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The focusing of squint beam-steering synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data is a challenging task for the technical difficulty of space-variant range cell migration correction (RCMC). It is more complicated when considering the manoeuver of high-speed platforms. The conventional Doppler domain RCMC method is with low performance and requires a large amount of zero-padding. This Letter proposes a modified RCMC method which removes the space-variant range cell migration (RCM) components by deramp-keystone transform and then compensates the unified RCM terms in the time domain. Compared with the conventional method, the proposed one is with high performance and can avoid zero-padding. This method is validated by the simulated SAR data.

For a multiple-input and multiple-output synthetic aperture radar, stepped frequency chirps can be used to generate high-resolution range profiles (HRRPs) by using spectrum synthesis. However, the presence of channel phase errors may degrade the performance of HRRP synthesis. This letter presents a channel error estimation method to address this problem. First, to obtain a focused subband image, a range phase adjustment by contrast enhancement algorithm is proposed to estimate inner-channel high-order phase errors. Second, a sidelobe balanced model is established to estimate constant phase error from the relationship between the balanced sidelobe and constant phase; the constant phase error can be directly obtained in an efficient manner. Experimental analysis using real data demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.

This paper proposes an imaging algorithm for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) mounted on a high-speed maneuvering platform with squint terrain observation by progressive scan mode. To overcome the mismatch between range model and the signal after range walk correction, the range history is calculated in local polar format. The Doppler ambiguity is resolved by nonlinear derotation and zero-padding. The recovered signal is divided into several blocks in Doppler according to the angular division. Keystone transform is used to remove the space-variant range cell migration (RCM) components. Thus, the residual RCM terms can be compensated by a unified phase function. Frequency domain perturbation terms are introduced to correct the space-variant Doppler chirp rate term. The focusing parameters are calculated according to the scene center of each angular block and the signal of each block can be processed in parallel. The image of each block is focused in range-Doppler domain. After the geometric correction, the final focused image can be obtained by directly combined the images of all angular blocks. Simulated SAR data has verified the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

For high speed maneuvering platforms, multichannel synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can realize wide-swath imaging more flexibly at a high squint. In this mode, the signal reconstruction and imaging is a challenging task because the direction of the channel array vector is time-variant and inconsistent with the radar velocity vector. In this paper, the properties of space time spectrum are analyzed in detail at first. It is found that the space time spectrum of the signal is irregular, in which the space time spectral lines are nonlinear and there is a massive Doppler spectrum shift. Therefore, a range-dependent signal reconstruction method based on space time spectrum correction is proposed to obtain the unambiguous Doppler spectrum. For wide-swath data processing, an improved Omega-K approach based on time domain spectrum compression is further proposed to obtain a well-focused image. A modified Stolt mapping is used to address the range variations of range cell migration (RCM). Subsequently, a time domain spectrum compression function is used to eliminate the time domain aliasing of small-aperture data without zero-padding. Simulation results and real data processing are presented to validate the proposed algorithm.

Advancement in explosive systems toward miniaturization and enhanced safety has prompted the development of primary explosives with powerful detonation performance and relatively low sensitivities. Energetic coordination polymers (ECPs) as a new type of energetic materials have attracted wide attention. However, regulating the energetic characters of ECPs and establishing the relationship between structure and energetic property remains great challenges. In this study, two isomorphic 2D π-stacked solvent-free coordination polymers, [M(N3)2(atrz)]n (M = Co 1, Cd 2; atrz = 4,4′-azo-1,2,4-triazole), were hydrothermally prepared and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction. The two compounds exhibit reliable stabilities, remarkable positive enthalpies of formation, and prominent heats of detonation. The enthalpy of formation of 1 is 4.21 kJ·g–1, which is higher than those of all hitherto known primary explosives. Repulsive steric clashes between the sensitive azide ions in 1 and 2 influence the mechani...

