244 results on '"Carter, W. Craig"'
Search Results
202. Mechanical Reliability of All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries.
- Author
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Bucci, Giovanna, Swamy, Tushar, Chiang, Yet-Ming, and Carter, W. Craig
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- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
203. PART II MOTION OF DISLOCATIONS AND INTERFACES.
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Balluffi, Robert W., Allen, Samuel M., and Carter, W. Craig
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- 2005
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204. The 7thInternational Workshop on Interfaces: New Materials via Interfacial Control
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Tomsia, Antoni P. and Carter, W. Craig
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- 2010
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205. Size-Dependent Lithium Miscibility Gap in Nanoscale Li1 − xFePO4
- Author
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Meethong, Nonglak, Huang, Hsiao-Ying Shadow, Carter, W. Craig, and Chiang, Yet-Ming
- Abstract
Olivine compounds have emerged as important and enabling positive electrode materials for high-power, safe, long-life lithium rechargeable batteries. In this work, the miscibility gap in undoped Li1−xFePO4is shown to contract systematically with decreasing particle size in the nanoscale regime and with increasing temperature at a constant particle size. These effects suggest that the miscibility gap completely disappears below a critical size. In the size-dependent regime, the kinetic response of nanoscale olivines should deviate from the simple size-scaling implicit in Fickian diffusion.
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- 2007
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206. Quantifying reliability statistics for electrochemical shock of brittle materials.
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Woodford, William H., Chiang, Yet-Ming, and Carter, W. Craig
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- *
BRITTLE materials , *ELECTROCHEMISTRY , *POLYCRYSTALS , *ANISOTROPY , *PIEZOELECTRICITY , *FRACTURE mechanics - Abstract
In brittle polycrystalline materials, anisotropic shape changes--such as those due to thermal expansion, composition changes, and piezoelectricity--can induce stresses severe enough to drive fracture. The stresses developed are microstructurally heterogeneous and develop in proportion to a generalized external stimulus rather than an applied load; as a consequence, traditional Weibull models do not capture the relevant scaling of failure probabilities with respect to applied stimulus or microstructural feature sizes. These limitations are surmounted by a stochastic method, called Finite Element plus Monte Carlo (FE+MC), which enables quantification of reliability statistics in brittle polycrystalline materials subjected to microstructurally heterogeneous stresses which may be driven by non-mechanical stimulii. A finite element analysis computes the stress distributions for a hypothetical defect-free virtual microstructure and a subsequent Monte Carlo analysis distributes flaws throughout the microstructure with sizes chosen from an experimental flaw size distribution. The FE+MC method is validated for uniaxial tensile loading, for which the expected Weibull distribution of failure probability is reproduced. As a demonstration of the utility of this method in a more complex stress state, we consider electrochemical shock of polycrystalline LiXCoO2 electrodes; the computed composition-dependent failure probabilities reproduce key features of experimental acoustic emission measurements not explained by previous modeling approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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207. Complexion: A new concept for kinetic engineering in materials science
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Dillon, Shen J., Tang, Ming, Carter, W. Craig, and Harmer, Martin P.
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INTERFACES (Physical sciences) , *ATOMS , *THERMODYNAMICS , *CHEMISTRY , *MATERIALS science , *PHYSICAL & theoretical chemistry - Abstract
Abstract: Interfaces and the movement of atoms within an interface play a crucial role in determining the processing and properties of virtually all materials. However, the nature of interfaces in solids is highly complex and it has been an ongoing challenge to link material performance with the internal interface structure and related atomic transport mechanisms. Interface complexions offer a missing link to help solve this universal problem. We have theoretically predicted the existence of multiple interface complexions by thermodynamics, but the present work represents the most comprehensive characterization and proof of their existence in a real material system. An interface complexion can be considered as a separate phase, which can be made to transform into different complexions (phases) with vastly different properties by chemistry and heat treatment, thereby enabling the engineering control of material properties on a level not previously realizable. As such, complexions offer a solution to outstanding fundamental scientific mysteries, such as the origin of abnormal grain growth in inorganic materials, a problem which leading researchers in the field have struggled to explain for the past 50 years. It is also described how interface complexions will likely have widespread impact across all branches of material science and related disciplines. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2007
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208. A diffuse interface model of interfaces: Grain boundaries in silicon nitride
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Bishop, Catherine M., Cannon, Rowland M., and Carter, W. Craig
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INTERFACES (Physical sciences) , *CRYSTAL grain boundaries , *POLYCRYSTALS , *CRYSTAL growth , *DISLOCATIONS in crystals , *CRYSTALLIZATION - Abstract
Abstract: A diffuse-interface model for interfaces in multi-component systems with energetic contributions from chemistry, defects, structure, orientation, electrostatics and gradients is proposed. The energy minimizing profiles of planar grain boundaries in the pseudo-binary SiO2–SiN4/3 system are calculated in the SiN4/3-rich single-phase field. Intergranular films are found to be stable below the eutectic temperature. Evidence of first-order grain boundary order–disorder transitions is found in misorientation and chemical potential space. Interface transitions predicted with the model can be plotted on equilibrium phase diagrams to produce “interfacial phase diagrams.” These could be a tool for designing processing routes to optimize bulk, polycrystalline material properties through control of grain boundary characteristics. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2005
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209. Thermodynamically consistent variational principles with applications to electrically and magnetically active systems
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García, R. Edwin, Bishop, Catherine M., and Carter, W. Craig
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THERMODYNAMICS , *EQUILIBRIUM , *DYNAMICS , *PHASE transitions , *PARTIAL differential equations , *SOLID state physics - Abstract
We propose a theoretical framework to derive thermodynamically consistent equilibrium equations and kinetic driving forces to describe the time evolution for electrically and magnetically active materials. This procedure starts from the combined statement of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, naturally incorporates Maxwell’s equations, and accommodates the description of continuous phase transformations for conserved and non-conserved order parameters. The kinetics of conserved and non-conserved ordered parameters are introduced, the adequate gradient flow is identified, thus the appropriate kinetics (e.g., Allen–Cahn, Cahn–Hilliard) are derived. Example applications of this theory include the electromechanical fields of piezoelectric materials and the wave equation in the limit of chemically homogeneous solids. Moreover, we derive a thermodynamically consistent set of partial differential equations which describe the transport of charged species in conductive, non-polarizable, magnetizable solids, and in polarizable, electrically insulating, non-magnetizable solids. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2004
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210. Effect of charge separation on the stability of large wavelength fluctuations during spinodal decomposition
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Bishop, Catherine M., García, R. Edwin, and Carter, W. Craig
- Subjects
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CHARGE transfer , *CHEMICAL decomposition , *CHARGE exchange , *OSTWALD ripening - Abstract
A stability analysis of phase separation of charged species by spinodal decomposition is presented. The charge effects introduce a short wave number cutoff for linear perturbations about the homogeneous, neutral solution. Phase field calculations using a semi-implicit spectral method support this conclusion. This suggests that coarsening is limited in ionic solid systems that are unstable with respect to charged-phase separation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2003
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211. The mechanism of corner instabilities in single-crystal thin films during dewetting.
