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Arousal is one of the dimensions of core affect and frequently used to describe experienced or observed emotional states. While arousal ratings of facial expressions are collected in many studies it is not well understood how arousal is displayed in or interpreted from facial expressions. In the context of socioemotional disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorder, this poses the question of a differential use of facial information for arousal perception. In this study, we demonstrate how automated face-tracking tools can be used to extract predictors of arousal judgments. We find moderate to strong correlations among all measures of static information on one hand and all measures of dynamic information on the other. Based on these results, we tested two measures, average distance to the neutral face and average facial movement speed, within and between neurotypical individuals (N = 401) and individuals with autism (N = 19). Distance to the neutral face was predictive of arousal in both groups. Lower mean arousal ratings were found for the autistic group, but no difference in correlation of the measures and arousal ratings could be found between groups. Results were replicated in an high autistic traits group. The findings suggest a qualitatively similar perception of arousal for individuals with and without autism. No correlations between valence ratings and any of the measures could be found, emphasizing the specificity of our tested measures. Distance and speed predictors share variability and thus speed should not be discarded as a predictor of arousal ratings.

Анотація. Проаналізовано базові положення, наукові підходи до розуміння і визначення аспектів розвитку об’єктів і систем, економічних і фінансових процесів з метою створення теоретико-методологічного базису та осмислення розвитку фінансово-економічної системи, що дозволило окреслити основні напрями дослідження розвитку системи (економічної, фінансово-кредитної, економіко-соціальної та ін.). У процесі дослідження було розглянуто зміст і визначення розвитку окремих науковців з метою створення несуперечливого теоретичного і методологічного підґрунтя. Установлено, що кожна фінансово-економічна система (або об’єкт) зазнає змін, що обумовлено дією внутрішніх і зовнішніх факторів. Дано визначення розвитку щодо розуміння і визначення аспектів впливу економічних і фінансових процесів, які характеризують тенденції економічного зростання фінансово-економічних систем тощо. Розкрито і згруповано типові, спільні положення щодо структури і механізмів розвитку, на основі яких сформовано постулати розвитку. Установлено, що визначення постулатів розвитку залежить від еволюційних процесів, які базуються на дослідженні певних питань у вузьких рамках їх вирішення, у результаті чого обґрунтовано і сформовано основні постулати розвитку фінансово-економічних систем (об’єктів). У результаті дослідження сформовано теоретичне поняття розвитку фінансово-економічної системи як процесу і встановлено, що для розвитку характерні циклічність та нерівномірність, що визвано впливом зовнішніх і внутрішніх факторів і процесом змін якісного та/або кількісного характеру (або переходу) фінансово-економічної системи (об’єкта) з одного стану в інший, більш досконалий, з прагненням підвищення життєздатності системи та її спроможності чинити опір руйнівним впливам середовища. Отримані результати сприяють дослідженню розвитку фінансово-економічної системи (об’єкта) на основі створеного теоретико-методологічного базису розвитку фінансово-економічної системи (об’єкта) здійснювати належне керування задля збереження цілісності та стійкості даної системи або об’єкта. Ключові слова: розвиток, система, базис, експлікація, генезис, еволюція, еманація, діахронія. Формул: 0; рис.: 0; табл.: 0; бібл.: 24.

BackgroundMobile health (mHealth) methods often rely on active input from participants, for example, in the form of self-report questionnaires delivered via web or smartphone, to measure health and behavioral indicators and deliver interventions in everyday life settings. For short-term studies or interventions, these techniques are deployed intensively, causing nontrivial participant burden. For cases where the goal is long-term maintenance, limited infrastructure exists to balance information needs with participant constraints. Yet, the increasing precision of passive sensors such as wearable physiology monitors, smartphone-based location history, and internet-of-things devices, in combination with statistical feature selection and adaptive interventions, have begun to make such things possible. ObjectiveIn this paper, we introduced Wear-IT, a smartphone app and cloud framework intended to begin addressing current limitations by allowing researchers to leverage commodity electronics and real-time decision making to optimize the amount of useful data collected while minimizing participant burden. MethodsThe Wear-IT framework uses real-time decision making to find more optimal tradeoffs between the utility of data collected and the burden placed on participants. Wear-IT integrates a variety of consumer-grade sensors and provides adaptive, personalized, and low-burden monitoring and intervention. Proof of concept examples are illustrated using artificial data. The results of qualitative interviews with users are provided. ResultsParticipants provided positive feedback about the ease of use of studies conducted using the Wear-IT framework. Users expressed positivity about their overall experience with the framework and its utility for balancing burden and excitement about future studies that real-time processing will enable. ConclusionsThe Wear-IT framework uses a combination of passive monitoring, real-time processing, and adaptive assessment and intervention to provide a balance between high-quality data collection and low participant burden. The framework presents an opportunity to deploy adaptive assessment and intervention designs that use real-time processing and provides a platform to study and overcome the challenges of long-term mHealth intervention.