For the ultrahigh-resolution airborne stepped-frequency synthetic aperture radar, very large synthetic bandwidth and very long integration time may lead to a 2-D space-variant (SV) motion error when the aircraft flies off the ideally straight trajectory due to the atmospheric turbulence. This new type of error complicates the motion estimation and motion compensation (MOCO). For the motion estimation, we present a jointly 2-D SV motion error estimation method to simultaneously consider the range-variant motion error and the azimuth-variant motion error. For the MOCO, we propose a 2-D SV-MOCO method. The method is implemented through three processing steps: 1) two-step MOCO for the space-invariant motion error and the range-variant phase error; 2) range block-based chirp-z transform (CZT) for the range-variant envelope error; and 3) range block division for the range-dependent azimuth-variant phase error based on the azimuth subaperture method. Finally, processing of simulated data and real data validates the proposed methods.

Objective To collect visualized proof of Tianmagouteng particles (TMGTP) in alleviating cognitive dysfunction and to explore its effects on brain activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) with hyperactivity of liver-yang (Gan Yang Shang Kang, GYSK). Methods Sixteen SHRs were randomized into treatment group and non-treatment. The SHR with GYSK was induced by gavaging aconite decoction (10 mL/kg at 0.2 g/mL). After the SHR models were prepared, the rats in the treatment group were administered TMGTP (10 mL/kg) once a day for 14 days.The rats in the non-treatment group or normal rats (control group) received an equivalent volume of saline. Morris water maze test was conducted before and after the treatment to observe cognitive function. Fluorine 18-deoxy glucose [F-18]FDG micro-PET brain imaging scans was performed after treatment. Data were analyzed with two-sample t -test ( P Results Compared with the non-treatment group, the escape latency significantly decreased but the frequency of entrance into the target zone significantly increased in the treatment group. Consistent with the alteration of cognitive functions, TMGTP induced strong brain activity in the following sites: right dorsolateral nucleus and ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus, amygdala, left met thalamus, cerebellum leaflets, original crack, front cone crack, loop-shaped leaflets; but deactivation of right medial frontal gyrus, bilateral corpus callosum, hippocampus, and left dentate gyrus. Conclusion TMGTP could alleviate cognitive dysfunction in SHRs with GYSK, which was possibly by inducing alteration of glucose metabolism in different brain regions with corresponding functions.

We have designed and synthesized a series of two-dimensional materials featuring with a (3,6)-connected kgd layer, in which an unprecedented anionic Cu6I7– cluster was first trapped through a cation-induced synthetic strategy. The emission colors of these cluster-based luminophores gradually shift from blue to yellow as the monovalent cations (Li+, Na+, NH4+, K+, TEA+) located between the neighboring layers changed. SCXRD analyses discover that the variation of the emission may be attributed to the transformation of the hourglass-shaped Cu6I7– cluster. The bright, tunable, and broad luminescent emissions make them promising candidates as phosphors for light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Particularly, compound 1-TEA emitting intensive yellow light with high luminescence quantum efficiency (QY = 79.9%) shows extremely high thermal, pH, organic solvent, and mechanical photostabilities. By employing it as a yellow phosphor, we fabricate a series of white lighting materials with high color rendering index (CRI).

The yaw steering may be ineffective to compensate for the large Doppler centroid in geosynchronous SAR (Geo-SAR) in many cases. Therefore, the available studies are concentrated on the 2-D beam-steering, rather than the yaw steering. However, the range and azimuth may be severely coupled without any beam-steering or with the 2-D beam-steering. Fortunately, we found that the yaw steering could overcome this serious problem, and can bring several benefits in terms of the performance improvement of the system. In this paper, we first illustrate the benefits of the yaw steering, and then provide two aspects of the system design with the incorporation of demonstrating the benefits of the yaw steering. The demonstrated three main benefits of the yaw steering are: 1) makes the 2-D side-lobes nearly orthogonal, and improves the imagery quality; 2) largely reduces the synthetic aperture time, and decreases the computation burden of imaging processing; and 3) substantially mitigates the azimuth-variation of raw data, and simplifies the imaging processing.

In very high resolution spaceborne-squinted sliding spotlight synthetic aperture radar, the traditional imaging algorithms based on the equivalent squint range model (ESRM) cannot be applied, because the ESRM model is inaccurate in this case. For this problem, this paper proposes a squint equivalent acceleration range model to precisely take into account the spaceborne-squinted curved orbit. Then a full-aperture squint-imaging algorithm is proposed based on this new range model, which can handle the azimuth variation of the equivalent velocity and the range variation of the 2-D frequency spectrum. The results of the simulation validate the effectiveness of new range model and imaging algorithm.

