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Seeds of B. purpurea L. of red flowers and B. alba ofwhite flowers cultured at fourth planting date, (1/8/2011), (1/10/2011), (1/12/2011), (1/3/2012) and treated with 100 and 200 mg/L KNO3 or 50 and 100 mg/L GA3 in addition to control treatment (socking in distilled water) to find best rate of germination and growth of the seedlings: the results indicated the highest germination percentage was 83.16 % from planting B. alba seeds. Highest germination percentage was 82.33 % obtained from culture seeds at fourth planting date. Highest germination percentage 66.45 % were achieved from control treatment and which was not significantly different with seeds treatment with 200 mg/L KNO3 or 100 mg/L. Also highest germination percentage 100 % were achieved from planting B. alba at fourth date and treated with 200 mg/L KNO3. Culture seeds of B. purpurea at fourth date and treated with 100 mg/L gave 100 % germination percentage. The lowest number of days for germination were obtained from planting seeds B. alba and B. purpurea at first date for different treatments compared with other dates. Highest length of seedlings and leaves number were achieved from planting B. alba and B. purpurea at first date of different treatment compared with other dates.

Bauhinia glauca subsp. hupehana (Craib) T. C. Chen 1988, a member of the Leguminosae family, Cercidoideae subfamily, and Bauhinia genus, has a rich history of traditional usage in Chinese medicine. Renowned for its analgesic properties, it is commonly employed for managing inflammation and pain. This study aimed to sequence the complete chloroplast genome of B. glauca subsp. hupehana using Illumina paired-end sequencing data. The chloroplast genome spans 156,967 bp and consists of four main regions: the large single-copy (LSC) region (89,185 bp), the small single-copy (SSC) region (19,146 bp), and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) (24,318 bp). The overall GC content of the chloroplast genome is 36.19%, with specific values of 33.99%, 29.79%, and 42.76% for the LSC, SSC, and IR regions, respectively. A total of 128 genes were annotated in the chloroplast genome, including 83 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that B. glauca subsp. hupehana is closely related to Bauhinia racemose , indicating a sister taxon relationship between the two species. This study significantly contributes to the chloroplast genomic resource for Bauhinia , laying the groundwork for future phylogenetic investigations within the genus., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s)., (© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

The main purpose of this research is to characterize the wettability and microstructure of Bauhinia variegata L. flowers and leaves, aiming to provide a biological template for the preparation of hydrophobic surfaces. The contact angle test results show that the surfaces of flowers and leaves are hydrophobic, and the contact angle of the adaxial side and abaxial side of the leaves is highly significant difference, which is mainly affected by the topological morphology of the surface microstructure. The topological structure of flower and leaf surface morphology was revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and super-depth of field three-dimensional microscope. The results showed that the cell structure of flower surface array was the main factor leading to the hydrophobicity of flowers. The snowflake-like structure on the leaf surface is the main factor leading to hydrophobicity of leaves, and the burr structure of the micro-nano dual-level structure unique to the abaxial side of the leaf further enhances the hydrophobicity of the abaxial side, and the contact angle increases, resulting in a highly significant difference in wettability between the adaxial side and abaxial side. This provides an important biological template and reference value for the preparation of biomimetic materials., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Bauhinia ungulata is an antioxidant medicinal plant that has been manipuled in Brazil to lower glycemic index as well is for alternative treatment for diabetes. Therefore, the present hearch has aimed to investigates the antioxidant effects of the essential oil of Bauhinia ungulata L. (EOBU) collected in Amazon region better specified in Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil, located in the Amazon region. Gas chromatography had been used to characterize the components, and antioxidant assays such as DPPH, TAC, reducing power, Fe 2+ chelation, and total phenols had also been performed. The major constituents had molecularly anchored with the human catalase (CAT) enzyme, and maltol has showed as a positive control. Among the 25 revealed components, the main ones have been α-bisabolol (27.2 %), β-Caryophyllene (12.5 %) and Epi-γ-eudesmol (13.6 %). The EOBU has comproved a TAC value of 618.79 mg of ascorbic acid equivalent, free radical scavenging capacity (DPPH) around 53.7 % and 65.27 %, Fe 2+ chelation capacity of 161±6 and 126.7±39.6, for 0.1 mg.mL -1 and 0.5 mg.mL -1 , respectively. The power around the EOBU has appeared percentages equals to 28.66 %, 44.6 %, and 77.03 % in the concentrations tested. As well as, 96.5 % of total phenols. The compounds α-bisabolol (-5.7±0.4 Kcal.mol -1 ) and β-caryophyllene (-6.1±0.5 Kcal.mol -1 ) have showed good interaction with CAT compared to Maltol (-4.4±0.4 Kcal.mol -1 ). The present work has demonstrated that EOBU functions as a potent antioxidant, capable of scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress damage., (© 2023 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

The mitogenome of Bauhinia variegate was assembled and characterized in this study. The mitogenome size was 437,271 bp, and its GC content was 45.5%. 36 protein-coding genes, 17 tRNAs and 3 rRNAs were annotated in the mitogenome. A total of 12 MTPTs, ranging from 71 bp to 3562 bp, were identified in the mitogenome and covered 1.46% (6373 bp) of the mitogenome. Phylogenetic analysis of 15 species of Leguminosae based on 23 core protein-coding genes showed that B. variegata was sister to Tylosema esculentum , another member from the subfamily Cercidoideae. The mitogenome of B. variegata provides a valuable genetic resource for further phylogenetic studies of this family., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s)., (© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

