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Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 60 to 85% of the population worldwide does not engage in enough activity; making physical inactivity the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality. Aims and Objectives: This study evaluated the effect of treadmill exercise on liver enzymes, lipid profile, glucose, albumin, blood pressure and pulse rate of apparently healthy students of Nigerian Law School, Enugu Campus, Enugu State Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Sixty (60) students (30 males and 30 females) within the age bracket of 21-35 years were recruited for this study. The anthropometric parameters: height (m) and weight (kg) were taken and used in the calculation of body mass index (BMI). Blood samples were collected from the subjects for the determination of liver enzymes, lipid profile, glucose and albumin levelsbefore and immediately after exercise. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure and pulse rate were also measured before and immediately after exercise. The blood samples collected were analyzed in the laboratory for albumin, glucose, lipid profile (triglyceride, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL)), liver enzyme (aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphate (ALP)) using standard methods as described in materials and methods. Results: There were significant difference (p

Introduction. Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by decreased bone density and destruction of the microarchitectonics of the bone structure. This leads to increased bone fragility and risk of fracture, particularly of the hip, spine, wrist and shoulder. Osteoporosis is known as „The Silent Epidemic of the Century“ because bone loss occurs without symptoms. An altered ovarian function is one of the most common causes of osteoporosis. Indicators for altered bone homeostasis are the changes in serum levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs). Objective. The aim of current study was to determine the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and serum concentrations of MMP-9, MMP-13 and TIMP-1 in the ovariectomized rats. Materials and Methods. An experiment was performed on 35 female Wistar rats at reproductive age – 2 months divided into 2 groups: group 1 (G1)-20 animals were sham-operated (sham) and group 2 (G2)-15 were ovariectomized (ovx). Results. The concentrations of ALP, MMP-9, MMP-13 and TIMP-1 in G2 were significantly increased compared to G1 (p

Background/Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and prolidase levels in subjects with different periodontal status. Material and Methods: Fifteen periodontitis, fifteen gingivitis and fifteen healthy subject were included. GCF samples were collected from participants. Probing depth, clinical attachment level, gingival index was recorded. ALP and prolidase levels were determined in GCF by spectrophotometrically. Results: Higher values of ALP were found in periodontitis compared with gingivitis and healthy control (p0.05). Additionally, no significant correlation was detected between ALP and prolidase (r= -0.309, p>0.05). Conclusion: Our preliminary data suggest that low prolidase level in periodontitis was not associated with ALP and clinical parameters, which represent periodontal destruction and inflammation.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate some hematological parameters in commercial layers inoculated with two virulent Pasteurella multocida serotypes. Materials and Methods: A total of 84 twenty-week-old black Harco layers were randomly assigned to seven groups (A, B, C, D, E, F and G) with 12 birds per group. 1mLof live attenuated fowl cholera (FC) vaccine was administered subcutaneously at 24 weeks of age to groups A and B, emulsified inactivated (killed) FC vaccine was administered dosed at 0.5 mL per bird subcutaneously at 24 weeks of age to groups C and D, groups E and F were not vaccinated, while group G served as control. Groups A, C and E were inoculated with P. multocida serotype A:1 and groups B, D and F were inoculated with P. multocida serotype A:3. Using McFarland Standard, each bird received a dose of 0.5 mL (0.1 mL intranasally and 0.4 mL intramuscularly) containing 4.5 x 108 cfu/bird. Results: For PCV (P≤0.2692 and P≤0.7643) and HB (P≤0.2806 and P≤0.7266) on day 2 and 10 post inoculation, there was no significant difference between the vaccinated, non-vaccinated groups and control group G. However, there was a highly significant difference P≤0.05 in the mean concentrations of ALP between the control group G (67.67±1.453 u/l) vaccinated groups A (80.33±4.98 u/l), B (81.33±2.60 u/l), C (75±6.35 u/l), and D (84±5.132 u/l) and unvaccinated groups E (104±1.528 u/l ), and F (78 ±3.512 u/l) post inoculation. Conclusion The PCV significantly decrease P≤0.05 in layers vaccinated and inoculated with P. multocida but increase in unvaccinated layers inoculated P. multocida. The mean serum ALP concentration significantly increase P≤0.05 in unvaccinated layers inoculated with P. multocida when compared to layers vaccinated and inoculated with P. multocida. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(3.000): 234-240]

Abstract Background Currently, the best resources for assessment of bone tissue using imaging techniques are expensive and available in few medical facilities, thus serum or urinary bone turnover biomarkers could be useful as early indicators of prognosis. However, there is a wide range of variability in bone turnover markers due to several factors, such as different ages and metabolic stages, thus it is important to have as much data published on the subject as possible. The aim of this study was therefore to generate a reference range for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and validate the already published data. Results Serum alkaline phosphatase decreased with age, with statistical difference between the 1 month old and the other groups and between the over 8 years and the 6 months old groups. There was also a statistical difference in the ALP levels between the 3 to 5 years old gestation and lactation groups. For serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, there was a statistical difference mainly between the 1 month old and the 6 months old, 6–8 years old, and above 8 years old groups. Conclusions The results obtained could represent a useful tool for future studies using sheep as an animal model for orthopedic research. The different groups presented a wide variation of serum ALP and TRAP levels, however, these variations are entirely explained by known physiology. Therefore, this detailed study confirms the prediction that unexplained changes in these bone turnover markers do not occur during the lifespan of sheep.