For high-resolution wide-swath synthetic aperture radar imaging algorithms, signal reconstruction is a key step. The steering vector plays an important role in signal reconstruction, which can be constructed by the ambiguity components. The information of the ambiguity components, e.g., number and index, is usually regarded to be constant and known. However, we find that the information of ambiguity components is always a piecewise function of the baseband frequency. This means that the steering vector cannot be preconstructed accurately and it will negatively affect the signal reconstruction. This paper presents an improved signal reconstruction method based on the Doppler spectrum estimation. The proposed method can estimate the variant ambiguity components to form the steering vector exactly by the Capon estimation. As a result, the method is able to restore the Doppler spectrum entirely and performs well on the noise reduction. Moreover, the baseband Doppler centroid and antenna pattern can be obtained in the proposed method. Simulated data and airborne raw data are processed to validate the algorithm.

Swertia petiolata is an important medicinal herb and has been shown to possess tremendous pharmacological potential. It belongs to family Gentianaceae consisting of about 1600 species. The objective of the present was to evaluate cytotoxic effect of methanolic extract of S . petiolata against a panel of different cancer cell lines. Our results revealed that the extract exhibited strong cytotoxic activity against gastric cancer cell line SNU-5 with an IC 50 value of 64 μg/ml. Our results showed that the extract decreased the viable SNU-5 cells and also reduced the clonogenic potential in a concentration dependent manner. The extract induced cell death through apoptosis as was evident from Annexin V/PI and DAPI staining. S . petiolata methanolic extract also promoted the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased the levels of mitochondria membrane potential providing a strong biochemical evidence for apoptosis. To gain insights about the composition of the extract, LC–MS analysis was carried and the major constituents were identified. The results indicated the major constituents were mostly phenolics and flavonoids. The characteristic compounds (swerchirin and genistein) of genus Swertia and family Gentianaceae were also tentatively identified and may be one of the reasons for the cytotoxic activity of the extract. We therefore propose that the cytotoxic activity of S . petiolata extract is due to induction of apoptosis through generation of ROS.

Changing N-substituents to modify energy gaps is important for the diverse applications (photochromism, photocatalysis, etc.) of viologen-based compounds. In situ N-substitution using alcohols under solvothermal and acidic conditions is an effective and common synthetic method for viologen-templated metal halides. In this work, we found that replacing alcohols with alkenes could reduce the reaction temperature dramatically to room temperature. A new cis/trans-viologen-templated bromoplumbate with a novel 1-D chain structure built by edge-sharing planar [Pb3Br9]3− oligomers was successfully obtained. This bromoplumbate hybrid has a narrower energy gap compared with bulk PbBr2, which has been well explained by linear optical response spectra calculations and PDOS analysis.

Due to Earth’s rotation and an elliptical satellite orbit, large Doppler centroids along satellite orbit inevitably occur in geosynchronous Earth orbit synthetic aperture radar (GEOSAR). Nonzero Doppler centroid causes a large range migration, which complicates the data acquisition and design of imaging algorithms. Thus, beam steering is used to decrease the centroid. At the same time, the ground observation of interest is prerequisite for applications. Thus, a unique two-dimensional (2-D) beam-steering method to simultaneously consider the reduction of Doppler centroid and ground observation for the GEOSAR is studied. The minimum-Doppler plane is proposed to minimize the centroid and to guarantee the beams that illuminate the area of interest. Subsequently, to achieve required ground coverage, beam directions determined by the minimum-Doppler plane are slightly adjusted. The method has been validated through the simulation of two types of orbits.

For designing energetic materials (EMs), the most challenging issue is to achieve a balance between energetic performance and reliable stability. In this work, we employed an efficient and convenient method to synthesize a new class of EMs: nitrogen-rich tetranuclear metal complexes [M(Hdtim)(H2O)2]4 (M = Zn 1, Mn 2; H3dtim = 1H-imidazol-4,5-tetrazole) with the N content of >46%. The structural analyses illustrate that isomorphous compounds 1 and 2 feature isolated hollow ellipsoid tetranuclear units, which are linked by both π–π interactions and hydrogen-bonding interactions to give a 3D supramolecular architecture. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibit prominent energetic characteristics: excellent detonation performances and reliable thermal, impact, and friction stabilities. Being nitrogen-rich tetrazolate compounds, the enthalpies of combustion of 1 (−11.570 kJ g–1) and 2 (−12.186 kJ g–1) are higher than those of classical EMs, RDX and HMX, and they possess high positive heats of formation. Sensitivity tests demonstrate that 1 and 2 are insensitive to external mechanical action. Excellent energetic performances and low sensitivities promote 1 and 2 to serve as a new class of promising EMs with a desirable level of safety.

