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202. Index

Author

Carroll, Shiloh

Published
2023

215. Stomatal Opening Involves Polar, Not Radial, Stiffening Of Guard Cells

Author

Carter, R., Woolfenden, H., Baillie, A., Amsbury, S., Carroll, S., Healicon, E., Sovatzoglou, S., Braybrook, S., Gray, J.E., Hobbs, J., Morris, R.J., and Fleming, A.J.

Subjects
Structure-Activity Relationship, atomic force microscopy, stomata, computational modelling, Plant Stomata, Arabidopsis, cell wall, Plant Transpiration, Microscopy, Atomic Force, Biology, Article, mechanics, Biomechanical Phenomena
Abstract

Summary It has long been accepted that differential radial thickening of guard cells plays an important role in the turgor-driven shape changes required for stomatal pore opening to occur [1, 2, 3, 4]. This textbook description derives from an original interpretation of structure rather than measurement of mechanical properties. Here we show, using atomic force microscopy, that although mature guard cells display a radial gradient of stiffness, this is not present in immature guard cells, yet young stomata show a normal opening response. Finite element modeling supports the experimental observation that radial stiffening plays a very limited role in stomatal opening. In addition, our analysis reveals an unexpected stiffening of the polar regions of the stomata complexes, both in Arabidopsis and other plants, suggesting a widespread occurrence. Combined experimental data (analysis of guard cell wall epitopes and treatment of tissue with cell wall digesting enzymes, coupled with bioassay of guard cell function) plus modeling lead us to propose that polar stiffening reflects a mechanical, pectin-based pinning down of the guard cell ends, which restricts increase of stomatal complex length during opening. This is predicted to lead to an improved response sensitivity of stomatal aperture movement with respect to change of turgor pressure. Our results provide new insight into the mechanics of stomatal function, both negating an established view of the importance of radial thickening and providing evidence for a significant role for polar stiffening. Improved stomatal performance via altered cell-wall-mediated mechanics is likely to be of evolutionary and agronomic significance., Graphical Abstract, Highlights • Stomatal poles are stiff and have a distinct cell wall composition • Loss of polar stiffening is associated with decreased degree of stomatal opening • Lack of radial guard cell stiffening does not preclude stomatal opening • A “fix and flex” model predicts more efficient opening of stomata via polar stiffening, Textbooks state that radial stiffening of guard cells is required for stomatal opening. Carter et al. show that this is not the case. They demonstrate that stomatal poles are stiffer than surrounding cells. A new “fix and flex” model is proposed in which polar stiffening leads to more efficient stomata, potentially allowing better water use by plants.

Published
2017

216. A Cosmic Controversy

Author

Guth, AH, Kaiser, DI, Linde, AD, Nomura, Y, Bennett, CL, Bond, JR, Bouchet, F, Carroll, S, Efstathiou, G, Hawking, S, Kallosh, R, Komatsu, E, Krauss, LM, Lyth, DH, Maldacena, J, Mather, JC, Peiris, H, Perry, M, Randall, L, Rees, M, Sasaki, M, Senatore, L, Silverstein, E, Smoot, GF, Starobinsky, A, Susskind, L, Turner, MS, Vilenkin, A, Weinberg, S, Weiss, R, Wilczek, F, WlTTEN, E, and Zaldarriaga, M

Published
2017

217. The Feasibility of Using Body Worn Cameras in an Inpatient Mental Health Setting

Author

Sheila Hardy, White P, Palmer-Hill S, Rosen P, Bennett L, and Carroll S

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Mental health, 03 medical and health sciences, Psychiatry and Mental health, Clinical Psychology, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Physical therapy, 030212 general & internal medicine, Psychiatry, business
Published
2017

230. Molecular correlates differentiate response to atezolizumab (atezo) + bevacizumab (bev) vs sunitinib (sun): Results from a phase III study (IMmotion151) in untreated metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC)

Author

Rini, B.I., primary, Huseni, M., additional, Atkins, M.B., additional, McDermott, D.F., additional, Powles, T.B., additional, Escudier, B., additional, Banchereau, R., additional, Liu, L.-F., additional, Leng, N., additional, Fan, J., additional, Doss, J., additional, Nalle, S., additional, Carroll, S., additional, Li, S., additional, Schiff, C., additional, Green, M., additional, and Motzer, R.J., additional

Published
2018
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