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder which is associated with secretion reduction or insulin resistance. Since different stress causes play a crucial role in incidence and chemical drugs side-effects of this disease, this study is aimed to investigate the effects of walnut leaves on insulin, glucose, albumin, AST ALT and ALP enzymes in diabetic and diabetic by forced swimming stress. METHODS: In this experimental study, 50 adult male rats divided into 5 groups: control, diabetic, diabetic treated with walnut leaves (200mg/kg), diabetic with swimming stress in water 15°C and diabetic treated with swimming stress and walnut leaves. At the end of 21 days injection and phlebotomizing, serum levels of insulin, glucose, albumin and ALT, AST and ALP enzymes have been measured and the related data by using SPSS-18 software, ANOVA and Tukey has been analyzed. FINDINGS: The results showed that diabetic and diabetic with swimming caused a significant reduction of insulin (4.46±.26,5.06±.14)(P

Abstract Background Exacerbations in COPD are often accompanied by pulmonary and systemic inflammation, and associated with increased susceptibility to and prevalence of weight loss and muscle wasting. Muscle mass loss during disease exacerbations may contribute to emphysema-associated muscle atrophy. However, whether pulmonary inflammation in presence of emphysema differentially affects skeletal muscle, including protein synthesis and degradation signaling pathways has not previously been addressed. The aims of this study were to 1) develop a mouse model of disease exacerbation-associated muscle wasting, 2) evaluate whether emphysema and muscle wasting can be monitored non-invasively and 3) assess alterations in muscle protein turnover regulation. Methods Emphysema was induced by three, weekly intra-tracheal (IT) elastase (E) or vehicle control (vc) instillations, followed by one single IT-LPS bolus (L) or vc instillation to mimic pulmonary inflammation-driven disease exacerbation. Consequently, four experimental groups were defined: vc/vc (‘C’), E/vc (‘E’), vc/LPS (‘L’), E/LPS (‘E + L’). Using micro cone-beam CT-scans, emphysema development and muscle mass changes were monitored, and correlated to muscle weight 48 h after LPS instillation. Protein turnover signaling was assessed in muscle tissue collected 24 h post LPS instillation. Results Micro-CT imaging correlated strongly with established invasive measurements of emphysema and muscle atrophy. Pulmonary inflammation following LPS instillation developed irrespective of emphysema and body and muscle weight were similarly reduced in the ‘L’ and ‘E + L’ groups. Accordingly, mRNA and protein expression levels of genes of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPS) and the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) were upregulated in skeletal muscle following IT-LPS (‘L’ and ‘E + L’). In contrast, mTOR signaling, which controls ALP and protein synthesis, was reduced by pulmonary inflammation (‘L’ and ‘E + L’) as well as emphysema as a single insult (‘E’) compared to control. Conclusion Changes in lung tissue density and muscle mass can be monitored non-invasively to evaluate emphysema and muscle atrophy longitudinally. Acute loss of muscle mass evoked by pulmonary inflammation is similar in control and emphysematous mice. Although muscle atrophy cues in response to pulmonary inflammation are not altered by emphysema, emphysema itself affects protein synthesis and ALP signaling, which may interfere with muscle mass recovery and impair maintenance of muscle mass in emphysema.

Abstract Background Schistosomiasis, one of the neglected tropical diseases, is endemic in more than 70 countries. However, the clinical diagnosis of patients with a low degree of infection is an unsolved technical problem. In areas endemic for schistosomiasis japonica, proctoscopy detection of eggs has been one method used for clinical diagnosis. However, it is often a challenge to find typical live eggs and it is difficult to distinguish live eggs from large numbers of partially degraded and/or completely degraded eggs within colon biopsy tissue. To address this problem, we tested six different morphological and biochemical/molecular markers (ALP; morphological characteristics of egg; CalS (calcified substance); AOS (antioxidase); SDHG (succinic dehydrogenase) and SjR2 mRNA (retrotransposons 2 of S.japonicum genome mRNA)), including four new markers (CalS; AOS; SDHG and SjR2 mRNA.), to determine the viability of S. japonicum eggs deposited in human and mouse colon tissues. Our ultimate aim is to obtain a new method that is more sensitive, practical and accurate to clinically diagnose schistosomiasis. Methods Tissue samples were collected from mice at six different time points during S. japonicum infection with or without treatment with praziquantel (PZQ). Four new biochemical or molecular markers were used for the detection of egg viability from mouse liver and intestinal samples: CalS; AOS; SDHG and SjR2 mRNA. Subsequently, all markers were employed for the detection and analysis of eggs deposited in biopsy materials from patients with suspected schistosomiasis japonica for clinical evaluation. Microscopic examination of the egg morphology, worm burden in vivo and ALP (alkaline phosphatase) levels were used as a reference standard to evaluate the sensitivity and reliability of four new markers detecting egg viability. Results The results of the study showed that the morphology of S. japonicum eggs deposited in tissues of hosts with schistosomiasis, especially cases with chronic schistosomiasis, is complex and egg viability is difficult to judge morphologically, particularly eggs with a fuzzy structure or partially modified eggs. We found that the majority of the viable schistosome eggs determined by four new markers (CalS, AOS, SDHG and SjR2 mRNA) were morphologically difficult to identify. Conclusions Among the markers, the most sensitive and specific method was the detection of SjR2 mRNA and the most simple, rapid and practical method was the detection of SDHG. Therefore, the detection of SDHG is the most practical for clinical application and its use could improve the accuracy in diagnosing active schistosome infection.

