breaks and increased physical demands were highlighted. Staff also felt physically and emotionally less well supported. Conclusion: Whilst the SFR configuration was felt to be beneficial for infants and families, staff shared their perceived concerns regarding infant safety and isolation and staff satisfaction, and implied modifications to workflows. The survey findings resulted in re‐organisation of our staff numbers and communication systems and further facilitation of parent interactions in order to optimise benefits of SFR design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is a global phenomenon that also causes small-scale effects. This study aims to determine future climate changes in the Mandalika International Circuit area using the artificial neural network of the MATLAB GUI-based backpropagation method. The simulation stage used daily rainfall intensity data collected in the Mandalika International Circuit area from 2012-2021 (365 data). A preliminary analysis concluded that the Mandalika International Circuit area is dominated by a very wet climate according to the Schmidt-Ferguson classification, which occurred in 2012, 2013, 2017, and 2021. This study used two architectural models with two and three hidden layers. The TRAINRP training function and the LOGSIG activation function were utilized at each hidden layer. Between the two architectures, the better architecture was selected, namely the 100-50-10-1 (three hidden layers) that resulted in an accuracy rate of 99.90% and an MSE of 0.0412376 achieved in the 258th iteration. These results indicate that the area has a very wet climate with the highest rain intensity in March and the lowest in January. The results of this study show that the backpropagation method can be used to help formulate an alternative policy on the measures for handling and mitigating extreme climate change in upcoming periods, especially during international events at the Mandalika International Circuit area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of the fourth industrial revolution and the interest in autonomous production led to increased adoption of Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS) in the industry. Due to the significant suitability of Multi-Agent Systems in building cyber-physical production systems compliant with the Reference Architectural Model Industry 4.0 (RAMI 4.0), more CPPS are being realized using Industrial Agents. Because of their complexity, guidelines for conducting virtual commissioning of agent-based CPPS are required. This paper proposes a novel framework for the virtual commissioning of agent-based CPPS. The framework contributions reside in incorporating both high-level and low-level control verification and validation (V&V) and employing two combined SIL and HIL approaches during the virtual commissioning of agent-based CPPS. The feasibility of the framework was demonstrated during the V&V of an agent-based CPPS on an industrial-scale laboratory robotized production cell. The framework had a significant impact on reducing the cost and efforts of the agent-based CPPS virtual commissioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous attempts have been made to improve the flexibility and effectiveness of distributed computing systems. Extensive effort in the fields of connectivity technologies, network programs, high processing components, and storage helps to improvise results. However, concerns such as slowness in response, long execution time, and long completion time have been identified as stumbling blocks that hinder performance and require additional attention. These defects increased the total system cost and made the data allocation procedure for a geographically dispersed setup difficult. The load-based architectural model has been strengthened to improve data allocation performance. To do this, an abstract job model is employed, and a data query file containing input data is processed on a directed acyclic graph. The jobs are executed on the processing engine with the lowest execution cost, and the system's total cost is calculated. The total cost is computed by summing the costs of communication, computation, and network. The total cost of the system will be reduced using a Swarm intelligence algorithm. In heterogeneous distributed computing systems, the suggested approach attempts to reduce the system's total cost and improve data distribution. According to simulation results, the technique efficiently lowers total system cost and optimizes partitioned data allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, limit analysis method and limit analysis finite element method are used to study the stability of large-scale shopping mall building structure. Moreover, this paper combines data analysis to verify the algorithm analysis process of this paper and uses statistical methods to verify that the algorithm proposed in this paper is applicable to the architectural design of large shopping malls. Furthermore, this work uses BIM and finite element technologies to test the usefulness of this strategy by simulating the shopping mall design process. The experimental research shows that the large-scale shopping mall architectural design model proposed in this paper, which is based on intelligent BIM technology, has a good large-scale shopping mall architectural design effect as well as a large-scale shopping mall architectural structure analysis effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In polycarpic plants, meristem fate varies within individuals in a given year. In perennials, the proportion of floral induction (FI) in meristems also varies between consecutive years and among genotypes of a given species. Previous studies have suggested that FI of meristems could be determined by the within-plant competition for carbohydrates and by hormone signaling as key components of the flowering pathway. At the genotypic level, variability in FI was also associated with variability in architectural traits. However, the part of genotype-dependent variability in FI that can be explained by either tree architecture or tree physiology is still not fully understood. This study aimed at deciphering the respective effect of architectural and physiological traits on FI variability within apple trees by comparing six genotypes with contrasted architectures. Shoot type demography as well as the flowering and fruit production patterns were followed over 6 years and characterized by different indexes. Architectural morphotypes were then defined based on architectural traits using a clustering approach. For two successive years, non-structural starch content in leaf, stem and meristems, and hormonal contents (gibberellins, cytokinins, auxin