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Civilization depicts the manners of life, sense, and thought of any society. Hence ways of living, social relations, ethics, habits, norms, and customs are phenomena of civilization. As human civilized life is concerned, civilization is the reflection of human personality, character thus ethics occupied a dignified status in the fulfillment of human character. From the study of human social life, we come to know that good character, noble personality, implementation of duties, responsibilities, and social safety is necessary for better ways of life. Ethics is considered the fundamental base of all these items. Thus, it was necessary to highlight the concept of social ethics after studying all human civilizations. In this article, the concept of social ethics is explained after defining the meaning of ethics. Besides it, social ethical rules and relations are described; the concept of marriage is prominent among the social ethical shortcomings. Islamic civilization and social ethics are explained in the end.

Paulo Coelho’s The Alchemist depicts the protagonist’s hunt for treasure which is highly symbolic of the spiritual quest for self-realization and self-discovery. Motivated by the recurring dream of a hidden treasure and desirous of bringing meaning to his life, Santiago undertakes a journey. This paper contends that his journey towards the realization of his dream actually involves a psychological process of individuation that integrates the contrasting aspects of the human psyche and makes use of the unconscious as conscious. It is an attempt to analyze his physical travels from a psychoanalytic perspective so as to posit that seeking spirituality is more about psychological change than temporal and spatial mobility. This investigation is, in fact, based on the exploration of how Coelho’s protagonist completes this process of wholeness and it draws on the theory of individuation presented by Swiss Psychoanalyst Carl Gustav Jung. By using Jungian Archetypal method of analysis, it can be seen that Santiago is very much influenced by operative archetypes, the acceptance and integration of which has an impact on his spiritual development. The realization that the physical treasure lies exactly where he initiated his journey is the consequence of his self-actualization.

Proper mitochondrial function and adequate cellular ATP are necessary for normal pancreatic protein synthesis and sorting, maintenance of intracellular organelles and enzyme secretion. Inorganic phosphate is required for generating ATP and its limited availability may lead to reduced ATP production causing impaired Ca(2+) handling, defective autophagy, zymogen activation, and necrosis, which are all features of acute pancreatitis. We hypothesized that reduced dietary phosphate leads to hypophosphatemia and exacerbates pancreatitis severity of multiple causes. We observed that mice fed a low-phosphate diet before the induction of pancreatitis by either repeated caerulein administration or pancreatic duct injection as a model of pressure-induced pancreatitis developed hypophosphatemia and exhibited more severe pancreatitis than normophosphatemic mice. Pancreatitis severity was significantly reduced in mice treated with phosphate. In vitro modeling of secretagogue- and pressure-induced pancreatic injury was evaluated in isolated pancreatic acini using cholecystokinin and the mechanoreceptor Piezo1 agonist, Yoda1, under low and normal phosphate conditions. Isolated pancreatic acini were more sensitive to cholecystokinin- and Yoda1-induced acinar cell damage and mitochondrial dysfunction under low-phosphate conditions and improved following phosphate supplementation. Importantly, even mice on a normal phosphate diet exhibited less severe pancreatitis when treated with supplemental phosphate. Thus, hypophosphatemia sensitizes animals to pancreatitis and phosphate supplementation reduces pancreatitis severity. These appear to be direct effects of phosphate on acinar cells through restoration of mitochondrial function. We propose that phosphate administration may be useful in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Impaired ATP synthesis disrupts acinar cell homeostasis and is an early step in pancreatitis. We report that reduced phosphate availability impairs mitochondrial function and worsens pancreatic injury. Phosphate supplementation improves mitochondrial function and protects against experimental pancreatitis, raising the possibility that phosphate supplementation may be useful in treating pancreatitis.

Lettuce is an important crop that is grown commercially for salad purposes. To increase production of lettuce, synthetic fertilizers are applied. However, an excess of synthetic fertilizers is hazardous for the human body and also affects soil and environmental conditions. Alternative methods are available to enhance the production of lettuce, e.g., application of moringa leaf extract (MLE), which is also environmentally friendly. As MLE is a plant-based organic product, there are no side effects. The research was conducted at the Ornamental Nursery, Department of Horticulture, University of Agriculture Peshawar, during the 2020–21 season. The study was laid out in two-factor randomized complete block design in a split-plot arrangement with three replications. The two factors were MLE concentration (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% v/v) and five lettuce cultivars (Red Laurel, Red Oakleaf, Milky White, Romaine, and Large Speed). Lettuce cultivars were sprayed with the required MLE concentrations at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after transplantation, while an extra application of MLE was given before bolting to the plants left for seed production. It was observed that lettuce cv. Red Laurel produced maximum fresh and dry head weight. Maximum plant height was recorded for cv. Red Oakleaf. Maximum leaves, head diameter, head height, root length, seed yield, and leaf area were noted in cv. Milky White. Cultivar Romaine took the maximum number of days to flowering and seed production. It also provided maximum chlorophyll content and the best taste. Moreover, MLE also had substantial effects on the growth and yield of lettuce cultivars. Here, maximum plant height, leaf area, number of leaves, head diameter, days to flowering, root length, head height, seed yield, days to seed production, chlorophyll content, and fresh and dry head weights were produced by plants sprayed with 8% (v/v) MLE. It is concluded that MLE, a useful growth promoter, has a considerable effect on the growth and development of lettuce cultivars and is thus recommended for organic production of the crop.