Electron-transfer (redox) thermochromism was successfully used for switching the conductance of semiconductors, by introducing a thermally active organic component into an inorganic semiconducting framework. A moisture-resistant semiconductor {(MV)2[Pb7Br18]}n (MV2+=methyl viologen cation) has been prepared through an in situ synthetic method for MV2+. It features a rare 3D haloplumbate open framework and unprecedented electron-transfer thermochromic behavior in haloplumbates. The electrical conductivity of this compound dropped significantly after coloration and restored after decoloration, which was satisfactorily explained by valence band XPS and theoretical data. This work not only offers a new approach to modify electrical properties of semiconductors without altering components or structures, but may lead to the development of over-temperature color indicators, circuit overload protectors or photovoltaic materials.

A imaging passive localization method for wideband signal is proposed in this paper. By introducing synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging method, the location of the signal emitter is directly given in SAR image. The key of this method is to focus unknown wideband data in range and azimuth domain. To focus the data in range domain without signal parameter, a new pulse compress method is proposed by constructing reference signal from raw data. To focus the data in azimuth domain without knowing range, a range-searching azimuth focus method is proposed by constructing azimuth focus functions with different range. Simulation result validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Because of computing and storage limitation of one satellite, it is difficult to process large amounts of data of spaceborne synthetic aperture radars. A new method for networked satellites data processing based on intersatellite cloud computing system (ICCS) using a “stage-by-stage” CS algorithm is proposed in this paper, which is built with FPGA chips as the computing kernel of the system. Different from the traditional CS algorithm processing, the system divides data processing into three stages. The computing tasks are reasonably allocated to different data processing units (i.e. satellites) in each stage. The method effectively saves computing and storage resources of satellites, improves the utilization rate of a single satellite, and shortens the data processing time. GF-3 satellite SAR raw data is processed by the system, with the performance of the method verified.

Intelligentization is the trend of the development of SAR system. On the basis of cognitive radar, the concept of intelligent SAR system is discussed from the perspective of application and development of SAR system. Starting from the source of optimization of target information extraction, the architecture of Networked Intelligent SAR system and single system intelligent SAR are presented, and the key technologies involved are analyzed.

In this paper, a new optimized selection method of beam position parameters for spaceborne synthetic aperture radar(SAR) is proposed. Aiming at the difficulty in selecting pulse repeatition frequency (PRF) and observation band width in spaceborne SAR beam position design, this paper deduces the iterative relationship between adjacent beam positions in detail from the spaceborne SAR beam geometry, and proposes an automatic optimization and selection method for beam position parameters. The proposed method meets the principles of PRF restriction and maximum observation band width. The PRF and observation band width of one beam position can be optimized and selected at the same time, and the next beam position parameters can be automatically iteratively selected according to the current selection result. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

We aimed to establish a discriminative gene-expression-based classifier to predict survival outcomes of T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) patients. After exploring global gene-expression profiles of progressive (n = 22) vs. progression-free (n = 28) T-LBL patients, 43 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified. Then an eleven-gene-based classifier was established using LASSO Cox regression based on NanoString quantification. In the training cohort (n = 169), high-risk patients stratified using the classifier had significantly lower progression-free survival (PFS: hazards ratio 4.123, 95% CI 2.565-6.628; p 0.001), disease-free survival (DFS: HR 3.148, 95% CI 1.857-5.339; p 0.001), and overall survival (OS: HR 3.790, 95% CI 2.237-6.423; p 0.001) compared with low-risk patients. The prognostic accuracy of the classifier was validated in the internal testing (n = 84) and independent validation cohorts (n = 360). A prognostic nomogram consisting of five independent variables including the classifier, lactate dehydrogenase levels, ECOG-PS, central nervous system involvement, and NOTCH1/FBXW7 status showed significantly greater prognostic accuracy than each single variable alone. The addition of a five-miRNA-based signature further enhanced the accuracy of this nomogram. Furthermore, patients with a nomogram score ≥154.2 significantly benefited from the BFM protocol. In conclusion, our nomogram comprising the 11-gene-based classifier may make contributions to individual prognosis prediction and treatment decision-making.