and abscisic acid) in meristems were quantified and correlated to FI within-tree proportions. Based on a multi-step regression analysis, cytokinins and gibberellins content in meristem, starch content in leaves and the proportion of long shoots in tree annual growth were shown to contribute to FI. Although the predictive linear model of FI was common to all genotypes, each of the explicative variables had a different weight in FI determination, depending on the genotype. Our results therefore suggest both a common determination model and a genotype-specific architectural and physiological profile linked to its flowering behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manual or traditional industrial product inspection and defect-recognition models have some limitations, including process complexity, time-consuming, error-prone, and expensiveness. These issues negatively impact the quality control processes. Therefore, an efficient, rapid, and intelligent model is required to improve industrial products' production fault recognition and classification for optimal visual inspections and quality control. However, intelligent models obtained with a tradeoff of high accuracy for high latency are tedious for real-time implementation and inferencing. This work proposes an ensemble deep-leaning architectural framework based on a deep learning model architectural voting policy to compute and learn the hierarchical and high-level features in industrial artefacts. The voting policy is formulated with respect to three crucial viable model characteristics: model optimality, efficiency, and performance accuracy. In the study, three publicly available industrial produce datasets were used for the proposed model's various experiments and validation process, with remarkable results recorded, demonstrating a significant increase in fault recognition and classification performance in industrial products. In the study, three publicly available industrial produce datasets were used for the proposed model's various experiments and validation process, with remarkable results recorded, demonstrating a significant increase in fault recognition and classification performance in industrial products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of interactive 3D graphics technology, as well as the growing demand for virtual reality, digital urbanization and digital cultural heritage protection and time-consuming and inefficient traditional artificial building modeling methods have been far from meeting the rapid and intelligent needs of the application market and automatic. Architectural modeling methods have been paid more and more attention. Architectural modeling is an application-oriented comprehensive research field. According to different application scenarios, its research methods cover many technical fields and disciplines. This paper introduces a method of modeling ancient buildings using depth image estimation, spherical projection mapping, 3D adversarial generation network, and other techniques. The characteristics of architectural modeling methods are discussed from different disciplinary and technical perspectives. Second, the three major schools of architectural modeling technology, mainly the process modeling method, image modeling method, and point cloud modeling method, as well as the inverse process modeling method, which has attracted much attention and challenges in recent years, are summarized in detail. Then, the problem of building modeling is discussed. The problems and challenges of building modeling technology are analyzed, and the future development trend is predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy sources such as solar, thermal and wind are high energy sources that meet the growing demand for electrical energy worldwide. Renewable energy sources can be stand-alone power generators or multi-generations systems forming a microgrid system that can also be integrated into the main power grid. The integration of renewable energy sources into the main grid system mostly occurs at distribution levels and depends on the scale and location of the renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources with large-scale capacity can be integrated into the transmission system, while small-scale energy sources can be integrated directly into medium- and low-voltage distribution systems. Both sources have their characteristics, therefore strict planning and analysis is needed. Architecture of a small-scale photovoltaic (PV) system is designed to generate about 3 kW for local demand, such as an office building, with the implementation of microgrid system equipped with smart meters for energy monitoring, and a control scheme is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Assassin's Creed videogame saga is a paradigmatic example of how to deal with the treatment of different historical periods and emblematic places. This article analyses the sources, models and references that helped to shape the urban landscapes of the Holy Land during the Third Crusade, based on the methodology of visual studies. The conclusions demonstrate that the verisimilitude achieved in the designed gamespaces transits between historical fidelity and creative freedom, which opens the door to the confluence of different art-historical styles and architectural models in Jerusalem, Masyaf, Damascus and Acre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Instrument sound directivity is of great importance when defining the sound source for research in architectural acoustics. When it comes to the topic of instrument directivity, whereas there are various studies on Western music instruments, only a few studies could be found on the directivity information of Eastern music instruments. For this reason, during architectural acoustic design processes in concert halls, rehearsal rooms, music studios and other Turkish music performance areas, there may be insufficient approaches in terms of defining the sound source. Directivity measurements of the qanun, oud, tanbur and clarinet, which are important instruments of Turkish music, were carried out within the scope of the study. These measurements for all octave band regions were carried out by designing a measurement setup with 20 microphone measurement points in the hemispherical area created in the semi-anechoic room at TÜBİTAK UME. The effect of the tonal spread characteristics of the instruments on the directivity was taken into account and a total of 143 measurements were carried out for all the note regions in the octave ranges of the relevant instruments. The directivity differences among the instruments and the acoustic propagation characteristics of different octave bands for