- Author
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Zucker, Rachel V., Gye Hyun Kim, Jongpil Ye, Carter, W. Craig, and Thompson, Carl V.
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ELECTRIC properties of thin films , *SURFACE energy , *PROPERTIES of matter , *SURFACE waves (Fluids) , *SURFACE chemistry - Abstract
Dewetting is a well-known degradation mechanism for thin films at elevated temperatures. It is driven by surface energy minimization and occurs while the film is solid. The dewetting process is characterized by the formation of holes, retracting edges, and the formation of thickened rims on retracting edges. In anisotropic single-crystal thin films, holes are initially faceted. It is often observed that the corners of the holes retract faster than the edges of the hole, leading to dendritic or star-shaped holes. This so-called "corner instability" is one of the defining morphological characteristics of the dewetting process, and an understanding of this instability may lead to new film patterning techniques. In this work, we present a study of the growth of natural and patterned initially square holes in single-crystal Ni thin films on MgO substrates. A characteristic structure near the corners of the holes was observed, and a model for the growth of faceted holes was developed based on these observations. Despite its simplicity, the model reproduces the observed phenomenology and is in quantitative agreement with experiments. The model reveals that the corner instability arises from a redistribution of mass to create a new hole perimeter, which can only be created at the corner. The consequence is that the corner reaches a steady-state constant retraction rate while mass accumulation at the rims causes their retraction rate to continuously decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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212. Simulating Infiltration as a Sequence of Pinning and De-pinning Processes.
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Varnavides, Georgios, Mortensen, Andreas, and Carter, W Craig
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PERCOLATION theory , *POROUS materials , *LIQUID metals , *MULTIPHASE flow , *CERAMIC metals , *GEOMETRIC shapes - Abstract
[Display omitted] The infiltration of a non-wetting liquid, such as molten metal, into a porous solid, such as a ceramic preform, is influenced by the wetting angle of the liquid on the solid. The link between local wetting and the minimum pressure required for initiation of infiltration or the pressure required for full preform infiltration can deviate strongly from what one would expect on the basis of elementary thermodynamic considerations or simple geometrical models. In this work, we explain the trends observed in experimental studies of pressure infiltration of molten metal into ceramic preforms by means of a percolation model, in which the pores themselves are given a simple geometric shape. This gives a simple yet rich and realistic treatment of the infiltration process. Specifically, the pop-through pressure necessary to traverse a throat between two neighboring circular (2D) or spherical (3D) pores can easily be calculated and incorporated in a 3D network model of many pores produced by generating a packing of slightly overlapping circles or spheres. The resulting pore structure defines a bond percolation network that agrees overall both with predictions of percolation theory and observations from experiment, and which can be extended to address a range of other aspects of multi-phase flow through porous media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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213. Experimental verification of the applicability of the homogenization approximation to rough one-dimensional photonic crystals using a holographically fabricated reflection grating.
- Author
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Maskaly, Karlene Rosera, Hsiao, Vincent K. S., Cartwright, Alexander N., Prasad, Paras N., Lloyd, P. F., Bunning, Timothy J., and Carter, W. Craig
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LIQUID crystals , *PHOTONICS , *LASER beams , *HOLOGRAPHY , *TRANSMISSION electron microscopy , *POLYMERS , *ASYMPTOTIC homogenization - Abstract
The theoretical reflectance spectrum of a one-dimensional photonic crystal with large amounts of interfacial roughness has been calculated using a previously proposed method, and compared to the actual experimental reflectivity of the structure. The photonic crystal was fabricated using a simple and fast method involving the holographic exposure of a liquid crystal/photosensitive prepolymer syrup via the self-interference patterns from two laser beams. The calculated reflectance spectrum for this structure matched the experimental one extremely well, giving very similar reflectivity peak positions and intensities. Slight discrepancies between the two reflectance spectra are attributed to either small variations in the microstructure of the reflection grating beyond that which is captured in the transmission electron micrograph, or the dispersion of the polymer which was not taken into account. These results serve as experimental verification of the theory for rough photonic crystals reported previously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
214. Mechanism of Lithium Metal Penetration through Inorganic Solid Electrolytes.
- Author
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Porz, Lukas, Swamy, Tushar, Sheldon, Brian W., Rettenwander, Daniel, Frömling, Till, Thaman, Henry L., Berendts, Stefan, Uecker, Reinhard, Carter, W. Craig, and Chiang, Yet‐Ming
- Subjects
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LITHIUM-ion batteries , *SOLID electrolytes , *SINGLE crystals , *METALLIC surfaces , *SHORT circuits - Abstract
Li deposition is observed and measured on a solid electrolyte in the vicinity of a metallic current collector. Four types of ion-conducting, inorganic solid electrolytes are tested: Amorphous 70/30 mol% Li2S-P2S5, polycrystalline β-Li3PS4, and polycrystalline and single-crystalline Li6La3ZrTaO12 garnet. The nature of lithium plating depends on the proximity of the current collector to defects such as surface cracks and on the current density. Lithium plating penetrates/infiltrates at defects, but only above a critical current density. Eventually, infiltration results in a short circuit between the current collector and the Li-source (anode). These results do not depend on the electrolytes shear modulus and are thus not consistent with the Monroe-Newman model for 'dendrites.' The observations suggest that Li-plating in pre-existing flaws produces crack-tip stresses which drive crack propagation, and an electrochemomechanical model of plating-induced Li infiltration is proposed. Lithium short-circuits through solid electrolytes occurs through a fundamentally different process than through liquid electrolytes. The onset of Li infiltration depends on solid-state electrolyte surface morphology, in particular the defect size and density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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215. Impact of the Ga Droplet Wetting, Morphology, and Pinholes on the Orientation of GaAs Nanowires.