Introduction: Trypsin inhibitors (TIs) have the ability to competitively or non-competitively bind to trypsin and inhibit its action. These inhibitors are commonly found in plants and are used in protease inhibition studies involved in biochemical pathways of pharmacological interest., Objectives: This work aimed to purify a trypsin inhibitor from Bauhinia pulchella seeds ( Bpu TI), describing its kinetic mechanism and anticoagulant effect., Methods: Affinity chromatography, protein assay, and SDS-PAGE were used to purify the inhibitor. Mass spectrometry, inhibition assays, and enzyme kinetics were used to characterize the inhibitor. In vitro assays were performed to verify its ability to prolong blood clotting time., Results: Affinity chromatography on a Trypsin-Sepharose 4B column gave a yield of 43.1. Bpu TI has an apparent molecular mass of 20 kDa with glycosylation (1.15%). Protein identification was determined by MS/MS, and Bpu TI showed similarity to several Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitors. Bpu TI inhibited bovine trypsin as an uncompetitive inhibitor with IC50 (3 x 10 -6 M) and Ki (1.05 x 10 -6 M). Additionally, Bpu TI showed high stability to temperature and pH variations, maintaining its activity up to 100ºC and in extreme pH ranges. However, the inhibitor was susceptible to reducing agents, such as DTT, which completely abolished its activity. Bpu TI showed an anticoagulant effect in vitro at a concentration of 33 μM, prolonging clotting time by 2.6 times., Conclusion: Our results suggest that Bpu TI can be a biological tool to be used in blood clotting studies., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Context:Bauhinia L. species, including Bauhinia holophylla (Bong.) Steud. (Fabaceae), have traditionally been used to treat diabetes. Bauhinia is a complex botanical genus, and the indiscriminate use of the diverse Bauhinia species is reflected in the experimental divergence of their medicinal potential. Objective: The hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects, molecular mechanism of action and phytochemical properties of an authentic extract of B. holophylla leaves were evaluated. Materials and methods: A phytochemical study of a 70% EtOH extract was performed using FIA-ESI-IT-MS/MSn and HPLC-PAD-ESI-IT-MS. The extract (200 or 400 mg/kg b.w.) was administered for 14 days to streptozotocin-induced diabetic Swiss mice. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, blood parameters, gene and protein expression, and the in vivo and in vitro inhibition of intestinal glucosidases were assessed. Results: HPLC-PAD-ESI-IT-MS analysis identified flavonoid derivatives of quercetin, myricetin, luteolin and kaempferol. Treatment with 400 mg/kg of the extract reduced blood glucose (269.0 ± 32.4 mg/dL vs. 468.0 ± 32.2 mg/dL for diabetic animals), improved glucose tolerance, decreased cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and increased the mRNA expression of proteins involved in glucogenesis in the liver and muscle, such as PI3-K/Akt, GS, GSK3-β (ser-9), AMPK and Glut4. The activity of intestinal maltase was inhibited in vitro (IC50: 43.0 µg/mL for the extract compared to 516.4 µg/mL for acarbose) and in vivo. Discussion and conclusions: Treatment with B. holophylla was associated with a marked hypoglycaemic effect through the stimulation of glycogenesis and inhibition of gluconeogenesis and intestinal glucose absorption, without increasing basal insulinaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inhibitory activity of a Bauhinia forficata tincture (TBF) was investigated against oral microorganism's strains and against a mature oral biofilm. The viability of planktonic cells was analyzed by Minimal Inhibitory and Microbicidal concentrations of TBF. Salivary samples from health volunteers were collected and mixed to form a saliva pool. An aliquot from this pool were seeded on membranes, which were incubated to form biofilm (48 h). The biofilm was treated according to the groups: G1-Chlorhexidine 0.12%; G2-TBF at the highest MMC; G3-Ethanol at the TBF highest MMC. G4 was the growth control. Streptococcus spp. (S) and total microorganisms (TM) from biofilm were counted. TBF was microbicidal against all oral pathogens. G2 was able to reduce the counts of S and TM from biofilm compared to G3 and G4, but less than G1 (p < 0.05). TBF is able to reduce the microbial levels from a mature oral biofilm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bauhinia galpinii N. E. Br is a shrub or small tree that grows 3–9 m tall throughout South Africa in nature and as ornamental plant. Various parts of the plant are used to cure gastrointestinal tract (GIT) disorders, epilepsy, convulsion, infertility, and amenorrhoea. Despite popular use, the phytochemicals responsible for the medicinal efficacy of the plant has not been exhaustively investigated. Bioautography-guided fractionation was used to isolate the antimicrobial phytochemicals of the acidified 70% acetone leaf extract. A combination of open column chromatography using silica gel 60, Sephadex LH-20, normal phase thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on precoated Kieselgel 60F 254 plates and the spots visualized under UV 366 and UV 254 light, and spray reagents (vanillin/sulphuric acid) were used to isolate compounds. The compounds were identified by UV spectra, extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and comparison of the data with those reported in the literature. The antimicrobial activity of isolated compounds was determined against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans , Aspergillus fumigatus , C. albicans (M0824), C. albicans (M0825), C. albicans (1051604),and C. albicans (1051608) using a serial dilution microplate method. Result : Six compounds including two novel (24-Isopropylcholest-5-en-3,8-diol(1) and 5, 7, 4′ 5′ tetrahydroxy-2′-methoxyflavone (isoetin 2′ methyl ether) (4)) and four known (3, 5, 7, 3′, 4′-pentahydroxyflavone (quercetin) (2); 3, 5, 7, 3′, 4′, 5′-hexahydroxyflavone (myricetin) (3); quercetin-3-O-β-galactopyranoside (5) and myricetin-3-O-β-galactopyranoside (6)) were isolated and characterised. The isolated compounds inhibited antimicrobial growth with MICs ranging between 3.9 and 125 μg/. The results may provide a rational support for the traditional use of Bauhinia galpinii leaf in the treatment of infectious gastrointestinal disorders, since antimicrobial compounds especially the flavonoids isolated from the 70% acetone extract may also present in the traditional water extract. They could be responsible for the broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity of B. galpinii extract. • Extracts of Bauhinia galpinii used traditionally for gastrointestinal indications. • Extracts have reasonable antimicrobial activity. • There has been limited phytochemical work on species. • Six compounds including two novel compounds bio-assay guided isolation. • Activity against fungi and bacteria varied from 3.9 to 125 μg/ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The study was conceived to formulate an herbal gel from the ethanolic extract of the stem bark of B. variegata Linn. and to evaluate its physicochemical parameters and microbiological assay. Materials and Methods: Formulation of 1% and 2% Gel for Antimicrobial Assay. The microbial evaluation was carried out using cup and plate method for all the formulations of gels. The Antibacterial Assay was carried with the Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis compared with the standard ciprofloxacin. Antifungal Assay was performed against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Candida albicans compared with the standard Clotrimazole. Results: The studies had revealed that the developed herbal formulations of 1% and 2% exhibited good minimum inhibitory concentration. In the antibacterial