Objective: Postmenopausal osteoporosis is characterized by increased fracture risk. However, each approved treatment has specific side effects. Therefore, foods with plant origins have increasingly attracted attention as an alternative treatment. Studies have shown that Elaeagnus angustifolia (EA) has antioxidant properties. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of EA hydroalcoholic extract on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats using stereological methods. Material and Methods: 55 female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to control, sham operated (normal saline), ovariectomized (OVX), OVX + EA fruit extract (600 mg/kg BW/day), and OVX + estradiol benzoate (3 mg/kg BW) for 16 weeks. Blood samples were collected to measure calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) plasma levels. Then, specimens from tibia and fifth lumbar vertebra (L5) bones were prepared and stereological analysis was done. Results: Ovariectomy significantly decreased the calcium level and increased the ALP level in the OVX group. In spite of improvement in calcium hemostasis in groups treated with estrogen and EA fruit extract (p

Tax rulings are binging decisions that taxpayers may seek from tax authorities to determine in advance how certain transactions will be treated fiscally. However, tax rulings can have an “alternative use”: that of granting a particularly advantageous fiscal treatment to specific taxpayers, typically large multinational groups willing to invest and create jobs in the tax jurisdiction concerned, without extending it to other taxpayers and without triggering a tax war with other jurisdictions. This article focuses on the European Commission’s enforcement of State aids rules against certain EU Member States in respect of tax rulings issue to a number of multinational companies. After a brief account of the economic rationale for tax rulings and their potential relevance in the context of EU tax competition, the article provides an overview of the Commission’s individual and general measures designed to attract multinational investors in return for significant fiscal advantages. The central part of the article provides an analytical assessment of the Commission’s on-going and closed proceedings on tax ruling practices, having regard to the four constituent elements of the notion of State aid. Regard is then had to the peculiar challenges involved with recovery of State aids granted in the form of tax rulings and, finally, to the systemic implications of the Commission’s initiatives for the division of competences between the EU and its Member States and for the establishment of a fiscal union.

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of an amino acid taurine on gentamicin-induced liver disorder in male rats. Twenty four male rats were used in this study, the animals divided into four groups, each group contained six rats including: G1 normal group, G2 injection IP with 100mg/kg of gentamicin only for 10 days, G3 injection IP with 100mg/kg of taurine only for 10 days, G4 injection IP with 100mg/kg of gentamicin and injection IP with 100mg/kg of taurine for 10 days, The result shows significant increase (p

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory autoimmune condition characterized by weight loss, weakness, malaise, and anaemia by the articular and extra-articular manifestations. The aimed of this study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in its association with disease severity among patients with RA in the province of Al-Najaf / Iraq and the related risk factors. This study, which included 75 subjects, included 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 25 subjects were healthy. patients and control subjects were assessed the liver function test, kidney function test, lipid profile and some electrolyte assessment. The outcome of this study indicates a significant increase (p<0.05) in glucose and ALP relative to control in patients with arthritis. There is also statistically no significant difference in HDL and an increase (p<0.05) in Cholesterol and Tg serum levels in patients with arthritis relative to controls. At the same time, the findings suggest that a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the mean potassium level whereas substantial (P<0.05) increases the mean sodium level in arthritis patients as opposed to control subjects. In our research, we concluded that in rheumatoid arthritis patients, the elevated level of Tg and ALP is corelated with the baseline prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The findings of this analysis also support the hypothesis that rheumatoid is lowring serum potassium level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Osteoporosis is a disease associated with different risk factors, and many evidences suggest that it may be associated with the health of the oral cavity, including teeth and alveolar bone. In order to clarify the role of application of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-ß1) in pulp repair for osteoporotic rat, we investigated their effects on the expression of Syndecan -4, alkaline phosphatase (ALP)and Collagen I by dental pulp cells of normal and osteoporotic rats. Methods: Twelfth female rats (6 normal and the other 6 were osteoporotic rats), their maxillary anterior teeth have subjected to a mechanical traumatized pulptomy, where the left tooth has speared without treatment while the right tooth capped with application of 0.5 μl of BMP2 and 0.5μl of TGF β1. Immunohistochemical evaluation of Syndecan -4, ALP and Collagen I were estimated during the healing period in the examined pulp cells. Results: Immuno-histochemical examination of tooth with pulptomy capped by BMP-2&TGF β1 for both normal and osteoporotic rat revealed an increment in the expression of Syndecan -4 and ALP, with a significant differences value in comparison to control, while a non-significant difference was recorded for the collagen I. Conclusion: The expression of Syndecan -4 and ALP in the traumatic pulp of osteoporotic rats could be affected by the local application of exogenous growth factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Haphazard use of drugs is one of the key reasons for progression of liver diseases. Drugs such as paracetamol, isoniazid, rifampicin etc. cause hepatotoxicity. There is currently no single synthetic drug which is effective for the treatment of such conditions. Drugs from natural sources have been used by humans since before written records. Thus, plants serve to be an important source to explore hepatoprotectives. Objective: The current study was designed to assess the hepatoprotective activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract. Materials and Methods: Glycyrrhiza glabra roots were dried in shade, powdered and extracted with ethanol and phytochemical screening was performed. The extract phenolic and flavonoids contents were estimated. Hepatoprotective studies were performed using isoniazid- rifampicin induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Results: Results of the phytochemical studies demonstrated that the extract was rich in flavonoids, glycosides and polyphenolics. The extract also demonstrated excellent hepatoprotective activity against isoniazid- rifampicin induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Discussion