each instrument are interpreted at the end of the study. The obtained values and results will make an important contribution to source modelling in architectural acoustic simulations of concert halls and concert hall stages; and in relation to this, in musician stage arrangements and all the other musical acoustics research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proton density (PD) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) are imaging techniques that enable the acquisition of data from living subjects that can be used in the fine-tuning of subject-specific models' architectural parameters. The aim of this study was to determine the in vivo 3D architectural parameters (volume, pennation angle, fiber length and physiological cross-sectional area) of the gastrocnemius medialis, gastrocnemius lateralis, soleus and tibialis anterior muscles using proton density and diffusion tensor imaging data before and after an exhaustive one-legged jump exercise. These methods were used in the in vivo 3D data acquisition of six young and physically active female subjects' lower legs, followed by a fiber-tracking algorithm and analysis tools. No significant differences were found in the muscles' architecture after the exercise, with the following exceptions: the anatomical cross-section area of the gastrocnemius medialis increased (p-value 0.001, effect size 0.18) after exercise; the fiber lengths of the gastrocnemius medialis, lateralis and soleus muscles were higher after exercise (p-value 0.002, 0.001 and 0.001, respectively, and effect size 2.03, 1.29 and 0.85, respectively); and the soleus mean pennation angle decreased after exercise (p-value 0.0015, effect size 2.31). These changes (or lack thereof) could be attributed to the extended acquisition time of the MRI scans to minimize noise: by increasing the acquisition time, the effect of the exercise may have been partially lost due to muscle recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dew computing differs from the classical cloud and edge computing by bringing devices closer to the end-users and adding autonomous processing independent from the Internet, but it is still able to collaborate with other devices to exchange information on the Internet. The difference is expressed also on scalability, since edge and cloud providers can provide (almost endless) resources, and in the case of dew computing the scalability needs to be realized on the level of devices, instead of servers. In this paper, we introduce an approach to provide deviceless and thingless computing and ensure scalable dew computing. The deviceless approach allows functions to be executed on nearby devices found closer to the user, and the thingless approach goes even further, providing scalability on a low-level infrastructure that consists of multiple things, such as IoT devices. These approaches introduce the distribution of computing to other smart devices or things on a lower architectural level. Such an approach enhances the existing dew computing architectural model as a sophisticated platform for future generation IoT systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to identify an upper scale + subscale evaluation method based on the decisions and approaches of awarded architectural design competition projects carried out in the historical environment. In the first stage, within the scope of the upper scale evaluation method, the decisions about the environment of the awarded projects were examined in the headings of roads, city walls/fortifications and Atapark. In the second stage, the approaches of the awarded projects belonging to the building proposals were examined with a subscale, within the scope of design, preservation and re-functioning approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article has as its main purpose the detailed investigation of the geometric methods of tracing historical structures, using a variety of examples. The design and construction of historic buildings has long been the subject of extensive research. However, the application of geometry to the constructional tracing of basic building elements is a relatively unknown field of science. The methodology is primarily concerned with presenting the broader scientific context and analysing the design and tracing of structures. Through examples covering a wide range of times — from ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, Roman times, Byzantium, Islamic architecture, to the western Middle Ages and the Renaissance — it is proven that two distinct methods are historically used in design and construction: the first relates to geometrical constructions based on the use of circles, squares and equilateral triangles (ad quadratum and ad triangulum), while the second relates to pure modular systems with the help of pythagorean triangles for the rectangular tracing of building elements. For the understanding of the two methods, basic tracing and construction control tools are presented and different historical metric systems are analysed. Through the analysis of the examples the basic design principles of historical architecture are revealed and the geometrical methods used by building guilds are inscribed. In this way, the importance of architectural models and the role of particular knowledge of geometry in the construction and the final form of historical structures are crystallised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medieval architecture of the South Caucasus developed a unique tradition of making acroteria shaped as three-dimensional models of churches. Since the church-shaped acroteria have never been thoroughly explored in Georgia, this paper focuses on examples surviving in the region. Special attention is paid to analyzing the architectural and sculptural aspects of the acroteria, as well as their function. This paper aims at discussing both the formal and functional aspects of the church-shaped acroteria from Georgia. It is intended to explore what kind of church models were usually created in Georgia, how they were designed, and to what extent they resemble or differ from the real architecture. Typically, the model erected on the top of the gables of a church was made of stone, though glazed ceramic acroterion can be found as well, such as that of the Alaverdi Cathedral in Georgia. As the research has shown, the models do not replicate real architecture; they represent abridged images of actual buildings, repeating only their general layout (cross-domed or, rarely, single-nave structure) and a selected number of elements that were evidently considered essential or were typical elements of the architectural repertoire of the period in which the acroterion were created.