To explore the significance of lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR) in the disease progress of primary gastrointestinal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (PGI-DLBCL).The clinical data of 43 patients diagnosed as PGI-DLBCL in our hospital from January 2011 to December 2015 were collected, and the disease progress was followed up.According to the ROC curve, the threshold value of LMR for 2 years PFS (%) of PGI-DLBCL patients was 2.6. Unvariate analysis showed that LMR (P＜0.05), large enclosed mass lesion (P＜0.01) and IPI (P＜0.05) were prognostic factors affecting PFS, the COX regression model multivariate analysis showed that LMR＜2.6 [ (risk ratio (RR)=3.083, 95%CI 1.828-8.313, P＜0.01], and large enclosed mass lesions (RR=2.718, 95%CI 1.339-6.424, P＜0.05) were the independent adverse prognostic factor for two years PFS.Both LMR＜2.6 and large enclosed mass lesions relate with the progress of PGI-DLBCL.外周血淋巴细胞与单核细胞比值在PGI-DLBCL疾病进展中的意义.探讨外周血淋巴细胞与单核细胞比值（lymphocyte to monocyte ratio，LMR）在原发胃肠道弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤（primary gastrointestinal diffuse large B cell lymphoma，PGI-DLBCL）疾病进展中的意义.收集本院2011年1月至2015年12月期间经病理学确诊为PGI-DLBCL的43例患者的临床资料，并随访观察患者疾病进展情况,分析LMR与患者2年PFS（%）之间的关系.根据ROC曲线PGI-DLBCL患者LMR最具差异性的界限值为2.6。单因素分析显示，LMR（P＜0.05）、大包块病变（P＜0.01)和IPI（P＜0.05)为影响患者2年PFS（%）的预后因素。COX回归模型多因素分析显示，LMR＜2.6 [（危险比（RR）=3.083，95%CI 1.828-8.313，P＜0.01）]、大包块病变（RR=2.718，95%CI 1.339-6.424 ，P＜0.05）为2年PFS（%）的不良预后相关因素.LMR＜2.6，大包块病变与PGI-DLBCL患者疾病的进展相关.

Improving the stability and photoelectric properties are current aims in the field of inorganic–organic hybrid lead halides. In this work, a new covalently bonded pillared layered bromoplumbate, [Pb3Br6(CV)]n, was prepared using a photoactive zwitterion viologen, N,N′-4,4′-bipyridiniodipropionate (CV), as a ligand. It has a high thermal stability in air and shows a remarkable increase of capacitance after photoinduced electron transfer (PIET). The observed dielectric switch ratio of ∼689% at 3 kHz exceeded all reported values at room temperature for switchable dielectric materials. The capacitance gain was derived from the redistribution of electrons after PIET from the lead-halide layer to organic π-aggregates, so that the activation energy of hopping polarizability was significantly reduced.

Tissue remodeling is the pathological basis of the symptoms encountered in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) may participate in this process. The present study was designed to investigate the involvement of EMT in CRS. In addition, the prognostic value of the EMT biomarker α‑smooth muscle actin (α‑SMA) was assessed in patients with CRS who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). A total of 13 patients with CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), 13 patients with CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and 13 control subjects were enrolled. The expression of EMT markers was determined in sinonasal specimens by qPCR, western blot and immunofluorescence assays. EMT features were evaluated in primary nasal epithelial cells (NECs) with transforming growth factor (TGF)‑β1 stimulation. The associations were assessed between α‑SMA expression and the clinical features of CRS. Epithelial and mesenchymal markers were overexpressed in the sinonasal specimens of both CRSsNP and CRSwNP patients. Alterations in the expression pattern were more apparent in the CRSsNP patients. Following incubation of primary NECs with TGF‑β1, a mesenchymal shape was acquired. In addition, NECs that co‑expressed α‑SMA and cytokeratin were readily detected and the protein levels of α‑SMA were elevated. In contrast to α‑SMA, the levels of E‑cadherin were decreased. The protein levels of α‑SMA were negatively correlated with endoscopic scores and several postoperative symptoms. In conclusion, partial EMT occurred in patients with CRS, notably in CRSsNP patients. Moreover, primary NECs could undergo EMT following TGF‑β1 treatment in vitro. In addition, α‑SMA could be considered an efficient predictor for postoperative endoscopic and symptomatic outcomes in patients with CRS treated with ESS.