- Author
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Matteini, Federico, Tütüncüoglu, Gözde, Mikulik, Dmitry, Vukajlovic-Plestina, Jelena, Potts, Heidi, Leran, Jean-Baptiste, Carter, W. Craig, and Fontcuberta i Morral, Anna
- Subjects
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GALLIUM , *WETTING , *NANOWIRES , *CRYSTAL morphology , *CRYSTAL orientation , *GALLIUM arsenide semiconductors , *III-V semiconductors - Abstract
Ga-catalyzed growth of GaAs nanowires on Si is a candidate process for achieving seamless III/V integration on IV. In this framework, the nature of silicon's surface oxide is known to have a strong influence on nanowire growth and orientation and therefore important for GaAs nanowire technologies. We show that the chemistry and morphology of the silicon oxide film controls liquid Ga nucleation position and shape; these determine GaAs nanowire growth morphology. We calculate the energies of formation of Ga droplets as a function of their volume and the oxide composition in several nucleation configurations. The lowest energy Ga droplet shapes are then correlated to the orientation of nanowires with respect to the substrate. This work provides the understanding and the tools to control nanowire morphology in self-assembly and pattern growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
216. Electroactive-Zone Extension in Flow-Battery Stacks.
- Author
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Smith, Kyle C., Brunini, Victor E., Dong, Yajie, Chiang, Yet-Ming, and Carter, W. Craig
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FLOW batteries , *ELECTROACTIVE substances , *SUSPENSIONS (Chemistry) , *ELECTRIC conductivity , *ENERGY density , *ELECTROCHEMISTRY - Abstract
Flowable suspensions that conduct both electrons and ions can enable the use of energy-dense electroactive species in flow batteries [M. Duduta et al., Adv. Energy Mater. , 1 , 511 (2011); Z. Li et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. , 15 , 15,833 (2013); F. Fan et al., Nano Lett. , 14 , 2210 (2014)]. In comparison with conventional flow batteries where electrochemical reactions are confined to a fixed current-collector region, electronically conductive flow electrodes permit electrochemical reactions to extend outside of the physical confines of the stack. We have measured and modeled how mixed-conduction enables an electroactive zone (EAZ, in which electrochemical reactions occur) that is of greater spatial extent than current collectors, the extension being termed side zone, SZ. Electrochemical reactions in SZs can reduce coulombic and energetic efficiency. Here we show that for realistic suspension properties and operating conditions, the added inefficiency is small in practice, and can be further mitigated by using appropriate operating conditions and/or materials choices. For the specific example of a non-aqueous Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 suspension, we show that EAZ extension contributes less than 1% additional efficiency loss at C/10 rates for current collectors greater than 20 mm long. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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217. The Selected Works of John W. Cahn
- Author
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Cahn, John W., Johnson, William C., Carter, W. Craig, Cahn, John W., Johnson, William C., and Carter, W. Craig
- Subjects
- Materials science--United States, Materials scientists--United States
- Abstract
This book represents a collection of 30 selected papers from the work of John W. Cahn. Dr. Cahn is Senior Fellow at the Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and is widely recognized as a founder of modern theory and thought in materials science. The range of his research included kinetics and mechanisms of metallurgical phase changes, surfaces, interfaces, defects, quasicrystals, thermodynamics, and other areas impacting the fundamental understanding of materials science. Each paper includes a 2-4 page review of the impact and historical perspective of the work. This is an important collection for students, instructors, and scientists interested in materials science.
- Published
- 1998
218. Nanomechanical Quantification of Elastic, Plastic, and Fracture Properties of LiCoO2.
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Qu, Meng, Woodford, William H., Maloney, John M., Carter, W. Craig, Chiang, Yet-Ming, and Van Vliet, Krystyn J.
- Published
- 2012
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219. High-strength all-solid lithium ion electrodes based on Li4Ti5O12
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Sun, Li, Karanjgaokar, Nikhil, Sun, Ke, Chasiotis, Ioannis, Carter, W. Craig, and Dillon, Shen
- Subjects
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LITHIUM-ion batteries , *ELECTRODES , *TITANIUM compounds , *SINTERING , *ELECTROLYTES , *SOLIDS , *POWDERS , *ENERGY level densities - Abstract
Abstract: A Li4Ti5O12–Li0.29La0.57TiO3–Ag electrode composite was fabricated via sintering the corresponding powder mixture. The process achieved a final relative density of 97% the theoretical. Relatively thick, ∼100μm, electrodes were fabricated to enhance the energy density relatively to the traditional solid-state thin film battery electrodes. The sintered electrode composite delivered full capacity in the first discharge at C/40 discharge rate. Full capacity utilization resulted from the 3D percolated network of both solid electrolyte and metal, which provide paths for ionic and electronic transport, respectively. The electrodes retained 85% of the theoretical capacity after 10 cycles at C/40 discharge rate. The tensile strength and the Young''s modulus of the sintered electrode composite are the highest reported values to date, and are at least an order of magnitude higher than the corresponding value of traditional tapecast “composite electrodes”. The results demonstrate the concept of utilizing thick all-solid electrodes for high-strength batteries, which might be used as multifunctional structural and energy storage materials. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
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220. Controlled and rapid ordering of oppositely charged colloidal particles
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Sharma, Vyom, Yan, Qingfeng, Wong, C.C., Carter, W. Craig, and Chiang, Yet-Ming
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COLLOIDS , *PARTICLES , *COAGULATION , *ELECTRIC properties of materials , *SURFACE active agents , *CHEMICAL structure - Abstract
Abstract: Oppositely charged colloidal particles in suspension undergo rapid coagulation in the absence of any repulsive component in the interaction potential. With an added steric component serving as the repulsive force it is possible to order oppositely charged particles, which are also weakly charged, in solution. However given the novel features obtainable for an ordered structure from strong oppositely charged particles it becomes imperative to gain a full understanding of methods that can order these particles. Here we report a simple and rapid layer-by-layer method to order strongly and oppositely charged particles. Although this method is in principle scalable to order multiple layers of oppositely charged particles, herein we report ordering of one layer of positively charged particles onto a substrate made of negatively charged particles. This method utilizes a non-ionic surfactant to induce a steric repulsive force between particles and involves spin-coating to disperse and order particles on a very short time scale. The ordered structure obtained through this process is verified as the structure with one of the lowest interaction energies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