The SCRUM approach and Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) framework are critical in assessing the factors that influence the efficiency of a business process and ensuring that business objectives are fulfilled, and the process is on track to meet those objectives. Flexibility and change adoption are critical features for both SCRUM and SOA approaches. Even though both sides encourage agility, the integration of the two independent concepts (SOA is the architectural framework while SCRUM is the development process) should be considered before being used in software management and development projects. This study assessed and analyzed both SCRUM and SOA's diverse and different software architectural frameworks and development methodologies as well as their environment, which is integrated with the context of software project management and development setup for the software development industry. In addition, this study explores the similarities between the SCRUM process model and the SOA architectural framework to see if they are compatible and, if so, how they may be combined to enhance SOA-based projects. This research also looks at how to build and use a SCRUM methodology for large-scale SOA projects. As a result, SCRUM was chosen as the software development methodology for a research and development project based on SOA. In terms of project development and implementation, the complete project structure is made up of eight main parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decades, researchers have been considering some fundamental issues such as energy saving, global warming, greenhouse emissions, and non-renewable energy to make models of house environmental standards to achieve a suitable consumption pattern for saving energy. In architecture, using natural energy is one of the essential pillars of design because it was one of the criteria of designing, which was considered on climate and geography, and it has been a high performance of climate adaptation in the modeling of traditional houses. In this research, Azerbaijan (located in northwestern Iran) is selected to evaluate the practical features of traditional Iranian houses designed in the cold climate, and criteria for developing sensible solutions to achieve a suitable design model for energy saving are provided. The primary purpose of this paper is to evaluate and identify the features of climate design in traditional houses in a cold climate, which are suitable residential buildings for energy management, and to identify the components affecting energy saving. The data collection method is based on checklists, observation, considering the orientation, density, solar radiation angle in the region, documentary, analysis of maps, and adaptation of the architectural plan of the studied houses with the pattern of solar radiation in the area. This research discusses the design criteria for future structures and their adaptable measures based on the obtained results. Finally, it is declared that the traditional architectural design model follows the region's climatic conditions, and considering the current climate and energies, traditional houses were designed; therefore, the best model for maximum use of available energy is climatic design. As a result, suggestions are made regarding residential architecture design to save energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the architecture of Enric Miralles it is necessary to understand how he drew it, it was his design process that defined his architecture and drawing, the main instrument in this creative evolution. His drawing was always intentional and it was his main tool. Draw, draw and draw again, this was his main method. His strategies focused on a work process that distances itself from the resources used in a certain current architecture world. The drawing was the instrument of dialogue, capable of selecting the lines that would define and transform all the conditions and concerns, into a concrete architectural reality. Byway of synthesis, we will say that he used on numerous occasions in an indiscriminate way and with poetic intention, a "spoken" drawing, a "representation" drawing, an "abstract" drawing and a "projection"drawing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we propose a multi-tier architectural model to separate functionality and security concerns for distributed cyber-physical systems. On the line of distributed computing, such systems require the identification of leaders for distribution of work, aggregation of results, etc. Further, we propose a fault-tolerant leader election algorithm that can independently elect the functionality and security leaders. The proposed election algorithm identifies a list of potential leader capable nodes to reduce the leader election overhead. It keeps identifying the highest potential node as the leader, whenever needed, including the situation when one has failed. We also explain the proposed architecture and its management method through a case study. Further, we perform several experiments to evaluate the system performance. The experimental results show that the proposed architectural model improves the system performance in terms of latency, average response time, and the number of real-time tasks completed within the deadline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Risk assessment was estimated starting from environmental hazard data and vulnerability and • exposure information of architectural buildings. • Three