To meet the demand for large area environment monitoring during short synthetic aperture time, this paper proposes an imaging algorithm for high squint beam steering (HS-BS) SAR platforms with constant acceleration. To achieve a good performance and high efficiency, the baseband azimuth scaling (BAS) method cannot be directly applied for the azimuth focusing. The signal is calculated based on high squint concentric circle (HS-CC) range model. The conventional derotation operation is modified by nonlinear phase and range-dependent derotation. Then the space-variant (SV) Doppler chirp rate is corrected by BAS method without sub-aperture processing.

Ship oscillatory motions with long coherence processing interval (CPI) are complex and hard to accurately estimate. The traditional ship imaging methods usually avoid long-CPI focusing by dealing with a short observation time interval, which may make it hard to obtain a high-resolution and high-SNR image. In this paper, the mechanisms and challenges of long CPI imaging of oscillatory targets are investigated. The properties of wavenumber domain support (WDS) and point spreading function (PSF) of oscillatory targets are analyzed. It’s found that the WDS spreads as a three-dimensional (3D) thin and curved sweep surface, with time-variant energy density, non-parallel boundaries and a complex structure. The PSF of an oscillatory target has a 3D resolution, but also multiple side-lobes with high level. We inspect the relationships between the properties of the WDS and the non-ideal PSF. Moreover, it’s found that scatters distributed on a 3D oscillatory target cannot be focused uniformly on a predefined imaging plane (IP). The projection relationship of the target focusing positions on the slant-range plane (SRP) and the IP are also derived. The simulation results can well validate the proposed method.

Due to the limited information of two-dimensional (2D) radar images, the study of three-dimensional (3D) radar image reconstruction has received significant attention. However, the target attitude obtained by the existing 3D reconstruction methods is unknown. In addition, using a single perspective, one can only get 3D reconstruction result of a simple target. For a complex target, due to occlusion and scattering characteristics, 3D reconstruction information obtained from a single perspective is limited. To tackle the above two problems, this paper proposes a new method for multi-perspective 3D reconstruction and single perspective instantaneous target attitude estimation. This method consists of three steps. First, the result of 3D reconstruction with unknown attitude is obtained by the traditional matrix factorization method. Then, in order to obtain the attitude of a target 3D reconstruction, additional constraints are added to the projection vectors which are computed from the matrix factorization method. Finally, the information from different perspectives are merged into a single layer information according to certain rules. After the information fusion, a multi-perspective 3D reconstruction structure with better visibility and more information is obtained. Simulation results have proved the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.

Wind power generation is developing fast all over the world. Centralized integration of large-scale wind farms is a main paradigm in China. However, wind resource is usually far away from the load center or a power grid, new transmission corridor must be set up to deliver wind power. As wind generation is volatile, the capacities of storage unit equipped in the wind farm and the grid-connection transmission line should be carefully determined. This paper proposes a distributionally robust optimization model for coordinated capacity planning of grid-connection transmission line and storage unit inside the remote wind farm. The investment cost is minimized, under the chance constraint of wind curtailment rate being less than a threshold. To deal with uncertain wind power output, Wasserstein matric based ambiguity set which describes a family of inexact wind power probability distributions is constructed from limited historical data. The distributionally robust model is transformed to a linear program. Case studies show that the proposed method is effective in handling uncertainty. Properly sizing storage unit can reduce the transmission capacity, and decrease total investment cost.

