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We show that, almost surely, the Hausdorff dimension $s_0$ of a random covering set is preserved under all orthogonal projections to linear subspaces with dimension $k>s_0$. The result holds for random covering sets with a generating sequence of ball-like sets, and is obtained by investigating orthogonal projections of a class of random Cantor sets., 17 pages

Chen C, Zhang Z, Li J, Sun Y. Onco Targets Ther. 2018;11: 6081–6090.On page 6089, the acknowledgment section was not included:AcknowledgmentThis study was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No 81600217), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20160346), Jiangyin Municipal Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements Project of China (No JYKJ3308).Read the original article.

Transient electronics is an emerging technology that enables unique functional transformation or the physical disappearance of electronic devices, and is attracting increasing attention for potential applications in data secured hardware as an ultimate solution against data breaches. Developing smart triggered degradation modalities of silicon (Si) remain the key challenge to achieve advanced non-recoverable on-demand transient electronics. Here, we present a novel electrochemically triggered transience mechanism of Si by lithiation, allowing complete and controllable destruction of Si devices. The depth and microstructure of the lithiation-affected zone over time is investigated in detail and the results suggest a few hours of lithiation is sufficient to create microcracks and significantly promote lithium penetration. Finite element models are proposed to confirm the mechanism. Electrochemically triggered degradation of thin film Si ribbons and Si integrated circuit chips with metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors from a commercial 0.35 micrometer complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology node is performed to demonstrate the potential applications for commercial electronics. This work opens new opportunities for versatile triggered transience of Si-based devices for critical secured information systems and green consumer electronics.

The control of fundamental optical properties, such as transmission and reflection, over metallic surfaces plays a significant role in multiple fields like solar cells and aerospace. The direct laser etching in air can perform a variety of flexible control abilities in optical functional metal surfaces. In this paper, the authors use the aluminum alloy as an example of widely metal materials and propose two kinds of controlling strategies: large-range controlling strategy and small-range precise controlling strategy. The former changes the process repeat number of femtosecond lasers or the scanning speed of nanosecond lasers. The latter combines the femtosecond laser and the nanosecond laser. The results show that when the process repeat number of femtosecond lasers is changed from 30 to 1, the height of the induced micropillars on the surface of Al alloy is changed from 80 to 6 μm. As a result, the reflectivity of samples will change from ∼16% to ∼87%. The nanosecond laser-induced micro-/nanostructures achieve the reflectivity changing from ∼18% to ∼79% when the scanning speed changes from 10 to 400 mm/s in a spectrum range of 250–2000 nm. What is more, after being fabricated in the way of two-step controlling strategy, the reflectivity raises from ∼30% to ∼40% when the scanning speed of nanosecond lasers changes from 10 to 200 mm/s, while the reflectivity of samples fabricated simply by nanosecond laser changes from ∼18% to ∼66% when the scanning speed changes in the same range and other parameters are kept the same. In addition, the authors demonstrated that the two-step precise controlling strategy is applicable to a variety of metals such as copper, stainless steel, and titanium.The control of fundamental optical properties, such as transmission and reflection, over metallic surfaces plays a significant role in multiple fields like solar cells and aerospace. The direct laser etching in air can perform a variety of flexible control abilities in optical functional metal surfaces. In this paper, the authors use the aluminum alloy as an example of widely metal materials and propose two kinds of controlling strategies: large-range controlling strategy and small-range precise controlling strategy. The former changes the process repeat number of femtosecond lasers or the scanning speed of nanosecond lasers. The latter combines the femtosecond laser and the nanosecond laser. The results show that when the process repeat number of femtosecond lasers is changed from 30 to 1, the height of the induced micropillars on the surface of Al alloy is changed from 80 to 6 μm. As a result, the reflectivity of samples will change from ∼16% to ∼87%. The nanosecond laser-induced micro-/nanostructures a...

