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Organisms require dietary macronutrients in specific ratios to maximize performance, and variation in macronutrient requirements plays a central role in niche determination. Although it is well recognized that development and body size can have strong and predictable effects on many aspects of organismal function, we lack a predictive understanding of ontogenetic or scaling effects on macronutrient intake. We determined protein and carbohydrate intake throughout development on lab populations of locusts and compared to late instars of field populations. Self-selected protein:carbohydrate targets declined dramatically through ontogeny, due primarily to declines in mass-specific protein consumption rates which were highly correlated with declines in specific growth rates. Lab results for protein consumption rates partly matched results from field-collected locusts. However, field locusts consumed nearly double the carbohydrate, likely due to higher activity and metabolic rates. Combining our results with the available data for animals, both across species and during ontogeny, protein consumption scaled predictably and hypometrically, demonstrating a new scaling rule key for understanding nutritional ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Carbohydrate compounds serve multifaceted roles, from energy sources to stress protectants, found across diverse organisms including bacteria, fungi, and plants. Despite this broad importance, the molecular genetic framework underlying carbohydrate biosynthesis pathways, such as starch, sucrose, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis in Salvia guaranitica , remains largely unexplored. Methods: In this study, the Illumina-HiSeq 2500 platform was used to sequence the transcripts of S. guaranitica leaves, generating approximately 8.2 Gb of raw data. After filtering and removing adapter sequences, 38 million reads comprising 210 million high-quality nucleotide bases were obtained. De novo assembly resulted in 75,100 unigenes, which were annotated to establish a comprehensive database for investigating starch, sucrose, and glycolysis biosynthesis. Functional analyses of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (SgGPI), trehalose-6-phosphate synthase/phosphatase (SgT6PS), and sucrose synthase (SgSUS) were performed using transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Results: Among the unigenes, 410 were identified as putatively involved in these metabolic pathways, including 175 related to glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and 235 to starch and sucrose biosynthesis. Overexpression of SgGPI , SgT6PS , and SgSUS in transgenic A. thaliana enhanced leaf area, accelerated flower formation, and promoted overall growth compared to wild-type plants. Discussion: These findings lay a foundation for understanding the roles of starch, sucrose, and glycolysis biosynthesis genes in S. guaranitica , offering insights into future metabolic engineering strategies for enhancing the production of valuable carbohydrate compounds in S. guaranitica or other plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sialic acids are monosaccharide residues involved in several biological processes. Controlling the stereoselectivity of sialylation reactions is challenging and mechanistic studies on the structure of its intermediate, the sialyl cation, are scarce. Here it is shown that a sialyl cation can be generated and isolated from an ionized sialic acid precursor. This short‐lived species is structurally characterized for the first time using cryogenic infrared spectroscopy. In combination with quantum chemical calculations, the results reveal that the positive charge at the anomeric carbon of the sialyl cation is stabilized by remote participation of the C5‐NHAc group leading to the formation of a bridged structure. In this structure, the β‐side is shielded from nucleophilic attack, potentially explaining the α‐selectivity of this building block in SN1‐type sialylation reactions. Other modes of participation are energetically unfavored and cannot be observed experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Di-fructofuranose 1,2′:2,3′ dianhydride (DFA-III) is a cyclic fructo-disaccharide, which is produced by the condensation of two fructose molecules via the caramelization or enzymatic reaction of inulin fructotransferase. A strain of Blautia producta was known to utilize DFA-III as a carbohydrate source; however, the mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we characterized the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 91 DFA-III hydrolase (DFA-IIIase) from B. parvula NBRC 113351. Recombinant BpDFA-IIIase catalyzed the reversible conversion of DFA-III to inulobiose, which is further degraded to fructose by the cooperative action of DFA-IIIase and GH32 β-d-fructofuranosidase. DFA-III was utilized in several Blautia species with a gene cluster for DFA-III degradation (e.g., B. parvula NBRC 113351, B. hydrogenotrophica JCM 14656, and B. wexlerae JCM 35486), but not by B. wexlerae JCM 31267, which does not possess the gene cluster. Furthermore, B. hansenii JCM 14655, which cannot metabolize fructose, could not utilize DFA-III; however, it could degrade DFA-III to fructose in the presence of DFA-III-degrading enzymes. Fecal fermentation tests showed that Blautia species are important gut microbe for degrading DFA-III. Key points: • BpDFA-IIIase is the first characterized DFA-IIIase in intestinal non-pathogenic bacteria. • DFA-IIIase is widely conserved in Blautia species. • DFA-III is degraded to d-fructose through inulobiose by the cooperative action of DFA-IIIase and β-d-fructofuranosidase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat stress impacts photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism, challenging food security. To comprehend the mechanisms of thermotolerance, we examined the role of ethylene (ET) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) with or without sulfur (S) in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Both ET and H2S promoted heat stress tolerance more conspicuously in the presence of S, restoring the balance between carbon assimilation and utilization. The enhanced photosynthesis in ET and H2S‐treated plants under heat stress was linked with increased relative expression of Rubisco subunits rbcS and rbcL and carbohydrate metabolizing, including Sucrose Synthase 2 (SuSy2) and Sucrose transport 1 (SUT1). Notably, the H2S application showed the highest increase of 2.3, 3.2, 3.0, and 2.4‐fold expression of the rbcS, rbcL, SuSy2, and SUT1, respectively, compared to the heat stress alone. The application of H2S with S more prominently increased starch content, total soluble sugar, and soluble invertase activity by 59.3%, 35.7%, and 25.9%, and also activity of soluble starch synthase and granule‐bound starch synthase by 47.2% and 32.8%, respectively, compared to heat‐stressed plants. The treatment (H2S plus S) elevated cysteine and GSH content and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes to maintain cellular redox potential under heat stress. These observed tolerance responses were less pronounced in plants treated with hypotaurine (HT; H2S scavenger) than those treated with norbornadiene (NBD; ET inhibitor), underscoring the superior role of H2S over ET in mitigating heat stress. The present study's findings explain that H2S is crucial for the ET‐mediated response in augmenting photosynthesis and heat stress tolerance in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant acclimation to varying light environments can enhance productivity. However, limited research exists on how plants re‐acclimate to sunlight after shading, despite the increasing use of transient crop shading techniques to mitigate climate change impacts. This study focused on grapevine, a species highly responsive to shade, to explore the effects of prolonged shading on photosynthetic re‐acclimation of plants upon sun re‐exposure. An experiment was conducted using pot‐grown plants subjected to different shading durations and then transferred to sunlight conditions. Results varied depending on whether leaves developed under sun or shade and on the duration of shading. Under shade, stomatal conductance decreased by up to 50%, while photosynthesis was reduced by 30–60%, with longer shading periods causing a greater decrease. Upon sun re‐exposure of shaded plants, sun‐developed leaves gradually reached 100% of the stomatal conductance of sun‐control plants, but their photosynthesis remained at 70%. Despite reduced photosynthesis, analyses of non‐structural carbohydrate (NSC) contents revealed that carbohydrate pools were maintained in shaded leaves, likely due to reduced carbon demand by plant sinks under shade. The maintenance of NSC limited optimal photosynthetic recovery upon sunlight re‐exposure. In contrast, shade‐developed leaves did not increase photosynthesis upon transfer to sunlight due to irreversible morphological changes. This study provides new insights into the impact of shade acclimation on biochemical, physiological and morphological processes when plants are subjected to changing light environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In early spring, the sap of Betula platyphylla was easy to collect and had a high yield. In order to explore the effect of temperature on the change of Betula platyphylla sap and the change of sap component concentration in different developmental periods, the natural secondary forest of B. platyphylla in Mao'ershan Experimental