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Background: Delinquent behaviours among youth harms health and social trajectories, and public health broadly. Despite evidence that engaging in and being victimized by delinquent behaviours often cluster, most studies have examined the clustering of delinquent behaviours or victimization experiences independently. Information on patterns of co-occurrence is crucial to design appropriate interventions. Objectives: The primary purpose was to identify latent classes of delinquency and victimization among youth from the general population. The secondary purpose of this study was to examine associations of individual, household, and classroom covariates on latent class membership. Method: The sample consisted of 1948 youth aged 4–14 from the 2014 Ontario Child Health Study. Latent class analysis was performed to identify patterns of delinquent behaviours and experiences of victimization, while multinomial regression was conducted to examine how covariates were associated with likelihood of class membership. Results: The analysis identified four classes of youth in the OCHS sample: (1) low delinquency and low victimization (75.4%), (2) moderate victimization and moderate school delinquency (7.8%), (3) high victimization and moderate home delinquency (11.8%), and high victimization and high home and school delinquency (5.0%). Youth sex, household income, ethnicity, parental education, and parental depression were associated with differences in class membership. Conclusions: Approximately one quarter of youth engaged in delinquent behaviours, with patterns of co-occurrence suggesting these youth engage in delinquent behaviours and are victimized by delinquent behaviours across environments. Interventions should approach youth delinquency and victimization as a spectrum of clustered behaviours and experiences in these environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ethnically diverse sample of 384 male and female undergraduates was assessed for their gender role beliefs based on positive (family responsibility) vs. negative (male dominance and female submissiveness) aspects derived from Hispanic cultural traditions. Negative male and female gender role beliefs were significantly positively correlated with reported victimization by and perpetration of severe intimate partner violence (IPV) for both men and women. Positive male gender role beliefs were negatively correlated with reported victimization by and perpetration of IPV for both men and women, with women also providing some evidence that positive female gender role beliefs were associated with less IPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined how individual differences in masculine honor beliefs (MHBs) related to third-person perceptions of revenge pornography (i.e., a man distributing nude photos of his ex-girlfriend) in response to a break-up. Consistent with our hypotheses, higher levels of MHBs were associated with higher ratings of the woman as negative, higher levels of victim-blaming the woman, and higher ratings of revenge pornography as justified. Furthermore, participants perceived the woman as more at fault, and the man's behavior as more justified, when she cheated on him prior to his revenge (compared to when she did not cheat). Overall, our results suggest that both higher levels of MHBs and instances of infidelity inspire beliefs that disempower women victims. Our research extends our understanding of how MHBs and situational factors relate to perceptions of revenge pornography, including its justification and the stigmatization of its victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schools are crucial socialization contexts where civic norms and values such as appreciating diverse perspectives and embracing differences can be systematically transmitted to the next generations. This process, in turn, can foster the development of more inclusive societies. However, increasing polarized political climate poses a risk for the formation of harmonious interactions between youth of different ethnic origins in schools. Teachers are considered as crucial resources in addressing negative student interactions and helping victims in overcoming the consequences of their negative experiences. Nevertheless, our understanding of how teachers respond to ethnic victimization incidents is limited, along with the factors influencing their responses. To address this gap in knowledge, we examined the relative contributions of teachers’ general efficacy (i.e., managing disruptive behaviors in class) and diversity-related efficacy (i.e., addressing challenges of diversity) on their responses to ethnic victimization incidents. The sample consisted of head teachers of 8th grade students (N  =  72; 56% females). The results showed that teachers adopt a diverse range of strategies to address incidents of ethnic victimization, with a primary focus on prioritizing the comfort of the victim as the foremost action. Further, we found that teachers’ efficacy in handling disruptive behaviors in class, as opposed to their efficacy in addressing diversity-related issues, explained their responses to victimization incidents. Specifically, teachers with a high sense of efficacy for classroom management were more likely to contact parents of both victims and perpetrators and to provide comfort to the victim. These findings highlight the necessity of supporting teachers to enhance their efficacy in classroom management, and in turn to address potential challenges in diverse school settings more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary accounts of the concept of exploitation can be grouped into camps that tie the wrongness of taking advantage of another person to: (1) the unfair division of benefits resulting from an interaction; (2) excessive benefits resulting from structural injustice; and (3) a failure of respect for others' humanity. In practice, accounts of exploitation that focus on the fairness of benefits resulting from individual transactions and, to a lesser degree, unjust social and economic institutions have dominated the applied ethics literature using the concept of exploitation. However, fairness-based accounts of exploitation have a difficult time explaining a common dimension of purportedly exploitative cases in the press and academic literature—namely the absolute deprivation of and/or experience of injustice by victims of exploitation. In this paper, I argue that a respect-based account can explain how exploitation arises both from individual interactions and against a backdrop of injustice. Specifically, our connections with one another and social and economic institutions specify the duty of beneficence and political responsibility to promote just institutions. Exploitation takes place when people fail to act on these specified obligations in favor of their own benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crime impacts residential neighborhoods not only through the loss of life and property but also by instilling a widespread fear among residents. To combat this fear, physical security measures like safety locks, gates, and high perimeter walls have proven effective in both developed and developing nations. This trend has led to the increased popularity of gated communities in Pakistan as a preferred housing choice. In addition to encouraging micro-segregation, these developments also attract a large number of residents. In order to better understand the differences in residents' fear of crime in relation to their health and socio-economic status, this paper compares residential housing schemes in Quetta, Pakistan (gated and non-gated). Surveys and on-site observations in four different residential areas of the city underpin the methodology. The results suggest that past experiences of crime victimization strongly affect feelings of safety in both gated and non-gated communities. The study highlights the complex relationship between the perception of safety, health and well-being, socio-economic status, and the type of community, highlighting how these factors collectively influence respondents' experiences and create micro-segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To translate and validate the Hindi version of Adolescent Peer Relation Instrument (APRI) and to evaluate the burden of bullying victimization among school-going adolescents. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study was performed from July 2021 to June 2022 on 9th–12th class students. Adolescent Peer Relation Instrument (APRI) was used to evaluate bullying victimization. Reliability and validity of tool, and the prevalence and strength of association were analyzed by appropriate statistical methods. Results: Bullying and victimization were present in 70.8% and 62.9% adolescents, respectively. Total bullying and total victimization was significantly more in boys (OR 1.993, 95% CI 1.281, 3.099 for bullying and OR 1.584, 95% CI 1.047, 2.397 for victimization). Cronbach's alpha for bullying and victimization was 0.89 and 0.897, respectively. Convergent validity between items of different subscales of bullying and victimization was observed (r value > 0.7) except for social bullying and social victimization. There was a weak correlation between subscales of bullying and victimization suggestive of discriminant validity (r value < 0.4). Conclusion: The Hindi version of APRI has a good reliability and construct validity. About three-fourths and two-thirds of adolescents were involved in bullying and victimization, respectively, with a few identified risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing numbers of social media users report being blackmailed on social media following their sharing of sensitive and personal information. However, little is known about this emerging crime and its victims. Using a survey of adult WhatsApp users in Oman (n = 1452) and interviews (n = 18) with victims and Omani criminal justice professionals, this study addresses this gap by examining the prevalence of blackmail among adult WhatsApp users arising from their voluntary self-disclosures, as well as the characteristics and vulnerabilities of those who fall victim to this activity. New insights are also offered into the factors influencing victim's decisions to report their experiences to criminal justice professionals, as well as the challenges associated with investigating and prosecuting this activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youth who are behaviorally aggressive and victimized by their peers comprise a significant population with specific risks and vulnerabilities relative to substance use. The goals of the current study were to examine the roles that youth aggression and peer victimization play in determining the timing of alcohol and marijuana use initiation and the frequency of use 5-years later in a sample of at-risk, aggressive youth. 360 youth (Mage= 10.17 years; 65% boys, 35% girls; 78.1% African American, 20.3% Caucasian, 1.4% Hispanic, and 0.3% other) recruited for a prevention program for at-risk youth were followed for 5 years (4th – 9th grade). Cox PH regressions were conducted to predict timing of alcohol and marijuana use initiation. Zero-inflated negative binomial regressions were used to predict frequency of alcohol and marijuana use 5 years later. Results showed that peer victimization inferred decreased risk of alcohol use initiation. However, this effect was only observed for youth with relatively moderate, and low levels of aggression. Findings suggest that differences in youth aggression and victimization interact to predict distinct outcomes, suggesting the need for a more comprehensive approach when working with aggressive youth who have experienced peer victimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined developmental changes in forms of peer victimization and longitudinal associations between forms of peer victimization and internalizing problems among Japanese adolescents. Participants were 271 students (Time 1 M age = 12.72, SD = 0.45, 50% girls) from 9 classrooms and 2 public middle schools in Japan. Data were collected at five time points from 7th to 9th grade. Growth curve modeling (GCM) of mean changes indicated that relational victimization and internalizing problems decreased over three school years. Overt victimization first decreased and then remained relatively constant toward the end of the assessment. In addition, the results of the Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model (RI-CLPM) indicated that the random intercept of relational victimization was positively and strongly correlated with that of internalizing problems. Although the random intercept of overt victimization was positively correlated with that of internalizing problems, the effect size was small to moderate. In general, there were no significant within-person changes between relational and overt victimization and internalizing problems. However, some exceptions were noted towards the end of middle school, such that higher relational victimization was associated with increases in internalizing problems, which in turn led to more relational victimization. There were no gender differences in the above trajectories or in the transactional models. The findings regarding at-risk youth who are vulnerable to relational and overt victimization are discussed from clinical, cultural, and developmental perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies examining citizenship, ethnicity, and victimization risk have offered mixed findings. Despite this, works have largely focused upon direct-contact victimization, and do not offer insights into how this risk may vary across these dimensions for other crimes not characterized by direct contact, such as identity theft. This lack of understanding undermines abilities to tailor policies to effectively support vulnerable persons, and may potentially elevate risk of this costly crime among marginalized groups. Given this, the study aims to examine the associations between citizenship status, ethnicity and identity theft risk. Using a sample from the 2018 National Crime Victimization Survey's Identity Theft Supplement (n = 71,984), logistic regression analyses examined the odds of identity theft. Lacking citizenship was associated with decreased odds of identity theft victimization, as was Hispanic ethnicity. However, Hispanic noncitizens faced higher relative risk than either noncitizens or Hispanic persons individually. Noncitizens' decreased relative risk may stem from avoidance behaviors which reduce their suitability or exposure through a lifestyle-routine activities perspective. Hispanic noncitizens' increased risk relative to others may stem from their doubly marginalized status. Future work is needed considering avoidance behaviors and citizenship status, to more clearly understand how these factors influence relative risk of victimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The victim and the victimizer or the criminal are often found in interactions and various interactive relationships The victim and the victimizer in some cases of victimization are always in some relationships and relationships from before, these relationships and relationships can be of various natures, in most cases they are parental relationships, marital relationships, cohabitation or engagement relationships, family or even neighborly love ties. Restorative justice is an approach to justice oriented towards the possible repair of damage caused by a crime or conflict. An essential element of restorative justice is the active involvement of parties, victims, perpetrators, and when appropriate, community members, who voluntarily come together with the help of a mediator to talk about the harm and its consequences, as well as to identify ways to repair them. Restorative justice aims to bring justice to people and considers participation as an important human value that connects people. The focus of restorative justice is on what people perceive as a fair and safe experience in the phase after a crime or conflict has occurred. The purpose of restorative justice is to create a safe environment for sharing feelings (such as fear, anger, sadness) that have arisen as a result of conflict or crime and to talk about possible solutions for repairing the damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prevalence of undue delays in criminal proceedings in South Africa poses serious implications not only for the accused person's right to a fair trial but also for the rights and interests of crime victims. The South African criminal justice system is overburdened. This is because crime in South Africa is currently at an all-time