The wettability transition of hierarchical micro/nanostructure metal surfaces over time shows huge potential to fabricate the superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic surfaces without chemical coating. Although a large number of studies have reported the transition phenomenon on structured metal surfaces, the knowledge of which kind of micro/nanostructure contributes significantly to the acceleration or inhabitation of transition processes is still limited. In this article, the authors fabricated three kinds of typical micro/nanostructures with different topography features on aluminum surfaces by a femtosecond laser. The authors then systematically studied the relationship between the micro/nanostructures and the transition modes in ambient air. The results show that all structured surfaces show superhydrophilic nature initially but then become hydrophobic even superhydrophobic over time. The surfaces with regular microstructures hybrid with nanoripples and a few nanoparticles can achieve superhydrophobicity quickly, 27–30 days. Especially, these structures can realize superhydrophobicity within only 2 h if the low temperature heat treatment is performed on them in ambient air. In addition, the surfaces with regular deep microstructures hybrid with nanoripples and abundant nanoparticles can maintain superhydrophilicity for the longest time and show slow wettability transition mode due to the slower adsorption processes. These results may provide an aid to further understanding the wettability transition modes of different micro/nanostructures in ambient air and fabricating stable superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic surfaces without adding chemical coating.The wettability transition of hierarchical micro/nanostructure metal surfaces over time shows huge potential to fabricate the superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic surfaces without chemical coating. Although a large number of studies have reported the transition phenomenon on structured metal surfaces, the knowledge of which kind of micro/nanostructure contributes significantly to the acceleration or inhabitation of transition processes is still limited. In this article, the authors fabricated three kinds of typical micro/nanostructures with different topography features on aluminum surfaces by a femtosecond laser. The authors then systematically studied the relationship between the micro/nanostructures and the transition modes in ambient air. The results show that all structured surfaces show superhydrophilic nature initially but then become hydrophobic even superhydrophobic over time. The surfaces with re...

Aiming at how to specify the fundamental trade-off between robust stability and nominal performance of mixed H2/H∞ control as well as lack of experimental studies on vibration control for the magle...

WD repeat domain 5 (WDR5) plays an important role in various biological functions through the epigenetic regulation of gene transcription (Wysocka et al., 2005 [1]; Sandstrom et al., 2014[2]; Ang et al., 2011[3]). Recently, our study found that WDR5 was upregulated in bladder cancer tissues, promoted bladder cancer cell proliferation, self-renewal and chemoresistance to cisplatin in bladder cancer cells in vitro, and tumor growth in vivo (Chen et al., 2015). To gain a molecular understanding of the role of WDR5 in promoting bladder cancer, we performed a genome-wide analysis on WDR5 knockdown by microarray gene expression profiling. Here we provide detailed experimental methods and analysis for the microarray data, which have been deposited into Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO): GSE59132.

METHODS: SF/BC bilayer scaffold was fabricated with a relative dense layer and 3D microporous structure. We cultured autologus lingual keratinocytes on the dense layer and muscle cells on the porous layer to obtain a new kind of 3D urethral graft for treating 5 cm urethral defect. 20 female beagle dogs were divided into two groups of 10 dogs each. Group A was given SF-BC scaffolds seeded with keratinocytes and muscle cells, and group B was given SF-BC scaffolds. The entire urethra was removed at 1 and 3 months postoperatively, then prepared by H&E/Masson staining and assessed by viewing sections of tissue in the mucosal membrane. RESULTS: Our results showed that the 3D microporous SF scaffold formed using freeze-drying techniques, and SF formed the wall of the pores in micrometer scale. After inoculating, Gluconacetobacter xylinus synthesize cellulose nanofibrils as they migrate in the SF microporous network and form a cellulose network in nanoscale. The network, which consists of nanofibrous BC and 3D microporous SF, has a clear bilayer structure with an dense upper layer and a porous lower layer. Our results showed the composites could support keratincocytes and muscle cells adhesion and growth in vitro for its microporous and nanofibrous property. SF/BC composites can withstand a higher mechanical load than SF alone. Our study also suggested that SF/BC bilayer scaffolds with keratincocytes and muscle cells enhanced the repair in dog urethral defect models, resulting in patent urethra. Improved organized muscle bundles and epithelial layer were observed in animals treated with SF/BC scaffold seeded by keratincocytes and muscle cells. CONCLUSIONS: The data presented in this study demonstrate the feasibility of developing 3-D bilayer scaffolds with both microporous structures and nanotextured surfaces by stationary cultivation Gluconacetobacte xylinus using SF microporous scaffold as a template. This study provides preclinical evidence that cell-seeded scaffolds can be used in the reconstruction of urethral defects.