Forest, Northeast Forestry University in Heilongjiang Province was selected. In 2022 and 2023, sap of B. platyphylla was collected to calculate the spring sap flow rate. The concentration of carbohydrates, amino acids, total triterpenes, soluble proteins, pH, potassium, calcium, sodium and magnesium in the sap of B. platyphylla was determined at different developmental periods in 2023, and the variation patterns of sap components were analyzed. The B. platyphylla sap component concentration extracted from two consecutive years was compared with that extracted in the same year, in order to explore whether continuous extraction of sap had an effect on B. platyphylla. The results showed that sap of B. platy⁃ phylla production showed an overall trend of increasing and then decreasing from April to June, with the highest production in April and May. The increase in temperature promoted sap production. The concentration of total triterpenes, carbohydrates, amino acids and protein fractions in the sap showed a trend of increasing, then decreasing and then increasing during the whole period of phenological development. All of them were the lowest during the vigorous growth period. The pH value of sap showed an overall decreasing trend with the development of the phenology, and it was acidified continuously before the complete leaf expansion. The ion concentration showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing. Continuous sap extraction did not significantly affect the total triterpenes, amino acids and protein concentration of sap, but decreased the carbohydrate concentration and pH. The research results provided scientific guidance for the collection of sap of B. platyphylla in the eastern mountainous of Heilongjiang Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Ramadan fasting (RF) is associated with various physiological and metabolic changes among fasting Muslims. However, it remains unclear whether these effects are attributable to changes in meal timing or changes in dietary energy and macronutrient intakes. Furthermore, the literature on the associations between RF, meal timing, and energy and macronutrient intakes is inconclusive. Objectives This systematic review aimed to estimate the effect sizes of RF on energy and macronutrient intakes (carbohydrates, protein, fats, dietary fiber, and water) and determine the effect of different moderators on the examined outcomes. Data Sources The Cochrane, CINAHL, EMBASE, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, PubMed/MEDLINE, ProQuest Medical, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to January 31, 2022. Data Extraction The studies that assessed energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, fiber, and water intakes pre- and post-fasting were extracted. Data Analysis Of the 4776 identified studies, 85 relevant studies (n = 4594 participants aged 9–85 y) were selected. The effect sizes for the studied variables were as follows: energy (number of studies [K] = 80, n = 3343 participants; mean difference [MD]: −142.45; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −215.19, −69.71), carbohydrates (K = 75, n = 3111; MD: −23.90; 95% CI: −36.42, −11.38), protein (K = 74, n = 3108; MD: −4.21; 95% CI: −7.34, −1.07), fats (K = 73, n = 3058; MD: −2.03; 95% CI: −5.73, 1.67), fiber (K = 16, n = 1198; MD: 0.47; 95% CI: −1.44, 2.39), and water (K = 17, n = 772; MD: −350.80; 95% CI: −618.09, 83.50). Subgroup analyses showed age significantly moderated the 6 dietary outcomes, and physical activity significantly moderated water intake. There were significant reductions in energy, carbohydrate, and protein intakes during RF. Conclusions The change in meal timing rather than quantitative dietary intake may explain various physiological and health effects associated with RF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amphora aff. amoena and Chaetoceros muelleri are potential diatoms with good proximal composition and the ability to grow rapidly. Like other microalgae, this composition can be improved by adjusting their culture conditions, such as exposure to different light conditions. However, there is still a need to explore these culture conditions further and their effect on these diatoms. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical-proximal composition of the diatoms A. aff. amoena and C. muelleri under three wavelengths: white (WL) range (400-750 nm), blue (BL) range (430-480 nm), and red (RL) range (595-660 nm), at an irradiance of 200 µmol m-2 s-1 using LED lights. In both species, A. aff. amoena and C. muelleri, the highest cell concentration under WL was: 216,250 and 1,198,125 cells mL-1, respectively. The carbohydrate content was 5.80% for A. aff. amoena and 2.21% for C. muelleri, while protein content was 13.41% for A. aff amoena and 12.31% for C. muelleri. Lipids were found to be most abundant in A. aff. amoena when exposed to RL (37.19%) and C. muelleri (60.48%) when exposed to BL. No significant differences were found in A. aff. amoena under different light conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compact food bars have become consumers' first choice as an alternative to unhealthy snacks, meal replacements or quick energy sources before exercise. Considering the increasing need of society for such products, the aim of this research is to investigate the effect of using quinoa flour in raw and processed form (flaked and roasted) and different levels of rice flour (zero, 15 and 30%) on the physicochemical (moisture, fat, protein, ash, carbohydrates, calories, specific volume, color, water activity and texture) and sensory characteristics of compact food bars. The results showed that the processing applied on quinoa, while improving the quality of the product, led to a decrease in moisture, fat and water activity, and an increase in ash and texture hardness, and the samples containing quinoa flour showed the highest amount of protein. In addition, the flaking process decreased carbohydrate and specific volume and roasting increased them and had a significant effect on the color changes of the samples. The results of the sensory analysis of the samples also showed that the processing done on quinoa and increasing the amount of rice flour in the formulation increased the overall acceptance of the product. Finally, the sample produced with quinoa flaked flour and containing 30% of rice flour (8.10% moisture, 5.90% fat, 5.74% protein, 0.78% ash, 79.47% carbohydrates and 393.97 Kcal/100g calories) was chosen as the optimal formula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) is known for its resilience in extreme conditions; however, it is not widely accepted by most Egyptian consumers. This study aimed to determine the biochemical and sensory quality of fish spread made from the catfish meat, with varying levels of potato substitution. Five treatments were designed: a control (without potatoes) and four treatments with 5, 10, 15, and 20% potatoes. The results showed that the control spread contained 63.24% moisture, 16.05% crude protein, 16.60% fat, 2.25% ash, and 1.68% carbohydrates. Additionally, the quality indices recorded were pH 6.51, TVN 13.02mg/ 100g, TBA 0.23mg MDA/kg sample, and TPC 43x10² cfu/g. These values varied with each treatment, showing significant changes in both protein and carbohydrate content. Regarding sensory quality, the fish spread with 10% potatoes received a high score for color, while the treatment with 15% potatoes achieved high scores in color, spreadability, aftertaste, and overall acceptability. In conclusion, spreads made from the catfish were well accepted by panelists, and the inclusion of potatoes up to 15% improved both the biochemical and sensory quality. This study recommends that underutilized catfish be considered a good source for creating suitable fish spreads for all ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food is one of the important elements for human life, like air and water. Nutrition rich in high-quality protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals is the basis of the body's development, immune system, intellectual and reproductive activity. The connective tissue in poultry meat is easily digestible (up to 80 %) by the human body due to the fact that it is composed of delicate muscle fibers. Bird eggs are also very useful for the body. However, in addition to the amount and chemical composition of food, its microbiological indicators should also be under strict control. Eggs, which have a rich biochemical composition and useful biological properties, can be a source of danger to human health if veterinary-sanitary and hygiene rules are not followed. That is, the fall of various disease-causing agents, chemical and biological toxic substances into food products can cause mass illness and poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of water extracts from litter horizons of podzolic soils under a native bilberry–green moss spruce forest (TP-1) and under secondary mixed (birch–spruce) forests of 12 (TP-2) and 43 (TP-3) years in age developing on cutting areas in the middle taiga subzone of the Komi Republic was studied using high-temperature catalytic oxidation (TOC-VCPH analyzer), gas chromatography, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Forest litters from test plots TP-1 and TP-2 were similar in composition and consisted of the needle litter and products of moss destruction. They had close pH values of water extracts and close total nitrogen (Ntot) and water-soluble carbon (Cws) contents. Forest litter on TP-3 consisted of the leaf litter of birch