high, resulting in a clogged court system. Due to this overburdened system, the entire criminal justice system is hampered, and cases take longer to resolve. The impact of these undue delays on crime victims, firstly is that justice delayed is justice denied and society resorts to commit vigilantism as they have lost faith in the criminal justice system. Secondly, there has been a perception from the society that the criminal justice system is biased and favors the rights of offenders or accused persons. In Rodrigues v National Director of Public Prosecutions and Other 2019 (2) SACR 251 (GJ), the court when dealing with undue delays for the first time, rights and interests of crime victims were considered even though the matter took more than 40 years. This judgment revealed the importance of the realisation of speedy trial rights for crime victims. Using the qualitative research method, the literature in this article indicates that the enactment of the right to a speedy trial for crime victims can be beneficial to all parties involved in criminal proceedings to curb undue delays in criminal proceedings. This article outlines the causes of undue delays in criminal proceedings, the impact that these delays have on specific crime victims and argues for the implementation and enforcement of the right to a speedy trial for crime victims in South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual victimization is a major societal issue that has unlimited short-term and long-term consequences on an individual's mental, emotional, physical, psychological, and reproductive health. The present study aimed to identify the factors contributing to sexual assault among children with autism, including autism spectrum-related, lack of sexual education-related, and perpetrator-related factors. This cross-sectional study used an online self-administered questionnaire involving autism specialists in Jordan to measure the reasons for sexual assault. We included seventy-seven participants, of which 45 percent were males, and 55 percent were females. Overall, all reasons in the three dimensions had high levels (Mean: 3.29 ± 0.31). Characteristics of a sex offender and autism traits were high-degree reasons with means of 3.43 ± 0.36 and 3.46 ± 0.33, respectively. The study identifies autism traits, particularly difficulty in recognizing facial expressions indicating deceitful intentions of abusers, as a key factor making individuals with autism vulnerable to sexual assault. It highlights the role of abusers' beliefs, specifically viewing children with autism as worthless, and the lack of sex education also some important factors. The study found no significant gender differences among participants in relation to these factors. Most causes of sexual assault in children with autism are severe, indicating severe risks of sexual assault for children with autism in Jordan. The new research may assist healthcare professionals, instructors, practitioners, and educators in better understanding how to teach persons with autism to detect and recognize dangerous and frightening circumstances and to seek help promptly. This research would also aid in creating severe sanctions for assaulters and motivate families and victims to file lawsuits against sex offenders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health and victimization have been documented as the robust covariates for offending, but limited research examines the relationship among the three elements simultaneously. Drawing on survey data from a group of male incarcerated individuals in Taiwan (N = 472), this study utilizes multinomial logistic regression to test whether health and victimization attribute to discern the membership among chronic, intermittent, and one-time offenders. Net of controls, results reveal that worse physical and mental health is associated with persistent offending. In addition, chronic offenders are more likely to experience more property victimization than one-time offenders. Our findings imply that consideration for preventing individuals from persistent offending by treating offenders with better care for health and victimization may generate additional beneficial effects. The so-called chronic offenders should be deemed to be the chronic victims or the chronic unhealthiness. The criminal justice policymaking based on the demonization of chronic offenders is desperate for change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right to be present for criminal justice proceedings is one of the key rights afforded crime victims and their families. A neglected but important area of investigation pertains to the adherence to rules of conduct in order to safeguard court decorum. This qualitative study explores what rules of conduct are commonly experienced by and, in some cases, enforced against homicide co-victims while attending such proceedings. The sample consists of 27 co-victims connected to 23 separate cases where the homicides occurred in a major metropolitan area in the southeastern United States. Drawing upon focus group data, NVivo 12 was employed to identify and illustrate themes associated with rules of conduct. About one-half of the co-victims reported facing dilemmas or restrictions when particular rules were not followed or upheld by themselves or the defendants' families. Though infrequent, some co-victims were warned or removed from court for wearing inappropriate attire or failing to control one's emotions. For some rules, co-victims felt that they were treated differently from the defendant and defendant's family. The study concludes by discussing ways that courts can better balance the needs of homicide co-victims with the rights of the accused in maintaining etiquette in the courtroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School bullying is prevalent among senior-grade pupils, with negative impacts on pupils' physical health and psychosocial adjustment. However, few studies have explored the relationship between the senior-grade pupils experiencing teacher unfairness and their suffering from school bullying. This study aims to investigate the longitudinal associations between perceived teacher unfairness and school bullying victimization, as well as the mediating role of the sense of school belonging therein. The data were collected from 822 pupils ranging from Grade Four to Five (430 boys and 392 girls, Mage = 10.8, SDage = 0.69 at Time 1) over three semesters. The results indicated that (1) perceived teacher unfairness (Time 1) exerted a significantly negative prediction effect on subsequent school bullying victimization (Time 3); (2) the sense of school belonging (Time 2) played a key mediating role in the association between perceived teacher unfairness (Time 1) and school bullying victimization (Time 3); (3) compared to girls, the predictive effect of the sense of school belonging (Time 2) on school bullying victimization (Time 3) was stronger for boys. The results demonstrated the importance of ensuring teacher fairness and cultivating pupils' sense of belonging to the school as a method of preventing school bullying, and also explained the gender differences between boys and girls; thus, the study provided a theoretical and practical basis for preventing bullying in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Older adults are thought to be more susceptible to scams, yet understanding the relationship between chronological age and victimization is limited by underreporting. This study avoids underreporting bias by merging four longitudinal databases of Americans (N = 1.33 million) who paid money in response to mail scams over 20 years. We investigate the risk of repeat victimization and victimization by multiple scam types over the life course. Victims in their 70s and 80s are 9% more likely to experience another victimization incident than those in their 50s. Those age 18 to 29 are 24% less likely to experience another victimization incident. Relative to adults in their 50s, the odds of victimization by multiple scams are greater for those in their 60s and 70s, but lower for those 80 +. This study demonstrates the research potential in using scammers' data to understand patterns of victimization. Fraud prevention efforts should target older individuals who are at higher risk of repeat victimization and suffer greater losses as a result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brigandage in Nigeria has been examined from various dimensions. However, little has been done about the effects that crime has on food security. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of brigandage on food security, with a focus on the Nahuche community in Zamfara State. The study was premised on the theory of routine activities. An exploratory research design was adopted for the study. Data were elicited from farmers, and traders using semi-structured interviews, and thereafter subjected to thematic analysis. A purposive sampling technique was adopted in the selection of respondents for the study. Findings show that brigandage was intense in the study area. Farmers were attacked and kidnapped from their farms for ransom, resulting in the abandonment of farmlands. It was also found that farmers were forced to pay harvest fees to the brigands before they were allowed to harvest their crops. Consequently, a significant drop in farmers' output and the associated shortage of food were experienced in the community. The study concludes that brigandage caused food insecurity in Nahuche community that hitherto enjoyed food security. Regrettably, the security personnel seems to be overwhelmed as the crime continues to worsen. By implication, the community stands to experience food insecurity as long as brigandage persists. Among others, the study recommends that brigands be made to perceive the risk of apprehension as high through the intensification of law enforcement. Farmers and traders should avoid predictable daily routines that expose them to victimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated characteristics associated with two kinds of peer victimization—bullying victimization and adversarial victimization—distinguished by different balances of power between the perpetrator and victim. Specifically, we examined whether bullying victimization (victim has less power than perpetrator) would be experienced to a greater extent by vulnerable adolescents with psychosocial difficulties (fewer close friendships, emotional symptoms) and less peer esteem (physical attractiveness, perceived popularity, dating popularity, and prestige). In contrast, we investigated whether adversarial victimization, in which the victim has equal or greater power than perpetrator, would be experienced by adolescents perceived as rivals because they are held in high esteem by peers. A total of 599 adolescents aged 9 to 14 years (M = 11.93; SD = 1.40) completed a self-report measure of emotional symptoms and peer nomination measures of victimization, close friendship, physical attractiveness, dating popularity, perceived popularity, and prestige. Bullying victimization was negatively associated with close friendships, physical attractiveness, perceived popularity, and prestige, whereas adversarial victimization was positively associated with all four indicators of peer esteem. The results demonstrate the importance of measuring the power balance between the perpetrator and victim when studying peer victimization. Findings are discussed from an evolutionary perspective suggesting that victims of bullying are selected by perpetrators to achieve adaptive benefits while minimizing retaliatory, reputational, and social costs, whereas victims of adversarial aggression are targeted as rivals in competition for status and mates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual violence (SV) can deeply impact victims' physical and psychosocial well-being. Yet many healthcare providers, including registered nurses (RNs), hesitate to screen patients due to a lack of confidence and knowledge. The SATELLITE Sexual Violence Assessment and Care Guide was developed to address this gap; however, the guide's educational effectiveness remained untested. This pilot study aimed to assess the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of an education program based on the SATELLITE guide among RNs in clinical settings (n = 8), using a pre- and post-test design. Results indicated that the education was not only feasible and acceptable, but also demonstrated the effects as desired with significant increases in RNs' knowledge and confidence in SV screening and care. The program's assessment tool was reliable, and participant recruitment was feasible. Based on these findings, it is recommended that the SATELLITE education program be further tested with a larger RN sample and extended to other healthcare providers. Additionally, exploring SATELLITE's use in different regions, cultural contexts, and healthcare settings would enhance understanding of the program's broader applicability and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can religious devotion make you happier and satisfied? It is a question that has plagued economists for a long time and despite that religion could add a significant meaning to individuals' lives, such as by giving hope through thick and thin. This study aims to present the analysis by using the latest data of wave 7 from World Value Survey while determining if happiness, the ultimate desire and goal, are an outcome of religiosity. By using SEM Maximum likelihood technique we draw the conclusion that religiosity has a positive and significant role in fostering happiness of individuals. Along with religiosity, other social variables including financial situation, victim of crime, health status and living as a couple were also added. All these variables have a positive and significant role in increasing level of happiness except whether the person is a victim of crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intimate partner sexual violence (IPSV) is a common form of intimate partner violence (IPV). This study aimed to (a) identify a typology of intimate partner sexual victimization among French women victims of IPV on the basis of the frequency of various forms of sexual violence and (b) evaluate whether these profiles differ in several clinical characteristics. A total of 93 women consulting a specialized hospital service were recruited. Cluster analyses suggested four profiles: highly frequent rapes (5.4%), predominant sexual coercion (20.4%), medium frequency of all forms (20.4%), and low frequency of all forms (19.4%). Further person-centered research focusing on IPSV is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between cyber violence and cyber sex crimes, specifically focusing on these crimes as systemic issues among adolescents. The research highlights the severe impact of cyber sex crimes, characterized by the non-consensual sharing of sexually explicit content. It examines various factors that may contribute to witnessing cyber sex crimes, including exposure to violent online content, personal experiences of cyber violence (either as a victim or perpetrator), and the role of parental and teacher interventions. Utilizing data from a nationwide survey conducted by the Korea Communications Commission, the study analyzes responses from 9016 adolescents in 2021 and 9693 in 2022. This analysis reveals significant predictors of witnessing cyber sex crimes and examines how perceptions of cyber violence and interventions of authoritative figures may influence adolescents' perception of cyber sex crimes as either systemic or individual issues. With females disproportionately affected, the findings underscore a gendered aspect of cyber violence. Furthermore, these insights suggest that perceiving cyber violence as a serious issue leads to viewing cyber sex crimes as systemic problems necessitating societal intervention. The study advocates for enhanced digital literacy education and systemic changes to protect adolescents from the widespread threats of cyber violence and sex crimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyberbullying has emerged as a pervasive problem among high school students, with potentially severe consequences for their mental well-being. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and associations of cyberbullying with stress and mental well-being among high school students in Zagazig, Egypt. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 562 high school students using a random sampling technique. The data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire that included the Cyberbullying Scale, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, multiple regression, mediation, and logistic regression analyses were employed for data analysis. The prevalence of cyberbullying victimization was 38.3%, with 20.6% exposed to two or three cyberbullying behaviors and 4.1% exposed to four or more. Female students, those under 18 years old, those with lower educational achievement, and those with higher daily internet use were more likely to experience cyberbullying. Cyberbullied students reported significantly higher levels of perceived stress and poorer mental well-being compared to non-cyberbullied students. Perceived stress likely mediated the relationship between cyberbullying victimization and general psychological health. Cyberbullying is a significant problem among high school students in Zagazig, Egypt, with detrimental effects on their stress levels and mental well-being. Targeted interventions and prevention strategies are needed to address cyberbullying and promote the well-being of adolescents in the digital age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of providing access to justice for every person is now topical worldwide. The problem of protecting the interests of crime victims needs improvement. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to clarify the issue of compliance of the legislation of European countries, including Ukraine, with international standards in the field of protection of victims' rights. Based on the analysis results, recommendations were proposed to improve regulatory provisions to bring them into line with international legal acts. An analysis of the court verdicts passed based on the results of criminal case consideration was carried out. The need to ensure professional representation of the victim's rights has been established. The need for mandatory representation of the elderly, people with disabilities, and representatives of other social categories is emphasized. Analyzing the legislation of countries such as Czechia, Bulgaria, and Georgia determined the peculiarities of victim representation in criminal proceedings. The fundamental principles to which the legal system of any legal and social state must comply have been determined based on international legal treaties. Considering the received conclusions, recommendations for improving Ukraine's legislation were formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In two studies, we introduce the concept of spontaneous side-taking (SST) to describe how people initially align themselves in a conflict. The effects of side-taking in established conflicts are well studied, such as empathetic engagement and polarization. However, there is less known about how people spontaneously choose sides in situations without prior allegiances. To study these neglected effects of SST, we use two-character narratives to present participants with new conflicts in which they have no initial vested interest. These short narratives describe acts of aggression and detail the victimization of one character by another. Through two studies, we find: (1) victim characters receive greater attention and are remembered better; (2) victim characters receive more empathy; (3) victim characters are more likely to be viewed as the authors of conflict narratives; (4) and that side-taking flexibility diminishes after the first side-taking choice. This last finding means that there is a tendency for SST to stick over time. Overall, these findings demonstrate how victimization triggers and sustains side-taking in narratives by enhancing memory of and empathy for the victim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the mediating effect of cognitive impulsivity and the moderating effect of dispositional mindfulness in the relations between peer victimization and adolescent proactive and reactive aggressive behaviors. The sample included 2477 Chinese adolescents (51.43% boys and 48.57% girls; Mage =12.23 years, SD = 1.65). The results of path analysis showed that peer victimization was significantly related to both proactive and reactive aggressive behaviors. Cognitive impulsivity mediated in the relations between peer victimization and proactive and reactive aggressive behaviors. Dispositional mindfulness buffered against the relations between peer victimization and proactive aggressive behavior, and between peer victimization and cognitive impulsivity. The results further showed that the indirect effect of cognitive impulsivity was more salient when there were lower levels of dispositional mindfulness. This study revealed the mediating and moderating mechanism between peer victimization and aggressive behavior from the perspective of the control model of the criminal lifestyle theory and has important implications for preventing and reducing adolescent aggressive behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peer victimization in schools most often occurs in the presence of bystanders. When bystanders intervene on behalf of the victims, they are often successful in stopping the victimization. Defender self‐efficacy (i.e., the belief in one's ability to successfully defend victims) has consistently been associated with greater defending and less passive bystanding in peer victimization. However, the lack of longitudinal research designs has resulted in a limited understanding of how these relationships develop over time. This five‐wave longitudinal study involving 2507 Swedish students addressed this gap by examining longitudinal associations of defender self‐efficacy with defending and passive bystanding. Participating students answered a self‐report questionnaire once a year, from fourth to eighth grade. Our findings provide partial evidence for reciprocal associations among the variables. Moreover, there were more significant associations in the traditional than in the random intercept model, thus favoring between‐person interpretations of the longitudinal associations. The findings highlight the importance of understanding the link between defender self‐efficacy and bystander behavior of peer victimization, and that schools in their efforts in preventing school violence and bullying support students in increasing their defender self‐efficacy and capacity in defending. Practitioner Points: Between fourth and eighth grade, students exhibited a decline in defending behavior and defender self‐efficacy, while showing an increase in passive bystanding.There was partial support for defender self‐efficacy, defending, and passive bystanding to be reciprocally associated over time.Efforts to encourage peers to take sides with the victims of peer victimization need to consider the role of peers' defender self‐efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maltreatment type, severity, and chronicity are predictors of poor youth outcomes, yet youth reported perpetrators of abuse have gone largely unstudied. Little is known about variation in perpetration across youth characteristics (e.g., age, gender, placement type) and abuse features. This study aims to describe youth reported perpetrators of victimization within a foster care sample. 503 youth in foster care (ages 8–21 years) reported on experiences of physical, sexual, and psychological abuse. Follow up questions assessed abuse frequency and perpetrators. Mann-Whitney U Tests were used to compare central tendency differences in number of perpetrators reported across youth characteristics and victimization features. Biological caregivers were commonly endorsed perpetrators of physical and psychological abuse, though youth also reported high levels of peer victimization. For sexual abuse, non-related adults were commonly reported perpetrators, however, youth reported higher levels of victimization from peers. Older youth and youth residing in residential care reported higher numbers of perpetrators; girls reported more perpetrators of psychological and sexual abuse as compared to boys. Abuse severity, chronicity, and number of perpetrators were positively associated, and number of perpetrators differed across abuse severity levels. Perpetrator count and type may be important features of victimization experiences, particularly for youth in foster care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to introduce the concept of using the well-established Shared Lives approach to support survivors of domestic abuse with complex needs including those with learning and physical disabilities, older people and carers. Design/methodology/approach: Survivors with complex needs are often excluded from traditional domestic abuse support services thus increasing their risk and making recovery impossible. Using the Shared Lives approach in suitable cases could address gaps in provision and improve the outcomes for survivors with disabilities, older survivors and carers. Findings: The paper draws on evidence from reports and research about the experiences of these cohorts of survivors to explain how the Shared Lives approach could increase support options for specific categories of survivors. Practical implications: Using the Shared Lives approach to support cohorts of victims/survivors who experience barriers to accessing support could improve outcomes for these people, reduce risk of serious harm and improve quality of life. Originality/value: With the recent recommendation from Association of Directors of Adult Social Services around increasing use of Shared Lives, this paper provides one potential way to meet this recommendation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the factors associated with non-help-seeking in victims of physical or sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) in Peru. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study of 3-year data from the Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey. The sample comprised women aged 18 to 49 who had experienced physical or sexual IPV at some time in their lives. The dependent variable was non-help-seeking after suffering physical or sexual IPV. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) with their 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to assess the factors associated with non-help-seeking. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was carried out in which only women who suffered physical or sexual IPV in the last year were considered. Results: Data from 15,265 female victims of physical or sexual IPV were analyzed. It was found that 57.4% did not seek help after suffering physical or sexual IPV. The main reasons for non-help-seeking included thinking it was unnecessary (42.3%) and embarrassment (14.9%). Age between 30 and 49 years old (PRa:1.15; 95%CI [1.06, 1.25]) and residing in a rural area (PRa:1.07; 95%CI [1.00, 1.13]) were associated with a higher probability of non-help-seeking. On the other hand, having a secondary education level (PRa:0.91; 95% CI [0.86, 0.97]) or higher (PRa:0.90; 95%CI [0.82, 0.99]), having a partner who drinks alcohol (PRa:0.94; 95%CI [0.89, 0.99]), having experienced physical or sexual IPV during a pregnancy (PRa:0.87; 95%CI [0.80, 0.94]), and having experienced moderate (PRa:0.81; 95%CI [0.76, 0.86]), or severe physical or sexual IPV (PRa:0.74; 95%CI [0.67, 0.82]), were associated with a lower probability of non-help-seeking. These associations were consistent in the sensitivity analysis. Conclusion: Half of the women who experience physical or sexual IPV do not seek help. There are sociodemographic factors related to this non-seeking of help that are useful for identifying and prioritizing interventions to reduce IPV and improve the health status of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyberbullying victimization is becoming more prevalent and adversely affects mental health. This research explores the relationship between the two variables and the underlying mechanism, especially for children, as the impact of mental health in childhood might last a lifetime. Primary school students (N = 344; Mage = 9.90; 43.90% girls) completed self-report questionnaires regarding cyberbullying victimization, self-perceived social competence, optimism, and depression at school. Gender and grade were controlled as covariates. Depression was positively predicted by cyberbullying victimization, while self-perceived social competence played a partially mediating role. In addition, optimism directly and indirectly moderated the effects of cyberbullying victimization on depression. Specifically, the effects were stronger for children with low levels of optimism. Therefore, efforts to enhance children's self-perceived social competence and optimism may reduce their depression resulting from cyberbullying victimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autobiographical memories of close relationships have been shown to have strong influence in health and life. Yet, there is no research published about longitudinal memory reconstruction of violent sporadic relationships while reading and discussing scientific evidence on gender violence victimization. This article presents a novel case of the reconstruction throughout time of the memory of a disdainful hookup experienced by a young woman. The victim's diary and an interview were the sources of data collection. The analytical categories were developed in dialogue with the participant. The results indicate that, as the subject learned scientific evidence on gender violence in sporadic relationships, she progressively recalled details of the episode that she had self-censored before, became aware of the very violent nature of the hookup, rejected the relationship, and freed her desire for satisfactory romantic relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intimate partner homicide (IPH) continues to be a form of violence disproportionately affecting women in the United States, and access to firearms can greatly increase the likelihood that intimate partner violence becomes lethal. In response to concerns about firearms violence and their prevalence in IPH incidents specifically, states have passed restrictive firearms laws and policies. In this study, we provide an analysis of female IPH victimization disaggregated by race/ethnicity that incorporates state‐level firearms legislation. Our analytical approach is informed by intersectionality and accounts for other key intimate partner violence policies and structural predictors. We find that the relationship between firearms legislation and IPH varies in magnitude and direction across specific race/ethnicity female victimization groups. As such, our findings provide support for an intersectional framework in that restrictive firearms laws are not consistently associated with lower levels of IPH when incidents are disaggregated by gender and race/ethnicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This retrospective study analyzes crimes against individuals with schizophrenia using data from 91 cases in the Supreme Court database (July 2022, keyword 'schizophrenia') through qualitative and quantitative methods.Most commonly violated legal interests of victims: property (33.7%), sexual integrity (19.1%), and physical integrity (15.7%). Predominant crime types include fraud (24.7%), sexual assault (18%), intentional injury (15.7%), and intentional/reckless killing (11.2%). Over half the crimes are moderately violent (65.2%), with victims mainly experiencing economic violence (36.3%). The results underscore the importance of collaboration among mental health professionals, judiciary members, and policymakers to implement a protective plan of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One under‐researched area within corrections is the connection among (a) past adverse events, particularly in the form of injustices against those who now are incarcerated, (b) crimes committed and then (c) healing from the effects of that past adversity of injustice. Might those who have experienced severe injustices against them develop an anger or a hatred that then is displaced onto others, leading to arrest, conviction and imprisonment? This is not to imply that societies condone illegal behaviour but instead to assist in the healing from the adversity so that future crime is reduced. As a first step in this sequence, the study here examined in detail the kinds of injustices suffered by men in a maximum‐security correctional institution (N = 103) compared with men in a medium‐security environment (N = 37) and in the general public (N = 96). Findings indicated differences between those in the general public and those in the two correctional contexts. The latter two groups had (a) a higher severity of injustices against them (rated by a panel of researchers), (b) a more negative current impact that past injustices are having on them (also rated by a panel of researchers), (c) more reports that the