and Conclusion: Results of study demonstrate that ethanol extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra is potent source of phytochemicals that are responsible to demonstrate hepatoprotective activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study aimed to assess of four liver enzymes, Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Transaminase (AST), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT). Material and Methods: Based on periodontal clinical parameters, sixty four patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and twenty four controls were enrolled in the study. Saliva and serum samples were collected and Automated Chemistry Analyzer AU 480 was employed to assess levels of enzymes. Results: Compared to healthy controls, the levels of the four enzymes were significant increased in serum of patients, especially in the severe group while in the saliva a significant increase observed only in the level of AST. Moreover, Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Transaminase (AST), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT) the levels of these enzymes in serum were significantly higher than those in saliva. Conclusion: ALT, AST, ALP and GGT serum levels are suggested to be important indicators for disease progression as well as predict the liver health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study was conducted with the aim of exploring the effect of the BMP signaling pathway on osteoblastic differentiation in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) in rats with osteoporosis (OP). Methods: The bilateral ovaries of female SD rats were resected for the establishment of a rat OP model. The osteoblastic differentiation of isolated rBMSCs was identified through osteogenic induction. Adipogenetic induction and flow cytometry (FCM) were used to detect adipogenic differentiation and the expression of rBMSC surface markers. The rBMSCs were grouped into the blank group, NC group, si-BMP2 group, and oe-BMP2 group. The expression levels of key factors and osteogenesis-related factors were determined by Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The formation of calcified nodules was observed by alizarin red staining. ALP activity was measured by alkaline phosphatase staining. Results: The rats with OP had greater weight but decreased bone mineral density (BMD) than normal rats (all P < 0.01). The rBMSCs from rats with OP were capable of osteoblastic differentiation and adipogenic differentiation and showed high expression of CD44 (91.3 ± 2.9%) and CD105 (94.8 ± 2.1%). Compared with the blank group, the oe-BMP2 group had elevated BMP-2 and Smad1 levels and an increase in calcified nodules and ALP-positive staining areas (all P < 0.05). Moreover, the expression levels of Runx2, OC, and OPN in the oe-BMP2 group were relatively higher than those in the blank group (all P < 0.05). The findings in the si-BMP2 group were opposite to those in the oe-BMP2 group. Conclusion: BMP signaling pathways activated by BMP-2 can promote the osteoblastic differentiation of rBMSCs from rats with OP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fluorometric method is described for the detection of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. It is based on the use of the product of hydrolysis of the drug amifostine (a thiophosphoester) by ALP. It is known that MnO2 nanosheets quench the blue fluorescence of tungsten disulfide quantum dots (WS2 QDs) which have excitation/emission wavelengths of 320/448 nm. However, in the presence of ALP and amifostine, the product of hydrolysis [2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethanethiol] triggers the decomposition of the MnO2 nanosheets. This results in the recovery of fluorescence. Based on this finding, an assay for ALP activity was developed that works in the 0.09–1.6 U L−1 range, with a 40 mU L−1 detection limit. The relative standard deviation is 1.87% for five repeated measurements of 0.8 U L−1 ALP. The method was applied to the analysis of ALP in real samples and gave satifactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The positive effects of the sex hormone in sustaining bone homeostasis are exercised by maintaining the equilibrium between cell activity and apoptosis. In this regard, the importance of estrogen receptors in maintaining the bone is that it is an attractive drug target, if devoid of known side effects. In this study, we show that a natural pure compound Azadirachtin A (Aza A) isolated from Azadirachta indica binds selectively to a site in the estrogen receptor, identifying itself to be a selective tissue modifier. Using computational and medicinal chemistry, we show that Aza A binds potentially and selectively to estrogen receptor‐α (ERα) as compared with ERβ. This preferential binding of Aza A to ERα with good pharmacokinetic distribution in the body forms metabolites, showing that it is well absorbed. In in vivo estrogen deficiency models for osteoporosis, Aza A at a much lower dose enhances new bone formation at both sites of the trabecular and cortical bone with increased bone strength and presents with no hyperplastic effect in the uterus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to estimate the zinc (Zn) requirement of Labeo rohita juveniles fed practical diet. Treatments used for the study were consisted of six experimental diets supplemented with graded levels of Zn (0, 21, 42, 63, 84 and 104 mg/kg diet) from Zn gluconate. For each experimental diet, two replicates were allocated, and 18 fish were stocked in each replicate. The feeding trial was lasted for 90 days. Results showed that final weight, absolute weight gain, weight gain% and specific growth rate increased with increasing dietary Zn levels up to 42 mg/kg and started to decrease with further increase in dietary Zn level. Quadratic regression analysis of weight gain% data indicated that L. rohita juveniles required 62.58 mg/kg Zn for normal growth. Maximum Zn absorption was observed in fish fed diet supplemented with 42 mg/kg Zn compared with other dietary treatments. Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activity in kidney and spleen of L. rohita juveniles increased with the increase in dietary Zn levels up to 42 and 63 mg/kg, respectively. Conclusively, supplementation of graded levels of dietary Zn-gluconate improved the growth performance and increased the Zn bioavailability and ALP activity up to a certain limit in L. rohita juveniles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts play essential and opposite roles in maintaining bone homeostasis. Osteoblasts fill cavities excavated by osteoclasts. The mevalonate pathway provides essential prenyl pyrophosphates for the activities of GTPases that promote differentiation of osteoclasts but suppress that of osteoblasts. Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that mevalonate suppressors such as statins increase bone mineral density and reduce risk of bone fracture. Tocotrienols down-regulate 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the mevalonate pathway. In vivo studies have shown the bone-protective activity of tocotrienols. We hypothesize that d-δ-tocotrienol, a mevalonate suppressor, induces differentiation of murine MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts. Alizarin staining showed that d-δ-tocotrienol (0–25 μmol/L) induced mineralized nodule formation in a concentration-dependent manner in MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts. d-δ-Tocotrienol (0–25 μmol/L), but not d-α-tocopherol (25 μmol/L), significantly induced alkaline phosphatase activity, an indicator of preosteoblast differentiation. The expression of differentiation marker genes including BMP-2 and VEGFα was stimulated dose dependently by d-δ-tocotrienol (0–25 μmol/L). Concomitantly, Western blot analysis showed that d-δ-tocotrienol down-regulated HMG CoA reductase. d-δ-Tocotrienol (0–25 μmol/L) had no impact on the viability of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts following 48-h incubation, suggesting lack of cytotoxicity at these doses. Tocotrienols and other mevalonate suppressors have potential in maintaining bone health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isoflavones, such as Genistein (Ge) and Daidzein (Dz) are widely studied Phytoestrogens with potent anti‐osteoporotic and good antioxidant activity. Cowpea is one such legume having high isoflavone content and hence we aimed at studying the beneficial effects of the isoflavones isolated from cowpea as it is widely accepted staple food in India. Previously, we reported the effect of Cowpea isoflavones (CP) and Vitamin D (VD) owing to its ability of improving the osteoporotic condition in a diet induced osteoporotic rat model. In the present study, we tried to explore the underlying mechanism of CP and VD along with positive controls Dz and Ge in influencing the functions of human osteoblasts at cellular level. Initially, MG‐63 cells were assessed for the expression of genes involved in BMP‐2 signaling pathway, like Bone morphogenic protein (BMP‐2), transcription factor Osterix (OSX), total and phosphorylated Smad 1/5/8 levels and osteoblast specific genes levels namely Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Osteopontin (OPN), and Collagen by immunoblot, flow cytometry, and quantitative RT‐PCR studies. All the levels that were upregulated with the initial exposure of the compounds got inhibited after Noggin exposure a specific BMP‐2 antagonist both at protein level and m‐RNA level, except OSX where the expression was totally hindered in CP and Ge treated groups alone. Hence, CP and VD activate BMP‐2/Smad signaling pathway and promote further proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. Therefore, results prove that isoflavones isolated from cowpea could be used in treating bone‐related disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important biomarker, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is one of the most commonly assayed enzymes in clinical practice. Here a novel turn-on fluorescent nanoswitch for ALP assay was suggested. The nanoswitch was easily constructed via two high-affinity ligands between GSH and Al3+ and PPi and Al3+ based on the difference in the affinity. The primary fluorescence of as-prepared GSH capped Cu nanoclusters (NCs) turned on first upon the Al3+ addition due to the Al3+ induced aggregation induced emission (AIE) enhancement based on the high affinity of GSH and Al3+. The presence of PPi then made Al3+ desorb from the surface of GSH capped Cu NCs due to the higher affinity of PPi and Al3+. As a result, the fluorescence of the Cu NCs was quenched. ALP could hydrolyze PPi into phosphate, destroying the PPi-Al3+ complex and releasing Al3+. Thus, the Al3+ binds to GSH again and the fluorescence was restored. The nanoswitch was demonstrated to be sensitive and selective for ALP assay and was successfully used for the ALP assay in the human serum. Image 1 • A luminescence turn on Cu NCs-based nanoswitch for ALP assay was proposed. • The developed nanoswitch was based on Al3+-PPi interaction and Cu NCs with AIE properties. • The proposed nanoswitch was cheap, sensitive, selective and high stability with a LOD of 0.15 U/L. • The nanoswitch was successfully used for the ALP assay in the human serum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood biochemistry, body mass, and gross pathology of male eiders (Somateria mollissima) wintering in the Inner Danish Waters of the western Baltic Sea (the Great Belt Strait) were assessed in this study. In November 2015, 14 specimens were obtained from the area defined for examination. Of the subject animals captured, 1 had dilated intestines and 2 had granulomas with encapsulated shotgun pellets considered to be chronic in nature. All 14 males were determined to have enteritis along with acanthocephalan and trematode endoparasites. Compared with reference values for captive eiders, plasma values of alanine aminotransferase (93%), total bilirubin (45%), gamma-glutamyl transferase (41%), and alkaline phosphatase (92%) showed significant increases in all 14 male birds. Altogether, the plasma biochemistry and gross pathology findings suggest that up to as many as 20% of the eider males in the Inner Danish Waters of the western Baltic Sea may suffer from liver and bile duct lesions and enteritis. The overall effect on the bird's survival from the results of this investigation is unknown. Therefore, the authors emphasize that more research is required on wintering eiders in the western Baltic to obtain a better understanding of their overall health status during winter, as well as their responses to wound-related lesions associated with gunshot pellets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to identify predictive factors for cervical cancer (CC) progression using a multistage approach. The present study obtained data from 390 healthy women and 259 patients with cervical cancer between June 2012 and June 2017, and used a multiple stage re-analysis strategy for clinical detection of CC. A total of seven types of serum indices were used in the present study, including sugar chain antigen 125 (CA-125), sugar chain antigen 199 (CA-199), α fetoprotein (AFP), carcino- embryonic antigen, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), cholesterol and triglyceride (TG). The expression levels of CA-125, CA-199, AFP, ALP, cholesterol and TG were significantly different between healthy women and patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Furthermore, ALP, cholesterol and TG expression levels were significantly different in healthy women compared with patients with cervical adenocarcinoma (AC). Further comparisons based on age and pathological staging demonstrated that the variability in the ALP level was not significant between the <40 years old age group and the 40–50 years old age group within healthy individuals (P>0.05); however, was significant in patients with SCC (P<0.05). Staging analysis identified significant differences in ALP between healthy women and patients with SCC (Stage I–IV), and significant differences between healthy women and patients with Stage I AC. The results of the present study indicated that the expression of ALP was significantly increased in patients with CC compared with healthy women. Therefore, ALP may be a potential predictive factor for the development of CC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Thyroid hormones are essential element in body growth and influence the formation of many enzymatic proteins. These hormones regulate and have a major role in controlling the metabolism