and aspen at different stages of decomposition, which was is reflected in higher contents of total and water-soluble carbon and total nitrogen and a decrease in acidity. The set of identified water-soluble carbon compounds was represented by 25 compounds: 12 carboxylic acids, 9 carbohydrates, and 4 alcohols with the major contribution of carbohydrates (hexoses). In the native spruce forest (TP-1), a tendency for a decrease in the proportion of acids and alcohols and an increase in the proportion of sugars from the upper (O1) to the lower (O3) part of the litter was observed. In forest litters of former cutting areas (TP-2, TP-3), an increase in the proportion of alcohols (especially in the O2 subhorizon) and a decrease in the proportion of sugars were noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exogenous nitrate ingestion can improve exercise performance. This study investigated whether an isotonic beetroot drink could improve jump and sprint performance in active individuals. Twenty-three physically active participants (17 males, 6 females) (mean ± SD; age: 26 ± 4 years; body mass index: 22.4 ± 1.9 kg/m2) completed a double-blind, randomized, cross-over study where they consumed 570mL of either beetroot juice drink (BR) or isotonic beetroot juice drink (ISO-BR) three hours before performing countermovement (CMJ) and standing broad jump (SBJ) tests and a 30-second all-out sprint on a cycle ergometer. Both drinks contained equal nitrate (12.9 mmol) and carbohydrate (6.1g per 100mL) content but differed in osmolality (BR: 420 mOsm/kg vs. ISO-BR: 315 mOsm/kg). Salivary total nitrate and nitrite concentrations (NOx) 3 hours post-ingestion were significantly higher after consuming ISO-BR than BR. ISO-BR significantly improved peak power output compared to BR by 3.9% (ISO-BR: 11.4 ± 2.5 W/kg vs. BR: 11.0 ± 2.3 W/kg, p =.04) but not time to peak power (ISO-BR: 2.8 ± 1.7 s vs. BR: 2.9 ± 1.6 s, p =.62) or mean power output (ISO-BR: 7.3 ± 1.5 W/kg vs. BR: 7.3 ± 1.5 W/kg, p =.37). There were no significant differences in CMJ or SBJ between trials (p >.05). Sensory evaluation indicated that ISO-BR was preferred by 91% (n = 21) of participants compared with BR (average score; ISO-BR: 5.52 vs. BR: 3.52, p <.05). An ISO-BR drink improved peak power output during sprint cycling but not jump performance compared with BR alone, potentially via increased NOx. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: The precise mechanisms underlying the health benefits of time‐restricted eating (TRE) are unclear, particularly in adolescents. Objectives: This secondary analysis examines the impact of 8‐h TRE on energy intake, dietary composition and quality in adolescents with obesity, using data from a 12‐week randomized, controlled pilot trial. Methods: Participants (14–18 years with BMI >95th percentile) were assigned to either 8‐h TRE with real‐time or blinded continuous glucose monitoring or a control group with a 12+ h eating window. Dietary intake was analysed using the Nutrient Data System Recall 24‐h Dietary Recall and the Healthy Eating Index (HEI‐2020) for assessing diet quality. Results: The study included 44 participants (32 TRE, 12 control), predominantly female and Hispanic/Latino. The TRE group showed a significant reduction in mean energy intake (−441 kcal/day), carbohydrates (−65 g/day), added sugar (−19 g/day) and fat (−19 g/day), while the control group had a similar reduction in energy intake (−437 kcal/day) and carbohydrates (−63 g/day), but no significant changes in added sugar or fat. The percent energy intake from protein increased more in the TRE group compared to the control. The TRE group experienced a significant improvement in diet quality, with a 6.3‐point increase in HEI‐2020 score; however, between‐group comparisons were not statistically significant. Conclusion: There were no significant differences between the TRE and control groups in energy intake, dietary composition or quality. Future research with larger sample sizes is needed to further evaluate the potential impact of TRE on dietary behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although nutrition and exercise both influence bone metabolism, little is currently known about their interaction, or whether nutritional intervention can modulate the bone biomarker response to acute exercise. Improved understanding of the relationships between nutrition, exercise and bone metabolism may have substantial potential to inform nutritional interventions to protect the bone health of exercising individuals, and to elucidate mechanisms by which exercise and nutrition influence bone. Objective: The aim was to synthesise available evidence related to the influence of nutrition on the response of the bone biomarkers procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-1) to acute exercise, using a systematic review and meta-analytic approach. Methods: Studies evaluating the influence of nutritional status or intervention on the bone biomarker response to an acute exercise bout were included and separated into four categories: (1) feeding status and energy availability, (2) macronutrients, (3) micronutrients and (4) other. Studies conducted on healthy human populations of any age or training status were included. Meta-analysis was conducted when data from at least five studies with independent datasets were available. In the case of insufficient data to warrant meta-analysis, results from individual studies were narratively synthesised and standardised mean effect sizes visually represented. Results: Twenty-two articles were included. Of these, three investigated feeding status or energy availability, eight macronutrients, eight micronutrients (all calcium) and six other interventions including dairy products or collagen supplementation. Three studies had more than one intervention and were included in all relevant outcomes. The largest and most commonly reported effects were for the bone resorption marker CTX-1. Meta-analysis indicated that calcium intake, whether provided via supplements, diet or infusion, reduced exercise-induced increases in CTX-1 (effect size − 1.1; 95% credible interval [CrI] − 2.2 to − 0.05), with substantially larger effects observed in studies that delivered calcium via direct infusion versus in supplements or foods. Narrative synthesis suggests that carbohydrate supplementation may support bone during acute exercise, via reducing exercise-induced increases in CTX-1. Conversely, a low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet appears to induce the opposite effect, as evidenced by an increased exercise associated CTX-1 response, and reduced P1NP response. Low energy availability may amplify the CTX-1 response to exercise, but it is unclear whether this is directly attributable to energy availability or to the lack of specific nutrients, such as carbohydrate. Conclusion: Nutritional intervention can modulate the acute bone biomarker response to exercise, which primarily manifests as an increase in bone resorption. Ensuring adequate attention to nutritional factors may be important to protect bone health of exercising individuals, with energy, carbohydrate and calcium availability particularly important to consider. Although a wide breadth of data were available for this evidence synthesis, there was substantial heterogeneity in relation to design and intervention characteristics. Direct and indirect replication is required to confirm key findings and to generate better estimates of true effect sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth and nutrients of photosynthetic organisms are significantly influenced by light spectra, yet this relationship is not well-understood in microalgae. Herein, we studied three microalgae species—Chaetoceros sp., Isochrysis galbana, and Tetraselmis helgolandica—distinguished by their pigments. We exposed them to seven light spectra, including white (control), red, orange, green, blue, violet, and full spectrum. The results showed distinct responses in the three microalgae to varying light spectra. Optimal growth occurred under blue, violet, and white lights for Chaetoceros sp., I. galbana, and T. helgolandica, respectively, while orange, red, and green lights inhibited growth. Notably, green light significantly increased the protein content in all three microalgae. Carbohydrate and lipid content exhibited species-specific responses: the highest carbohydrate accumulation was achieved for Chaetoceros sp. under red light (73.27±1.45 mg/g), I. galbana under orange light (122.89±12.28 mg/g), and T. helgolandica under blue light (43.62±2.79 mg/g). Meanwhile, the highest lipid content was obtained under violet light for Chaetoceros sp. and I. galbana (250.80±7.27 and 320.23±5.75 mg/g, respectively), and under green light for T. helgolandica (255.12±31.19 mg/g). Furthermore, violet light greatly promoted the accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in all three microalgae. Specific pigment compositions also responded to variations in light spectra. For instance, the diadinoxanthin content in Chaetoceros sp. increased significantly under orange light (194.77±13.78 µg/g), while chlorophyll-a content in I. galbana increased significantly under violet and blue lights ((88.84±33.46)–(141.38±1.64) µg/g), and in T. helgolandica under red, green, and blue lights ((1 485.04±190.46)–(1 886.60±387.42) µg/g). Additionally, I. galbana exhibited the highest fucoxanthin, diadinoxanthin, and β-carotene contents under white light. In conclusion, our results highlight the species-specific impact of light spectra on microalgae growth and nutrients, providing valuable guidance for flexible application of light spectra in microalgal production to enhance yields and target specific nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) provide a special class of tumor-specific antigens that show promising applications in cancer immunotherapy. However, the weak immunogenicity and structural complexity of TACAs are obstacles to their clinical application. Here, based on a fast and low-cost purification strategy for oligosaccharide synthesis, the synthesis of tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens Globo H and mannobiose which resembles repeat unit of mannan was achieved. To enhance the immunogenicity and multivalent effect, Globo H and mannobiose were covalently attached to degradable polymer backbones. 