Wind energy is developed intensively and is distributed in reverse with load in China. One of the key reasons for high curtailment rate is the shortage of transmission lines. Moreover, the configuration of energy storage in wind farms can suppress power fluctuation and reduce the capacity demand of transmission lines. Therefore, a complete information static game model of energy storage and line planning between a wind farm and a grid company is established. In the model, the government affects the result by setting different penalty coefficients of wind abandoning to achieve the target of wind abandoning rate. This model can reflect the conflict of interest between the two rational players. The result of case study partly explains why abandoned wind energy rate is high and shows the necessity of the government’s interference in the game. In addition, the sensitivity of the equilibrium to the parameters is analyzed.

Considering the difficulty of pulse repetition frequency (PRF) design in multi-angle SAR when using ultra-high speed platforms, a multi-angle SAR imaging system in a unified coordinate system is proposed. The digital multi-beamforming is used in the system and multi-angle SAR data can be obtained in one flight. Therefore, the system improves the efficiency of data recording. An improved range migration algorithm (RMA) is used for data processing, and imaging is made in a unified imaging coordinate system. The resolution of different view images is the same, and there is a fixed delay between the images. On this basis, the SAR image fusion is performed after image matching. The results of simulation and measured data confirm the effectiveness of the system and the method.

Background: Adults with T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) generally benefit from treatment with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)-like regimens, but approximately 40% will relapse after such treatment. We evaluated the value of CpG methylation in predicting relapse for adults with T-LBL treated with ALL-like regimens. Methods: A total of 549 adults with T-LBL from 27 medical centers were included in the analysis. Using the Illumina Methylation 850K Beadchip, 44 relapse-related CpGs were identified from 49 T-LBL samples by two algorithms, Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selector Operation (LASSO) and Support Vector Machine-Recursive Feature Elimination (SVM-RFE). We built a four-CpG classifier using LASSO Cox regression based on association between the methylation level of CpGs and relapse-free survival (RFS) in the training cohort (n=160).The four-CpG classifier was validated in the internal testing cohort (n=68) and independent validation cohort (n=321). Findings: The four-CpG-based classifier discriminated T-LBL patients at high risk of relapse in the training cohort from those at low risk (p

Synthetic Aperture Ladar (SAL) is a combination of synthetic aperture and lidar. At present, sub-aperture stitching with PGA algorithm is used to realize SAL imaging. However, this algorithm has a low rate of data utilization, resulting in a worse image SNR and resolution. For solving this problem, a method of sub-aperture phase error stitching for full aperture airborne SAL data processing based on azimuth deramp is proposed in this paper. The data is divided into a sequence of sub-apertures and the standard Standard Minimum Entropy Autofocus (MEA) is used to estimate the phase error of each sub-aperture. Then all the phase errors of the sub-apertures are stitched to obtain the full-aperture phase error. After the compensation of the full-aperture phase error, the full-aperture image is obtained by deramp. Compared with the SAL image obtained by sub-aperture algorithm, the method we proposed can offer better resolution and SNR. Finally, the imaging results of airborne SAL real data verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Spectrum analysis (SA) plays an important role in radar signal processing, especially in radar imaging algorithm design. Because it is usually hard to obtain the analytical expression of spectrum by the Fourier integral directly, principle of stationary phase (POSP)-based SA is applied to approximate this integral. However, POSP requires the phase of the signal to vary rapidly, which is not the case in circular synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and turntable inverse SAR (ISAR). To solve this problem, a new SA method based on time-frequency reversion (TFRSA) is proposed, which utilizes the relationship of the Fourier transform pairs and their corresponding signal phases. In addition, the connection between the imaging geometry and time-frequency relationship is also analyzed and utilized to help solve the time-frequency reversion. When the TFRSA is applied to the linear trajectory SAR, the obtained spectrum expression is the same as the result of POSP. When it is applied to ISAR, the spectrum expressions of near-field and far-field are derived and their difference is found to be position-independent. Based on this finding, an extended polar format algorithm (EPFA) for near-field ISAR imaging is proposed, which can solve the distortion and defocusing problems caused by traditional ISAR imaging algorithms. When it is applied to the circular SAR (CSAR), a new and efficient imaging method based on EPFA is proposed, which can solve the low efficiency problem of conventional BP-based CSAR imaging algorithms. The simulations and real data processing results are provided to validate the effectiveness of proposed method.