221. Assessing the service linkages of substance abuse agencies with mental health and primary care organizations.
- Author
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Lee, Shoou-Yih D., Morrissey, Joseph P., Thomas, Kathleen C., Craig Carter, W., Ellis, Alan R., and Carter, W Craig
- Subjects
- *
SUBSTANCE abuse treatment , *MENTAL illness , *MEDICAL needs assessment , *HOSPITAL outpatient prospective payment , *PRIMARY care , *MANAGED care programs , *HEALTH planning , *MENTAL health services , *HEALTH insurance , *PRIMARY health care , *SOCIAL support , *INSTITUTIONAL cooperation , *MENTAL health services administration - Abstract
Fragmentation of substance abuse treatment represents a major barrier to effective treatment for individuals with cooccurring substance abuse and mental and physical health disorders. Linkages of substance abuse treatment organizations with primary care and mental health agencies are widely considered to be a feasible way to integrate services. In this study, we analyzed information collected from a national sample of 62 outpatient substance abuse treatment units (OSATs) to understand the extent of services linkages in these organizations and to identify facilitators and barriers to service linkages. Results showed that OSATs had limited service linkages with primary care and mental health providers. The cited barriers to linkages included clients' financial problems, managed care restrictions, and limited organizational capacity. Onsite service provision was implemented in some OSATs. The pattern of service linkages in OSATs appeared to reflect the health needs of substance abuse clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
222. Random Walk Analysis of the Effect of Mechanical Degradation on All-Solid-State Battery Power
- Author
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Yet-Ming Chiang, W. Craig Carter, Tushar Swamy, Giovanna Bucci, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bucci, Giovanna, Swamy, Tushar, Chiang, Yet-Ming, and Carter, W Craig
- Subjects
Battery (electricity) ,Materials science ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,020209 energy ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Random walk ,Automotive engineering ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Power (physics) ,All solid state ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Materials Chemistry ,Electrochemistry ,0210 nano-technology ,Degradation (telecommunications) - Abstract
Mechanical and electrochemical phenomena are coupled in defining the battery reliability, particularly for solid-state batteries. Micro-cracks act as barriers to Li-ion diffusion in the electrolyte, increasing the average electrode’s tortuosity. In our previous work, we showed that solid electrolytes are likely to suffer from mechanical degradation if their fracture energy is lower than 4 J m−2[G. Bucci, T. Swamy, Y.-M. Chiang, and W. C. Carter, J. Mater. Chem. A (2017)]. Here we study the effect of electrolyte micro-cracking on the effective conductivity of composite electrodes. Via random analyzes, we predict the average diffusivity of lithium in a solid-state electrode to decrease linearly with the extension of mechanical degradation. Furthermore, the statistical distribution of first passage times indicates that the microstructure becomes more and more heterogeneous as damage progresses. In addition to power and capacity loss, a non-uniform increase of the electrode tortuosity can lead to heterogeneous lithiation and further stress localization. The understanding of these phenomena at the mesoscale is essential to the implementation of safe high-energy solid-state batteries., United States. Department of Energy. Office of Science (grant DE-SC0002633)
- Published
- 2017
223. The Effect of Stress on Battery-Electrode Capacity
- Author
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Tushar Swamy, W. Craig Carter, Yet-Ming Chiang, Brian W. Sheldon, Giovanna Bucci, Sean R. Bishop, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Bucci, Giovanna, Swamy, Tushar, Bishop, Sean, Chiang, Yet-Ming, and Carter, W Craig
- Subjects
Materials science ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,020209 energy ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Stress (mechanics) ,Battery electrode ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Materials Chemistry ,Electrochemistry ,Composite material ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Constraint-induced stresses develop during Li-ion battery cycling, because anode and cathode materials expand and contract as they intercalate or de-intercalate Li. We show in this manuscript that these stresses, in turn, can significantly modify the maximum capacity of the device at a given cell voltage. All-solid-state batteries impose an external elastic constraint on electrode particles, promoting the development of large stresses during cycling. We employ an analytic and a finite element model to study this problem, and we predict that the electrode's capacity decreases with increasing matrix stiffness. In the case of lithiation of a silicon composite electrode, we calculate 64% of capacity loss for stresses up to 2 GPa. According to our analysis, increasing the volume ratio of Si beyond 25-30% has the effect of decreasing the total capacity, because of the interaction between neighboring particles. The stress-induced voltage shift depends on the chemical expansion of the active material and on the constraint-induced stress. However, even small voltage changes may result in very large capacity shift if the material is characterized by a nearly flat open-circuit potential curve. Keywords: Finite element modeling; Li-ion battery; Solid electrolyte; Stress-potential coupling; Thermodynamics, United States. Department of Energy (Grant DE-SC0002633), United States. Department of Energy. Office of Basic Energy Sciences (Contract DE-FG02-10ER46771)
- Published
- 2017
224. A low-dissipation, pumpless, gravity-induced flow battery
- Author
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Gareth H. McKinley, Brandon J. Hopkins, Zheng Li, Kyle C. Smith, Yet-Ming Chiang, Xinwei Chen, Frank Y. Fan, Ahmed Helal, W. Craig Carter, Alexander H. Slocum, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chen, Xinwei, Hopkins, Brandon James, Helal, Ahmed H., Fan, Frank Yongzhen, Smith, Kyle, Li, Zheng, Slocum Jr., Alexander H, McKinley, Gareth H, Carter, W. Craig, and Chiang, Yet-Ming
- Subjects
Engineering ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,Nuclear engineering ,Electrical engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Dissipation ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Electrochemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,Flow battery ,Energy storage ,0104 chemical sciences ,Renewable energy ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,Flow (mathematics) ,Environmental Chemistry ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Electrical conductor ,Efficient energy use - Abstract
Redox flow batteries have the potential to provide low-cost energy storage to enable renewable energy technologies such as wind and solar to overcome their inherent intermittency and to improve the efficiency of electric grids. Conventional flow batteries are complex electromechanical systems designed to simultaneously control flow of redox active fluids and perform electrochemical functions. With the advent of redox active fluids with high capacity density, i.e., Faradaic capacity significantly exceeding the 1–2 M concentration equivalents typical of aqueous redox flow batteries, new flow battery designs become of interest. Here, we design and demonstrate a proof-of-concept prototype for a “gravity-induced flow cell” (GIFcell), representing one of a family of approaches to simpler, more robust, passively driven, lower-cost flow battery architectures. Such designs are particularly appropriate for semi-solid electrodes comprising suspensions of networked conductors and/or electroactive particles, due to their low energy dissipation during flow. Accordingly, we demonstrate the GIFcell using nonaqueous lithium polysulfide solutions containing a nanoscale carbon network in a half-flow-cell configuration and achieve round trip energy efficiency as high as 91%.