injustices contributed to their choices to harm others, (d) more serious types of hurt (such as sexual abuse), (e) a stronger degree of self‐reported hurt and (f) more injustices from family members. Implications for correctional rehabilitation to reduce the negative psychological effects caused by the injustices of others are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do judges assess witness credibility? This question is particularly important in cases where child victims testify. These cases are usually of a sensitive nature (e.g., involving allegations of abuse) where there are no other testimonial or material evidence to corroborate the account of child victims. To better understand what actually happens when judges preside over trials about sexual interference, and how, in actual courtrooms, they use demeanour to assess the credibility of child victims, we conducted a qualitative thematic analysis of real courts judgements (n = 44). The results highlighted that when assessing credibility in actual courtrooms, judges make a variety of inferences from the demeanour of child victims who testify live, with striking differences (and similarities) when defendants are found not guilty than when they are found guilty. The results of our descriptive study also provided unique insights about (correct and incorrect) beliefs judges hold about child witnesses, and how, if children fail to display behaviour they are expected to display, or if they display behaviour they are not expected to display, child victims could face difficulties at several stages of the judicial process. We discuss the results based on the literature on nonverbal behaviour and child witnesses, explaining their scope for scholars and legal practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood maltreatment is increasingly recognized as an important risk factor for teen dating violence (TDV) victimization. However, far too little research has studied the mechanisms that could explain this higher risk of revictimization. The present study investigated the role of alexithymia in the association between cumulative childhood maltreatment, TDV victimization occurrence and chronicity, and TDV-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. A total of 2780 adolescents, aged 13 to 19, completed measures of childhood maltreatment and alexithymia at Time 1 and TDV victimization and TDV-related PTSD symptoms at Time 2 (6 months later). Two mediational models were tested to examine the role of alexithymia as a risk factor for revictimization. One model assessed TDV occurrence as an outcome, while the other explored TDV chronicity and TDV-related PTSD symptoms as outcomes. Findings suggest that cumulative childhood maltreatment is associated with an increased probability of TDV occurrence through alexithymia. Cumulative childhood maltreatment and alexithymia are also associated with TDV chronicity and TDV-related PTSD symptoms. Notably, cumulative childhood maltreatment is associated with higher levels of alexithymia among adolescent victims of TDV, which, in turn, predicts higher TDV chronicity and TDV-related PTSD symptoms. This study relied on abbreviated measures and did not include all forms of child maltreatment (e.g., emotional and physical neglect). Promoting emotional awareness and identification among youth victims of child maltreatment could reduce the risk of TDV occurrence, TDV chronicity, and TDV-related PTSD symptoms. • Child maltreatment is associated with teen dating violence through alexithymia. • Alexithymia is positively associated with higher chronicity of teen dating violence. • Alexithymia is positively associated with PTSD symptoms following victimization. • Targeting alexithymia may prevent revictimization in youth victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frequent absence of a documented history of sexual assault/rape in the prior research on serial sexual murderers is curious. In order to address several methodological problems in prior research, a closed-case archival review of a nonrandom national sample of 53 serial sexual homicide cases was conducted which identified 14 offenders with a history of sexual assault/rape for an overall prevalence rate of 26.4%. Of the 14 offenders with a prior known history of sexual assault/rape, 11 (78.6%) sexually penetrated at least one of their homicide victims at the crime scene. Implications for investigation of serial sexual homicide as well as for further understanding of this exceptionally rare crime are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article advances a theory of the 'relative' nature of victim status, demonstrating that whether an individual is identified as a victim is, in part, conditional on their relationships with others. Using the example of victim identification in cases of child criminal exploitation, this article demonstrates that youth justice practitioners' perceptions of young people's peer relationships and their relationships with their families had a significant impact on whether young people were identified as victims of child criminal exploitation. To explain this dynamic, this article then further explores the conceptual nature of victim status, focusing on its transient and finite qualities. In doing so, this article begins to address the relational gap in the study of processes of victim identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forensic psychiatrists and neuropsychiatrists are likely to encounter individuals with intellectual disability as they are over‐represented in the judicial system. These individuals may have the full range of mental illnesses and comorbid conditions, including physical infirmity, sensory deficits, language impairment, and maladaptive behaviors. They are frequently disadvantaged in the judicial system due to lack of comprehension, lack of accommodations, and stigmatization. Decision making capacity may need to be assessed for health care, sexual autonomy, marriage, financial management, making a will, and need for guardianship. The usual approach to conducting an evaluation needs adaptation to fit the unique characteristics and circumstances of the individual with intellectual disability. The forensic consultant can assist attorneys, defendants, and victims in recommending accommodations and the expert witness can provide education to juries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology-facilitated abuse (TFA) is a growing problem. This article explores lifetime victimization experiences of TFA, presenting findings from the first study to establish a reliable national prevalence estimate for victimization in Australia, using a general adult population sample (n = 4,562) and 20 qualitative interviews with adults who have experienced TFA. Key findings include an overall high lifetime victimization prevalence (one in two Australians), high negative emotional impacts and severe mental distress among some marginalized groups. Our findings lend support for the utility of marginalization and intersectional theories in understanding the prevalence and negative impacts of TFA and address gaps in knowledge of how TFA victimization may differentially impact marginalized groups within an adult population. We argue that TFA research, policy and practice must be more attentive to intersecting and marginalized identities including and beyond gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crime victims are directly harmed by crime and therefore have a stake in, and should be treated as individual participants in the criminal justice process. In recognition of this, Congress passed the Crime Victims' Rights Act ("CVRA") in 2004 to enumerate specific rights afforded to crime victims, including the rights to confer with the prosecutor in the case, to be heard at public court proceedings involving a plea or sentencing, to be informed in a timely manner of a plea bargain or deferred prosecution agreement, and to be treated with fairness and respect. Whether the CVRA extends these rights to victims prior to the formal filing of charges is unclear, but since a great deal of criminal cases never lead to charges being filed, many victims are not protected if these rights are not afforded to them during the investigation stage. The consequences of this ambiguity are exemplified by the now infamous 2007 secret non-prosecution agreement ("NPA") between