studies, a comparison made with the standard ciprofloxacin (24.5 mm), 2% ethanolic extract of the herbal gel formulation had shown the maximum effect for Bacillus subtilis (22.7 mm). In the antifungal studies, a comparison made with the standard clotrimazole (28.9 mm), 2% ethanolic extract of the herbal gel formulation had shown the maximum effect for Candida albicans (23.1 mm). Conclusion: Herbal formulations have growing demand in the world market. A very good attempt was made to establish the herbal gel containing B. variegata ethanolic extract. The studies had revealed that the developed herbal formulations of 1% and 2% exhibited good minimum inhibitory concentration. The phytoconstituents present in the bark might be responsible for the antimicrobial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Triterpenoids are widely distributed among plants of the legume family. However, most studies have focused on triterpenoids and their biosynthetic enzymes in model legumes.We evaluated the triterpenoid aglycones profile of the medicinal legume tree Bauhinia forficata by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Through transcriptome analyses, homology‐based cloning, and heterologous expression, we discovered four oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) which are responsible for the diversity of triterpenols in B. forficata. We also investigated the effects of the unique motif TLCYCR on α‐amyrin synthase activity.B. forficata highly accumulated α‐amyrin. We discovered an OSC with a preponderant α‐amyrin‐producing activity, which accounted for at least 95% of the total triterpenols. We also discovered three other functional OSCs (BfOSC1, BfOSC2, and BfOSC4) that produce β‐amyrin, germanicol, and cycloartenol. Furthermore, by replacing the unique motif TLCYCR from BfOSC3 with the MWCYCR motif, we altered the function of BfOSC3 such that it no longer produced α‐amyrin. Our results provide new insights into OSC cyclization, which is responsible for the diversity of triterpenoid metabolites in B. forficata, a non‐model legume plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new species of the tribe Colomerini from China are described and illustrated. These species are Isoannulus baishaensissp. nov. collected from Combretum indicum (L.) DeFilipps (Combretaceae), and Gammaphytoptus diaoluoshanensissp. nov. found on Bauhinia sp. (Leguminosae). All are vagrants causing no damage to the host plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is, so far, unclear whether lianas and trees differ in photosynthetic thermotolerance and response to high temperature and high light. Here, photosynthetic thermotolerance was compared in the leaves of Bauhinia brachycarpa (tree) and Bauhinia comosa (liana). Moreover, the combined treatments of four temperatures (25, 35, 40, and 45°C) and two light intensities [500 and 2,000 µmol(photon) m-2 s-1] were used to investigate the effects of high temperature and high light on PSII activity. The results showed that B. brachycarpa leaves exhibited higher photosynthetic thermotolerance, leaf mass per area, and Ca2+ concentration than those of B. comosa. As the temperature and light intensity increased, maximum quantum yield of PSII decreased significantly, particularly with greater declines in B. comosa than that in B. brachycarpa. Our results suggested that PSII was more sensitive to high temperature and high light in liana species B. comosa than in the congener tree species B. brachycarpa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bauhinia variegata (Fabaceae), an exotic tree used in urban forestry and landscaping in Brazil, is predisposed to damage by phytophagous insects, especially under stress conditions. The mealybug Praelongorthezia praelonga (Douglas 1981) (Hemiptera: Ortheziidae) is a generalist pest. Here we report damage and potential mortality of B. variegata trees by P. praelonga in the urban environment at Montes Claros municipality, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. This insect damages the host directly through feeding, and indirectly by supporting growth of sooty mold over the leaves. A total of 17 B. variegata trees were surveyed in a main street of Montes Claros during 2016 and 2017. Praelongorthezia praelonga was observed in 41.2% of the trees in 2016, including 23.5% of them with the crown completely attacked, 11.8% with two-thirds of the crown attacked, 5.9% of them with onethird of the crown attacked, and the remaining without injuries. Apis mellifera L. and Trigona spinipes (F.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) were associated with this pest outbreak, feeding on the honeydew secreted by the mealybugs. The presence, damage severity, and mortality of B. variegata trees by P. praelonga suggest a possible phytosanitary threat by this mealybug in urban forestry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several Bauhinia species are widely used in Southern South America in the treatment of infections, pain and several diseases including diabetes. Flavonoid compounds based on quercetin and kaempferol glycoside derivatives are believed to be responsible for their therapeutic properties. To investigate this, we have studied two native species from Argentina: B. uruguayensis (BU) and B. forficata subsp. pruinosa (BF). We have analyzed the major polyphenol components in hydro-methanolic extracts of leaves, by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Chromatographic analysis yielded five main compounds in BF, corresponding to rutinosides and rhamnosides derivatives of kaempferol and quercetin, which are considered chemotaxonomic markers and responsible for antioxidant activity. The presence of kaempferitrin, an antidiabetic agent, has been confirmed. In extracts of BU, four major compounds were identified as rhamnosides and galloyl derivates from quercetin and kaempferol. One of these compounds, quercitrin-3-rhamnoside may confer anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties to BU extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation determines the extraction and characterization of seed galactomannans from the Leguminosae taxa of Bauhinia vahlii , Delonix elata , and Peltophorum pterocarpum. The seed galactomannans presented a total yield of 30.82, 24.01 and 25.25% with a Man/Gal ratios of 4.21:1, 2.55:1 and 3.03:1 for B. vahlii , D. elata , and P. pterocarpum , respectively exhibiting 1–4 mannose linkages with galactose side chains at C6 position. The galactomannans presented an efficient water holding capacity, solubility and emulsion properties. Intrinsic viscosity from combined Huggins and Kraemer extrapolations are 3.807, 3.424 and 3.331 dl g−1 and the viscosity average molecular weight by Mark-Houwink relationship are 5.29 × 105, 5.29 × 105 and 4.95 × 105 for B. vahlii , D. elata , and P. pterocarpum , respectively. TEM analysis of the polysaccharide showed an aggregated amorphous smooth particles, oval or tubular in shape, branched with compact surfaces. SEM micrographs of the powdered galactomannan indicate well defined amorphous material with pores and cervices on the rough surface. The thermal property studied by DSC