Understanding how humans navigate the tension between selfish and prosocial behaviour is central to addressing social dilemmas and several environmental issues. Many accounts predict that human prosociality would increase in the presence of observing individuals. Previous studies on this observability effect predominantly relied on artificial observability manipulations and low-cost measures of prosociality. In the present Registered Report, we used a recently validated laboratory procedure of repeated dilemmas to test whether the presence of actual observers affects costly prosocial behaviour in the domain of environmental conservation. When completing this dilemma task, participants repeatedly chose between minimizing the length of the laboratory session and minimising wasted energy from a bank of LED lights. Their choices were made either in private or in the presence of actual observers. Contrary to our expectation, we did not observe higher rates of energy-conserving behaviour when participants' choices were being observed. Manipulation and robustness checks indicate that this lack of a finding is unlikely to be owing to arbitrary methodological choices. In view of these findings, we argue that a more comprehensive analysis of situation- and behaviour-specific consequences might be necessary to predict how particular behaviours are affected by observability.

Objectives: identifying effective summary formats is fundamental to multiple fields including science communication, systematic reviews, evidence-based policy and medical decision-making. This study tested whether table or text-only formats lead to better comprehension of the potential harms and benefits of different options, here in a medical context. Design: pre-registered, longitudinal experiment: between-subjects factorial 2 (message format) × 2 topic (therapeutic or preventative intervention) on comprehension and later recall (CONSORT-SPI 2018). Setting: longitudinal online survey experiment. Participants: 2305 census-matched UK residents recruited through the survey panel firm YouGov. Primary outcome measure: comprehension of harms and benefits and knowledge recall after six weeks. Results: fact boxes—simple tabular messages—led to more comprehension (d = 0.39) and slightly more knowledge recall after six weeks (d = 0.12) compared to the same information in text. These patterns of results were consistent between the two medical topics and across all levels of objective numeracy and education. Fact boxes were rated as more engaging than text, and there were no differences between formats in treatment decisions, feeling informed or trust. Conclusions: the brief table format of the fact box improved the comprehension of harms and benefits relative to the text-only control. Effective communication supports informed consent and decision-making and brings ethical and practical advantages. Fact boxes and other summary formats may be effective in a wide range of communication contexts.

This work aims to analyze how discussions about Thematic Approach in Science and Mathematics Education appear in works related to Rural Education. A literature review was carried out in Brazilian journals and event proceedings locating nineteen studies of interest. The analysis of these studies was performed under the principles of the Discursive Textual Analysis taking into account four categories: nature of the theme; relation with local context; relation with scientific conceptualization; and relation with school. The studies have explored themes that cover contextual, social and political issues. Regarding to the relation with the context, two different dimensions came out: countryside assuming a central role; countryside assuming an illustrative role. It was also identified an attempt to overcome the isolated, fragmented and decontextualized way in which scientific conceptualization is conceived. Finally, with regard to the relation with school, it is emphasized the necessity to overcome the idea of the school as a mere place of application and reproduction of knowledge produced in others places.

Multi-color fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) containing a variety of color centers are promising fluorescent markers for biomedical applications. Compared to colloidal quantum dots and organic dyes, FNDs have the advantage of lower toxicity, exceptional chemical stability, and better photostability. They can be surface functionalized by techniques similar to those used for other nanoparticles. They exhibit a variety of emission wavelengths from visible to near infrared, with narrow or broad bandwidths depending on their color centers. In addition, some color centers can detect changes in magnetic fields, electric fields, and temperature. In this article review, we will discuss the current trends in FND’s development, including comparison to the early development of quantum dots. We will also highlight some of the latest advances in fabrication, as well as demonstrations of their use in bioimaging and biosensing.

Apresentação do dossiê "Políticas e práticas educativas a partir dos povos do campo", coletânea organizada pelo Prof. Dr. Elizandro Maurício Brick (UFSC) e pelo Prof. Dr. Danilo Seithi Kato (UFTM).