2D spindle-like lamellar micelle and globular micelle were obtained from glycopolymer through a solvent-exchange method of self-assembly. The glyconanoparticle showed good biocompatibility and degradability. Immunological functions of these glyconanoparticles such as stimulation of BMDC to cause upregulation of inflammatory factors were preliminarily explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study explored food items that contribute most toward increased fermentable carbohydrate (FC) intake and its association with diet quality in college students. Method: This cross-sectional study included 571 consented college students (≥18 years) with reported energy intakes (500–3500 kcal/day for women; 800–4000 kcal/day for men). FC intake and healthy eating index-2015 (HEI-2015) scores were assessed by diet history questionnaire-II. Data were analyzed by unadjusted bivariate linear regression and Pearson correlation tests. Results: The mean intakes of total FC (β = 1.24; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.02, 1.47) significantly predicted HEI-2015 scores. Positive correlations were found between FC intake and red and orange vegetables (r = 0.62), whole fruits (r = 0.63), and dark green vegetables (r = 0.58). Conclusions: Higher FC intake was associated with higher diet quality; vegetables and fruits are primary contributors to FC content. Efforts are required to promote these food items to improve diet quality and FC intake to shape eating choices in college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New niacin derivatives conjugated with monosaccharides were synthesized through a series of reactions and then evaluated in vitro as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. Briefly, 4bromonicotinic acid was reacted with hydrazine hydrate to give 4-bromonicotinohydrazide in a single step. Next, the derivative obtained was condensed with various monosaccharides via the Schiff base reaction. Biologically, the antioxidant activity of these compounds was investigated by phosphomolybdate test, results obtained in this test revealed encouraging activity for some of synthesized derivatives with good EC50 values compared to ascorbic acid. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of synthesized derivatives showed good inhibition against both C. albicans and E. coli compared to standard drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Biliary tract cancer (BTC) is a rare but aggressive malignancy that requires surgical treatment. However, postoperative recurrence rates are high, and reliable predictors of recurrence are limited. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in predicting early recurrence after curative surgery and complete adjuvant therapy in patients with BTC. Methods: Twenty-four patients who underwent R0 and R1 resections and completed adjuvant therapy for BTC between September 2019 and March 2022 were followed up until March 2024. Patients were categorized into early recurrence (ER) and non-ER groups, using one year as the cutoff for recurrence. Results: The combination score derived from ultrashort fragments of cfDNA, vimentin-positive CTCs, and carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 levels showed a statistically significant difference between the ER and non-ER groups (p-value < 0.001). The receiver operating characteristic curve from the combination score and CA 19-9 levels yielded areas under the curve of 0.891 and 0.750, respectively. Conclusions: Although further research is required, these findings suggest that cfDNA and CTCs may increase the accuracy of predicting postoperative recurrence in patients with BTC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary aspiration in the perioperative period carries the risk of significant morbidity and mortality. As such, guidelines have been developed with the hopes of minimizing this risk by recommending fasting from solids and liquids over a specified amount of time. Point-of-care ultrasound has altered the landscape of perioperative medicine; specifically, gastric ultrasound plays a pivotal role in perioperative assessment. Further, the advent of glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonists, the widespread use of cannabis, and Enhanced Recovery program carbohydrate beverage presents new challenges when attempting to standardize fasting guidelines. This review synthesizes the literature surrounding perioperative fasting guidelines specifically with regard to the use of point-of-care ultrasound in assessing for gastric contents and minimizing the risk of aspiration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Musculocontractural Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (MC‐EDS) is a rare entity worldwide with underlying pathogenic variant in the carbohydrate sulfotransferase 14 (CHST14) gene. Previous reports of the same entity from India were of two unrelated cases. Ours is the first report of two siblings in an Indian family with craniofacial dysmorphism and distal arthrogryposis with a clinical diagnosis of EDS, where an underlying pathogenic variant in CHST14 was detected by exome sequencing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SNAP25 plays an essential role in the glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) of pancreatic β‐cells. Carbohydrate response element‐binding protein (ChREBP) is an important transcription factor in β‐cells and, in this study, we aimed to explore whether ChREBP regulates SNAP25 expression in β‐cells. We show that diabetic Goto‐Kakizaki (GK) rats exhibited impaired insulin secretion and hyperglycemia, along with decreased SNAP25 expression and ChREBP phosphorylation in islets. SNAP25 knockdown decreased GSIS in β‐cells, while SNAP25 overexpression increased GSIS in β‐cells. Activation or overexpression of ChREBP led to reduced SNAP25 expression and subsequent suppression of GSIS. Conversely, ChREBP knockdown mitigated the reduction in SNAP25 expression caused by high glucose. Mechanistically, the activation of ChREBP by high glucose increased its occupancy and decreased the level of H3K4me3 at the Snap25 promoter. Our findings reveal the novel regulatory mechanisms of SNAP25 expression in β‐cells and suggest that SNAP25 may be involved in the regulation of β‐cell secretory function controlled by ChREBP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantity and quality of maternal nutrition in the periconception period is an important determinant for embryonic and foetal development and subsequent pregnancy course and outcome. The intake of ultra-processed foods (UPF) has increased worldwide and adverse health outcomes have been reported. However, the impact of UPF intake on the placenta, essential for prenatal nourishment, is unknown. Therefore, we aim to investigate associations between the periconceptional maternal intake of UPF, energy and related macronutrients, and first-trimester utero-placental vascular development. We included 214 ongoing pregnancies in the Virtual Placenta study, a subcohort of the Rotterdam periconception cohort. At enrollment, participants filled out a food frequency questionnaire from which we calculated the average daily energy from UPF, total energy intake and macronutrient intake from UPF. At 7-9-11 weeks of gestation, we performed sequential three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasounds of the first-trimester utero-placental vasculature. Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis (VOCAL) software, Virtual Reality segmentation and a skeletonization algorithm were applied to measure placental volume (PV), utero-placental vascular volume (uPVV) and generate the utero-placental vascular skeleton (uPVS). Absolute vascular morphology was quantified by assigning a morphologic characteristic to each voxel in the uPVS (end-, bifurcation-, crossing- or vessel point) and used to calculate density of vascular branching. Linear mixed models adjusted for confounders were used to investigate associations between maternal intake of UPF, total energy and macronutrients from UPF and PV, uPVV and uPVS characteristics. Energy intake from UPF and total energy intake were not consistently associated with imaging markers of utero-placental vascular development. Higher carbohydrate intake of 10 g/day from UPF was associated with increased uPVS trajectories (end points (β = 0.34, 95%CI = 0.07; 0.61), bifurcation points (β = 0.38, 95%CI = 0.05; 0.70), vessel points (β = 0.957, 95%CI = 0.21; 1.71). No associations were observed with PV. Against our hypothesis, periconceptional maternal intake of UPF and total energy were not convincingly associated with impaired first-trimester utero-placental vascular development. Remarkably, the increased intake of carbohydrates from UPF, which is often considered 'unhealthy', is positively associated with first-trimester utero-placental vascular development. Given the complexity of diet, further research should elucidate what underlies these findings to be able to interpret how nutrition may impact utero-placental vascular development in early pregnancy. This study is registered at the Dutch Trial Register (NTR6854). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of girdling branches, application of gibberellic acid (GA3), and foliar urea on the alternating yield and quality of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf) fruits. Design/methodology/approach: The experiment was carried out on trees during abundant harvest ("on" year) and trees with low harvest ("off" year). Foliar applications of GA3 and foliar urea were performed with a manual sprayer at a rate of 7 L tree-1 of solution. Branch girdling (5.0 mm wide) was performed on twothirds of the secondary branches using a circular-edged knife to avoid damaging the xylem. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 24 factorial arrangements with 16 treatments and 3 repetitions. Each experimental unit was a tree to evaluate fruit yield and quality at the experiment's conclusion. Results: Branch girdling increased the diameter, the number of fruits, the yield, and the ºBrix-Acidity ratio of the juice. Foliar urea applications increased the percentage of juice but delayed ripening. The combination of branch girdling plus foliar urea applications increased fruit weight. The yield increase was attributed to the number of fruits rather than their weight. The treatments did not reduce alternate bearing. Limitations on study/implications: The commercial cultivation areas for the experiment were limited due to the availability of facilities for testing fruit quality. Findings/conclusions: To increase the size and number of fruits, with an increase in yield, branch girdling is an effective option. Furthermore, the application of foliar urea increases the percentage of juice and fruit weight, with a slight delay in maduration. However, the treatments did not reduce alternate bearing. Future research is required with other grapefruit varieties at different application times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein intake inadequacy has been considered to be one of the major nutritional problems worldwide for many years and it appears that this issue will continue to increase sharply in the coming decades. This deficiency can be partly overcome by the effective use of protein-rich bioresources such as mollusks. In the present study, the oyster Pinctada radiata, collected from the Aegean Sea, is fully nutritionally characterized as a new non-indigenous bioresource concerning mainly its protein, carbohydrate and fat composition during the different seasons of the year. The results showed that the protein content of the pearl oyster is at satisfactory levels, with its maximum value in winter and minimum in summer. On the contrary, its fat and carbohydrates are at low levels, with their maximum values in the summer period. Regarding the profile of fatty acids, polyunsaturated fats are in the highest proportion, which is very encouraging, as a diet rich in this kind of fat is desired. The entire nutritional profile of the studied oyster demonstrates its high nutritional value and supports its possible use as a "new" seafood source for human consumption in the Mediterranean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Carbohydrate counting is recommended to improve glycemic control in type 1 diabetes (T1D), but the most effective educational methods are unclear. Despite its benefits, many individuals struggle with mastering carbohydrate counting, leading to inconsistent use and suboptimal glycemic outcomes. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of two group-based programs with individual dietary counseling (standard care) for glycemic control. Methods: The trial was a randomized, controlled, open-label, parallel-group design. Adults with T1D on multiple daily insulin injections (MDIs) and with glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 53–97 mmol/mol were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to basic (BCC), advanced carbohydrate counting (ACC), or standard care. Primary outcomes were the changes in HbA1c or mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGEs) in BCC and ACC versus standard care after six months. Equivalence testing was performed to compare BCC and ACC. Results: Between November 2018 and August 2021, 63 participants were randomly assigned to BCC (N = 20), ACC (N = 21), or standard care (N = 22). After 6 months, HbA1c changed by −2 mmol/mol (95% CI −5 to 0 [−0.2%, −0.5 to 0]) in BCC, −4 mmol/mol (−6 to −1 [−0.4%, −0.6 to −0.1]) in ACC, and −3 mmol/mol (−6 to 0 [−0.3%, −0.6 to 0]) in standard care. The estimated difference in HbA1c compared to standard care was 1 mmol/mol (−3 to 5 [0.1%, −0.3 to 0.5]); p = 0.663 for BCC and −1 mmol/mol (−4 to 3 [−0.1%, −0.4 to 0.3]); p = 0.779 for ACC. For MAGEs, changes were −0.3 mmol/L (−1.5 to 0.8) in BCC, −0.0 mmol/L (−1.2 to 1.1) in ACC, and −0.7 mmol/L (−1.8 to 0.4) in standard care, with differences of 0.4 mmol/L (−1.1 to 1.9); p = 0.590 for BCC and 0.7 mmol/L (−0.8 to 2.1); p = 0.360 for ACC versus standard care. An equivalence in effect between BCC and ACC was found for HbA1c, but not for MAGEs. Conclusions: Group-based education in BCC and ACC did not demonstrate a clear advantage over individualized dietary counseling for overall glycemic control in adults with T1D. Healthcare providers should consider flexible, patient-centered strategies that allow individuals to choose the format that best suits their learning preferences when selecting the most suitable dietary educational approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The objective of this systematic review is to analyze the influence of carbohydrate (CHO) intake on physical and technical aspects, glucose and muscle glycogen levels, fatigue, cognition, and gastrointestinal comfort involved in the performance of soccer players, as well as to examine whether there are any differences between men and women. Methods: A bibliographic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and SportDiscus, resulting in 61 selected articles. The PRISMA recommendations and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews guidelines were followed. Results: The results indicate that CHO intake before and during the match improves speed and the number of sprints, attenuates the decrease in shooting accuracy and speed, increases time to fatigue, and enhances cognitive function. There is no consensus on passing, dribbling, jumping, or agility improvements. Glucose levels drop during the first 15 min of the second half without affecting performance. Conclusions: It is recommended that players ingest 6–8 g/kg/d of CHO the day before, a meal with 1–3 g/kg 3–4 h before, and 30–60 g/h during the match. Muscle glycogen drops drastically at the end of the match, remaining low at 48 h. Hence, 1–1.5 g/kg/h is recommended during the first 4 h, starting from the first 20 min. Female soccer players have a similar physical demand to men, and energy availability is low, especially in the post-match periods, as they underestimate their energy expenditure and do not consume enough CHO. Therefore, the recommended guidelines should be followed, individualized, and periodized according to each athlete's energy needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbohydrate digestive enzymes like α-amylase and α-glucosidase can be used to treat and manage diabetes. By inhibiting these enzymes, carbohydrate digestion slowed down, lowering the level of glucose entry into the bloodstream and preventing postprandial hyperglycemia. However, the effectiveness of current antidiabetic agents is limited due to their adverse effects. Therefore, the current study explored natural inhibitors from the methanol extract of rice to combat this issue. Through an integrated approach, four different rice cultivars were analysed and found that red rice methanol extract compounds stigmasterol and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid interacted with α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Additionally, further research on stigmasterol directs the structure-activity relationship studies that aid in managing diabetic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The dietary glycemic index (GI) and load (GL) reflect carbohydrate quality and quantity, potentially impacting fertility through modulation of insulin sensitivity and generation of oxidative stress. While fertility is influenced by both women and men, reproductive research often emphasizes maternal factors. We first examined periconception dietary intake in both women and male partners, and subsequent associations of dietary GI and GL with fecundability and subfertility. Methods: Among 830 women and 651 male partners, participating in a population-based prospective cohort study from preconception onwards, we assessed periconception dietary intake and calculated GI and GL, using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at median 12.4 weeks gestation (95% range 10.9, 18.4). Information on time to pregnancy was obtained through questionnaires, with subfertility defined as a time to pregnancy ≥ 12 months or use of assisted reproductive technology. Results: In the periconception period, mean energy intake in women was 1870 kcal (SD: 500; 46% carbohydrates, 16% protein, 33% fat; dietary GI 56.2 (SD: 3.5) and GL 141.4 (SD: 67.4)). Mean energy intake in men was 2350 kcal (SD: 591; 43% carbohydrates, 16% protein, 33% fat; dietary GI 56.8 (SD: 3.2) and GL 156.7 (SD: 75.4)). Median time to pregnancy was 4.8 months (IQR: 1.2, 16.4), with 30.6% of 830 women experiencing subfertility. Dietary GI and GL were not associated with fertility outcomes in women. In men, higher dietary GI and GL across the full range were associated with decreased fecundability, after adjusting for socio-demographic and lifestyle factors, as well as dietary GI or GL of female partners [FR: 0.91, 95% CI 0.83, 0.99; FR: 0.90, 95% CI 0.81, 0.99, per SDS increase in dietary GI and GL, respectively]. When assessing the combined influence of dietary GI clinical categories in women and men, both partners adhering to a low GI diet tended to be associated with increased fecundability, but not with subfertility risk. Conclusions: Suboptimal periconception carbohydrate intake may be negatively associated with male fertility, but not with fertility outcomes in women. Further studies are needed to assess whether a lower GI and GL diet is a feasible lifestyle intervention to improve couples fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gluconolactone serves as a readily available and inexpensive starting material for synthesizing the potential platform chemical (Z)‐3‐deoxy‐1,2 : 5,6‐di‐O‐isopropylidene‐D‐erythro‐hex‐3‐enolactone in two steps. In this work, the selective elimination of triacetone gluconolactone was optimized. The resulting product is a versatile molecule, capable of being transformed into various compound classes in one or a few steps, i. e. potentially a new biomass‐based platform chemical. This study demonstrates how it can be transformed into furanics, rare sugars, β‐ketoamides, and amino furanones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most fluorogens with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics are hydrophobic and most common sugars are hydrophilic and naturally nontoxic. The combination of AIEgens and sugars can construct glycosyl AIEgens with the advantages of good water-solubility, low fluorescent background and satisfactory biocompatibility. Based on the specific reaction or binding with analytes to change the conjugate system or restrict intramolecular motions, glycosyl AIEgens can be used as powerful tools for detecting bioactive molecules or imaging living cells. In this feature article, we summarize recent advances in sugar-based AIE luminogens and their applications in biosensing and imaging. The sugar units could significantly increase the solubility, biocompatibility, target activity, and chemical modifying capacity and often decrease the background fluorescence of the AIE probes. Corresponding studies not only expand the application fields of AIEgens but also provide effective tools for broad carbohydrate research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cationic starch (CatS) coating of cellulose fabrics enables salt‐free reactive dyeing. However, the relation of the degree of substitution and CatS concentration in the dyeing procedure are open issues. Accordingly, three cationic starches of increasing degree of substitution were used at different concentrations for the coating of cotton fabrics. Fabrics were evaluated for stiffness, dye uptake, dye exhaustion, wash fastness and nitrogen content. With an increasing degree of substitution coating solutions become more viscous, resulting in increased wet pick‐up and less stiff coated fabrics. These fabrics show increasing dye absorption and color generation. Due to the molecular size of the cationic starch, yarn/fiber ring dyeing is supposed present. Specifically, color generation can be adjusted by initial cationic starch coating concentration. Above 5 % CatS concentration ceases to have an increasing coloration effect. Pre‐treating a cellulose fabric with approximately 2.2 % CatS (Ds=0.7) enables similar coloration to a standard reactive dyeing protocol. Light fastness is reduced by 1–1.5 compared to salt‐based reactive dyeing. Rub fastness decreases by 1–2 only for higher substituted cationic starches (Ds=0.7). Nitrogen analysis reveals that a share of the CatS elutes off the fabrics into the dye bath. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flexible acquisition of substrates from nutrient pools is critical for microbes to prevail in competitive environments. To acquire glucose from diverse glycoside and disaccharide substrates, many free‐living and symbiotic bacteria have developed, alongside hydrolysis, a non‐hydrolytic pathway comprised of four biochemical steps and conferred from a single glycoside utilization gene locus (GUL). Mechanistically, this pathway integrates within the framework of oxidation and reduction at the glucosyl/glucose C3, the eliminative cleavage of the glycosidic bond and the addition of water in two consecutive lyase‐catalyzed reactions. Here, based on study of enzymes from the phytopathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens, we reveal a conserved Mn2+ metallocenter active site in both lyases and identify the structural requirements for specific catalysis to elimination of 3‐keto‐glucosides and water addition to the resulting 2‐hydroxy‐3‐keto‐glycal product, yielding 3‐keto‐glucose. Extending our search of GUL‐encoded putative lyases to the human gut commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, we discover a Ca2+ metallocenter active site in a putative glycoside hydrolase‐like protein and demonstrate its catalytic function in the eliminative cleavage of 3‐keto‐glucosides of opposite (α) anomeric configuration as preferred by the A. tumefaciens enzyme (β). Structural and biochemical comparisons reveal the molecular‐mechanistic origin of 3‐keto‐glucoside lyase stereo‐complementarity. Our findings identify a basic set of GUL‐encoded lyases for glucoside metabolism and assign physiological significance to GUL genetic diversity in the bacterial domain of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Cp*Ir(R‐pica)Cl] (Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl anion, pica=2‐picolineamidate) complexes bearing carbohydrate substituents on the amide nitrogen atom (R=methyl‐β‐D‐gluco‐pyranosid‐2‐yl, 1; methyl‐3,4,6‐tri‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosid‐2‐yl, 2) were tested as catalysts for formic acid dehydrogenation in water. TOFMAX values over 12000 h−1 and 50000 h−1 were achieved at 333 K for 1 and 2, respectively, with TON values over 35000 for both catalysts. Comparison with the simpler cyclohexyl‐substituted analogue (3) indicated that glucosyl‐based complexes are much better performing under the same experimental conditions (TOFMAX=5144 h−1, TON=5000 at pH 2.5 for 3) owing to a lower tendency to isomerize to the less active k2‐N,O isomer upon protonation. The 5‐fold increase in TOFMAX observed for 2 with respect to 1 is reasonably due to an optimal steric protection by the acetyl substituent, which may prevent unproductive inner‐sphere reactivity. These results showcase a powerful strategy for the inhibition of the common deactivation pathways of [Cp*Ir(R‐pica)X] catalysts for FA dehydrogenation, paving the way for the development of better performing hydrogen storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Hypoglycemia, the most common metabolic derangement in the newborn period remains a contentious issue, not only due to various numerical definitions, but also due to limited therapeutical options which either lack evidence to support their efficacy or are increasingly recognized to lead to adverse reactions in this population. This study aimed to investigate neonatologists' current attitudes in diagnosing and managing transient and persistent hypoglycemia in newborns admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Methods A web-based electronic survey which included 34 questions and a clinical vignette was sent to U.S. neonatologists. Results There were 246 survey responses with most respondents using local protocols to manage this condition. The median glucose value used as the numerical definition of hypoglycemia in first 48 hours of life (HOL) for symptomatic and asymptomatic term infants and preterm infants was 45 mg/dL (2.5 mmol/L; 25–60 mg/dL; 1.4–3.3 mmol/L), while after 48 HOL the median value was 50 mg/dL (2.8 mmol/L; 30–70 mg/dL; 1.7–3.9 mmol/L). There were various approaches used to manage transient and persistent hypoglycemia that included dextrose gel, increasing caloric content of the feeds using milk fortifiers, using continuous feedings, formula or complex carbohydrates, and use of various medications such as diazoxide, glucocorticoids, and glucagon. Conclusion There is still large variability in current practices related to hypoglycemia. Further research is needed not only to provide evidence to support the values used as a numerical definition for hypoglycemia, but also on the efficacy of current strategies used to manage this condition. Key Points Numerical definition of glucose remains variable. Strategies managing transient and persistent hypoglycemia are diverse. There is a need for further research to investigate efficacy of various treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasingly, insects are heralded as a sustainable and efficacious solution to global challenges of malnutrition and protein scarcity. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) advocates for the use of insects as a sustainable substitute for conventional animal‐based proteins, in response to the escalating pressures on natural resources and the environment. This study focuses on Nudaurelia dione, exploring its nutritional and antinutritional profiles through rigorous laboratory analyses employing standardized methodologies. Our findings establish that N. dione is a potent source of macronutrients, providing significant quantities of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, with a calculated energy content of 413.64 ± 13.32 kcal per 100 g of dry matter (DM). The lipid fraction is particularly rich in essential fatty acids, including α‐linolenic and linoleic acids. Additionally, the insect species contains high levels of essential minerals such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium. Despite these nutritional benefits, the presence of considerable amounts of phytates (2059.96 ± 5.12 mg per 100 g of DM) poses potential health risks. Therefore, it is imperative to develop and apply appropriate processing methods to reduce these antinutritional factors effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Measurements of stable isotope ratios in organic compounds are widely used tools for plant ecophysiological studies. However, the complexity of the processes involved in shaping hydrogen isotope values (δ2H) in plant carbohydrates has limited its broader application.To investigate the underlying biochemical processes responsible for 2H fractionation among water, sugars, and cellulose in leaves, we studied the three main CO2 fixation pathways (C3, C4, and CAM) and their response to changes in temperature and vapor pressure deficit (VPD).We show significant differences in autotrophic 2H fractionation (εA) from water to sugar among the pathways and their response to changes in air temperature and VPD. The strong 2H depleting εA in C3 plants is likely driven by the photosynthetic H+ production within the thylakoids, a reaction that is spatially separated in C4 and strongly reduced in CAM plants, leading to the absence of 2H depletion in the latter two types. By contrast, we found that the heterotrophic 2H‐fractionation (εH) from sugar to cellulose was very similar among the three pathways and is likely driven by the plant's metabolism, rather than by isotopic exchange with leaf water.Our study offers new insights into the biochemical drivers of 2H fractionation in plant carbohydrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic cancer is a lethal disease with limited effective treatments. A deeper understanding of its molecular mechanisms is crucial to reduce incidence and mortality. Epidemiological evidence suggests a link between diet and disease risk, though dietary recommendations for at‐risk individuals remain debated. Here, we propose that cell‐intrinsic nutrient sensing pathways respond to specific diet‐derived cues to facilitate oncogenic transformation of pancreatic epithelial cells. This review explores how diet influences pancreatic cancer predisposition through nutrient sensing and downstream consequences for (pre‐)cancer cell biology. We also examine experimental evidence connecting specific food intake to pancreatic cancer progression, highlighting nutrient sensing as a promising target for therapeutic development to mitigate disease risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reported herein is a new reaction for glycosylation with thioglycosides in the presence of iron(III) chloride. Previously, FeCl3 was used for the activation of thioglycosides as a Lewis acid co-promoter paired with NIS. In the reported process, although 5.0 equiv of FeCl3 are needed to activate thioglycosides most efficiently, no additives were used, and the reactions with reactive glycosyl donors smoothly proceeded to completion in 1 h at 0 °C. This work showcases a new direction in developing glycosylation methods using greener and earth-abundant activators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: Familial resemblance in dietary patterns has been a subject of interest, with both genetic and environmental factors playing crucial roles. This study aims to investigate trends in macronutrient intake correlations over a 9-year period among different familial pairs, including parent-offspring, siblings, and spouses, using data from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). Methods: This longitudinal study, conducted within the framework of the TLGS, analyzed data from 1,814 families over a 9-year period. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated 168-item food frequency questionnaire. Macronutrient intakes were calculated and adjusted for age. Familial correlations were estimated using intraclass correlation coefficients for various familial pairs (parent-offspring, siblings, and spouses) across four consecutive surveys. Changes in correlations were analyzed over 3-year, 6-year, and 9-year intervals, as well as across all four surveys, to determine overall trends in macronutrient intake correlations. Results: The results revealed diverse trends in intake correlations for carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and specific fatty acids across familial relationships. Parent-offspring dyads exhibited varied patterns, with some nutrients showing regression to the mean. Sister-sister pairs demonstrated strengthening correlations for energy, carbohydrates, fats, and saturated fatty acids over time. Conversely, brother-sister pairs displayed weakening correlations for most macronutrients, particularly energy, proteins, cholesterol, and fiber. Spouse correlations tended towards regression to the mean for energy, carbohydrates, and fats, and fiber. Conclusions: The present study illuminates the dynamic nature of familial dietary correlations over time. The contrasting trends between sister-sister and brother-sister dyads suggest a significant influence of gender on shared dietary patterns. These findings underscore the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors in shaping family dietary behaviors and highlight the importance of considering both gender and relationship type when examining familial nutritional habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waxy corn is a special type of maize primarily consumed as a fresh vegetable by humans. Nitrogen (N) plays an essential role in regulating the growth progression, maturation, yield, and quality of waxy maize. A reasonable N application rate is vital for boosting the accumulation of both N and carbon (C) in the grains, thereby synergistically enhancing the grain quality. However, the impact of varying N levels on the dynamic changes in N metabolism, carbohydrate formation, and anthocyanin synthesis in purple waxy corn kernels, as well as the regulatory relationships among these processes, remains unclear. To explore the effects of varying N application rates on the N metabolism, carbohydrate formation, and anthocyanin synthesis in kernels during grain filling, a two-year field experiment was carried out using the purple waxy maize variety Jinnuo20 (JN20). This study examined the different N levels, specifically 0 (N0), 120 (N1), 240 (N2), and 360 (N3) kg N ha−1. The results of the analysis revealed that, for nearly all traits measured, the N application rate of N2 was the most suitable. Compared to the N0 treatment, the accumulation and content of anthocyanins, total nitrogen, soluble sugars, amylopectin, and C/N ratio in grains increased by an average of 35.62%, 11.49%, 12.84%, 23.74%, 13.00%, and 1.87% under N2 treatment over five filling stages within two years, respectively, while the harmful compound nitrite content only increased by an average of 30.2%. Correspondingly, the activities of related enzymes also significantly increased and were maintained under N2 treatment compared to N0 treatment. Regression and correlation analysis results revealed that the amount of anthocyanin accumulation was highly positively correlated with the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), but negatively correlated with anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) and UDP-glycose: flavonoid-3-O-glycosyltransferase (UFGT) activity, nitrate reductase (NR), and glutamine synthetase (GS) showed significant positive correlations with the total nitrogen content and lysine content, and a significant negative correlation with nitrite, while soluble sugars were negatively with ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) activity, and amylopectin content was positively correlated with the activities of soluble starch synthase (SSS), starch branching enzyme (SBE), and starch debranching enzyme (SDBE), respectively. Furthermore, there were positive or negative correlations among the detected traits. Hence, a reasonable N application rate improves purple waxy corn kernel nutritional quality by regulating N metabolism, as well as carbohydrate and anthocyanin biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Traditional glycemic monitoring in type 2 diabetes is limited, whereas continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) offers better insights into glucose fluctuations. This study aimed to determine the correlations and relative contributions of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) levels to hyperglycemia. Methods: We utilized CGM and recorded carbohydrate intake data from lifestyle diaries of 59 patients enrolled in the Diabetes and Lifestyle Cohort Twente (DIALECT-2). Correlations between FPG and the glucose management indicator (GMI), FPG and Time Above Range (TAR), PPG and GMI, and PPG and TAR were conducted. Daily and mealtime relative contributions of PPG and FPG to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and GMI were determined, considering two ranges: on target (<7.0%, 53 mmol/mol) and not on target (≥7.0%, 53 mmol/mol). Correlations between mealtime PPG and carbohydrate consumption were examined. Results: FPG and PPG correlated with GMI (r = 0.82 and 0.41, respectively, p < 0.05). The relative contribution of PPG in patients with HbA1c, GMI, and TAR values not on target was lower than in patients with HbA1c, GMI, and TAR values on target. When analyzing different mealtimes, patients with target GMI values had a higher PPG (73 ± 21%) than FPG after breakfast (27 ± 21%, p < 0.001). Individuals with elevated GMI levels had lower PPG after lunch (30 ± 20%), dinner (36 ± 23%), and snacks (34 ± 23%) than FPG. PPG after breakfast positively correlated (r = 0.41, p < 0.01) with breakfast carbohydrate intake. Conclusions: Both PPG and FPG contribute to hyperglycemia, with PPG playing a larger role in patients with better glycemic control, especially after breakfast. Targeting PPG may be crucial for optimizing glucose management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to the increasing prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, effective dietary recommendations are needed. Previously, we developed the low-insulin method: by avoiding insulinogenic, i.e., insulin-release-triggering foods, insulin secretion becomes reduced, lipolysis is stimulated, and energy production is shifted to ketosis with excess ketone bodies exhaled in the form of acetone. Now, we investigate how quickly stable ketosis (defined as fasting breath acetone concentration ≥ 7.0 ppm) is achieved, whether and for how long a carbohydrate meal inhibits ketosis, and whether the responses differ in healthy adults with different insulin levels. Methods: An oral glucose tolerance test was conducted, and body composition and fasting insulin were determined at the beginning and end of the 14-day study. Participants (n = 10) followed a ketogenic diet and performed continuous glucose monitoring. Ketosis levels were determined by measuring breath acetone concentrations. On day 8, two white bread rolls with jam (72 g carbohydrates) were consumed for breakfast. Results: After seven days, all participants achieved stable ketosis (defined as fasting breath acetone concentration ≥ 7.0 ppm), which dropped from 8.2 to 5.7 ppm (p = 0.0014) after the carbohydrate meal. It took five days to achieve stable ketosis again. The stratification of participants into tertiles according to their fasting insulin levels demonstrated that individuals with low fasting insulin levels achieved stable ketosis again after two days and those with medium insulin levels after five days, while those with high baseline values did not reach stable ketosis by the end of the study. Conclusions: By carbohydrate restriction, stable ketosis can be achieved within one week. However, a single carbohydrate meal inhibits ketosis for several days. This effect is pronounced in individuals with elevated fasting insulin levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this research was to evaluate changes in body composition, adipokine levels, and dyslipidemia parameters in males with abdominal obesity following two distinct interventions: exercise alone and exercise combined with an ad libitum diet. Methods: This study included 44 males with abdominal obesity (mean age 34.7 ± 5.5 years, waist circumference [WC] 110.3 ± 8.5, BMI 32.0 ± 3.9), who were randomly assigned to three groups: an experimental group engaging in aerobic-resistance exercise (II, n = 16), an experimental group engaging in aerobic-resistance exercise combined with an ad libitum high-protein, low-glycemic index carbohydrate diet (III, n = 16), both interventions lasting 6 weeks, and a control group without interventions (I, n = 12). Body composition metrics (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC], body fat [BF], abdominal fat [ABD]) and fat-free mass [FFM], along with biochemical blood analyses (irisin [IR], omentin [OMEN], glucose [GLU], insulin [INS], LDL- and HDL-cholesterol), were measured at baseline and after the 6-week intervention. The effects of the interventions on the analyzed variables across groups were assessed using mixed ANOVA tests with post-hoc comparisons. Effect size (ES) was also calculated using partial eta squared (ηp2). Results: The intervention in group III resulted in a significant decrease in IR (p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.03) by 41% and LDL-C (p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.02) by 14%. These effects were associated with a reduction in BF (p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.02) by 14%, ABD (p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.03) by 31%, and WC (p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.01) by 3%. In group II, decreases after 6 weeks of intervention were noted only in WC (p = 0.02, ηp2 = 0.01) by 1% and in INS (p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.04) by 47%. No differences were found between groups. The use of low-glycemic index carbohydrates (p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.06) and increased protein intake (p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.30) led to changes in the fiber-to-energy value of the diet ratio (p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.18) and a reduction in dietary energy value (p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.13) by 23%, resulting in a greater energy deficit than in the II group. Conclusions: These findings highlight the effect of combining dietary and exercise interventions to achieve significant changes in body composition and metabolic parameters, even over a short period of intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive molecular understanding of carbohydrate aggregation is key to optimize carbohydrate utilization and to engineer bioinspired analogues with tailored shapes and properties. However, the lack of well‐defined synthetic standards has substantially hampered advances in this field. Herein, we employ a phosphorylation‐assisted strategy to synthesize previously inaccessible long oligomers of cellulose, chitin, and xylan. These oligomers were subjected to enzyme‐triggered assembly (ETA) for the on‐demand formation of well‐defined carbohydrate nanomaterials, including elongated platelets, helical bundles, and hexagonal particles. Cryo‐electron microscopy and electron diffraction analysis provided molecular insights into the aggregation behavior of these oligosaccharides, establishing a direct connection between the resulting morphologies and the oligosaccharide primary sequence. Our findings demonstrate that ETA is a powerful approach to elucidate the intrinsic aggregation behavior of carbohydrates in nature. Moreover, the ability to access a diverse array of morphologies, expanded with a non‐natural sequence, underscores the potential of ETA, coupled with sequence design, as a robust tool for accessing programmable glycan architectures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intricate nature of carbohydrate structures has prompted the scientific community to seek efficient protocols for their manipulation. Lengthy synthetic pathways, often necessary to achieve complex sugar structures, pose challenges not only in terms of time and cost but also regarding environmental sustainability. Consequently, domino transformations serve as valuable tools in streamlining drug discovery processes. Sequential procedures involving fewer steps and minimal isolation/purification steps are particularly appealing to organic chemists in the field of carbohydrate chemistry. This review highlights several examples of domino transformations applied to carbohydrates, aiming to summarize their chemical potential in delivering sugar‐based compounds with significant applications in the generation of new chemical scaffolds for drug discovery and chemical biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractChemical synthesis of rhynchosporosides that cause scald diseases in barley has been summarized in this review. The synthesis features two different strategies, namely, two-stage activation and one-pot glycosylation. Comparing with the stepwise synthesis, the one-pot assembly strategy based on glycosyl ortho-(1-phenylvinyl)benzoates can highly streamline carbohydrates synthesis, avoiding such problems as aglycone transfer associated with traditional one-pot glycosylation based on thioglycosides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipophosphoglycans (LPGs) are found on the surface of Leishmania, a protozoan parasite, and are immunologically important. Herein, disaccharide 1‐phosphate repeating units of LPGs were successfully synthesized on a solid support with high anomeric purity using a disaccharide α‐1‐phosphoramidite building block. To enhance solubility in the reaction solvent, hydroxy‐protecting groups in the form of para‐t‐butylbenzoyl were introduced to the building block. The saccharide chain was elongated via stable glycosyl boranophosphate linkages, followed by the conversion of inter‐sugar linkages to phosphodiester counterparts using an oxaziridine derivative. The addition of a silylating reagent post‐reaction with the oxaziridine derivative efficiently facilitated the conversion of boranophosohodiesters to phosphodiesters. This method enabled the α‐selective synthesis of up to 15 repeating units, marking the longest homogeneous repeating units of LPGs synthesized chemically. Given the chain length equivalence to native LPGs, the method developed herein holds promise for advancing anti‐Leishmanial pharmaceuticals and vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]