and TG-DTA suggests good thermal stability. These findings demonstrate that the seed galactomannan of B. vahlii , D. elata , and P. pterocarpum could be explored as an effective alternative to commercial galactomannans for industrial applications. • Seed galactomannans from three Leguminosae taxa were purified. • The galactomannans were characterized by ATR-IR, GC–MS/MS, SEM, TEM and XRD. • Exhibited an efficient water holding capacity, solubility and emulsion properties • Thermal patterns demonstrated good thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemicals isolated from medicinal plants are known to be effective in treating bacterial infections. The antibacterial activities of the ethanol and water leaf extracts of Bauhinia variegata were tested. Antibacterial effects of crude extracts were performed using modified Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion technique to determine the zone of inhibition. The extracts were tested for the antibacterial activities against Gram-positive bacteria (Sarcina ventriculi) and Gram-negative bacteria (Serratia marcescens). The results demonstrated that both ethanol and water leaf extracts of Bauhinia variegata have shown strong inhibition zone against Serratia marcescens and Sarcina ventriculi compared to control). This medicinal plant could be developed into affordable and safe standardized herbal products and may serve as a source of new molecules for broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents. Our results revealed that Bauhinia variegata leaves contains total phenolic contents (453 mgGAE/ g), flavonoid 166 mg QE/g and total alkaloid 1.674 g/100g. Also Bauhinia variegata leaf extracts showed highly antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prostate cancer is the second foremost cause of cancer death in Western males, the progression of which may be a consequence of defect in apoptotic machinery. Objective: Thus, aim of the study was designed to investigate inhibition of proliferation of human prostate carcinoma cell line, PC3 by Methanolic extract of Bauhinia racemosa Lam (MEBR). Methods: MTT assay was performed to evaluate antiproliferative effect of MEBR on prostate carcinoma cell line while DAPI and DCFH-DA staining studies were performed to investigate the underlying mechanism in antiproliferative effect of MEBR. Results: Total flavonoid content in MEBR was found to be 868 mg QE/g dried extract. MEBR exposure to PC3 cells significantly (p<0.001) increased the cytotoxicity in a concentration dependent manner. The percent cytotoxicity data indicates that exposure of PC3 cells to 25 and 50 µg/ml of MEBR, cytotoxicity was 15.42% and 36.67% respectively as compared to control, which further increased to 56.82% and 78.04% (p<0.001) at 75 µg/ml and 100 µg/ml respectively. IC50 value was found to be 66.85 µg/ml of the extract MEBR. MEBR induced significant (p<0.001) nuclear condensation in a concentration dependent manner depicting the induction of apoptosis in PC3 cells. MEBR elevated the significant ROS activity level and fluorescence intensity in a concentration dependent manner as compared to control in PC3 cells exposed to MEBR. Conclusion: MEBR possesses antiproliferative activity and leads to PC3 cell death via induction of apoptosis mediated through excessive ROS generation. Hence, the extract MEBR may be potentially precious for application in chemotherapeutic drug developments for prostate cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The genus Bauhinia belongs to the family Fabaceae and comprises about 18,000 known species in the world. In Brazil, approximately more than 60 native species of Bauhinia are found. Bauhinia leaves tea infusion or other preparations have been widely used in the Brazilian popular medicine for treatment of several illnesses. Therefore, this work aims to a better understanding of Bauhinia longifolia to provide a valuable database for its quality control, pharmacological and toxicological studies. For the chemical analysis, a liquid chromatography-high resolution quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometer method was applied to evaluate the chemical profile of Bauhinia longifolia ethanolic leaves extracts, allowing for the identification of 75 compounds comprising chemical classes of phenolic acids, proanthocyanidins, and O -glycosides flavonoids. Most polyphenols were identified for the first time in this specie. In addition, six compounds were isolated and fully identified by liquid chromatography hyphenate to solid phase extraction and nuclear magnetic resonance. Herein, myricitrin, juglanin, afzelin, and bauhiniastatin 2 are reported for the first time for Bauhinia longifolia. Bauhiniastatin 2 has been reported to display anticancer properties towards several cancer cell lines. The chemical profile herein described for the ethanolic leaves extract of Bauhinia longifolia provided essential information of this Brazilian native species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this study, we describe the characterization of a new lectin, BfL-II, purified from the seeds of Bauhinia forficata , which is distinct, at sequence-level, from the previously reported lectin from the same specie (BfL). In addition, the gene for this lectin was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and its antiproliferative activity was evaluated against human breast and colorectal cancer cells (MCF-7 and HT-29, respectively). The treatment with 100 μg/μL of either native or recombinant BfL (nBfL or rBfL) significantly reduced the proliferation of both cancer cell lines (p < 0.01). The inhibition of HT-29 cell proliferation was as high as 82.5% and 93.6% with 100 μg/μL of rBfL-I and nBfL after 24 h, respectively. Therefore, BfL-II presents a promising antiproliferative activity, which may be applied in the development of new anticancer treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Two recombinant protease inhibitors from Bauhinia bauhinioides , rBbKI (kallikrein inhibitor) and rBbCI (cruzipain inhibitor) were evaluated for insecticidal activity against workers and soldiers of Nasutitermes corniger (order: Isoptera; family: Termitidae) through the inhibitors' effect on the insect's gut enzymes. The inhibitor rBbKI was more effective than rBbCI in inhibiting the termite's gut enzymes. The kallikrein inhibitor showed termiticidal activity in workers with an LC 50 of 0.9 mg mL−1 after 4 days. Conversely, rBbKI did not affect the survival of soldiers and rBbCI did not show termiticidal activity against N. corniger. The two inhibitors showed different specificity towards the termite's gut enzymes, representing interesting tools to characterize N. corniger enzymes. The different effects of rBbKI and rBbCI on the termite's enzymes and survival may be linked to slight structural differences between these inhibitors. Highlights • Inhibitors of B. bauhinioides with high structural similarity but different deleterious activity. • rBbKI is a potent inhibitor of the digestive tract enzymes of Nasutitermes corniger. • rBbCI can be used in conjunction with rBbKI when the insect overcomes the action of the enzymes inhibited by rBbKI. • rBbKI can be