In order to improve the accuracy of the low-cost MIMU Inertial navigation system in the application of pedestrian navigation.And to reduce the effect of the heading error because of the low accuracy of the component of MIMU. A novel algorithm was put forward, which fusing the building heading constraint information and the magnetic heading information to achieve more advantages. We analysed the application condition and the modified effect of building heading and magnetic heading. Then experiments were conducted in indoor environment. The results show that the algorithm proposed has a better effect to restrict the heading drift problem and to achieve a higher navigation precision.

For a delta-monotone linear mapping we prove that the factors in the polar decomposition are delta-monotone. Also, we prove that every delta-monotone linear mapping can be factored into a product of ( 1 - e ) -monotone mappings for any e ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) . As an application in nonlinear case, we give a new proof of the following fact: the quasiconformality constant K ( δ , n ) of a δ -monotone mapping can be chosen such that K ( δ , n ) tends to 1 as δ tends to 1.

We study the porosity properties of fractal percolation sets $E\subset\mathbb{R}^d$. Among other things, for all $0, Comment: 29 pages, 8 figures

The optimal concentration of individual vitamin D intake for preventing bladder cancer has not, to our knowledge, been defined. To evaluate the comparative efficacy of different serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in preventing bladder cancer, we conducted a systematic search of the literature published up to April 2015.We applied a pairwise meta-analysis to estimate direct evidence from intervention-control studies and a network meta-analysis within a Bayesian framework to combine direct and indirect evidence. Moreover, a dose-response curve was utilized to predict the optimal median serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration based on the odds ratio (OR) for each quintile concentration.Seven studies of a total of 90757 participants, including 2509 bladder cancer patients, were included. Two prospective cohort studies with 57 591 participants and 494 bladder cancer patients, and five case-control studies with 33 166 participants and 2264 bladder cancer patients. From the network meta-analysis, we observed that sufficient serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations (75 nmol/L) were superior to all other 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in decreasing the risk of bladder cancer: OR = 0.68 and 95% credible interval (CrI) 0.52 to 0.87 compared with severely deficient concentrations (25 nmol/L); OR = 0.65 and 95% CrI 0.49 to 0.86 compared with moderately deficient concentrations (25-37.5 nmol/L); OR = 0.61 and 95% CrI 0.47 to 0.80 compared with slightly deficient concentrations (37.5-50 nmol/L); and OR = 0.65 and 95% CrI 0.48 to 0.85 compared with insufficient concentrations (50-75 nmol/L). In addition, we noted a roughly inverse correlation between bladder cancer risk and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations (R(2) = 0.98, P = 0.007).Ensuring sufficient serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations might play an important role in decreasing the risk of bladder cancer. The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration ≥74 nmol/L was associated with a 60% lower risk of bladder cancer incidence.

The transition from androgen-dependent to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (PCa) is a lethal event of uncertain molecular aetiology. Our previous studies demonstrated that L-plastin is involved in PCa invasion and metastasis and is upregulated by androgen and oestrogen in the hormone-dependent PCa cell line LNCaP. We recently found that L-plastin expression is consistently activated even after androgen deprivation, suggesting that androgen-independent transcription factors may regulate its expression. Herein, we performed sequential deletion and luciferase analysis of the L-plastin promoter and found that an androgen-independent regulatory factor prominently located in the region close to the transcription initiation site (−216 to +118) may facilitate L-plastin upregulation. AP4 was then identified as the relevant transcription activator that directly binds to the L-plastin promoter, as confirmed by EMSAs, supershift assays and CHIP-qPCR experiments. Moreover, we determined that the AP4/L-plastin axis is regulated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway, contributing to PCa metastasis and castration resistance. Furthermore, we found that AP4 promotes PCa metastasis by upregulating L-plastin expression in vitro and in vivo. We collected a total of 136 PCa tissues and corresponding adjacent normal tissues from patients who underwent prostatectomy at Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital from 2005 to 2015 and measured AP4 and L-plastin protein levels by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that AP4 levels strongly correlated with those of its downstream target gene L-plastin, were significantly upregulated in PCa tissues, were positively correlated with lymph node metastasis and Gleason scores over 7, and were an independent prognostic factor for patient survival. In summary, these findings support a plausible mechanism by which the AP4/L-plastin axis is regulated by the PI3K/AKT pathway in human PCa and may represent a novel therapeutic target in PCa treatment.

We show that there exist $(d-1)$ - Ahlfors regular compact sets $E \subset \mathbb{R}^{d}, d\geq 2$ such that for any $t< d-1$, we have \[ \sup_T \frac{\mathcal{H}^{d-1}(E\cap T)}{w(T)^t}0$. This settles a question of T. Orponen. The sets we construct are random Cantor sets, and the method combines geometric and probabilistic estimates on the intersections of these random Cantor sets with affine subspaces., Comment: 15 pages, 3 figures

Purpose In men with adverse prognostic factors (APFs) after radical prostatectomy (RP), the most appropriate timing to administer radiotherapy remains a subject for debate. We conducted a systemic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the therapeutic strategies: adjuvant radiotherapy (ART) and salvage radiotherapy (SRT). Materials and Methods We comprehensively searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library and performed the meta-analysis of all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and retrospective comparative studies assessing the prognostic factors of ART and SRT. Results Between May 1998 and July 2012, 2 matched control studies and 16 retrospective studies including a total of 2629 cases were identified (1404 cases for ART and 1185 cases for SRT). 5-year biochemical failure free survival (BFFS) for ART was longer than that for SRT (Hazard Ratio [HR]: 0.37; 95% CI, 0.30–0.46; p

We construct a compact metric space that has any other compact metric space as a tangent, with respect to the Gromov-Hausdorff distance, at all points. Furthermore, we give examples of compact sets in the Euclidean unit cube, that have almost any other compact set of the cube as a tangent at all points or just in a dense sub-set. Here the "almost all compact sets" means that the tangent collection contains a contracted image of any compact set of the cube and that the contraction ratios are uniformly bounded. In the Euclidean space, the distance of sub-sets is measured by the Hausdorff distance. Also the geometric properties and dimensions of such spaces and sets are studied., Comment: 29 pages, 3 figures. Final version

Several reports suggest that gemcitabine (GEM) plus S-1 combination (GS) is associated to prolong the survival in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer (PC). We conducted a systemic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing the safety and efficacy of GS versus GEM.Summary data from randomized trials and retrospective studies were searched in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Statistical analyses were conducted to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using random-effects models. Subgroup analyses based on the chemotherapy cycles were performed to explore the efficacy and toxicity for therapy. Sensitivity analyses were conducted by removing specific studies to assess the effects of study quality.Between January 2004 and August 2012, 4 RCTs and 2 retrospective studies including a total of 1025 cases were identified. The overall survival (OS) (HR: 0.82; 95% CI, 0.70-0.96; P = 0.01) and progression-free survival (PFS) (HR: 0.65; 95% CI, 0.55-0.77; P < 0.001) for the GS arm were significantly longer than the GEM arm. The differences in objective response rate (ORR) (RR: 1.24; 95% CI, 1.17-1.33; P < 0.001) and disease control rate (DCR) were also better in the GS arm (RR: 1.37; 95% CI, 1.19-1.59; P < 0.001). Grades 3 to 4 toxicities in both the groups were similar except neutropenia and diarrhea, which were more frequent in the GS arm (P < 0.001). In the subgroup analysis, the cycle for chemotherapy every 4 weeks has equivalent efficacy and less toxicity than regimens every 3 weeks in the GS arm.The current meta-analysis suggested that GEM significantly prolonged OS and PFS when added to S-1 combination in patients with unresectable PC. GS therapy also offers better ORR and DCR than GEM monotherapy and no unexpected toxicity was evident.