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This study examined the relationship between estimates of alactacid anaerobic power, lactacid anaerobic power and aerobic power in a sample of trained swimmers (age 14.4 yr., n = 8) and a sample of untrained boys (age 13.7 yr., n = 13). The anaerobic power outputs were estimated using a modification of the Wingate Anaerobic Test and aerobic power was estimated using a continuous, incremental cycle ergometer test. In addition to leg power outputs the swimmers' arm power using each energy system was estimated and compared with the corresponding leg value. There was no relationship between the estimates of the power of the three energy systems with either the trained or untrained boys. Furthermore with the trained boys there was no relationship between estimates of the power of the same energy system utilised by different limbs. The data support a specificity hypothesis of energy utilisation during exercise with both trained and untrained adolescent boys.

Objectives:The long term effects (>20 years) of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use on plasma concentrations of homocysteine (HCY), folate, testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), free androgen index, urea, creatinine, haematocrit (HCT), vitamin B12, and urinary testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) ratio, were examined in a cohort of self-prescribing bodybuilders.Methods:Subjects (n = 40) were divided into four distinct groups: (1) AAS users still using AAS (SU; n = 10); (2) AAS users abstinent from AAS administration for 3 months (SA; n = 10); (3) non-drug using bodybuilding controls (BC; n = 10); and (4) sedentary male controls (SC; n = 10).Results:HCY levels were significantly higher in SU compared with BC and SC (pr = −0.828, pConclusions:With mounting evidence linking AAS to adverse effects on some clotting factors, the significantly higher levels of HCY and HCT observed in the SU group suggest long term AAS users have increased risk of future thromboembolic events.

Objective Obesity (BMI >30) and related health problems, including coronary heart disease (CHD), is without question a public health concern. The purpose of this study was to modify a traditional biscuit by the addition of vitamin B6, vitamin B12, Folic Acid, Vitamin C and Prebiotic fibre, while reducing salt and sugar. Design Development and commercial manufacture of the functional biscuit was carried out in collaboration with a well known and respected biscuit manufacturer of International reputation. The raw materials traditionally referred to as essential in biscuit manufacture, i.e. sugar and fat, were targeted for removal or reduction. In addition, salt was completely removed from the recipe. Participants University students of both sexes (n = 25) agreed to act as subjects for the study. Ethical approval for the study was granted by the University ethics committee. The test was conducted as a single blind crossover design, and the modified and traditional biscuits were presented to the subjects under the same experimental conditions in a random fashion. Results No difference was observed between the original and the modified product for taste and consistency (P > 0.05). The modified biscuit was acceptable to the consumer in terms of eating quality, flavour and colour. Commercial acceptability was therefore established. Conclusion This study has confirmed that traditional high-fat and high-sugar biscuits which are not associated with healthy diets by most consumers can be modified to produce a healthy alternative that can be manufactured under strict commercial conditions.

It has been reported that catecholamine release is associated with stressful events and that adrenaline administration induces hyperfibrinolysis. To examine the possible involvement of the adrenoreceptor mechanism in the regulation of fibrinolytic activity at rest and to maximum exercise, 12 healthy volunteers (six males and six females, age range 19-21 yr) were orally medicated with two formulations of a beta blocker. The drug treatments consisted of 1) a single dose of OM756 alpha 10 mg propranolol "Inderal" tablet, 2) a single dose of a generic 10 mg propranolol tablet, and 3) a single dose of generic placebo. The drug administrations were assigned to the subjects using a complete Latin square design and double-blind procedure and were separated by 7 d. Two hours after the administration of the respective drug treatment, subjects exercised to maximal capacity using a graded exercise protocol on a bicycle ergometer. Prior to and 2 h after the drug administration and immediately after maximum exercise, heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen consumption were measured and venous blood was removed and analyzed for fibrinolytic activity using a standard fibrin plate method. ANOVA showed that the resting and maximum heart rates were significantly reduced (P less than 0.05) following oral premedication with either of the two formulations of beta blocker, while blood pressure and oxygen consumption were unaffected. ANOVA also showed no difference in the resting fibrinolytic activity 2 h post-administration of the drug treatments but a significant decrease (P less than 0.05) in the normal fibrinolytic response to maximum exercise. It was concluded, therefore, that the resting level of fibrinolytic activity is not mediated via an adrenergic pathway but that the enhanced fibrinolytic activity to maximum exercise is partially regulated via an adrenoreceptor mechanism.

Professor Davies's book, an expanded version of his doctoral dissertation, is one of the original, as opposed to reprinted, volumes in Arno Press's series, American Business Abroad: Origins and Development of the Multinational Corporation. The book's outrageous price, its shoddy appearance (a photocopy of a typescript, complete with ragged margins), and its lack of a bibliography and index should not deter scholars interested in the nature of American technology from examining its contents. This is not a history of the sewing machine or its manufacture, but rather a story of how the invention and manufacture of the Singer sewing machine, when coupled with a highly aggressive marketing force, filled homes and factories throughout the world with these labor-saving machines. In time, "Singer," despite protestations from the company, became simply a generic term for a sewing machine; in many respects it had become an ideal form for such a machine.