genetically incorporated into the genome of trees of commercial value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leguminosae is an economically important family that contains a large number of medicinal plants, many of which are widely used in African traditional medicine. Angola holds a great socio-cultural diversity and is one of the richest floristic regions of the world, with over 900 native Leguminosae species. This study is the first to assess the medicinal uses of the legumes in Angola and provides new data to promote the conservation and the sustainable use of these unique resources. We document the ethnobotanical knowledge on Angola by reviewing the most important herbarium collections and literature, complemented by recent field surveys. Our results revealed that 127 native legume species have medicinal uses and 65% of them have other important uses by local populations. The species with most medicinal applications are Erythrina abyssinica, Bauhinia thonningii and Pterocarpus angolensis. The rich flora found in Angola suggests an enormous potential for discovery of new drugs with therapeutic value. However, the overexploitation and the indiscriminate collection of legumes for multiple uses such as forage, food, timber and medical uses, increases the threats upon the native vegetation. Efforts to assess the conservation status of these species are urgently needed, and future actions should promote the sustainable use of medicinal plants in Angola together with the implementation of conservation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present clinical interventions used for the management of the hypothyroidism are still associated with various side effects. In order to avoid this, the aim of the present investigation is to evaluate the effect of Bauhinia variegata and Commiphora mukul in regulating serum thyroid stimulating hormone levels in rats. Ethanolic extract of Bauhinia variegata (non-woody aerial parts) and Commiphora mukul(gum resin) was prepared via hot solvent extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that the ethanolic extract of Bauhinia variegate linn has all the phytoconstituents except phytosterol, fixed oil and fats. The Commiphora mukul gum resin extract showed the presence of all phytoconstituents except alkaloids, fixed oil and mucilage. The oral toxicity studies showed no abnormalities at the maximum tolerated dose level of 2000 mg/kg body weight. Methimazole was used to induce hypothyroidism in the rats. The animals were treated with different individual and combined dosages (100, 200 and 400 of two plant extracts. Serum TSH level analysis showed that a combination of high dose (400mg /kg body weight) of Bauhinia variegate and Commiphora mukul extract has a significant effect in lowering serum TSH levels raised due to hypothyroidism. To conclude, a combined extract of plants could be a potential therapeutic alternative for the management of hypothyroidism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out for the evaluation of in-vitro antioxidant potential of alcoholic stem bark (ALSB) extract of Bauhinia variegata Linn. Dried stem bark extract of B. variegata Linn. was screened to evaluate its free radical scavenging effect. Various methods like DPPH assay, reducing power assay, percentage scavenging activity of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical scavenging activity were used for screening invitro antioxidant potential. Antioxidant potentials were concentration dependent which were compared with standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and ascorbic acid. The maximum scavenging effect of B. variegata Linn. alcoholic stem bark extract on DPPH free radical, superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide was 72.19 + 0.20, 81.60 + 0.22 and 76.06 + 0.16 respectively at a concentration of 2500 μg/mL. It was clearly indicated that the alcoholic extract of the stem bark has significant in vitro antioxidant activity. Currently available synthetic antioxidants like butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), Ascorbic acid and gallic acid appear to be associated with hepatotoxicity and many others negative health effects. Therefore, natural antioxidants may be preferred over the synthetic antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adsorption is one of the most versatile and widely used techniques for the removal of toxic metals from the aqueous solutions. Cadmium is the toxic metal selected for adsorption in this study and adsorbent of interest was activated carbon prepared from Bauhinia purpurea leaves as a plant biomass. The following process parameters were investigated during the batch adsorption process: The adsorption efficiency and cadmium deposition on the adsorbent surface were increased from 15.95 to 89.98%, 0.074 to 0.418 mg/g, and 7.27 to 89.97%, 0.034 to 0.418 mg/g with increasing contact time from 2 to 50 min and pH from 2 to 6.5, respectively. The adsorption efficiency was decreased from 89.98 to 45.96% and the amount of cadmium deposited on the surface of the ACBPL adsorbent was increased from 0.418 to 1.032 mg/g with an increase in solute concentration. The adsorption efficiency of cadmium decreased from 98.41 to 84.51% and 0.457 to 0.392 mg/L with an increase in particle size from 74 to 177 μm. The rate of adsorption of cadmium was increased from 61.31 to 96.34% with an increase in dosage of the ACBPL adsorbent from 0.05 to 0.15 g. The adsorption efficiency and cadmium deposition was decreased from 89.98 to 97.90%, 0.418 to 0.454 mg/g as the temperature increased from 303K to 323K. The variation of thermodynamic energy parameters (ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS°) with the solution temperature described that the adsorption process is endothermic, spontaneous at high temperatures and non-spontaneous at low temperatures. The positive value of ΔS, reflecting the high degree of disorder in the adsorbent/adsorbate interface that is formed during the transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Two novel medicinally important legume lectins from Bauhinia purpurea (BPL) and Wisteria floribunda (WFL) possessing extended sugar binding site were investigated for functional and conformational transitions using biochemical and biophysical techniques as well as bioinformatical tools. Homology model of BPL was constructed using the Schrodinger suite and docked with N-acetyl galactosamine and T-antigen disaccharide (Galβ1-3GalNAcαO-Me). The longer loop D in the structure of WFL compared to that in BPL was found to be responsible for its specificity to LacdiNac (β-D-GalNAc-[1 → 4]-DGlcNAc) over Galβ1-3GalNAc. BPL remained functionally stable up to 40 °C whereas WFL remained stable upto 70 °C indicating the strength of the sugar binding site geometry. Both the lectins showed intense but non-specific secondary structure in the range of 65–90 °C. WFL showed rapid aggregation above 80 °C as indicated by light scattering intensity. The lectins showed simultaneous dissociation and multistate unfolding in the vicinity of GdnHCl. At pH 1.0, both the lectins exhibited molten globule like structures, which were characterized further and were found to respond in a different way towards denaturants. The results have provided valuable insights into the molecular basis of the activity and stability of the two lectins. Highlights • Saccharide binding and structural transitions of Bauhinia and Wisteria lectins. • Homology model and docking of Bauhinia lectin. • Structural elements responsible for different disaccharide specificity. • Unique thermal transitions of the lectins. • Characterization of acid induced molten globule like species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antimicrobial activities of Bauhinia ungulata L. Method: A flavonoid-rich fraction was obtained from the Bauhinia ungulata L stem, called the ethyl acetate fraction of Bauhinia ungulata (FABU). The total antioxidant capacity of the FABU was determined through the phosphomolibdenium reduction method. For the evaluation of its antioxidant activity on a cell culture model, LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were treated with different concentrations of FABU and the reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) production levels were measured. For the analysis of its immunomodulatory capacity, TNF-α, TGF-β and IL-10 levels were determined in the culture supernatant. In order to determinate the antimicrobial activity of FABU, antifungal and antibacterial susceptibility testing was performed against Candida albicans, methicillinsensitive Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Result: The FABU demonstrated neither significant antimicrobial activity nor immunodulatory capacity; on the other hand, its potential antioxidant activity was demonstrated by the phosphomolibdenium reduction assay. Also, FABU treatment inhibited the ROS, NO, H2O2 and TBARS levels in the supernatant of LPS-stimulated cells. Conclusion: A significant reduction in the amount of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) was observed, in addition to lipid peroxidation inhibition. Our data suggest that the FABU is a natural antioxidant complex that may interfere in the cascade of cell damage caused by free radicals and a promising potential drug in chronic disease models in which immunopathogenicity involves high levels of RONS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. is a tropical tree that found throughout Thailand. Leaves have a sour taste and have been used in Thai remedies for wound healing, diuretic, dysentery and emmenagogue. Objective: This study aimed to focus on pharmacognostic specification and quantitative analysis of quercetin and quercitrin in B. malabarica leaves. Methods: Various methods such as macroscopic and microscopic evaluations of B. malabarica leaf were studied along with physico-chemical parameters and quantitated quercetin and quercitrin using RP-HPLC. Results and Conclusion: Whole plant, structures of dried powder crude drug, cross section of midrib and leaf measurement were established. Paracytic stomata and multicellular trichome were found on lower epidermis. B. malabarica leaves from 15 sources throughout Thailand were examined the pharmacognostic specification according to WHO guideline. Physico-chemical parameters showed that loss on drying, total ash, acid insoluble ash and water content should not be more than 8.00, 7.08, 1.79 and 8.28 % of dry weight while ethanol and water soluble extractive values should not be less than 13.78 and 16.47 % of dry weight respectively. Quercetin and quercitrin were the markers for quantitative analysis using RP-HPLC with diode array detector in B. malabarica ethanolic extract. Quercetin and quercitrin contents were found to be 0.18 g and 0.38 g in 100 g of dried crude drug. Method validation was determined according to ICH guideline. All results were in the acceptable range and could be used for identity, safety, efficacy and quality of B. malabarica leaves in Thailand [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to test the effect of essential oils in pathogens control and physiology quality of Bauhinia variegata seeds. We used essential oils from Carapa guianensis Aubl., Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn. and Ocimum basilicum L. in the concentrations 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 µL and fungicide Captan (240 g 100-1 kg-1 seeds). We used sterile distilled water as control. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications of 50 seeds. Satisfactory effect was observed in physiological quality and health of B. variegate seeds treated with C. zealanicum and O. basilicum essential oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structures of a recombinant Kunitz‐type serine protease inhibitor from Bauhinia bauhinioides (BbKI) complexed with bovine trypsin were determined in two crystal forms. The crystal structure with the L55R mutant of BbKI was determined in space group P64 at 1.94 Å resolution and that with native BbKI in the monoclinic space group P21 at 3.95 Å resolution. The asymmetric unit of the latter crystals contained 44 independent complexes, thus representing one of the largest numbers of independent objects deposited in the Protein Data Bank. Additionally, the structure of the complex with native BbKI was determined at 2.0 Å resolution from P64 crystals isomorphous to those of the mutant. Since BbKI has previously been found to be a potent inhibitor of the trypsin‐like plasma kallikrein, it was also tested against several tissue kallikreins. It was found that BbKI is a potent inhibitor of human tissue kallikrein 4 (KLK4) and the chymotrypsin‐like human tissue kallikrein 7 (KLK7). Structures of BbKI complexed with the catalytic domain of human plasma kallikrein were modeled, as well as those with KLK4 and KLK7, and the structures were analyzed in order to identify the interactions that are responsible for inhibitory potency. Crystal structures of the complex of a serine protease inhibitor from Bauhinia bauhinioides with bovine trypsin were determined in two crystal forms, which served as templates for modeling the structures of its complexes with plasma and tissue kallikreins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thrombocytopenia is closely associated with heparin therapy and hematological disorders and other common diseases in patients admitted in the hospital. Globally, thrombocytopenic cases in hospitals leading to 80% of deaths are mainly due to refractory bleeding and lack of availability of platelet concentrates. Currently, chemical compounds for managing thrombocytopenia are needed. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of methanolic leaf extract of Bauhinia monandra as a potential antidote for treating heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). A total of 30 mice were used for the experimental study. The mice were divided into five Groups (I-V) of six mice each. Group I (normal control) was given distilled water only, and Group II (positive control) was given heparin only. Groups III, IV, and V (treatment groups) were given heparin and methanolic leaf extract of B. monandra at a dose of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight (b. wt), respectively. Furthermore, blood samples were collected to determine the blood platelet count. Bleeding time and clotting time were also determined. This study showed that the mice in the group treated with methanolic leaf extract of B. monandra at a dose of 400 mg/kg b. wt had significantly (P < 0.05) higher platelet counts (225.10 ± 6.41) than the control groups: normal control (181.90 ± 11.38) and positive control (127.65 ± 5.79). It also significantly decreased the bleeding and clotting time. Acute toxicity test showed no significant physical and behavioral changes. The results from this study show that leaf methanolic extract of B. monandra is effective as an antidote for treating HIT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we record for the first time the genus Notocyrtus (Heteroptera, Reduviidae) from Argentina based on three species: Notocyrtus dorsalis (Gray), Notocyrtus dispersus Carvalho & Costa, and Notocyrtus foveatus Stål. We also describe and illustrate a mimetic complex comprising the three Notocyrtus species and Tetragona clavipes (Fabricius) (Apidae, Meliponini), that were collected on Bahuinia forficata Link (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae). We include biological comments on the plant-reduvid-bee interaction and hypothesize about the functionality of the mimetic complex described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversifying feed with non-traditional options could minimize the dependency on traditional sources, maintain the feed supply throughout the year, and potentially reduce the cost of raising animals. A total of eight forage legumes including Peltophorum pterocarpum, Neptunia monosperma, Vachellia sutherlandii (Corkwood) , Gliricidia sepium, Bauhinia hookeri and three Desmanthus species (JCU4, JCU5 and JCU9) were collected to assess their in vitro fermentability, degradable and undegradable protein fractions using in vitro gas production method. Soybean meal and lucerne hay were used as control. The total gas production ranged from 12.8 mL/g in P. pterocarpum to 127.3 mL/g in soybean meal. The total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration from G. sepium (117.7 mM/L) and V. sutherlandii (111.3 mM/L) were larger than other legumes except for soybean meal (157.1 mM/L) and lucerne hay (130.4 mM/L), P < 0.001. The methane gas produced from B. hookeri and P. pterocarpum (0.39 and 0.32 mL/g) was lower than other feeds, P < 0.001. The V. sutherlandii (720 g/kg crude protein (CP)) and G. sepium (745 g/kg CP) had the greatest effective CP degradation (EPD) than other legume species examined, P < 0.001, which was approaching that measured in the control samples. The amount of protein fraction 'a' (rapidly degradable) was larger in JCU9 (551 g/kg CP), and G. sepium (472 g/kg CP), and lower in B. hookeri (10.9 g/kg CP) and P. pterocarpum (14.8 g/kg CP), P < 0.001. The V. sutherlandii (386 g/kg CP) and G. sepium (272 g/kg CP) exceeded other legumes in the proportion of fraction 'b' (slowly degradable), P < 0.001, but not the controls. The undegradable fraction increased with increasing phenolic content and reached more than 940 g/kg CP for both B. hookeri and P. pterocarpum. The Desmanthus cultivars showed intermediate values among the tested legumes in fermentation characteristics and shows potential to provide slowly degradable protein while reducing methane. The findings indicate the possibility of using V. sutherlandii and G. sepium to substitute other forages for their greater slowly degradable protein content. Moreover, B. hookeri and P. pterocarpum plants emerged as candidates to assist protein protection in the rumen and reduce methane emissions. However, these legumes need to be evaluated in vivo before promoting for further use to confirm the variability reported here. • V. sutherlandii and G. sepium had the greatest degradable protein fraction and gas production. • Methane production and protein fraction 'a' of B. hookeri and P. pterocarpum were lower. • Desmanthus cultivars showed intermediate values in fermentation characteristics. • V. sutherlandii and G. sepium have potential to substitute other protein-rich forages. • B. hookeri and P. pterocarpum could assist protein protection in the rumen and methane reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extensive literature search was performed to review current knowledge about endophytic fungi isolated from plants included in the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) dossier. The selected genera of plants were Acacia, Albizia, Bauhinia, Berberis, Caesalpinia, Cassia, Cornus, Hamamelis, Jasminus, Ligustrum, Lonicera, Nerium, and Robinia. A total of 120 fungal genera have been found in plant tissues originating from several countries. Bauhinia and Cornus showed the highest diversity of endophytes, whereas Hamamelis, Jasminus, Lonicera, and Robinia exhibited the lowest. The most frequently detected fungi were Aspergillus, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Penicillium, Phyllosticta, and Alternaria. Plants and plant products represent an inoculum source of several mutualistic or pathogenic fungi, including quarantine pathogens. Thus, the movement of living organisms across continents during international trade represents a serious threat to ecosystems and biosecurity measures should be taken at a global level.

Bauhinia × blakeana Dunn, or the Hong Kong Orchid Tree, is a popular ornamental plant in the tropical and subtropical regions. In this study, we report and characterise the complete plastid genome of B. × blakeana in an effort to provide genomic resources for genetic utilization. The complete plastome is 156,100 bp in length and contains the typical quadripartite structure, including two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 25,847 bp, a large single-copy (LSC) region of 86,484 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 17,922 bp. 126 genes are annotated, including 81 protein-coding genes, 37 transfer RNA genes, and eight ribosomal RNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis based on the plastomes from B. × blakeana and 11 previously reported species of Cercidoideae suggested a sister-relationship between B. × blakeana and B. acuminata L. with strong bootstrap support.

Large elongated glands occur on Cercideae leaf surfaces. Leaves of Bauhinia (55 taxa, 53 species), Cercis (1 species), Phanera (1 species), Piliostigma (2 species), Schnella (19 species) and Tylosema (1 species) were observed to determine location and relative number of glands. They were only observed on the abaxial leaf surface of 42 Bauhinia taxa. The glands were analyzed by light stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscopy. They are large (up to 270 µm long and 115 µm wide) and multicellular, containing lipophilic substances, probably volatile oils. Presence or absence and density of the glands in species of Bauhinia may be useful to determine species delimitation or distinction among infraspecific taxa. Higher density of glands is more common in species from "cerrado" (a savanna ecosystem) and "caatinga" (a semiarid ecosystem from northeast Brazil) areas. Bauhinia species devoid of foliar glands are frequently from humid forests.