The Growth-Regulating Factor (GRF) family encodes a type of plant-specific transcription factor (TF). GRF members play vital roles in plant development and stress response. Although GRF family genes have been investigated in a variety of plants, they remain largely unstudied in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The present study was conducted to comprehensively identify and characterize the T. aestivum GRF (TaGRF) gene family members. We identified 30 TaGRF genes, which were divided into four groups based on phylogenetic relationship. TaGRF members within the same subgroup shared similar motif composition and gene structure. Synteny analysis suggested that duplication was the dominant reason for family member expansion. Expression pattern profiling showed that most TaGRF genes were highly expressed in growing tissues, including shoot tip meristems, stigmas and ovaries, suggesting their key roles in wheat growth and development. Further qRT-PCR analysis revealed that all 14 tested TaGRFs were significantly differentially expressed in responding to drought or salt stresses, implying their additional involvement in stress tolerance of wheat. Our research lays a foundation for functional determination of TaGRFs, and will help to promote further scrutiny of their regulatory network in wheat development and stress response.

This paper based on an actual project as an example, researching the application of cold air distribution system by using the numerical simulation method. By using Fluent software to establish a three-dimensional physical model, simplificate the physical model, establish proper tuyere model, choose the appropriate turbulence model, select the appropriate boundary conditions. Then simulate indoor airflow organization, get the distribution of temperature field, velocity field in the working area, and evaluate the comfort in the working area. Though the research, this paper provides the appropriate air distribution which is the upper supply air and on opposite side bottom exhaust air. This paper though the numerical simulation concludes that adopts the appropriate air distribution could meet the requirements of indoor thermal comfort.

The ultralong synthetic aperture time and a very large scene cause severe 2-D spatial variation in geosynchronous synthetic aperture radar. The range variation was corrected using the range cell migration equalization and the modified chirp scaling function. The azimuth variation correction with the singular value decomposition and the azimuth nonlinear scaling was studied. The validity of the proposed imaging algorithm has been assessed. Satisfactory results were obtained in the removal of the azimuth variation, and the focusing of point targets from a synthetic aperture up to 1000 s and a scene of 150 km (azimuth) $\times$ 130 km (range).

In this paper, for a multichannel synthetic aperture radar–ground moving target indication (SAR--GMTI) system, a new high-accuracy focusing and relocating method using instantaneous interferometry, i.e., carrying out interferometry operation in the azimuth time domain before focusing, is proposed. One of the key steps of this method is to perform instantaneous interferometry to get accurate equivalent cross-track velocity (ECV) estimation for cross-track motion compensation. After that, the signal from a moving target is concentrated in range, and along-track motion compensation becomes convenient. Motion compensation transforms a moving target into a stationary one; thus, the conventional SAR imaging algorithm can be applied to focus the moving target. Finally, a strategy for accurately relocating a moving target is presented. The processing results of simulated and measured data illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Signal bandwidth and integration time are two significant parameters of a geosynchronous synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensor. They directly determine the resolution characteristic of SAR imagery. Because their contributions to the ground impulse response width (IRW) curve (consists of −3-dB resolutions in every direction) are severely coupled, an analytical extraction method of the ground IRW curve is studied to analyze the coupling characteristic. Due to the coupling, the IRW curve is generally spatially variant and, thus, can degrade the quality of SAR imagery. To minimize the variation, the two parameters are optimized. However, the optimized signal bandwidth is found to be satellite position varied, which complicates the system design. To solve this problem, a parameter optimization model is built to obtain one optimal signal bandwidth as well as to decrease the variation.

Donor-derived CD4(+) T lymphocytes are the major effector cells directly involved in the development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). As a negative regulator of immune cell differentiation and development, microRNA-150 (miR-150) induces immunological tolerance in CD4(+) T cells after transplantation. However, the specific mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that miR-150 is capable of not only inhibiting proliferation and activation of CD4(+) T cells but also promoting apoptosis. Mechanistically, miR-150 targets v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 3 (AKT3), and subsequently downregulates B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) interacting mediator of cell death (BIM). We have also demonstrated that re-expression of AKT3 reversed miR-150-mediated inhibition of CD4(+) T lymphocyte development. Therefore, we conclude that miR-150 negatively regulates CD4(+) T cell function by inhibiting the AKT3/BIM signaling pathway. These findings also suggest that manipulating the levels of miRNA-150 could be a valuable strategy in prevention and/or treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease.