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OBJETIVO: Analisar a magnitude e a tendência da mortalidade por grupos específicos de causas externas em crianças e adolescentes residentes no Recife, no período de 1979 a 1995. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados os dados do Sistema de Informação em Mortalidade do Ministério da Saúde e da Secretaria de Saúde de Pernambuco. O grupo estudado, na faixa etária de 0-19 anos, representou 41,8% da população de Recife, em 1991. Utilizou-se o desenho ecológico exploratório tipo série temporal. Analisou-se a tendência para os coeficientes de mortalidade por causas externas e seus grupos específicos segundo sexo e grupo etário, por regressão linear simples. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: Na série temporal estudada, os coeficientes de mortalidade por causas externas mostraram crescimento, sobretudo por homicídios nos adolescentes, em que se observaram um aumento anual médio de 3,05 e um aumento relativo de 601, 3% ao longo da série. Em 1995, mais de 90% desses homicídios foram perpetrados por arma de fogo. Os dados revelam a magnitude do problema e a necessidade do seu enfrentamento, o qual precisa considerar a complexidade da determinação da violência.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the magnitude and trends of mortality due to external causes in specific age groups, from 0 to 19 years old in a population living in the city of Recife, Brazil, from 1979 to 1995. METHODS: Data from the Mortality Data System of the Ministry of Health and Health Department of Pernambuco State was used. The studied population, aged 0 to 19 years old, represented 41.8% of total city population in 1991. A time series exploratory ecological model was created to analyze trends in mortality coefficients due to external causes. Using simple linear regression these coefficients were assessed in specific age groups categorized by gender. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: In the time series, mortality coefficients due to external causes showed an increasing trend, in particular due to homicides among adolescents, where the coefficient increased on average 3.05 per year, yielding a relative increase of 601, 3% over the study period. In 1995, more than 90% of these homicides were perpetrated with fire weapons. These data reinforce the seriousness of this problem and the need to deal with it, taking into account the difficulties in determining the causes of violence.

Objetivo. Validar a causa básica da morte nas declarações de óbito por causas externas de menores de 20 anos residentes em Recife (PE), Brasil, em 1995. Métodos. O estudo foi dividido em duas etapas: codificação e validação. Nas duas etapas, os dados oficiais sobre causas de morte foram comparados aos dados obtidos na pesquisa. Para tanto, as declarações de óbito foram agrupadas em 5 categorias principais e subdivididas em 14 categorias secundarias de causa da morte; foram, também, comparadas individualmente até o quarto dígito da classificação suplementar para causas de morte da nona revisão da Classificação Internacional de Doenças. Analisou-se a concordância entre os dados oficiais e os dados do estudo através do índice kappa e da sensibilidade. A categorização da pesquisa foi tomada como padrão. Resultados. Na etapa de codificação, para o total das causas externas, o percentual global de concordância variou de 94% (cinco categorias) para 92% (14 categorias), caindo, por fim, para 81% (comparação até o quarto dígito). Na etapa de validação, o percentual global de concordância variou de 94% (cinco categorias) para 91% (14 categorias) e 73% (comparação até o quarto dígito). Conclusões. Os resultados revelam que, para obtenção de dados mais fidedignos, é necessário que as declarações de óbito sejam preenchidas pelo Instituto de Medicina Legal dentro de padrões recomendados; por outro lado, as guias de remoção de cadáveres precisam ser melhor preenchidas em hospitais e delegacias quando do encaminhamento ao Instituto. É fundamental gerar e divulgar dados mais precisos para que a sociedade conheça melhor o seu padrão de violência.Objective. To validate the underlying cause of death recorded on the death certificates for individuals under 20 years of age who died from external causes in 1995 in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Methods. We divided the study into two stages, coding and validation. In both stages we compared the official data concerning causes of death to the data we obtained during our study. We grouped the death certificates into 5 broad categories according to the cause of death; we later subdivided them into 14 categories. We also individually compared the death certificates applying the four-digit system of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9). We assessed the agreement between the official data and our data in terms of sensitivity and the kappa coefficient. We took as the standard the categorization of the cause of death that we had made during our investigation. Results. In the coding stage, considering all the external causes of death, the overall agreement between the official data and our study data was 94% for the 5 categories, 92% for the 14 categories, and 81% for the four-digit ICD-9 system. In the validation stage the overall agreement was 94% for the 5 categories, 91% for the 14 categories, and 73% for the four-digit ICD-9 system. Conclusions. Our results suggest that for the death certificates to be reliable, the Institute of Legal Medicine must fill them out following recommended standards. In addition, hospitals and police departments must use greater care in completing the transfer slips that accompany the bodies that are sent to the Institute. More accurate data need to be generated and disseminated for a society to better understand its patterns of violence.

O artigo analisa o preenchimento de variáveis das declarações de óbitos (DO) por causas externas de crianças e adolescentes residentes no Recife, de 1970 a 1995. Analisou-se o grau de preenchimento das variáveis de pessoa (ocupação, grau de instrução, assistência médica, confirmação do diagnóstico por necropsia e tipo de violência) e de lugar (local e município de ocorrência do óbito e local do acidente) por intermédio do Qui-quadrado de tendência. Verificou-se deficiência na quantidade e ou qualidade no preenchimento para grande parte das variáveis analisadas. As variáveis grau de instrução e assistência médica alcançaram em 1995 percentuais de preenchimento de 5, 7% e 17, 9% respectivamente. Observou-se incompatibilidade entre os dados para local de ocorrência do óbito e assistência médica, bem como entre os de local do acidente e o número de acidentes. Os resultados encontrados sugerem dissociação entre o objetivo da inclusão da variável na DO e o seu uso social. O trabalho oferece subsídios ao setor público para melhoria da coleta e crítica dos dados do sistema de informação de mortalidade.This article analyzes the completion of death certificates related to external causes in children and adolescents residing in Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil, from 1979 to 1995. The analysis focused on the extent to which the following variables were filled in: personal data (occupation, level of schooling, medical care, confirmation of diagnosis by post-mortem, and type of violence) and place (location and municipality of both occurrence and death). Using the chi-squared method, quantitative and/or qualitative flaws were found in most of the variables analyzed. In 1995, the "schooling" and "medical care" variables were recorded in only 5.7% and 17.9% of cases, respectively. Mismatches were observed between data on place of death and medical care, as well as between place of accident and number of accidents. The results suggest a dissociation between the objective of including the variable in the death certificate and its social function. The study provides the public sector with support for improved collecting and critical analysis of data in the mortality information system.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o tamanho real da epidemia sobre dengue ocorrida na zona urbana do Município de Santa Bárbara D'Oeste, SP, Brasil, de abril a junho de 1995. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um inquérito soroepidemiológico pós-epidêmico 5 meses após o final da epidemia da dengue. Foram processados 1.113 soros através de amostragem aleatória domiciliar da população da cidade pesquisada. As taxas de infecção em diferentes partes da cidade foram relacionadas com os graus de infestação por Aedes aegipty e com a quantidade de casos notificados durante a epidemia. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: Foi encontrada variação concomitante e diretamente proporcional entre as taxas de infecção pelo vírus da dengue, em diferentes partes da cidade, e os graus de infestação domiciliar por Aedes aegipty, bem como em relação ao número de casos notificados durante a epidemia. Encontrou-se prevalência de 630 por 100 mil habitantes, representando valor 15 vezes superior ao de incidência de casos confirmados laboratorialmente durante a epidemia. Através de comparação retrospectiva com dados de notificação compulsória, observou-se que a vigilância epidemiológica não detectou a maioria das pessoas soro-reativas. Apesar disso, notificou grande quantidade de casos que não eram de indivíduos com dengue, tipificando um valor preditivo positivo baixo (15,6%) para o diagnóstico clínico de dengue quando o resultado laboratorial (HAI) é tomado como padrão-ouro.OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the real size of the epidemics registered in the urban area of the county of Santa Bárbara D'Oeste, SP, Brazil, from April to June, 1995. The measurement of the epidemiological validity of the official surveillance system criteria and its positive predicted value were adopted as specific goals. METHODS: A sero-epidemiological survey was carried out over a sample of 1,113 sera from citizens of Santa Barbara D'Oeste, through a systematic random sampling of houses, five months after the end of the epidemics. Infection rates were compared with the infestation indexes by Aedes aegipty and the notified cases amongst the county sections. The importance of submitting patients with clinical suspicion of dengue to laboratory tests was discussed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: It was found that infection rates by dengue virus varied in the same direction and proportion as the presence of Aedes aegipty larvae reported by the "Breteau Index", as well as the number of cases reported by the official notifiable diseases surveillance system during the epidemics. A prevalence of 630 by 100 thousand inhabitants was found, a 15-fold rate when compared to the laboratory positive sera from cases detected by the surveillance system during the epidemics. A retrospective comparison with the surveillance reports, using serological results as a gold standard, also showed that the majority of dengue specific serum-positive individuals were not detected during the epidemics, otherwise cases that did not present serological reaction were notified exhibiting a low positive predictive value of clinical diagnosis (15,6).

Acid base properties of mixed species of the microalgae Spirulina were studied by potentiometric titration in medium of 0.01 and 0.10 mols L-1 NaNO3 at 25.0±0.10 C using modified Gran functions or nonlinear regression techniques for data fitting. The discrete site distribution model was used, permitting the characterization of five classes of ionizable sites in both ionic media. This fact suggests that the chemical heterogeneity of the ionizable sites on the cell surface plays a major role on the acid-base properties of the suspension in comparison to electrostatic effects due to charge-charge interactions. The total of ionizable sites were 1.75±0.10 and 1.86±0.20 mmolsg-1 in ionic media of 0.01 and 0.10 mols L-1 NaNO3, respectively. A major contribution of carboxylic groups was observed with an average 34 and 22% of ionizable sites being titrated with conditional pcKa of 4.0 and 5.4, respectively. The remaining 44% of ionizable sites were divided in three classes with averaged conditional pcKa of 6.9, 8.7 and 10.12, which may be assigned respectively to imidazolic, aminic, and phenolic functionalities.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2014-02-26T17:18:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000207598500116.pdf: 88785 bytes, checksum: aab6d6cc80f7774e328dc79f5eb6d0ee (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-02-26T17:18:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000207598500116.pdf: 88785 bytes, checksum: aab6d6cc80f7774e328dc79f5eb6d0ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-01-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:27:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000207598500116.pdf: 88785 bytes, checksum: aab6d6cc80f7774e328dc79f5eb6d0ee (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:27:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000207598500116.pdf: 88785 bytes, checksum: aab6d6cc80f7774e328dc79f5eb6d0ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-01-01 Twenty eight Mediterranean buffaloes bulls were scanned with real-time ultrasound (RTU), slaughtered, and fabricated into retail cuts to determine the potential for ultrasound measures to predict carcass retail yield. Ultrasound measures of fat thickness, ribeye area and rump fat thickness were recorded three to five days prior to slaughter. Carcass measurements were taken, and one side of each carcass was fabricated into retail cuts. Stepwise regression analysis was used to compare possible models for prediction of either kilograms or percent retail product from carcass mesaurements and ultrasound measures. Results indicate that possible prediction models for percent or kilograms of retail products using RTU measures were similar in their predictive power and accuracy when compared to models derived from carcass measurements. Both fat thickness and ribeye area were over-predicted when measured ultrasonically compared to measurements taken on the carcass in the cooler. The mean absolute differences for both traits are larger than the mean differences, indicating that some images were interpreted to be larger and some smaller than actual carcass measurements. Ultrasound measurements of REA and FT had positive correlations with carcass measures of the same traits (r=.96 for REA and r=.99 for FT). Standard errors of prediction currently are being used as the standard to certify ultrasound technicians for accuracy. Regression equations using live weight (LW), rib eye area (REAU) and subcutaneous fat thickness (FTU) between 12(th) and 13 (th) ribs and also over the biceps femoris muscle (FTP8) by ultrasound explained 95% of the variation in the hot carcass weight when measure immediately before slaughter. São Paulo State Univ, Sch Vet Med & Anim Sci, Dept Anim Prod, BR-18618000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil São Paulo State Univ, Sch Vet Med & Anim Sci, Dept Anim Prod, BR-18618000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil

Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever a tendência e a magnitude das mortes violentas na cidade do Recife, sua distribuição espacial no ano de 1991 e seus diferenciais quanto ao sexo, idade, local de ocorrência; objetivou, também, analisar a participação de algumas variáveis sócio-econômicas que expressam as condições de vida, nas possíveis explicações dessas diferenças. Utilizou-se como método o desenho de estudo ecológico do tipo exploratório e comparação de múltiplos grupos. Foram analisadas 1.181 declarações de óbitos de residentes em Recife, falecidos no ano de 1991. Verificou-se uma magnitude do coeficiente de mortalidade por causas externas na ordem de 90,9 por cem mil habitantes. Os grupos de dez a 39 anos e sessenta anos e mais constituíram os de maior risco, e o sexo masculino apresentou uma sobremortalidade em todas as faixas etárias. Os principais grupos de causas específicas foram os homicídios e os acidentes de trânsito, que representaram cerca de 51,3% e 23,4% do total de óbitos por essas causas, respectivamente. Discutiram-se alguns aspectos da desigualdade da mortalidade por causas externas nos espaços sociais, segundo condições de vida e sua relação com o processo histórico de formação da cidade do Recife.This study aimed to describe the amount of (and trends in) violent deaths in the city of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, and to analyze their determinants. The article presents the spatial distribution of these deaths for the year 1991 and the differences regarding sex, age, and place of occurrence. It also analyzes the potential role of a series of socioeconomic factors, used as indicators of the population's living conditions. An exploratory ecological study was conducted to compare various groups. In 1991 there were a total of 1181 violent deaths in Recife. The study points to an overall mortality rate from external causes of 90.9/100,000 inhabitants. The two age groups 10-39 years and 60 years and over were those at highest risk of death. Males showed excess mortality in all age groups. The most important specific causes of death were homicides and traffic accidents, with 51.3% and 23.4%, respectively, of all violent deaths. The authors discuss the differences in the mortality rate from external causes in different social areas, defined according to living conditions and their relationship to the history of the development of Recife.

A survey of nodulation was carried out in seven regions of Brazil and the nodulation status of 131 legume species is reported. Nodulation is reported for the first time in 46 species and six genera, representing 35% of the examined species. Two of the genera were non-nodulating: Martiodendron and Nissolia, and four nodulating: Riedeliella, Bergeronia, Goldmania. Moreover the last tribe of Mimosoideae yet to be examined for nodulation Mimoziganthus, was shown to be nodulated. The nodulation pattern is discussed in the light of the taxonomy of the family.

Permutations play an important role in the field of data security, representing a substantial contribution to increase the diffusion of the encryption process and many cryptosystems make use of them . However, in general, the literature on the subject reports very few results concerning those aspects of a permutation that make it atractive for cryptographic purposes. In this paper the subject is considered and, in the search for cryptographically strong permutations to be used in private or public cryptosystems, the problem of counting the number of permutations of degree n that fix i elements is approached.

Plant establishment was studied in a swamp forest in the lowland Atlantic rainforest in southeastern Brazil. A topographic gradient allowed a clear distinction between a periodically flooded and a permanently flooded site in the study area. Both sites were mosaics of patches: the former showed soil patches of varying sizes subject to distinct flooding durations (from 0 to 300 d per year) and in the latter, the tank bromeliads which densely occupied the understorey, trap litter and provided ‘suspended soil’ patches. In the periodically flooded site, the occurrence of regenerants (< 1.0 m tall) of the actively regenerating tree populations of Calophyllum brasiliense, Symphonia globulifera and Tovomitopsis paniculata (all Clusiaceae), originating from seed or vegetative organs, was recorded for 1 m2 quadrats placed in flooded (n = 82) and unflooded (n = 103) patches. In the permanently flooded site, dominated by Tabebuia cassinoides (Bignoniaceae), the presence of germinated seedlings was counted for 400 rosettes of the terrestrial tank bromeliad Nidularium procerum. The results showed that unflooded patches, including tank bromeliads, favoured seedling establishment. However, T. paniculata and T. cassinoides colonize patches where flooding lasts longer or is permanent mostly by reproducing vegetatively, while the seeds of C. brasiliense, which showed no form of vegetative reproduction, and S. globulifera are successful in colonizing flooded patches. Germination tests and field observations indicated that, for C. brasiliense, pre- and post-dispersal seed dormancy, a two-phase seed dispersal (water and bats) and seedling tolerance to flooding accounted for this pattern.

The effect of attribution of responsibility on the intention to help is a well-studied effect. The Weiner model of attribution-emotion-help is the main theoretical development to describe the structural relation between these variables. Some research results have suggested that culture influences the relation between model variables. Collectivists tend to show more compassionate emotions independent of attribution of responsibility whereby emotion is no longer a mediator. The present research aims to test the Weiner model in Brazil, a country with established subcultures and clear distinctions in the collectivism-individualism dimension across its regions. An experiment with 1,569 participants from all five Brazilian regions was conducted. Path analysis revealed that more socially oriented participants tended to feel more compassion for the experimental scenario's protagonist, independent of controllability manipulation, decreasing the effect of emotions in the model. These results depict the effect of culture on the model, questioning the stability of the model across cultures.

This work presents a qualitative interpretation of aeromagnetic and gravity signatures of the southern segment of the Transbrasiliano Lineament (LTB) in the Parnaiba Basin, Brazil. The LTB represents a NESW-oriented shear zone about 2,900 km long. The present study investigates the geophysical expression of the LTB as a key feature to understanding its Mesozoic-Paleozoic evolution and its relationship with the Precambrian basement. The study area is characterized by linear gravity and magnetic anomalies related to the LTB and igneous intrusions. The magnetic lineaments trend mainly NE-SW, but N-Sand E-W-oriented lineaments also occur. The gravity data show a significant gradient in the study area ranging from - 90 mGal to -18 mGal. The regional map of gravity anomalies is characterized by smooth anomalies with long wave length. The residual anomaly map highlights gravimetric lineaments related to the structures of the upper crust. These lineaments have mainly NE-SW orientation and subordinate NWSE orientation. The internal structures of the basin, as depocenters and internal horsts, are also oriented in the NE-SW direction of the TBL.

Sulfonamides are one class of antimicrobial agents used in aquaculture production. Sulfonamides are often overused because they are inexpensive and readily available. Their presence at a concentration above the legal limits is a potential hazard to human health. Brazilian authorities have included in the National Regulatory Monitoring Program the control of the three most widely used sulfonamides in aquaculture production, i.e., sulfathiazole, sulfamethazine, and sulfadimethoxine. An LC method with UV detection for the determination of residual sulfonamides in fish muscle, using sulfapyridine as an internal standard has been developed and validated. The validation was performed according to the Brazilian Regulation 24/2009 (equivalent to European Union Decision 2002/657/EC). The method meets the Brazilian regulatory requirement that establishes criteria and procedures for determination of parameters such as decision limit (CCα), detection capability (CCβ), precision, and recovery. For fish muscle, CCα was determined at 3.63, 2.91, and 7.46 μg/kg for sulfathiazole, sulfamethazine, and sulfadimethoxine, respectively. CCβ was 9.39, 14.54, and 9.39 μg/kg for sulfathiazole, sulfamethazine, and sulfadimethoxine, respectively. For shrimp, CCα was 11.5, 8.67, and 4.46 μg/kg for sulfathiazole, sulfamethazine, and sulfadimethoxine, respectively. CCβ was 18, 11.93, and 5.24 μg/kg for sulfathiazole, sulfamethazine, and sulfadimethoxine, respectively. A complete statistical analysis was performed on the results obtained. The results indicate that the method is robust when subjected to day-to-day analytical variations.

As espécies arbóreas de Leguminosae descritas na Flora Fluminensis são revisadas nos seus aspectos nomenclaturais. Duas novas combinações (Tachigali paratyensis e Lonchocarpus cultratus) e alguns novos sinônimos são propostos e observações sobre as datas de publicação, os tipos e os locais de coletas das plantas são apresentadas.The tree species of Leguminosae described in Flora Fluminensis are reviewed in regard to nomenclatural aspect. Two new combinations (Tachigali paratyensis e Lonchocarpus cultratus) and some synonimous are proposed and observations on publication dates, types and localities of plant collections are presented.

Brazil played a pioneering role in the global establishment of the sugarcane bioethanol industry. The bioethanol fermentation process currently used in Brazil is unique due to the acid wash and recycling of yeast cells. Two, industrially adopted, wild yeast strains, CAT-1 and PE-2, have become the most widely used in Brazil. How these strains respond to the unique fermentation process is poorly understood. The improved performance of CAT-1 and PE-2 is hypothesised to be related to enhanced stress tolerance. This study presents a genome-wide analysis of the CAT-1 and PE-2 transcriptomes during a small-scale fermentation process that mimicked the industrial conditions. The common and unique transcriptional responses of the two strains to the Brazilian fermentation process were identified. Environmental stress response genes were up-regulated postfermenter feeding, demonstrating the impact of the prior acid wash and high glucose environment. Cell wall and oxidative stress tolerance were subsequently demonstrated to be enhanced for the industrial strains. Conversely, numerous genes involved in protein synthesis were down-regulated at the end of fermentation revealing the later impact of ethanol-induced stress. Subsequently, the industrial strains demonstrated a greater tolerance of ethanol and the disruption of endoplasmic reticulum homoeostasis. This increased ethanol tolerance was finally correlated with an increased unfolded protein response and increased HAC1 splicing.