different risk levels can be assessed starting from air pollution and meteorological data measured by national monitoring station network. • Vulnerability and exposure describe the conservation condition based on damage intensity. • Risk assessment as a tool to plan maintenance and restoration activities according a priority scale. Limestone monuments are generally subjected to natural and anthropogenic environmental threats. This paper describes a methodology to assess the risk of surface recession damage, due to air pollution and meteorological factors, to architectural buildings in Italy. Through the elaboration of environmental data and information on conservation conditions of cultural heritage, three different risk models were identified: i) the territorial risk, obtained combining territorial hazard information with the density of historic buildings defined at municipal scale; ii) the individual risk, attained by overlapping territorial hazard data at municipal scale, with surface vulnerability and exposure information of a single monument; iii) the local risk, defined starting from the combination of territorial hazard at sub-municipal scale, with vulnerability and exposure information of a single monument. The first model refers to the risk of an aggregate of cultural assets located in a municipality, while the other two indicators identify the damage risk of a single monument at municipal and sub-municipal spatial scales. The proposed method was applied, using GIS (Geographical Information System) application, to identify the three risk models for Italian architectural buildings using environmental and monument conservation data updated to 2018. The territorial hazard was defined by assessing the material loss damage expressed as surface recession and quantified starting from air pollutant concentrations and meteorological data measured by the monitoring station network of Italy in 2018. The vulnerability and exposure information were extracted from the Italian Risk Map of Cultural Heritage system. The obtained results allowed to identify the potentially most aggressive areas from climatic and environmental point of view and the architectural buildings most exposed to surface recession risk. The methodology described in this paper can be therefore considered as a tool that can be used, by policy makers, to plan priority maintenance and conservation activities in order to reduce the progress and the intensity of decay on outdoor cultural properties. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, plans to protect historic buildings focus on managing architectural heritage sustainably. Technical teams, such as architects and restorers, use massive data acquisition techniques, so an identification mechanism is required to select geometrical similarity patters to support hypothesis that guarantee historical data. Moreover, computational methods are required to understand the role of organic shapes in historic buildings. This paper first describes an extensive review of the literature and then the algorithms and methods to compare and to detect similar geometrical elements and complex patterns in architecture and archaeology. For this purpose, two key aspects are considered: the metric standpoint and historical-graphical features of the 3D models, i.e., composition, techniques, styles, and historical-graphical documentary sources. Research implies testing several methodological lines to know the similarity degree of complex organic shapes in architectural details through statistical analysis, software to assess point clouds, and complex curve analysis. The results have shown that the three procedures can be compared and that the bases of the pillars of both the Cathedral of Seville and the churches in Carmona, Jerez, and Morón are very similar; however, the base of the pillar of the church in Carmona presents scalability variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many different development projects, we need to minimize construction costs and usable area according to the design constraints assigned to each project. The research aims to contrive a mathematical model for calculating the dimensions and sizes of rooms in a residential plan to get the least cost and manage the resources of construction. This paper presents a mathematical model (nonlinear programming) to achieve the above-mentioned goals according to the various design constraints and conditions, depending on the nature of the project and the goal of its establishment. To check the efficiency and accuracy of results, the nonlinear objective function and nonlinear constraints are solved using Mathematica and GAMS programs in two different cases. Tables and graphical representations of the results are very useful to the problem stated in this study. The study was applied to one of the New Urban Communities Authority projects in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brick also appears in Carolingian buildings, both salvaged Roman brick and newly made bricks from the same kilns that produced roof tiles. At Paderborn and Saint-Denis the palace buildings are subsidiary to great churches that show the influence of Roman models. There is a helpful definition of the French terminology for different types of masonry used for wall construction: large and medium ashlar blocks ("grand/moyen appareil"); and most frequently, small blocks dressed on one face ("moellons"). [Extracted from the article]

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