201. A high-throughput time-resolved mini-silicon photomultiplier with embedded fluorescence lifetime estimation in 0.13 μm CMOS.
- Author
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Tyndall D, Rae BR, Li DD, Arlt J, Johnston A, Richardson JA, and Henderson RK
- Subjects
- Biomedical Engineering instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering statistics & numerical data, Equipment Design, Fluorescence, High-Throughput Screening Assays statistics & numerical data, Photochemical Processes, Photons, Semiconductors, Silicon, Fluorescent Dyes analysis, High-Throughput Screening Assays instrumentation
- Abstract
We describe a miniaturized, high-throughput, time-resolved fluorescence lifetime sensor implemented in a 0.13 m CMOS process, combining single photon detection, multiple channel timing and embedded pre-processing of fluorescence lifetime estimations on a single device. Detection is achieved using an array of single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) arranged in a digital silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) architecture with 400 ps output pulses and a 10% fill-factor. An array of time-to-digital converters (TDCs) with ≈50 ps resolution records up to 8 photon events during each excitation period. Data from the TDC array is then processed using a centre-of-mass method (CMM) pre-calculation to produce fluorescence lifetime estimations in real-time. The sensor is believed to be the first reported implementation of embedded fluorescence lifetime estimation. The system is demonstrated in a practical laboratory environment with measurements of a variety of fluorescent dyes with different single exponential lifetimes, successfully showing the sensor's ability to overcome the classic pile-up limitation of time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) by over an order of magnitude.
- Published
- 2012
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