of the entire body. They also play an important role in the normal hepatic function. Thyroid diseases are linked with liver enzymes levels irregularities, cholestatic jaundice resulted from low bilirubin level and bile excretion, hepatic lipid homeostasis, viral hepatitis, an increase in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transferase and alkaline phosphatase. Thyroid stimulating hormone and serum liver enzymes were analyzed using standard kits. Results showed that hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism patients had an elevation in the levels of serum alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transferase and alanine aminotransferase when compared to controls. However, the values were higher in hyperthyroidism patients. This work aims to study the effect of thyroid stimulating hormone on the level of liver enzymes in a group of local Iraqi patients with thyroid disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the nephroprotective & hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea in Cisplatin & CCl4 induced in rats Methods: Methanolic extract of aerial part of Clitoria ternatea plant was studied for its Nephroprotective & Hepatoprotective activity in animal experiment models. Nephrotoxicity was induced by Cystone 16 mg/kg b.w . Standard drug was taken Silymarin .Test drug were given methanolic extract Clitoria ternatea 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg . Hepatoxicity was induced by CCl4 .Standard drug was taken cisplatin 100 mg/kg . Test drugs were given extract of Clitoria ternatea 500 mg/kg & 1000 mg/kg as per b.w Results : In Hepatoprotective activity positive control group was provided with CCl4 and increased SGPT, SGOT, ALP level compare to negative control group whereas Test(2) group was provided with methanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea 1000 mg/kg decreased SGPT, SGOT, ALP level compare to standard group. In nephroprotective activity positive control group was provided with CCl4 increased Urea and creatinine level where as Test(2) group are provided with methanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea 1000 mg/kg decreased urea and creatinine level Conclusion: On evaluating biochemical parameters it was found that methanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea 1000 mg/kg showed hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activity in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders, characterized by hyperglycemia which results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The chronic hyperglycemia in relation to diabetes is linked with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of different organs. This has been reported that many patients of diabetes may also exhibit elevated serum alkaline phosphatase level. Both Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and C Reactive Protein (CRP) have been time and again shown to be directly and considerably related with each other, with indications that they share common biological pathways. The purpose of this study was to investigate a possible significant correlation between raised ALP levels in type II diabetic and nondiabetic patients. In conclusion, we aimed to investigate for the extent to which ALP measurements could improve the prediction of first-onset Cardio Vascular Disease (CVD) outcomes in Type II Diabetes Mellitus patients. This study is aimed to assess and find the relationship between Glycated Hemoglobin and the Serum Alkaline Phosphatase, C Reactive Protein and Lipid Profile measurements in patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus. In the present case-control study, a total of 74 subjects (37 diagnosed cases of Type II Diabetes Mellitus and 37 healthy controls) who are aged between 30-65 years were enrolled. The Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1C), serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), CReactive Protein (CRP), and Lipid Profile levels were estimated in all the subjects. For all the data analyzed a P value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. In this study, the mean age of TIIDM patients (50.86±11.77years) and healthy controls (40.27±11.03years) have been found. HbA1c (mg/dl) have significantly increased in Type II Diabetes Mellitus (TIIDM) patients compared to healthy control subjects (p<0.0001). Serum ALP (U/L) levels were considerably raised in TIIDM patients compared to healthy controls (p<0.0001). CRP (Units/L) levels were significantly raised in TIIDM patients as compared to healthy controls (p<0.0001). Serum Triglyceride (TGL) (mg/dl), Serum Cholesterol (mg/dl) levels were significantly raised in TIIDM patients as compared to healthy controls (p<0.0001), Serum High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) (mg/dl) have considerably decreased in T2DM patients as compared to healthy controls (p<0.0001). Serum Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) (mg/dl), Serum Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) (mg/dl) was considerably raised in TIIDM patients as compared to healthy controls (p<0.0001). The present study suggests that serum ALP and CRP concentrations are significantly raised in type II diabetes mellitus. Both are further increased in diabetic patients with complications and poor glycemic control. It is found that there is a significant positive association between serum ALP activity and CRP. Serum ALP level and CRP concentration was independently and positively correlated with TC, TGL, LDL, VLDL, HDL and HbA1c (marker of glycemic control). All these findings suggest a connection between CVD, inflammation and glycemic control in patient with type II diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Liver plays a central role in the process of metabolism, storage of glycogen and detoxification. It acts as major organ in the physiologic role of body. Paracetomol is oftenly used as a pain reliever and antipyretic, its overdose can liver toxicity and produces free radicals which is dangerous for human health. Objectives: To find the role of trifolium extract in the limitation of hepatotoxicity instigate by paracetamol overdose. Study Design: Cross sectional Study. Setting: Pathology Department, Post Graduate Medical Institute (PGMI) Lahore. Period: April 2016 to October 2016 for the period of 6 months. Material and Methods: Total 32 rabbits were taken for the study. They were divided into four groups. Group I was control, group II, III, IV were intoxicated with paracetamol dose 1, 1.5, 2 g/kg body weight respectively. Each group was composed of 8 rabbits. Each paracetamol intoxicated rabbit was treated with triflolim extract for 5 days. Results: Paracetamol overdose causes a significant raise in the liver functions eg alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Asparate aminotransfearse (AST) alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin (T. bilrubin). There is remarkable improvement in the liver functions when the intoxicated rabbits were treated with triflolium extract. Conclusion: Triflolium extracts has better results and can limits the damaging effects of paracetamol overdose on liver functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The study was planned to determine whether serum calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) are predictors of bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal non-osteoporotic, osteopenic, and osteoporotic females. Methods: In this cross sectional study, conducted at Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore in the year 2014-2015, postmenopausal females between 50-70 years of age were taken and divided into three groups nonosteoporotic (n=52), osteopenic (n=69) and osteoporotic (n=47). Serum ALP, phosphate and calcium were used in a stepwise multiple regression analysis to predict T-score in these groups. Results: In normal postmenopausal females, the prediction model was statistically significant, F(2, 41) = 6.041, p < 0.05 and showed a T-score variance of 22%. T-score was primarily predicted by higher levels of phosphate and calcium. In postmenopausal osteopenic females, T-score was only predicted by lower levels of ALP. The model was statistically significant, F(1, 59) = 4.995, p < 0.05, and accounted for approximately 7% of the variance of T-score. In postmenopausal osteoporotic females, the prediction model contained no predictors. Conclusion: Our study suggested that calcium and phosphate are the strongest predictors of T-score in postmenopausal normal females, while in postmenopausal osteopenic females ALP was the strongest predictor of T-score. Elevated serum ALP levels may help in determining loss of BMD in postmenopausal females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to investigate new biochemical indicators to predict the clinical course of patients following the diagnosis of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF). Material and methods: We retrospectively evaluated patients diagnosed with CCHF. They were divided into three groups based on a scoring system known as severity grading score in order to predict severity. Red cell distribution width (RDW), mean platelet volume (MPV), creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutamyl transferase (GGT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were evaluated on the first day of admission. These biochemical parameters may predict the clinical course of our three patient groups. Results: In our study, there were 38 (70.4%) male and 16 (29.6%) female patients, and the mean age was 44.33±16.94 years. Based on our scoring system, 17 (31.4%), 30 (55.5%) and 7 (12.9%) patients were in group 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Statistically significant difference was observed between groups 1–3 and groups 2–3 for ALP values; however, a statistically significant difference was observed among all three groups for GGT values. Significant differences were not observed among the groups for RDW, MPW, CPK and CRP levels (p>0.05). Conclusion: ALP and GGT values can be used as auxiliary indicators to predict the clinical course for patients with CCHF. However, CPK, CRP, MPV and RDW values were not observed to be important for prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research includes the collection of 30 samples of infected individuals were collected to study the relationship of some enzymes to viral hepatitis B and 10 samples of healthy male and female to determine the effect of some enzymes such as Alkaline Phosphatase, Alanine Aminotransferase, Aspartate aminotransferase, Glutamyl Transferase and Bilirubin in serum). Where the value of GOT for Ages (20-29) is 19.4 ± 5.55, GOT for Ages (30-39) is 16.62 ± 6.75 and GOT for ages 40-49 (20.71± 8.16) and for ≤ 50 ages 25.60 ± 5.90, while the value of GPT for Ages (20-29) is 19.00 ± 3.54, GPT for Ages (30-39) is 20.15 ± 7.98 and GPT for ages 40-49 (20.36± 5.74) and for ≤ 50 ages 18.20 ± 5.22, the value of ALP for Ages (20-29) is 249.00 ± 15.81, ALP for Ages (30-39) is 259.54 ± 85.91 and ALP for ages 40-49 (235.57±76.30) and for ≤ 50 ages 217.80 ± 40.12, the value of GGT for Ages (20-29) was 29.04 ± 6.83, GGT for Ages (30-39) is 28.58 ± 15.76 and for ages 40-49 (45.37± 19.00) and for ≤ 50 ages 26.70 ± 7.77 and TSB for Ages (20-29) is 0.54 ± 0.26. TSB for Ages (30-39) is 0.56 ± 0.29 and TSB for ages 40-49 (0.59 ± 0.39) and for ≤ 50 ages 0.80 ± 0.23. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An evidence‐based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and management of Paget's disease of bone (PDB) was developed using GRADE methodology, by a Guideline Development Group (GDG) led by the Paget's Association (UK). A systematic review of diagnostic tests and pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment options was conducted that sought to address several key questions of clinical relevance. Twelve recommendations and five conditional recommendations were made, but there was insufficient evidence to address eight of the questions posed. The following recommendations were identified as the most important: 1) Radionuclide bone scans, in addition to targeted radiographs, are recommended as a means of fully and accurately defining the extent of metabolically active disease in patients with PDB. 2) Serum total alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is recommended as a first‐line biochemical screening test in combination with liver function tests in screening for the presence of metabolically active PDB. 3) Bisphosphonates are recommended for the treatment of bone pain associated with PDB. Zoledronic acid is recommended as the bisphosphonate most likely to give a favorable pain response. 4) Treatment aimed at improving symptoms is recommended over a treat‐to‐target strategy aimed at normalizing total ALP in PDB. 5) Total hip or knee replacements are recommended for patients with PDB who develop osteoarthritis in whom medical treatment is inadequate. There is insufficient information to recommend one type of surgical approach over another. The guideline was endorsed by the European Calcified Tissues Society, the International Osteoporosis Foundation, the American Society of Bone and Mineral Research, the Bone Research Society (UK), and the British Geriatric Society. The GDG noted that there had been a lack of research on patient‐focused clinical outcomes in PDB and identified several areas where further research was needed. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a simple colorimetric method for the sensitive and selective detection of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity based on the turn off/turn on oxidase mimic activity of His@AuNCs. His@AuNCs/graphene oxide hybrids (His@AuNCs/GO) were easily obtained using the self-assembly method with poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA)-coated GO and showed high oxidase-like activity compared with His@AuNCs. We found that the pyrophosphate ion (P2O74−, PPi) could effectively inhibit the oxidase mimic activity of His@AuNCs/GO, and the hydrolysis of PPi by ALP restored the inhibited activity of His@AuNCs/GO, enabling them to efficiently catalyze the oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to generate the blue oxidized product oxTMB. The intensity of the color showed a linear dependency with the ALP activity. ALP was detected in the linear range of 0–40 mU/mL with a low detection limit (LOD) of 0.26 mU/mL (S/N = 3). The proposed method is fast, easy, and can be applied to monitor the ALP activity in serum samples accurately and effectively, which suggests its practicability and reliability in the detection of ALP activity in clinical practice.