Jeffrey Epstein and the United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of Florida ("USAO,") in which the USAO agreed to forego federal prosecution of Epstein for sexually abusing more than thirty minor girls in exchange for Epstein pleading guilty to two minor state charges. The existence of the NPA was kept secret from Epstein's victims for over a year after it was signed. Although the victims subsequently commenced litigation seeking rescission of the NPA on the grounds that the USAO violated their CVRA rights when it concealed the agreement, they were denied the relief they sought. The Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals ultimately held that since the government never filed federal charges, the victims did not have standing to sue. Accordingly, the secret NPA deprived Epstein's victims of their CVRA rights and of the opportunity see Epstein held accountable for his criminal conduct. This Note applies the contract doctrine of unconscionability to NPAs entered into in the absence of victim notification and consultation. It argues that principles of unconscionability are inherent in secret NPAs, and thus such agreements should be deemed unenforceable and subject to rescission. To this end, Congress must amend the CVRA to strengthen protections for crime victims and make clear that those protections attach prior to the filing of formal charges. Doing so would ensure that the disgraceful outcome of the Epstein case is not repeated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What solutions can we find in the research literature for preventing sexual violence, and what psychological theories have guided these efforts? We gather all primary prevention efforts to reduce sexual violence from 1985 to 2018 and provide a bird's-eye view of the literature. We first review predominant theoretical approaches to sexual-violence perpetration prevention by highlighting three interventions that exemplify the zeitgeist of primary prevention efforts at various points during this time period. We find a throughline in primary prevention interventions: They aim to change attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge (i.e., ideas) to reduce sexual-violence perpetration and victimization. Our meta-analysis of these studies tests the efficacy of this approach directly and finds that although many interventions are successful at changing ideas, behavior change does not follow. There is little to no relationship between changing attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge and reducing victimization or perpetration. We also observe trends over time, including a shift from targeting a reduction in perpetration to targeting an increase in bystander intervention. We conclude by highlighting promising new strategies for measuring victimization and perpetration and calling for interventions that are informed by theories of behavior change and that center sexually violent behavior as the key outcome of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2017, the U.S. Center for SafeSport launched the first public disciplinary sports registry listing individuals accused of engaging in harmful behavior against child and adult athletes. Our study reviews information from 1,161 individuals on SafeSport's sports registry. Of the individuals on the sports registry, 22% were concurrently listed on the national registry for sexual offenses. Relative to individuals listed only on the sports registry, those on both registries were 4.5 and 1.4 times more likely to have sexual misconduct allegations and allegations involving a child, respectively. Of those on both registries, 31% were on the national registry approximately seven years before appearing on the sports registry. We discuss whether and how public registries represent effective strategies for crime prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research suggests that individuals involved in the criminal justice system have higher rates of childhood trauma, including experiences of child sexual abuse (CSA). Studies also suggest that childhood victimization has an impact on the success of mental health treatment for offenders which may contribute to recidivism rates. Accordingly, policymakers and correctional staff can be better informed in choosing appropriate assessments and intervention approaches when they understand the ways in which prior experiences of CSA impact individuals in correctional settings. This special section highlights four novel studies that advance the research examining CSA in incarcerated populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To guide prevention and intervention efforts, the prevalence and impact of child sexual abuse (CSA) victimization among detained and incarcerated populations requires further examination, particularly with consideration of multi-type maltreatment experiences and sex-based variations. This longitudinal population-based study explores these relationships in an Australian birth cohort comprising all individuals born in Queensland in 1983 and 1984 (n = 82,409; 48.68% female). Data include all notified and substantiated harm(s) from child protection services (0 to 17 years), and sentences to youth detention and/or adult incarceration between ages 10 and 30. Findings indicate greater prevalence of CSA amongst detained/incarcerated individuals compared to the general population but emphasize the impact of cooccurring maltreatment (particularly neglect) on the likelihood of custodial outcomes. Important sex-based differences were noted in the intersection of CSA victimization and detention/incarceration. Findings reinforce the need for trauma-informed practices when working with custodial populations, particularly females, and highlight opportunities for prevention of detention/incarceration in at-risk populations, in line with a broader public health approach to child protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how South Australian judges use information about child sexual abuse (CSA) victimization history and its potentially traumatic impact, when sentencing adult defendants. Past research indicates that sentencing outcomes may significantly improve if judicial officers are "trauma-informed." "Trauma" is the distressing impact of adversity on an individual's social and emotional well-being. Drawing from a sample of 33 sentencing remarks within which judicial officers have identified defendants with histories of CSA, this article applies a trauma-informed practice framework to explore the degree to which the sentencing of these defendants may be trauma-informed. Finally, the paper discusses potential initiatives to better achieve community safety when sentencing people with trauma from CSA. The findings are highly transferable, given the parallels in the sentencing calculus across countries that have a Westminster system of law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internalizing symptoms have been linked to bullying perpetration and victimization in adolescence. However, the directions of any causal relationships remain unclear, and limited research has identified the mechanisms that explain the associations. Given the salience of peer relationships during the teenage years, we examine whether perceived support from friends is one such mechanism. By using a transactional framework and four waves of longitudinal panel data on over 900 youth, we test both cross-lagged and indirect associations between bullying perpetration, bullying victimization, internalizing symptoms, and perceived friend support. Our method represents one of the most rigorous tests to date of the mutual influences among these factors. The results show that internalizing symptoms and perceived friend support were reciprocally linked to bullying victimization, but perceived support did not predict internalizing symptoms, and bullying perpetration neither preceded nor followed perceived support or internalizing symptoms. There were no significant indirect paths between bullying involvement and internalizing symptoms through perceived friend support. The results provide only partial support for a transactional model in which bullying victimization, support, and internalizing symptoms are reciprocally related. The implications of these findings for theory, future research, and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]