- Published
- 2016
225. Characterisation and Topology-Based Design of Lithium Ion Battery Separators
- Author
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Lagadec, Marie Francine, Wood, Vanessa, Carter, W. Craig, and Harris, Stephen J.
- Subjects
Morphology ,Lithium-ion batteries ,Connectivity ,Battery degradation ,Polymers ,Performance ,Membrane ,Topology ,Deformation ,Chemistry ,Separator ,Compressive failure ,Polyethylene ,ddc:540 ,Electrochemistry ,Tomography ,Microstructure ,Polypropylene - Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
226. Modeling of internal mechanical failure of all-solid-state batteries during electrochemical cycling, and implications for battery design
- Author
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Tushar Swamy, Giovanna Bucci, Yet-Ming Chiang, W. Craig Carter, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Bucci, Giovanna, Swamy, Tushar, Chiang, Yet-Ming, and Carter, W Craig
- Subjects
Battery (electricity) ,Condensed Matter - Materials Science ,Materials science ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Fracture mechanics ,02 engineering and technology ,General Chemistry ,Electrolyte ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Microstructure ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,Cohesive zone model ,Fracture (geology) ,Fast ion conductor ,Forensic engineering ,General Materials Science ,Composite material ,0210 nano-technology ,Material properties - Abstract
This is the first quantitative analysis of mechanical reliability of all-solid state batteries. Mechanical degradation of the solid electrolyte (SE) is caused by intercalation-induced expansion of the electrode particles, within the constrains of a dense microstructure. A coupled electro-chemo-mechanical model was implemented to quantify the material properties that cause an SE to fracture. The treatment of microstructural details is essential to the understanding of stress-localization phenomena and fracture. A cohesive zone model is employed to simulate the evolution of damage. In the numerical tests, fracture is prevented when electrode-particle's expansion is lower than 7.5% (typical for most Li-intercalating compounds) and the solid-electrolyte's fracture energy higher than G[subscript c]= 4 J m⁻². Perhaps counter-intuitively, the analyses show that compliant solid electrolytes (with Young's modulus in the order of ESE= 15 GPa) are more prone to micro-cracking. This result, captured by our non-linear kinematics model, contradicts the speculation that sulfide SEs are more suitable for the design of bulk-type batteries than oxide SEs. Mechanical degradation is linked to the battery power-density. Fracture in solid Li-ion conductors represents a barrier for Li transport, and accelerates the decay of rate performance., United States. Department of Energy (Grant DE-SC0002633)
- Published
- 2017
227. Polysulfide Flow Batteries Enabled by Percolating Nanoscale Conductor Networks
- Author
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William H. Woodford, Kyle C. Smith, Ahmed Helal, Yet-Ming Chiang, Gareth H. McKinley, Zheng Li, W. Craig Carter, Frank Y. Fan, Nir Baram, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Fan, Frank Yongzhen, Woodford, William H., Li, Zheng, Baram, Nir, Smith, Kyle C., Helal, Ahmed H., McKinley, Gareth H., Carter, W. Craig, and Chiang, Yet-Ming
- Subjects
Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Bioengineering ,Nanotechnology ,General Chemistry ,Conductivity ,Current collector ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Electrochemistry ,Flow battery ,Cathode ,Conductor ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,law ,Electrode ,General Materials Science ,Polysulfide - Abstract
A new approach to flow battery design is demonstrated wherein diffusion-limited aggregation of nanoscale conductor particles at ∼1 vol % concentration is used to impart mixed electronic-ionic conductivity to redox solutions, forming flow electrodes with embedded current collector networks that self-heal after shear. Lithium polysulfide flow cathodes of this architecture exhibit electrochemical activity that is distributed throughout the volume of flow electrodes rather than being confined to surfaces of stationary current collectors. The nanoscale network architecture enables cycling of polysulfide solutions deep into precipitation regimes that historically have shown poor capacity utilization and reversibility and may thereby enable new flow battery designs of higher energy density and lower system cost. Lithium polysulfide half-flow cells operating in both continuous and intermittent flow mode are demonstrated for the first time., United States. Dept. of Energy. Office of Basic Energy Sciences. Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Eni S.p.A. (Firm) (Eni-MIT Energy Fellowship)
- Published
- 2014
228. Strategies to Avert Electrochemical Shock and Their Demonstration in Spinels
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William H. Woodford, W. Craig Carter, Yet-Ming Chiang, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Woodford, William H., Carter, W. Craig, and Chiang, Yet-Ming
- Subjects
Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,Chemistry ,Nuclear engineering ,Electrical engineering ,Division (mathematics) ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Electrochemistry ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Shock (mechanics) ,Materials Chemistry ,business - Abstract
We demonstrate that extensive electrochemical shock–electrochemical cycling induced fracture–occurs due to coherency stresses arising from first order cubic-to-cubic phase transformations in the spinels LiMn[subscript 2]O[subscript 4] and LiMn[subscript 1.5]Ni[subscript 0.5]O[subscript 4]. Electrochemical shock occurs despite the isotropy of the shape changes in these materials. This electrochemical shock mechanism is strongly sensitive to particle size; for LiMn[subscript 2]O[subscript 4] and LiMn[subscript 1.5]Ni[subscript 0.5]O[subscript 4], fracture can be averted with particle sizes smaller than ~1 μm. As a further critical test of the proposed mechanism, iron-doping was used to induce continuous solid solubility of lithium in LiMn[subscript 1.5]Ni[subscript 0.5]O[subscript 4], and shown to virtually avert electrochemical shock, while having minimal impact on the electrode potential and capacity., United States. Dept. of Energy. Office of Basic Energy Sciences. Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering (Award DE-SC0002633), National Science Foundation (U.S.). Graduate Research Fellowship
- Published