[Display omitted] • A simple immunosensing platform was developed for the detection of ALP. • NH 2 -MIL-101(Cr) was used as a carrier for the in situ growth of AuNPs. • Improvement of conductivity and stability of NH 2 -MIL-101(Cr) using rGO. Fractures occur at all ages and are highly prevalent. At the same time, there is a problem of delayed healing after fracture, and drugs are often taken to promote healing. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an important indicator for assessing fracture healing, and achieving its quantification would be helpful in evaluating fracture recovery in patients on medication. Here, we present an ultrasensitive immunosensor based on NH 2 -MIL-101(Cr)@AuNPs/rGO nanocomposites. The poor conductivity of metal–organic frameworks (MOF) limits their electrochemical applications. In this study, NH 2 -MIL-101(Cr) was used as a carrier for the in situ reductive growth of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on its surface. Then NH 2 -MIL-101(Cr)@AuNPs were synergized with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to amplify the electrochemical signals. The obtained NH 2 -MIL-101(Cr)@AuNPs/rGO nanocomposites exhibited electrical conductivity and stability. Mercaptosuccinic acid introduces a sufficiently large number of carboxyl groups by binding to AuNPs, providing abundant binding sites for ALP antibodies. The immunosensor used differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) for electrochemical analysis, and could capture the concentration response in the range of 10-12 −10-5 g mL−1 with a relatively low detection limit of 1.64 pg mL−1. In addition, the sensor has been successfully applied to the detection of ALP in massively diluted serum of fracture patients before and after drug administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Stachys pilifera Benth (Lamiaceae) has long been used to treat infectious diseases, respiratory and rheumatoid disorders in Iranian folk medicine. Antitumor and antioxidant activity of the plant have been reported. Objective: The study was designed to assess the hepatoprotective activity of ethanol extract of Stachys pilifera in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Materials and methods: The rats were randomly divided into six equal groups (n = 7). Group I was treated with normal saline; Group II received CCl4 (1 mL/kg. i.p., twice a week) for 60 consecutive days; Groups III, IV and V were given CCl4 plus Stachys pilifera (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/d,p.o.); Group VI received the extract (400 mg/kg/d, p.o.). Histopathological analysis and measurement of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), malondialdehyde (MDA), total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) were performed. Results: CCl4 caused a significant increase in the serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP and MDA as well as decreased ALB, and TP serum levels (p

Background and Objective: Gentamicin can cause cell destruction by generating active oxygen species leading to hepatotoxicity. This study was done to determine the effect of Dianthus carryophyllu extract on the Gentamicin induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 49 mature wistar rats, were randomly allocated into 7 groups including, control; Sham (saline interaperitonely); experimental group 1 was treated with 100 mg/kg/bw clove essence; experimental group 2 were received 100 mg/kg/bw of Gentamicin; and experimental groups 3, 4 and 5 were received 100 mg/kg/bw of Gentamicin along with 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/bw of hydro alcoholic extract of Dianthus carryophyllu (clove), respectively for 28 days. Blood samples were taken and serum activities of Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and serum concentration of total protein and albumin were measured. Results: The serum level of aspartate transaminase and Alanine transaminase significantly increased in experimental group 2 in compared to the sham and control groups (P

Introduction and Aims Ruta Graveolens (RG) has been used in various medical preparations for its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, anti-androgenic and anti-fertility properties. More than 120 natural compounds mainly including acridone alkaloids, coumarines, essential oils, flavonoids, and furoquinolines have been found in the roots and aerial parts of this plant. The aim of this work is to study the anti-fertility propertiese of RG extract. Histochemical studies have been carried out in mouse ovary. Materials and Methods In this study 36 female mice were used in two groups as control and RG. Control group received the saline normal 0.2 ml and the RG group received 300mg/kg of the aqueous extract of RG per day orally for 14 days. Ovaries were studied after staining ALP, PAS and sudan Black. Results It was found that in RG group of first week most follicle were atretic. Results indicate that the staining intensity in ALP, PAS and Sudan Black were sever in RG group when compared with the control group. There was no significant difference between the control and RG group after 2 and 3 weeks treatment. Conclusion RG extract caused metabolic disorder and reduced fertility. This may be due to the increase in the intensity of reaction due to the accumulation of lidids and carbohydrates and damage of intracytoplasmic organels. * Corresponding Author: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University. Email: G.najafi2006@yahoo.com

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) has been known as traditional medicinal plants. It needed to evaluate the safety of roselle extract on long-term oral administration. The research aimed to determine the savety of ethanolic extract of roselle calyx. Subchronic toxicity study of ethanolic extract of roselle calyx had been carried out on 60 Sprague Dawleys (SD) rats for 28 days. The roselle extract was administered orally every day, with doses of 50,100 and 200 mg/kgBW. There are 2 satellite groups, kept for another 14 days after the treatment in order to detect a delayed occurrence of toxic effect. Satellite group was given extract 200 mg/kgBW for 28 days and followed aquadest treatment for 14 days. At the end of experiment the blood was collected for meansuring SGPT, SGOT and ALP activity. The result showed that treatment of roselle calyx extract had no significant changes in SGPT SGOT, ALP activity. The delayed effect was not also observed. The ethanolic extract of roselle calyx didn’t show toxic effects on the liver on subchronic administration.