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In this research, it was aimed to extract, purify the oleuropein compound from olive leaf and to determine its antimicrobial activity against microorganisms that cause diseases in plants. For this purpose, olive leaf crude extract, partially purified oleuropein, and purified oleuropein were obtained from olive leaf. Antimicrobial activity of olive leaf products and commercial oleuropein was investigated on Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria by the 96-well microtiter plate method. It was determined that MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) values of olive leaf products and commercial oleuropein ranged between 1:1 (50 mg/mL) and 1:16 (3.125 mg/mL) for tested microorganisms. 1-2 g/mL doses were used to determine the antifungal activity of leaf extracts and oleuropein compound. The fungus species most affected by the extracts was Alternia solani, followed by Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani, respectively. Finally, molecular docking study of oleuropein molecule on sugar binding protein belonging to the R. solani agglutinin (RSA) organism was conducted using AutoDockvina software. Molecular Dynamics Simulation was performed using the GROMACS program with a CHARMM compatible Force Field to confirm the binding mode for inhibition of the oleuropein molecule. Because of the simulation studies, it is aimed to examine the receptor-drug interactions and drug loading efficiency at the molecular level. Considering the information to be obtained, the interaction of the simulated ligand with the receptor will be understood in depth at the molecular level and will be a guide for researchers working in the experimental field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we aim to derive new soliton solutions of (1+1)- and (2+1)-dimensional generalized Sasa–Satsuma equations via the new Kudryashov method. In optical fiber transmission systems, the Sasa–Satsuma equation describes the effects of third-order dispersion, self-steepening and stimulated Raman scattering in the propagation of ultrafast pulses. The considered equations are encountered in various physical applications such as ultra-short and femto-second pulse propagation in optical fibers and dynamics of deep water waves. So, investigation of the novel solutions of the equations is one of the important topics. We have successfully extracted some soliton solutions for the considered equation. The various graphs of the obtained solutions have been depicted in the figures by selecting appropriate parameters. The singular and bright soliton solutions have been revealed in the figures. All acquired solutions have been confirmed to satisfy the considered equations. The results show that the approach may be used to find exact solutions to various nonlinear evolution equations. The new solutions and the paper results may enrich the understanding of the wave propagation in the optical fibers and may shed light on new studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we are concerned with the oscillatory behavior of a class of fractional differential equations with functional terms. The fractional derivative is defined in the sense of the modified Riemann-Liouville derivative. Based on a certain variable transformation, by using a generalized Riccati transformation, generalized Philos type kernels, and averaging techniques we establish new interval oscillation criteria. Illustrative examples are also given.

This article is devoted to the even entire functions, which are the exact solutions for the Laplace and diffusion equations. These functions are considered in the algebraic number field. We guess that the functions have purely real zeros in the entire complex plane. These are proposed as new connections with algebraic number theory and mathematical physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unstable nonlinear Schrödinger equations (UNLSEs) are universal equations of the class of nonlinear integrable systems, which reveal the temporal changing of disruption in slightly stable and unstable media. In current paper, an improved auxiliary equation technique is proposed to obtain the wave results of UNLSE and modified UNLSE. Numerous varieties of results are generated in the mode of some special Jacobi elliptic functions and trigonometric and hyperbolic functions, many of which are distinctive and have significant applications such as pulse propagation in optical fibers. The exact soliton solutions also give information on the soliton interaction in unstable media. Furthermore, with the assistance of the suitable parameter values, various kinds of structures such as bright-dark, multi-wave structures, breather and kink-type solitons, and several periodic solitary waves are depicted that aid in the understanding of the physical interpretation of unstable nonlinear models. The various constructed solutions demonstrate the effectiveness of the suggested approach, which proves that the current technique may be applied to other nonlinear physical problems encountered in mathematical physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical methods play an important role in modern mathematical research, especially studying the symmetry analysis and obtaining the numerical solutions of fractional differential equation. In the current work, we use two numerical schemes to deal with fractional differential equations. In the first case, a combination of the group preserving scheme and fictitious time integration method (FTIM) is considered to solve the problem. Firstly, we applied the FTIM role, and then the GPS came to integrate the obtained new system using initial conditions. Figure and tables containing the solutions are provided. The tabulated numerical simulations are compared with the reproducing kernel Hilbert space method (RKHSM) as well as the exact solution. The methodology of RKHSM mainly relies on the right choice of the reproducing kernel functions. The results confirm that the FTIM finds the true solution. Additionally, these numerical results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have investigated the perturbed Chen–Lee–Liu equation which describes the pulse propagation in the optical fibers, under the impact of the inter-modal dispersion, self-steepening and nonlinear dispersion terms. By using the enhanced modified extended tanh expansion method, bright, singular, periodic singular and periodic bright solitons have been obtained and the effects of the coefficients of the inter-modal dispersion, self-steepening and nonlinear dispersion terms on the soliton's dynamics have been examined in each case. In this respect, the review in the article has not been studied and reported before. The computations throughout this paper have been fulfilled by Maple and also the graphical simulations are demonstrated via Matlab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we have focused on finding soliton solutions of the cubic–quartic Fokas–Lenells equation, which models the nonlinear pulse transmission through optical fiber, is a pretty new and updated model. The main motivation of this study is to produce new solutions with previously unused methods for data transmission models in fiber optic cables together with the developing technology, which has been used very frequently today. We have used three different efficient analytical methods, namely, the Sinh–Gordon expansion method, enhanced modified extended tanh expansion method and unified Riccati equation expansion method. By modifying our proposed method and using it effectively, we have obtained much more optical solutions. We have supported the results with the 3D surface, 2D and contour plots of the soliton solutions, such as singular, periodic, periodic-singular, dark and M-shaped solitons. The originality of the method we propose is that it has never been used before. With the innovation of the method, we have obtained M-shaped solitons, which are very rarely obtainable in soliton waves. On the other hand, enhanced modified extended tanh expansion method have provided us more extra solutions. As the last and most important part, in order to examine physical behaviors, we have investigated the effect of the coefficient of the fourth order dispersion parameter on wave propagation by presenting the graphical representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document elaborates on a newly introduced analytical method known as the "Variable Coefficient Generalized Abel Equation Method," as proposed by Hashemi in Hashemi (2024), designed specifically for addressing the two-mode Cahn–Allen equation. Diverging from conventional techniques that heavily rely on constant coefficient ordinary differential equations and auxiliary ordinary differential equations, our method innovatively incorporates variable coefficient ordinary differential equations within a sub-equation framework. Demonstrating its versatility, we apply this innovative technique to the two-mode Cahn–Allen equation, showcasing its effectiveness and efficiency through the derivation of analytical solutions. Notably, this method emerges as a promising tool for tackling complex nonlinear partial differential equations prevalent in fluid dynamics and wave propagation scenarios. Beyond merely expanding the repertoire of available analytical tools, our approach contributes to advancing solutions for various models within the realm of mathematical physics. Various forms of exact solutions, including exponential-type solutions, Kink solitons, dark solitons, and bright soliton solutions, are obtained for the model under consideration. Moreover, we delve into the analysis of bifurcation, chaotic behavior, and sensitivity within the context of the two-mode Cahn–Allen model, further enhancing the depth and breadth of our study. Three equilibria are analyzed across various classifications, including center point, focus point, saddle point, and node point. Chaotic behavior of the corresponding dynamical system is considered by adding the function ω 1 sin (ω 2 ζ). Lastly, sensitivity analysis of the system is conducted by examining different parameters of the model and imposing noise to the initial conditions. • A second-degree Variable Coefficient Generalized Abel Equation Method introduced in this study. • Exact solutions of the two-mode Cahn–Allen equation considered by the proposed technique. • The bifurcation, chaotic behavior, and sensitivity of the two-mode Cahn–Allen model considered in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was aimed to reveal the effect of cold maceration on the phenolic composition according to classical maceration in Cabernet sauvignon wines. For this purpose; total phenol, total anthocyanin and biologically active eight different phenolic compounds were determined by HPLC in Cabernet sauvignon wines produced with two different maceration techniques during the 2009 and 2010 harvest years. According to the results obtained; wines produced in 2009 and 2010 with classical maceration showed the highest total phenol content with 1529.09 mg GAE/L and 2051.81 mg GAE/L, respectively. The highest total anthocyanin content in Cabernet sauvignon wines were determined in classic maceration wine (149.95 mg/L), cold maceration wine (279.50 mg/L) in 2009 and 2010. The amount of catechin in classic and cold maceration wines was determined as 58.30 mg/L; 51.30 mg/L in 2009 and 140.98 mg/L; 86.45 mg/L in 2010, respectively. According the results, catechin was the highest individual phenolic compound among gallic acid and epicatechin in all maceration types in 2009 and 2010. (–) - Epicatechin and gallic acid were the most present phenolic compounds respectively after (+) - catechin. Malvidine 3-glycoside content was higher than cyanidin 3–5 diglucoside content in all kinds of different maceration types in 2009 and 2010. Keywords: red wine, maceration, phenolic, anthocyanins

In this work, we aim to derive various soliton solutions to the Wazwaz–Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equation with conformable and M-truncated derivatives. The considered equation models long waves in the ocean engineering field. Unified Riccati equation expansion and Kudryashov auxiliary equation methods are used to the model, and so, kink, singular, and periodic-singular soliton solutions are successfully obtained. It is also reported on the constraint conditions that assure the validity of novel wave forms. By choosing appropriate parameters, numerical simulations of the obtained results are depicted by using two- and three-dimensional plots and the comparative results between the solutions for the conformable and M-truncated derivative are shown in two-dimensional graphs for various orders α , β . Moreover, the effects of the parameters in the obtained solutions are shown. The methods might be useful for obtaining the analytical solutions of many physical phenomena in nature since they are effective, robust, and easily applicable. Finally, this study contributes to extract both various solutions to the literature and to investigate wave behavior while the parameters change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cereal storage for long periods are most important problems for this age, it directly linked to economic security. At this study, two varieties of Durum wheat (Zevigo, Borgaz) were stored with spike in plastic bags for three years under ambient conditions of Ramadi/Iraq. durum wheat characteristics did not deteriorate, the environmental conditions did not effected significantly, moisture content increased with (2-4%), but did not beyond the level the limit. Ash content has no Significant difference during the storage, other hand there were an improvement in gluten index its recorded after storage with rate (85.62and 75.64), respectively, while wet and dry gluten decreased. Falling number also increased significantly in the two varieties were recorded (505, 546), respectively. Study results note positivizes of storage with spikes despite reduction of storage space compared to storage without spikes, but positive in maintaining quality at lowest economic cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]