There are many controversies regarding the cyto- and genotoxicity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). In this work, we discuss that many of the incongruous arguments are probably associated with the poor physical-chemical characterization of the CNT samples used in many publications. This manuscript presents examples of carbon nanostructures observed under high resolution electron microscopy that can be found in typical CNT samples, and shows which roles in cyto- and genotoxicity need to be better investigated. Issues concerning chemical treatment are addressed and examples of misunderstandings that can occur during the studies of cyto- and genotoxicity of CNT samples are given.

A regiao Nordeste do Brasil e uma das de maior atividade sismica intraplaca no pais (Berrocal et al. 1984; Assumpcao, 1992,1993). Nos ultimos quarenta anos, a atividade sismica na regiao tem sido caracterizada por enxames de sismos que podem durar mais de 10 anos e por eventos que atingem magnitudes de ate 5,2 mb, na escala Richter. As atividades sismicas registradas por redes instaladas pelo Laboratorio Sismologico da UFRN mostram o grande potencial sismogenico da regiao Nordeste do Brasil. Entre as principais areas sismicamente ativas destaca-se o Agreste Pernambucano. Nesta regiao, diversos eventos sismicos vem sendo relatados desde o seculo XIX e, nos ultimos anos, tem se manifestado de forma mais intensa e numerosa (Ferreira et al., 2008; Lima Neto et al., 2009; Lopes et al., 2010). Alem disso, esta regiao possui importantes estruturas tectonicas mapeadas, destacando-se o Lineamento Pernambuco, uma zona de cisalhamento de escala continental com 700 km de comprimento que aparece claramente na superficie (Davison, et al., 1995). O presente estudo e o primeiro a ser realizado com uma rede local de estacőes sismograficas em areas que estao ao sul do Lineamento Pernambuco. A principal feicao geologica mapeada na regiao e a zona de cisalhamento Gravata-Acu que possui tendencia para NE e esta localizada abaixo do Lineamento Pernambuco. Este estudo mostra os resultados obtidos da campanha realizada no periodo de 21/04/2010 a 22/09/2010.

The city of Rio de Janeiro will host the 2016 Olympic and Paralympics Games. Several improvements are being planned for the city in order to prepare it for the so called Rio 2016 event. This sequence of developments will be decided by a Local Committee and many people enthusiastic to participate should contribute by sending ideas and actually collaborate in the planning process. To assist this huge task force, our paper intends to use decision support systems techniques and cognitive means through different approaches in order to aid large groups in their discussions, their alternatives generation and all group choosing process. This work presents a semantic search method in the LaSca system for the MUTIRO project, which explores the coordination in a Large Scale decision support system. The importance of a locale semantic search comparing to a classical search method is that most contributors are not formal and well behaved in language structure, using lots of slang and alternative means of communication. As Brazil is a continental country it created several local ways of communications that vary from place to place creating additional difficulties for a search tool. A smart thesaurus must be constructed through semi-automatic means and a search engine should be crated to allow feasible searches by the users. The main task of this project is to help groups interested in the Rio 2016 success taking into account socioeconomic and geographical aspects.

Soursop is a very perishable fruit. At room temperature, it has a shelf life limited to five days when it has been harvested at physiological maturity. Research into this fruit has been limited to date but its attractive flavor favors its commercialization in different regions. Identification of the correct harvest time and the use of postharvest technologies such as refrigeration, coatings and modified atmospheres, etc., can extend the shelf life of soursop fruit. The impact of orchard management on fruit quality is also considered.

Using the data for the period 1914–83, rainy and dry season of eastern Northeast (ENF) Brazil are determined. The principal rainy season is April through July (60% of the annual rainfall), and the principal dry season is September through December (10% of the annual rainfall). The fall and winter rains over ENE Brazil are associated with southeasterly winds blowing perpendicular to the coast. The subtropical high in the South Atlantic modulates the strength and direction of winds along the coast that have a determining influence on the interannual variations of rainfall over ENE Brazil. The possible link between the rainfall over ENE Brazil and SST anomalies in the Atlantic is examined. The SST anomalies of the season January, February, March, April (JFMA) in the southeast Atlantic are positively correlated with the rainfall anomalies of ENE Brazil. The sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly pattern frequently becomes established by January/February over southeast Atlantic suggesting the predictiv...

The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of a program of resistance training in water-based exercises (RWE) with those of a program without resistance control in water-based exercises (WEs). Twenty-seven women (aged 60-74 years) were randomly assigned to the RWE group (n = 10), WE group (n = 10), or nontraining control (CON) group (n = 7). The RWE and WE groups trained classes with aerobic exercises and localized muscular resistance exercises for 50 minutes, twice a week for 12 weeks. For the RWE group, the program included 4 mesocycles of 3 weeks-respectively, 4 sets of 15 repetitions, 4 sets of 12 repetitions, 5 sets of 10 repetitions, and 5 sets of 8 repetitions-of shoulder horizontal flexion exercise at maximum speed, with the use of resistive equipment. For the WE group, the training was not periodized, and the resistance in the localized muscular exercises was not controlled. One repetition maximum (1RM) was measured on a pectoral fly machine at baseline and after the training period. The level of significance adopted was p ≤ 0.05. The results showed that the only significant increase in 1RM (10.89%, p < 0.001) occurred in the RWE group after training. In conclusion, these findings suggest that WEs with emphasis on resistance training in a periodized program can efficiently increase maximum strength in elderly women. Thus, it is suggested that the strategies used in WE programs be modified to offer suitable stimuli for the development of strength.

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the current operation of the “Programa Nacional de Microcrédito Produtivo Orientado” (PNMPO) in the institutions and to identify the leaders´ perceptions on the progresses and their futures perspectives. The data were collected using by semi-structured interviews and open questionnaire. The qualitative analysis of the data were accomplished, by using the content analysis technique. According to the results, the following conclusions were drawn: the program generated no significant changes in the performance of the institutions; there are also many difficulties to be overcome for the program to improve the microcredit institutions’ performance; even so, the leaders' expectations for future are the program will consolidate its objective toward promoting and qualifying the institutions.Key-Words: Credit. Financial system. Microcredit. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o atual funcionamento do Programa Nacional de Microcrédito Produtivo Orientado (PNMPO) nas instituições e conhecer as percepções dos sujeitos sociais sobre os progressos e as suas perspectivas futuras. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e questionário aberto. Efetuou-se a análise qualitativa dos dados, através da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados encontrados mostram o seguinte: que o programa não gerou mudanças significativas no funcionamento das instituições; ainda existem muitas dificuldades a serem superadas para que o programa venha a melhorar o desempenho das instituições de microcrédito, e que, mesmo assim, as expectativas dos dirigentes para o futuro, são que o programa venha a consolidar o seu objetivo de fomentar e capacitar as instituições.

Brazil possesses an excellent index of solar radiation mainly in the Northeast region and exactly in this region there is a great number of people with no access to the electrical grid living in isolated communities. Photovoltaic solar energy could be a convenient and effective solution for the electrification of such areas. In this article a brief historical about the generation and uses of electrical energy in different estates of the Brazilian northeast is made. A study about the technology of photovoltaic cells is also made culminating with the design of autonomous and hybrid photovoltaic systems. Technical considerations of operation and maintenance of such systems are also made.

Effects of two ethylene inhibitors, 1-methylcylopropene (1-MCP) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), on production of volatile compounds and mangiferin (a bioactive xanthone) in 'Tommy Atkins' mango fruit were investigated. Volatile composition and mangiferin content, in treated and untreated fruits at three maturity, stages were determined by SPME-GC-MS and HPLC, respectively. These chromatographical analysis revealed that the volatile profiles and mangiferin concentrations were not significantly different, suggesting that the use of ethylene inhibitors does not affect the mango aroma and functional properties relative to this xanthone. Moreover, a simple, precise and accurate HPLC method was developed for quantifying mangiferin in mango pulp.

Neste estudo analisamos as replicas do sismo de magnitude 4.3 com epicentro localizado no municipio de Taipu - RN (Nordeste do Brasil), ocorrido no dia 11 de janeiro de 2010. Os dados foram registrados por uma rede composta por 5 estacoes sismograficas de periodo curto e foram utilizados neste trabalho os dados coletados entre 13 de Janeiro ate 31 de marco de 2010. A determinacao hipocentral foi realizada utilizando o programa HYPO71 e o mecanismo focal composto foi obtido com auxilio do programa FPFIT. A determinacao hipocentral mostrou que estes sismos nao ocorreram na conhecida falha sismologica de Poco Branco, mas numa outra falha mais a oeste, dentro do municipio de Taipu - RN. O mecanismo focal composto obtido teve os seguintes parâmetros: 58o strike, 54o mergulho e -90o para o rake, caracterizando uma falha normal. O plano de falha foi determinado utilizando o mergulho dos hipocentros. Essa nova falha sismologica recebeu o nome de Falha de Jerusalem, com os parâmetros vistos no paragrafo anterior. Embora proxima da falha de Poco Branco sua direcao e mergulho sao bastante distintos.

The photoacoustic technique is used to investigate the thermal diffusivity of ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Te}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$ glasses as a function of composition. The observed dependence on the composition is explained on the basis of the chemically ordered network model. This interpretation is further supported by x-ray and electrical resistivity measurements.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical aspect of dentine and its microbiota in predicting caries progression. The sample consisted of schoolchildren in the 7 to 14 years age group. Treatment involved cavity preparation trough the clinical criterion of hardness, with the collection of carious and remnants dentine for microbiological analysis. The clinical aspect (color and consistency) of the dentine remmants was recorded and the teeth were restored using silver amalgam and glass ionomer cement as pulpal protector (baseline - BL). After 1 year the restoration was removed and after new clinical and microbiological analyses, the teeth were then restored. Microbiological samples were collected at both time-points and cultivated in sheep blood agar, in anaerobiosis for 48 hours. Bacterial growth was analyzed quantitatively. Semiquantitative and qualitative analysis of the bacteria was performed by hybridization with genomic DNA probes and the checkerboard method. A significant difference was observed between the aspect of dentine remnants at BL and at 1 year (p=0.0078). The amount of bacteria at BL and at 1 year did not differ significantly (p= 0.37) and the microbiota of the carious dentine was predominantly composed of Gram-positive cocci. The removal of carious dentine based on the clinical criterion of hardness, followed by a well-adapted restoration, would determine the non-progression of caries. The few bacteria that still remained in the cavity would be no longer viable.