- 2014
229. Solvent Effects on Polysulfide Redox Kinetics and Ionic Conductivity in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
- Author
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Menghsuan Sam Pan, William H. Woodford, Kah Chun Lau, Frank Y. Fan, Larry A. Curtiss, Yet-Ming Chiang, Rajeev S. Assary, W. Craig Carter, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fang, Frank Yuxing, Pan, Menghsuan Sam, Carter, W Craig, and Chiang, Yet-Ming
- Subjects
Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Inorganic chemistry ,Kinetics ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Redox ,0104 chemical sciences ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Materials Chemistry ,Electrochemistry ,Ionic conductivity ,Lithium sulfur ,Solvent effects ,0210 nano-technology ,Polysulfide - Abstract
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have high theoretical energy density and low raw materials cost compared to present lithium-ion batteries and are thus promising for use in electric transportation and other applications. A major obstacle for Li-S batteries is low rate capability, especially at the low electrolyte/sulfur (E/S) ratios required for high energy density. Herein, we investigate several potentially rate-limiting factors for Li-S batteries. We study the ionic conductivity of lithium polysulfide solutions of varying concentration and in different ether-based solvents and their exchange current density on glassy carbonworking electrodes. We believe this is the first such investigation of exchange current density for lithium polysulfide in solution. Exchange current densities are measured using both electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and steady-state galvanostatic polarization. In the range of interest (1-8 M [S]), the ionic conductivity monotonically decreases with increasing sulfur concentration while exchange current density shows a more complicated relationship to sulfur concentration. The electrolyte solvent dramatically affects ionic conductivity and exchange current density. The measured ionic conductivities and exchange current densities are also used to interpret the overpotential and rate capability of polysulfide-nanocarbon suspensions; this analysis demonstrates that ionic conductivity is the rate-limiting property in the solution regime (i.e. between Li 2 S 8 and Li 2 S 4 ).
- Published
- 2016
230. Capillary Instability in Nanowire Geometries
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W. Craig Carter, Timofey Frolov, Mark Asta, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Carter, W. Craig
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Triple line ,Materials science ,Capillary action ,Rotational symmetry ,Nanowire ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Bioengineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter ,01 natural sciences ,Instability ,Molecular dynamics ,Condensed Matter::Materials Science ,0103 physical sciences ,General Materials Science ,010306 general physics ,Condensed Matter - Materials Science ,Condensed matter physics ,Mechanical Engineering ,Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci) ,General Chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft) ,Wetting ,Current (fluid) ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
The vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism has been applied extensively as a framework for growing single-crystal semiconductor nanowires for applications spanning optoelectronic, sensor and energy-related technologies. Recent experiments have demonstrated that subtle changes in VLS growth conditions produce a diversity of nanowire morphologies, and result in intricate kinked structures that may yield novel properties. These observations have motivated modeling studies that have linked kinking phenomena to processes at the triple line between vapor, liquid and solid phases that cause spontaneous "tilting" of the growth direction. Here we present atomistic simulations and theoretical analyses that reveal a tilting instability that is intrinsic to nanowire geometries, even in the absence of pronounced anisotropies in solid-liquid interface properties. The analysis produces a very simple conclusion: the transition between axisymmetric and tilted triple lines is shown to occur when the triple line geometry satisfies Young's force-balance condition. The intrinsic nature of the instability may have broad implications for the design of experimental strategies for controlled growth of crystalline nanowires with complex geometries., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures
- Published
- 2014
231. A review of wetting versus adsorption, complexions, and related phenomena: the rosetta stone of wetting
- Author
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Paul Wynblatt, W. Craig Carter, Dominique Chatain, Wayne D. Kaplan, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille ( CINaM ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carter, W. Craig, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Phase transition ,Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Thermodynamics ,Nanotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,[ CHIM ] Chemical Sciences ,Physics::Fluid Dynamics ,Condensed Matter::Soft Condensed Matter ,Adsorption ,Materials Science(all) ,Mechanics of Materials ,0103 physical sciences ,Solid mechanics ,[CHIM]Chemical Sciences ,General Materials Science ,Dewetting ,Wetting ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
This paper reviews the fundamental concepts and the terminology of wetting. In particular, it focuses on high temperature wetting phenomena of primary interest to materials scientists. We have chosen to split this review into two sections: one related to macroscopic (continuum) definitions and the other to a microscopic (or atomistic) approach, where the role of chemistry and structure of interfaces and free surfaces on wetting phenomena are addressed. A great deal of attention has been placed on thermodynamics. This allows clarification of many important features, including the state of equilibrium between phases, the kinetics of equilibration, triple lines, hysteresis, adsorption (segregation) and the concept of complexions, intergranular films, prewetting, bulk phase transitions versus “interface transitions”, liquid versus solid wetting, and wetting versus dewetting., Seventh Framework Programme (European Commission) (Grant FP7-NMP-2009-CSA-23348-MACAN)
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232. Nanoparticle Superlattices with Nonequilibrium Crystal Shapes.