Speaking at a scientific conference helps spread scientific results and is also fundamental for career advancement. Here the authors show that at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, the largest Earth and space science conference, women are offered speaking opportunities less often than men overall.

OBJECTIVES: We examined potential nonresponse bias in a large-scale, population-based, random-digit-dialed telephone survey in California and its association with the response rate. METHODS: We used California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) data and US Census data and linked the two data sets at the census tract level. We compared a broad range of neighborhood characteristics of respondents and nonrespondents to CHIS. We projected individual-level nonresponse bias using the neighborhood characteristics. RESULTS: We found little to no substantial difference in neighborhood characteristics between respondents and nonrespondents. The response propensity of the CHIS sample was similarly distributed across these characteristics. The projected nonresponse bias appeared very small. CONCLUSIONS: The response rate in CHIS did not result in significant nonresponse bias and did not substantially affect the level of data representativeness, and it is not valid to focus on response rates alone in determining the quality of survey data.

Objective: The prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) is high, with young adults at increased risk. IPV is largely understood as a dyadic process, as it involves both partners and is inherently influenced by the behaviors of both partners. The objective of this study was to examine the proximal influence of relationship satisfaction and conflict on same-day and next-day IPV perpetration among young-adult couples. Method: This study used data from young-adult couples (N = 172) who completed a 60-day daily diary design. The actor–partner interdependence model was used to examine whether within- and between-person levels of relationship satisfaction and conflict were associated with same-day and next-day IPV perpetration. Results: Results suggest that high levels of one's own and one's partner's relationship satisfaction was associated with low levels of same-day and next-day psychological IPV. For women, but not men, high levels in their own and their partner's relationship satisfaction were associated with low levels in same-day physical IPV perpetration. Conversely, high levels in one's own and their partner's conflict was associated with high levels of same-day psychological IPV perpetration. For women, but not men, high levels in their partner's conflict were associated with high levels of same-day physical IPV perpetration. Conclusion: Results suggest that relationship dissatisfaction and conflict may be proximal risk factors for IPV perpetration, particularly psychological IPV perpetration, implying these factors may be effective targets for prevention and intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchains have been hailed as a game-changing institutional technology. Most of the analysis of blockchains focuses on their uses in the Global North. Though there is increasing consideration of their uses in the Global South, few studies consider the uses of blockchains in fragile states. In this paper, we consider the potential for blockchain deployments by governments, international organizations, and citizens in fragile states. We find that government deployments are unlikely in fragile states, though blockchains can be useful through their increasing use by aid organizations and by providing people with opportunities, such as access to cryptocurrencies. Blockchains may be revolutionary, but the extent to which they have improved the lives of people in fragile states is questionable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although using random digit dialing (RDD) telephone samples was the preferred method for conducting surveys of households for many years, declining response and coverage rates have led researchers to explore alternative approaches. The use of address-based sampling (ABS) has been examined for sampling the general population and subgroups, most often using mail or invitations to web surveys. For surveying rare groups, these studies often involve multiple phases to identify eligible population members and then collect responses. We describe a new approach for surveying rare subgroups using ABS with a single-phase mail survey. The study incorporates a new method for using a list frame with the ABS frame to increase the yield of the subgroup of interest while avoiding a potential bias inherent in many dual-frame survey designs. The findings suggest that the new approach is both efficient and effective for identifying and measuring a rare population.

For surveys targeting specific population groups, the two-phase postal approach (screener followed by a topical survey sent to eligible households) has been demonstrated to be more effective at identifying population domains of interest than random digit dial telephone methods considering cost, coverage, and response. An important question is how best to motivate screener response from eligible households. In 2011, we conducted a large-scale field test to empirically test a number of methods for motivating response. We fielded screening surveys that varied content-influencing relevance, and also switched screener questionnaires for following up nonrespondents to the initial postal survey -- an approach we have labeled responsive tailoring. In another experiment, we tested the effect of asking for first names in the screener questionnaire. In this article, we describe the effects of these experimental treatments on response to both the screener and the topical survey.

Common bean ( L.) is the most consumed edible grain legume worldwide and contains a wide range of nutrients for human health including dietary fiber. Diets high in beans are associated with lower rates of chronic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, and the content of dietary fibers varies among different market classes of dry bean. In this study, we evaluated the dietary fiber content in a Middle American diversity panel (MDP) of common bean and evaluated the genetic architecture of the various dietary fiber components. The dietary fiber components included insoluble and soluble dietary fibers as well as the antinutritional raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs; raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose). All variables measured differed among market classes and entries. Colored bean seeds had higher levels of insoluble dietary fibers with the black market class showing also the highest raffinose and stachyose content. Cultivars and lines released since 1997 had higher insoluble dietary fibers and RFO content in race Durango. Higher levels of RFOs were also observed in cultivars with type II growth habit that was a recent breeding target in Durango race germplasm. Candidate genes for dietary fiber traits, especially homologs to two main genes in the RFO biosynthesis pathway, were identified. The knowledge of diversity of dietary fibers in the MDP accompanied with the identification of candidate genes could effectively improve dietary fiber components in common bean.

From the study of the phenomena, we present in this article the possibilities of its uses in the Educação do Campo (Education for and by the countryside) as a concept that articulates Natural Sciences and Mathematics, materiality and, reality. From an experience in the Educação do Campo course at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, we analyze the strategies adopted and the paths followed in the studies of concepts from the natural sciences and mathematics in the delimitation of the natural dimension of phenomena in the life context of the undergraduate’s students. Based on this experience and inspired by phenomenology, we discuss the role and potential of phenomena as mediator and organizer of the knowledge coproduced with the world.

Policies to promote renewable electricity are increasingly seen as a way to reduce the negative environmental impacts associated with electricity consumption and meet growing electricity demand. This paper reviews the international experience with one such policy, namely, renewable energy certificates, and considers important design aspects of a national green certificate system. Within a South African context, a green certificate system would provide a mechanism with which to verify compliance with any future renewable energy obligations, and would encourage renewable electricity generation in the current monopoly environment. In terms of a national green certificate framework, international experience has shown that renewable energy certificates must be both accredited and standardized, with enforcement of penalties for non-compliance with renewable energy quotas. Above all, a long-term and stable policy environment is crucial for developing renewable energy markets.

Abstract We present a detailed experimental and theoretical study of the acoustic phonon modes in rolled-up multilayers with thickness of the layers in the nanometre and diameters in the micrometre range. We compare our results to planar, unrolled multilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy. For the planar multilayers the experimentally obtained acoustic modes exhibit properties of a superlattice and match well to calculations obtained by the Rytov model. The rolled-up superlattice tubes show intriguing differences compared to the planar structures which can be attributed to the imperfect adhesion between individual tube windings. A transfer matrix method including a massless spring accounting for the imperfect adhesion between the layers yields good agreement between experiment and calculations for up to five windings. Areas with sufficient mechanical coupling between all windings can be distinguished by their acoustic mode spectrum from areas where individual windings are only partially in contact. This allows the spatially resolved characterization of individual tubes with micrometre spatial resolution where areas with varying interface adhesion can be identified.

Abstract Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful analytical technique commonly used in the detection of traces of organic molecules. The mechanism of SERS is of a dual nature, with Raman scattering enhancements due to a combination of electromagnetic (EM) and chemical contributions. In conventional SERS, the EM component is largely responsible for the enhancement, with the chemical contribution playing a less significant role. An alternative technique, called photo‐induced enhanced Raman spectroscopy (PIERS) has been recently developed, using a photo‐activated semiconductor substrate to give additional chemical enhancement of Raman bands over traditional SERS. This enhancement is assigned to surface oxygen vacancies (Vo) formed upon pre‐irradiation of the substrate. In this work, the exceptional chemical contribution in PIERS allows for the evaluation of atomic Vo dynamics in metal oxide surfaces. This technique is applied to study the formation and healing rates of surface‐active Vo in archetypical metal‐oxide semiconductors, namely, TiO2, WO3, and ZnO. Contrary to conventional analytical tools, PIERS provides intuitive and valuable information about surface stability of atomic defects at ambient pressure and under operando conditions, which has important implications in a wide range of applications including catalysis and energy storage materials.

Abstract Defense logistics (DL) is an important and yet unexplored knowledge area of Production Engineering. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to establish the DL problem domain. The focus is on industrial, technological, institutional, organizational and, specially, strategic management aspects applied to logistics in the defense sector. It also proposes a conceptual framework identifying DL objectives, functional areas and interfaces with the environment. The framework defines the Defense Logistics Base (DLB) as a system meant to create and sustain military capability, but also involved with the development of industrial capability, related to high and medium-high technologies, applied to high value products, with dual use. Furthermore, it suggests a research agenda for future work on strategic management related to DL.