Com uma área irrigada aproximada de 710.500 ha no Brasil, é possível estimar um consumo anual de 1928 GWh nos sistemas de irrigação por pivô central instalados. Considerando-se a necessidade de otimização da produção agrícola irrigada são analisadas, neste trabalho, as energias dissipadas nas tubulações de sucção, adutora, linha lateral, aspersão e proposta uma equação para determinar a potência útil de um sistema de irrigação por pivô central. Três sistemas pivô central do Assentamento Itamarati I, instalados em Ponta Porã, MS, foram avaliados e medidas de eficiência energética foram simuladas visando determinar uma configuração economicamente viável ao longo da vida útil do equipamento. Os sistemas foram caracterizados quanto ao aproveitamento da energia e a eficiência energética na irrigação média aumentou de 14,9 para 25,9%, possibilitando a redução de R$118.800 por ano em 7.200 ha, o equivalente a 11% das despesas anuais com energia elétrica de toda a propriedade. With an irrigated area of approximately 710,500 ha in Brazil, it is possible to estimate an annual electricity consumption of 1,928 GWh per year due to center pivot systems. Considering the need of optimization of the irrigated agricultural production, the energies that are dissipated in the suction pipes, water supply, lateral lines and sprinkler systems are analyzed in this study and an equation is proposed to determine the useful power of center pivot irrigation systems. Three center pivot systems located in Itamarati I (a Government settlement for the landless in the city of Ponta Porã, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil) were evaluated and measures of energetic efficiency were simulated in order to determine a viable economic configuration to meet the life span of the equipment. The systems were characterized by the energy use and results show that the average irrigation energetic efficiency may be raised from 14.9 to 25.9% leading to a possible reduction of R$ 118,800 per year over 7,200 ha, equivalent to 11% of the yearly expenses with electricity of the whole area.

A vision of the effects and the concentrations of methane in the atmosphere is presented in this study, focusing on its sources and sinks, and on direct and indirect impacts on climate. Methane is an important greenhouse gas and its atmospheric concentration has increased due to anthropogenic sources since the pre-industrial era. The addition of methane to the atmosphere is more effective for the greenhouse effect than the addition of the same mass or number of molecules of carbon dioxide. Methane has a significant impact on atmospheric levels of other atmospheric compounds, as ozone, water vapour and the hydroxyl radical, and the reaction with the latter is the main mechanism for methane removal. Balance between sources and sinks and interactions with other gases are crucial to determine the total radiative effect of methane.

During the 2007-2008 influenza season global strain surveillance for antiviral resistance revealed the sudden emergence of oseltamivir resistance in influenza A H1N1 isolates. Although oseltamivir resistance rates vary from region to region, 16% of isolates tested globally were found to be oseltamivir resistant by a histidine to tyrosine mutation of residue 275 of the neuraminidase gene of influenza A. In order to implement effective resistance testing locally a novel real-time reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assay was developed for the detection of the H275Y mutation. To evaluate this method, 40 oseltamivir resistant and 61 oseltamivir sensitive H1N1 influenza isolates were tested using Sanger sequencing, which is the reference method for detection of resistance, pyrosequencing and the novel H275Y RT-PCR assay. In comparison to Sanger sequencing, the sensitivity and specificity of the H275Y RT-PCR assay were 100% (40/40) and 100% (61/61) respectively, while the sensitivity and specificity of pyrosequencing were 100% (40/40) and 97.5% (60/61) respectively. Although all three methods were effective in detecting the H275Y mutation associated with oseltamivir resistance, the H275Y RT-PCR assay was the most rapid and could easily be incorporated into an influenza subtyping protocol.

city of Porto Alegre in the Rio Grande do Sul. Initially, is presented the contributions of authors, such as Schelling and Miyao, for the studies of the space standards of residential segregation that is understood as the organization of diverse groups that generate space delimitations in which the groupings of the residences occur because of the social distinctions. After that, the Index of Residential Segregation is calculated with the objective to verify the degree of existing geographic isolation between the regions of the city, according to the level of both income and education of the responsible one for the domicile. Through this experiment, the identification of effective standards of residential segregation in the city in the year of 2000 was possible, that it differentiates it of other Brazilian capitals. Esse trabalho aborda a questão da segregação residencial sócio-econômica no município de Porto Alegre, capital do Rio Grande do Sul. Inicialmente, são apresentadas as contribuições de autores, tais como Schelling e Miyao, para os estudos dos padrões espaciais de segregação residencial, que é entendida como a organização de grupos diversos que geram delimitações espaciais nas quais os agrupamentos das residências ocorrem em função das distinções sociais. Em seguida, é calculado o Índice de Segregação Residencial com o objetivo de verificar o grau de isolamento geográfico existente entre as regiões da cidade, de acordo com o nível de renda e de escolaridade do responsável pelo domicílio. Por intermédio deste experimento, foi possível a identificação de padrões de segregação residencial vigentes na cidade no ano de 2000, que a diferencia de outras capitais brasileiras.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:42:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1519-566X2008000200012.pdf: 160149 bytes, checksum: 64c6c16fe2c791250de43b5aac4c24b5 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:42:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1519-566X2008000200012.pdf: 160149 bytes, checksum: 64c6c16fe2c791250de43b5aac4c24b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:29:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1519-566X2008000200012.pdf: 160149 bytes, checksum: 64c6c16fe2c791250de43b5aac4c24b5 (MD5) S1519-566X2008000200012.pdf.txt: 21542 bytes, checksum: fdf0db53f93406566a9574701b02b0db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:07:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1519-566X2008000200012.pdf: 160149 bytes, checksum: 64c6c16fe2c791250de43b5aac4c24b5 (MD5) S1519-566X2008000200012.pdf.txt: 21542 bytes, checksum: fdf0db53f93406566a9574701b02b0db (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:07:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1519-566X2008000200012.pdf: 160149 bytes, checksum: 64c6c16fe2c791250de43b5aac4c24b5 (MD5) S1519-566X2008000200012.pdf.txt: 21542 bytes, checksum: fdf0db53f93406566a9574701b02b0db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-01 Para avaliar o comportamento de oviposição da mosca-branca, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biótipo B, em relação à posição da folha na planta, à área do limbo foliar, à idade da planta e à densidade de adultos na cultura do pimentão, foram realizados três testes, utilizando-se a cultivar de pimentão Magali-R. Os testes foram realizados em casa-de-vegetação e no Laboratório de Entomologia da DEFERS/UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira-SP. Nos testes com chance de escolha, plantas com 25, 30, 35, 40 e 45 dias de idade foram utilizadas para avaliar os efeitos da idade sobre a oviposição da mosca-branca, enquanto que em plantas com 35 dias estudou-se a distribuição de ovos da mosca-branca na planta e no limbo foliar. em plantas de 35 dias de idade, avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes densidades populacionais do inseto (50, 100, 150, 200 e 250 adultos/ planta) sobre o número de ovos depositados. No teste sem chance de escolha, utilizaram-se plantas com 35 dias de idade para avaliar o efeito das densidades sobre a oviposição da mosca-branca. B. tabaci biótipo B preferiu ovipositar da terceira a sexta folha a partir do ápice da planta localizadas nos terços médio e superior de planta de pimentão e nas áreas do limbo foliar localizadas nos lóbulos direito e esquerdo, próximas à base da folha. Plantas com 40 e 45 dias, são preferidas para oviposição e, em densidades de 200 e 250 adultos por planta, as moscas-brancas depositam ovos em número suficiente para diferenciar genótipos de pimentão com diferentes graus resistência a esta praga. Bemisia tabaci (Gen.) biotype B is considered a pest of economical importance for several vegetables. The oviposition behaviour of the whilefly was evaluated in sweet pepper plants. The trials were carried out under greenhouse condition and in the Laboratory of Entomology of DEFERS/UNESP, Campus of Ilha Solteira-SP, with the sweet pepper Magali-R genotype. The effect of plant age on the whitefly oviposition was evaluated in free-choice tests, in plants, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45-day-old, as egg distribution in the plant and on the leaf blade was evaluated in 35-days-old plants. In a no-choice tests, 35-day-old plants were used to evaluate the effect of the densities of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 adults per plant on the number of eggs laid by insects. The silverleaf whitefly preferred to oviposit on the third to sixth leaflets, of the medium and superior part of plants of sweet pepper; the leaf blade areas, located in the lobes right and left close the base of the leaf were the preferential site for whitefly oviposition. Older plants, 40- and 45-day-old, were preferentially used for oviposition, and 200 and 250 adults per plant were both enough to lay a number of eggs that allowed to differentiate among sweet pepper genotypes with different whitefly resistance levels. UNESP Depto. Fitossanidade, Engenharia Rural e Solos UNESP Depto. Fitossanidade, Engenharia Rural e Solos

Las caídas que sufren los mayores en su hogar ocurren de manera frecuente y pueden ocasionar muchas secuelas y aún la muerte dependiendo de la gravedad. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo exploratorio que tuvo como objetivo identificar en un grupo de señoras mayores de un municipio de la región noroeste de Paraná, las causas más frecuentes de las caídas. Los datos fueron obtenidos a través de una entrevista semi estructurada, realizada con veinte señoras mayores, cuya edad predominante era de los 60 a 70 años. Todas estas mayores tenían la enseñanza fundamental incompleta. De ellas, 11 (el 55 %) habían sufrido algún tipo de caída en los últimos diez años. La mayoría de las caídas ocurrió tras los resbalos en el suelo mojado. Las participantes del grupo tienen conocimiento sobre los factores causadores de las caídas, sin embargo estos obstáculos aún persisten en su ambiente hogareño. Se cree que los factores que desencadenan estos accidentes pueden ser eliminados del ambiente hogareño a través de la adaptación y de cambios de hábitos de los señores mayores y de la familia. As quedas que acometem o idoso em seu domicílio ocorrem de maneira freqüente e podem acarretar muitas seqüelas ou até mesmo a morte, dependendo da gravidade. Trata-se de estudo descritivo exploratório que teve por objetivo identificar as causas mais freqüentes de quedas em idosos em seus domicílios, num município da região noroeste do Paraná. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista semi-estruturada com 20 idosas, com idade predominante entre 60 a 70 anos, todas com ensino fundamental incompleto. Destas, 11 (55%) sofreram algum tipo de queda nos últimos 10 anos. A maior parte das quedas ocorreu após deslizes em piso molhado e as participantes possuem conhecimentos sobre os fatores causadores de quedas, mas estes obstáculos ainda persistem em seu ambiente. Acredita-se que os fatores que desencadeiam estes acidentes podem ser eliminados do ambiente domiciliar através da adaptação do ambiente e mudanças de hábitos do idoso e da família. Fall-related accidents involving the elderly in their own homes are rather frequent and might lead to several sequels or even death, depending on the degree of seriousness. This descriptive-exploratory study aims to identify the most frequent causes of home fall-related accidents with elderly people in a town in the northeast of Paraná State, Brazil. Data were collected by means of a semi-structured interview with 20 elderly women, predominant ages between 60 and 70, low educational level (incomplete junior high school). Among the participants, 11 (55%) have suffered at least one type of home fall-related accidents in the last 10 years. Most falls happened due to slippery wet ground. Although the participants were aware of the factors that caused their accidents, the obstacles still remain in their environment. It is believed that the causes of these accidents can be eliminated by performing some adjustments in home settings as well as a change of habits on the part of the elderly and their families.