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Ye M, Hueckel T, Gatenil PP, Nagao K, Carter WC, and Macfarlane RJ
- Abstract
Nanoparticle assembly is a material synthesis strategy that enables precise control of nanoscale structural features. Concepts from traditional crystal growth research have been tremendously useful in predicting and programming the unit cell symmetries of these assemblies, as their thermodynamically favored structures are often identical to atomic crystal analogues. However, these analogies have not yielded similar levels of influence in programming crystallite shapes, which are a consequence of both the thermodynamics and kinetics of crystal growth. Here, we demonstrate kinetic control of the colloidal crystal shape using nanoparticle building blocks that rapidly assemble over a broad range of concentrations, thereby producing well-defined crystal habits with symmetrically oriented dendritic protrusions and providing insight into the crystals' morphological evolution. Counterintuitively, these nonequilibrium crystal shapes actually become more common for colloidal crystals synthesized closer to equilibrium growth conditions. This deviation from typical crystal growth processes observed in atomic or molecular crystals is shown to be a function of the drastically different time scales of atomic and colloidal mass transport. Moreover, the particles are spherical with isotropic ligand grafts, and these kinetic crystal habits are achieved without the need for specifically shaped particle building blocks or external templating or shape-directing agents. Thus, this work provides generalizable design principles to expand the morphological diversity of nanoparticle superlattice crystal habits beyond the anhedral or equilibrium polyhedral shapes synthesized to date. Finally, we use this insight to synthesize crystallite shapes that have never before been observed, demonstrating the ability to both predict and program kinetically controlled superlattice morphologies.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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233. Ultrahigh Areal Capacity Li Electrodeposition at Metal-Solid Electrolyte Interfaces under Minimal Stack Pressures Enabled by Interfacial Na-K Liquids.
- Author
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Park RJ, Fincher CD, Badel AF, Carter WC, and Chiang YM
- Abstract
The need for higher energy density rechargeable batteries has generated interest in metallic electrodes paired with solid electrolytes. However, impedance growth at the Li metal-solid electrolyte interface due to void formation during cycling at practical current densities and areal capacities, e.g., greater than 0.5 mA cm
-2 and 1.5 mAh cm-2 respectively, remains a significant barrier. Here, we show that introducing a wetting interfacial film of Na-K liquid between the Li metal and the Li6.75 La3 Zr1.75 Ta0.25 O12 (LLZTO) solid electrolyte permits reversible stripping and plating of up to 150 μm of Li (30 mAh cm-2 ), approximately 10 times the areal capacity of today's lithium-ion batteries, at current densities above 0.5 mA cm-2 and stack pressures below 75 kPa, all with minimal changes in cell impedance. We further show that this increase in the accessible areal capacity at high stripping current densities is due to the presence of Na-K liquid at the Li stripping interface; this performance improvement is not enabled in the absence of the Na-K liquid. This design approach holds promise for overcoming interfacial stability issues that have heretofore limited the performance of solid-state metal batteries.- Published
- 2023
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234. Reversible Microscale Assembly of Nanoparticles Driven by the Phase Transition of a Thermotropic Liquid Crystal.
- Author
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Mac Fhionnlaoich N, Schrettl S, Tito NB, Yang Y, Nair M, Serrano LA, Harkness K, Silva PJ, Frauenrath H, Serra F, Carter WC, Stellacci F, and Guldin S
- Abstract
The arrangement of nanoscale building blocks into patterns with microscale periodicity is challenging to achieve via self-assembly processes. Here, we report on the phase-transition-driven collective assembly of gold nanoparticles in a thermotropic liquid crystal. A temperature-induced transition from the isotropic to the nematic phase under anchoring-driven planar alignment leads to the assembly of individual nanometer-sized particles into arrays of micrometer-sized agglomerates, whose size and characteristic spacing can be tuned by varying the cooling rate. Phase field simulations coupling the conserved and nonconserved order parameters exhibit a similar evolution of the morphology as the experimental observations. This fully reversible process offers control over structural order on the microscopic level and is an interesting model system for the programmable and reconfigurable patterning of nanocomposites with access to micrometer-sized periodicities.
- Published
- 2023
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235. Experimental and Computational Study of the Orientation Dependence of Single-Crystal Ruthenium Nanowire Stability.
- Author
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L'Etoile MA, Wang B, Cumston Q, Warren AP, Ginn JC, Barmak K, Coffey KR, Carter WC, and Thompson CV
- Abstract
Single-crystal nanowires are of broad interest for applications in nanotechnology. However, such wires are subject to both the Rayleigh-Plateau instability and an ovulation process that are expected to lead to their break up into particle arrays. Single crystal Ru nanowires were fabricated with axes lying along different crystallographic orientations. Wires bound by equilibrium facets along their length did not break up through either a Rayleigh-Plateau or ovulation process, while wires with other orientations broke up through a combination of both. Mechanistic insight is provided using a level-set simulation that accounts for strongly anisotropic surface energies, providing a framework for design of morphologically stable nanostructures.
- Published
- 2022
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236. Growth of nanowire arrays from micron-feature templates.
- Author
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Jürgensen C, Mikulik D, Kim W, Ghisalberti L, Bernard G, Friedl M, Carter WC, Fontcuberta I Morral A, and Romero-Gomez P
- Abstract
Here, we present a two-step annealing procedure to imprint nanofeatures on SiO
2 starting from metallic microfeatures. The first annealing transforms the microfeatures into gold nanoparticles and the second imprints these nanoparticles into the SiO2 layer with nanometric control. The resulting nanohole arrays show a high ensemble uniformity. As a potential application, the nanohole mask is used as a selective mask for the Ga self-assisted growth of GaAs nanowires (NWs). Thus, for the first time, a successful implementation of nano-self-imprinting that links high-throughput microlithography with bottom-up NW growth is shown. The beneficial hole morphology of the SiO2 mask promotes high Ga droplet contact angles with the silicon substrate and the formation of single droplets in the mask holes. This droplet predeposition configuration enables a high vertical yield of NWs. Thus, this article describes a new protocol to grow NW devices that combines simultaneously nanosized holes and parallel processing.- Published
- 2019
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237. Questioning liquid droplet stability on nanowire tips: from theory to experiment.