Context: Bauhinia purpurea L. (Fabaceae) is used in the Ayurvedic system to treat various oxidative-related ailments (e.g., wounds, ulcers etc.). Therefore, it is believed that the plant also has the potential to alleviate oxidative-related liver damage., Objective: This study elucidates the hepatoprotective activity of chloroform extract of B. purpurea leaves (CEBP) in paracetamol (PCM)-induced liver injury (PILI) rats., Materials and Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats ( n  = 6) were pre-treated once daily (p.o.) with CEBP (50-500 mg/kg) for seven consecutive days before being administered (p.o.) a hepatotoxic agent, 3 g/kg PCM. Liver enzyme levels were determined from the collected blood, while the collected liver was used to determine the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and for histopathological examination. CEBP was also subjected to radical scavenging assays and phytochemical analysis., Results: CEBP significantly ( p  < 0.05) reversed the toxic effect of PCM by increasing the serum levels of AST and ALT, and the activity of endogenous catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) while reducing the liver weight/body weight (LW/BW) ratio. Other than low TPC value and radical scavenging activity, CEBP had a high antioxidant capacity when evaluated using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. UHPLC-ESI-MS analysis of CEBP showed the presence of flavonoids., Discussion and Conclusions: CEBP exerts its hepatoprotective activity through a non-free radical scavenging pathway that involves activation of the endogenous enzymatic antioxidant defense system. Further study is needed to identify the responsible bioactive compounds before the plant can be developed as a future alternative hepatoprotective medicament for clinical use.

Bauhinia pulchella Benth. (Fabaceae), is native to Brazil and popularly known as pata-de-bode. In folk medicine, it is used to treat diabetes. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated different properties, such as cytotoxic and antioxidant, and different chemical constituents, such as essential oil, triterpenoids, steroids, among others. In order to highlight the morphological differences of the species B. pulchella from the others of the genus, and its pharmacological potential, the present study aimed to carry out the anatomical and histochemical characterization of the stem and leaves of B. pulchella. Usual methods in plant anatomy were used in the preparation of semi-permanent slides containing cross sections of the stem, petiole and leaf blade and paradermal sections of the leaf blade for analysis in light microscopy and polarized light. Histochemical tests were also performed to localize the metabolites in the stem and leaf blade. The stem of B. pulchella has a cylindrical outline, the bark is composed of 7-8 layers of cells and discontinuously distributed sclerenchyma; petiole presents flat convex contour, prominences in the adaxial region, concentric amphicrivral vascular bundle, surrounding a small concentric anfivasal intramedullary bundle, adaxially two accessory bundles and tector trichomes; leaf blade with anisocytic and tetracytic stomata on the adaxial surface and anisocytic, tetracytic and anomocytic on the abaxial surface; and midrib with plain-convex outline, 1-2 layers of collenchyma and covering trichomes. Characteristics that differ from other species of the genus Bauhinia. Alkaloids, phenolic compounds, lipophilic compounds, lignin, triterpenes, steroids and tannins were observed in the species. The results are fundamental for the pharmacobotanical standardization of the studied species.

Graphical abstract Highlights • One-step green synthesis of high quantum yield (QY = 27.00%) carbon dots (N-CDs) from bauhinia flower. • The N-CDs proved to be an effective “turn-off” fluorescent sensor for Fe3+ recognition with the detection limit of 0.01 μM. • A “turn-on” fluorescent ATP sensor was developed based on the N-CDs-Fe3+ system with the detection limit of 0.005 μM. • The fluorescent sensors could be used in semiquantitative imaging intracellular Fe3+ and ATP successfully. • The “off-on” fluorescent sensors also could determine Fe3+ and ATP in biological samples with satisfying results. Abstract In this work, for the first time, natural bauhinia flower was adopted as a carbon source to prepare nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) through facile and green microwave method without further passivation or modification. The fluorescent quantum yield (QY = 27.00%) of the as-synthesized N-CDs was higher than most of CDs prepared from other natural sources. The N-CDs was proved to be an effective “turn-off” fluorescent sensor for detection of Fe3+ exhibiting excellent sensitivity with the detection limit of 0.01 μM. The fluorescence of N-CDs-Fe3+ system would be recovered when ATP was added mainly due to high affinity of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for Fe3+ through Fe-O-P bonds. Therefore, a sensitive and reliable “turn-on” fluorescent ATP sensor was developed, the limit detection was calculated to be 0.005 μM. In addition, the fluorescent sensors could act as a good candidate to determine Fe3+ and ATP in biological samples with satisfying results. What’s more, the application of the fluorescent sensors for imaging Fe3+ and ATP in living cells, which suggested that the systems had great potential applications in biosensing and bioimaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteria associated with the plant roots of leguminous plants have the potential to alleviate the burden of using costly and harmful agrochemicals. Discovery of novel and suitable bacteria for enhancing plant growth is amongst the primary challenges involved in realizing the agronomic application of plant beneficial bacteria. A bacterium isolated from the rhizospheric soil of the legume Bauhinia petersiana was described based on several physiological and molecular analyses. The gram-negative bacterium designated as LMAB10 is motile, oxidase positive, catalase negative and displayed lipolytic activity. The bacterium's ability to utilize fourteen compounds as sole carbon sources was examined. A 340 kb fragment of the structural nifH gene that encodes for the Fe protein polypeptide of the nitrogenase was amplified from the genomic DNA of isolate LMAB10. Identification of the isolate via 16s rDNA via the BLASTn revealed that the isolate is an Azospirillum species with a 98 % similarity to Azospirillum oryzae JCM 21588T. Phylogenetic analyses with MEGA5 software showed that the isolate shares an ancestor with Azospirillum oryzae JCM 21588T and Azospirillum zeae N7T, eventually branching off into a separate taxon. The partially-described isolate from the rhizosphere of B. petersiana shows promise for use as a crop inoculant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]