- Author
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Ghisalberti L, Potts H, Friedl M, Zamani M, Güniat L, Tütüncüoglu G, Carter WC, and Morral AFI
- Abstract
Liquid droplets sitting on nanowire (NW) tips constitute the starting point of the vapor-liquid-solid method of NW growth. Shape and volume of the droplet have been linked to a variety of growth phenomena ranging from the modification of growth direction, NW orientation, crystal phase, and even polarity. In this work we focus on numerical and theoretical analysis of the stability of liquid droplets on NW tips, explaining the peculiarity of this condition with respect to the wetting of planar surfaces. We highlight the role of droplet pinning at the tip in engineering the contact angle. Experimental results on the characteristics of In droplets of variable volume sitting on the tips or side facets of InAs NWs are also provided. This work contributes to the fundamental understanding of the nature of droplets contact angle at the tip of NWs and to the improvement of the engineering of such nanostructures.
- Published
- 2019
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238. Combining phase-field crystal methods with a Cahn-Hilliard model for binary alloys.
- Author
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Balakrishna AR and Carter WC
- Abstract
Diffusion-induced phase transitions typically change the lattice symmetry of the host material. In battery electrodes, for example, Li ions (diffusing species) are inserted between layers in a crystalline electrode material (host). This diffusion induces lattice distortions and defect formations in the electrode. The structural changes to the lattice symmetry affect the host material's properties. Here, we propose a 2D theoretical framework that couples a Cahn-Hilliard (CH) model, which describes the composition field of a diffusing species, with a phase-field crystal (PFC) model, which describes the host-material lattice symmetry. We couple the two continuum models via coordinate transformation coefficients. We introduce the transformation coefficients in the PFC method to describe affine lattice deformations. These transformation coefficients are modeled as functions of the composition field. Using this coupled approach, we explore the effects of coarse-grained lattice symmetry and distortions on a diffusion-induced phase transition process. In this paper, we demonstrate the working of the CH-PFC model through three representative examples: First, we describe base cases with hexagonal and square symmetries for two composition fields. Next, we illustrate how the CH-PFC method interpolates lattice symmetry across a diffuse phase boundary. Finally, we compute a Cahn-Hilliard type of diffusion and model the accompanying changes to lattice symmetry during a phase transition process.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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239. Mechanism and Kinetics of Li2S Precipitation in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.
- Author
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Fan FY, Carter WC, and Chiang YM
- Abstract
The kinetics of Li2 S electrodeposition onto carbon in lithium-sulfur batteries are characterized. Electrodeposition is found to be dominated by a 2D nucleation and growth process with rate constants that depend strongly on the electrolyte solvent. Nucleation is found to require a greater overpotential than growth, which results in a morphology that is dependent on the discharge rate., (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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240. Capillary instability in nanowire geometries.
- Author
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Frolov T, Carter WC, and Asta M
- Abstract
In this study, we present atomistic simulations and theoretical analyses that reveal a capillary instability that is intrinsic to wetting geometries characteristic of the vapor-liquid-solid mechanism for nanowire growth. The analysis establishes a transition between axisymmetric and tilted wetting configurations that occurs when the triple line geometry satisfies Young's force-balance condition. The intrinsic nature of the instability is anticipated to be linked to the phenomenon of nanowire kinking in response to changes in environmental conditions, such that the current results may have broad implications for the design of experimental strategies for controlled growth of crystalline nanowires with complex geometries.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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241. Aqueous semi-solid flow cell: demonstration and analysis.
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Li Z, Smith KC, Dong Y, Baram N, Fan FY, Xie J, Limthongkul P, Carter WC, and Chiang YM
- Abstract
An aqueous Li-ion flow cell using suspension-based flow electrodes based on the LiTi2(PO4)3-LiFePO4 couple is demonstrated. Unlike conventional flow batteries, the semi-solid approach utilizes fluid electrodes that are electronically conductive. A model of simultaneous advection and electrochemical transport is developed and used to separate flow-induced losses from those due to underlying side reactions. The importance of plug flow to achieving high energy efficiency in flow batteries utilizing highly non-Newtonian flow electrodes is emphasized.
- Published
- 2013
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242. Branching mechanisms in surfactant micellar growth.
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Tang M and Carter WC
- Abstract
We present a phase-field model to study the morphological transitions of surfactant micelles in supersaturated dilute solution. Simulations reveal that multiply connected micellar structure can be produced by interface branching instability of a growing micelle at relatively large supersaturation and intermediate spontaneous curvatures. Two branching mechanisms, i.e., a disk-to-cylinder shape transition and a tip bifurcation process, are identified for disklike and cylindrical micelles, respectively. We propose that dynamic branching at the micelle growth front provides an important kinetic pathway for the formation of branched wormlike micelles that are observed in many surfactant systems.
- Published
- 2013
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243. Managed care, inter-agency linkages, and outpatient substance abuse treatment.
- Author
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Carter WC, Lee SY, Thomas KC, and Morrissey J
- Subjects
- Comorbidity, Health Care Surveys, Humans, United States, Ambulatory Care, Delivery of Health Care, Integrated organization & administration, Managed Care Programs, Substance-Related Disorders
- Abstract
: Although treatment of co-occurring behavioral and physical health problems could be facilitated by the linkages between health care providers, it is uncertain how such inter-agency linkages are affected by managed care. We used a sample of 167 service linkages to examine the effects of managed care arrangements on inter-agency communication, coordination, and perceived effectiveness. These linkages were identified based on interviews with 62 outpatient substance abuse treatment units in 2000. Results indicate that frequency of communication and inter-agency coordination are positively related to several managed care arrangements and may moderate the relationships between managed care arrangements and perceived effectiveness.
- Published
- 2006
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244. Wetting dynamics: Spreading of metallic drops.
- Author
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Chatain D and Carter WC
- Subjects
- Diffusion, Friction, Molecular Conformation, Phase Transition, Solutions, Viscosity, Wettability, Membranes, Artificial, Metals chemistry, Microfluidics methods, Models, Chemical, Models, Molecular
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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