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The bilayer anti-ultraviolet preservation films were developed successfully by incorporating the cinnamon essential oil (CEO) to chitosan (CH) as the bioactive layer, and incorporating the TiO

Avocadoes are a rich source of nutrients and nutraceuticals that preserve human health. Nevertheless, this fruit is susceptible to phytopathogen infection during the postharvest period causing severe economic losses. Herein, we report on the in situ antifungal assessment of biodegradable films impregnated with the essential oil of Cinnamomum verum (CvEO) as natural fungistatic coatings to extend postharvest quality of Hass avocadoes (Persea americana cv. Hass). These coatings were evaluated on fruits previously infected with a native strain of Fusarium verticillioides. The cytotoxic assessment of CvEO on F. verticillioides revealed a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.3±0.0 g L

Background: Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in various biomedical applications. However, limited reports are currently available about the safety of biofabricated AgNPs using Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark extracts. Objectives: The current study is aimed to assess the potential toxicity of biosynthesized AgNPs (using C. zeylanicum) by subacute oral administration in experimental rats. Methods: AgNPs were biofabricated using methanol extract of C. zeylanicum bark and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Twenty-four Rattus norvegicus female rats were divided into 4 groups (6 animals per group) as follows: Group-I was the control, while groups II, III, and IV were given 0.85, 1.76 and 3.53 mg/kg doses of AgNPs, respectively for 14 consecutive days. After 14 days of oral administration of AgNPs, serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were measured using an ELISA technique. Serum concentrations of urea, creatinine, aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) were also determined as well as histopathologic features of the liver and the kidney. Results: AgNPs did not induce any changes in mean body weight, biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, urea and creatinine), oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA, SOD and CAT) and histopathologic features (of the liver and kidneys) of the treated groups when compared to control group. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the oral administration of biogenic AgNPs (biofabricated using methanol extract of C. zeylanicum) to rats at a specific dose is relatively safe and does not show any signs of toxicity.

A novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, has spread over more than 100 countries all over the world. The World Health Organization has recognized Coronavirus as a pandemic and finding an effective drug for this infectious disease is of high importance. In this study, we have explored the potent inhibitors of COVID-19 main protease from Tinospora cordifolia an Ayurvedic herb locally called as Amrita meaning ‘immortality’ and two other Ayurveda plants namely Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Myristica fragrans. Saponarin, a phytochemical present in Tinospora cordifolia showed a very promising result with the binding affinity of − 8.75 kcal/mol. Remdesivir and Favipiravir, the experimental drugs that are known to show inhibitory activity towards COVID-19 are used as a control. The Docking results were verified by the means of molecular dynamic analysis. This study suggests that Saponarin can be a potential inhibitor for the main protease of the COVID-19.

Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Ocimum basilicum are two plants used by many cultures for food and medicinal purposes. The phenolic composition of ethanol extracts of both plants were determined by HPLC–DAD. A total of seventeen compounds were identified in C. zeylanicum with trans cinnamic acid (179.90 ± 0.45 µg/g) and coumarin (84.50 ± 0.41 µg/g) as major constituents while ten compounds were detected in O. basilicum with rosmarinic acid (360.40 ± 1.28 µg/g) and vanillic acid (36.30 ± 0.25 µg/g) as major constituents. C. zeylanicum exhibited higher inhibition on AChE (54.30 ± 0.97%) and BChE (66.43 ± 0.84%) than O. basilicum with lower AChE (23.43 ± 0.51%) and BChE (33.83 ± 0.75%) inhibitions. Both extracts showed moderate inhibition of tyrosinase and urease enzymes. The quorum sensing (QS) inhibition of O. basilicum and C. zeylanicum was evaluated by two assays: violacein inhibition on Chromobacterium violaceum CV12472 and QS inhibition on Chromobacterium violaceum CV026. Excellent inhibition of violacein synthesis in CV12472 was exhibited by C. zeylanicum with 100% inhibtion at MIC to MIC/4 and further inhibitions of 48.0 ± 2.0% (MIC.8) and 27.9 ± 1.2% (MIC/16). QS inhibition diameter zones on C. violaceum CV026 at MIC were 13.0 ± 1.0 mm and 10.5 ± 1.0 mm for C. zeylanicum and O. basilicum respectively. Since both extracts could inhibit violacein synthesis in CV12472 and QS in CV026, they could block signal production and signal reception in QS mediated processes in bacteria. These results indicate that both plants can be used to remedy microbial resistance and Alzheimer’s diseases.

Cinnamomum zeylanicum is a widely utilized condiment for its therapeutic uses since ancient times. It is indigenous to Sri Lanka and Southern India. Cinnamon is one of the ancient spice which belongs to the Lauraceae family. In the modern era, it is widely used in industrial products like candies, chewing gums, mouthwash, and toothpaste. It is a well-considered plant remedy used in the treatment of many diseases in a traditional system like Ayurveda and the Folk system of medicine. It is used in many polyherbal formulations for curing various ailments. The plant is enriched with many vital oils and other derivatives such as cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, and cinnamate. Eugenol is the active principle constituent associated with many biological activities. The main therapeutic actions of the plant are antimicrobial, wound healing, antidiabetic, anti-HIV, anti-anxiety, and anti-Parkinson’s. The present review has summarized the therapeutic and pharmacological value of Cinnamomum zeylanicum along with its utilization in the Folklore medicinal system.

Introduction and Aim:Nanoparticles for some metals can be used in the treatment of diseases caused by different pathogenic bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics due to the antibacterial properties of thesenanoparticles.In the current study, thesynthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag) from Cinnamon zeylanicum bark extractwas investigated. Materials and Methods:One mL of cinnamon bark extract was added to 50mL of 1mM of the silver nitrate (AgNO3). After incubation time of bark extract with AgNO3at room temperature for 1-18hours, the silver nanoparticles synthesis through changed colour of the mixture to dark brown.The UV, TEM and FT-IR analysis were carried out to characterize the biosynthesized Ag-NPs, UV-Vis scan showed absorption around 435 nm while TEM showedAg-NPs spherical shape and the sizes of the and FT-IR spectrum detected the presence of different functional groups responsible for reduction and stability of Ag-NPs in an aqueous solution. Results:Biosynthesized Ag-NPs showed inhibitory effect against someGram-negative bacterial species that have complete resistance to the antibiotics P, NA, VA, E, TE. The inhibition zone of Ag-NPs wasdetermined as follows (Citrobacter freundii19mm, Klebsiella pneumonae23mm, E.coli 23mm, Enterobacter spp 20 mm, Acinetobacter baumannii20mm.Therefore, Ag-NPs can be used as alternative treatment for some antibiotics. Conclusion: The Ag-NPs can be successfully prepared form Cinnamomum bark plant. Besides their low cost, these NPs had an antibacterial effect especially against Gram negative bacteria which had a complete resistance to the most common antibiotics

Existing evidence has uncovered the potential health benefits of cinnamon intake; however, its effect on liver function is unclear. Thus, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the effect of cinnamon supplementation on liver enzymes. Relevant articles were identified through a systematic search in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase up to September 2020. All trials assessing the effect of oral cinnamon supplementation on serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in adults were included. The pooled effect sizes were obtained using the random-effects model and expressed as mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). A total of seven original trials (nine treatment arms) involving a total of 256 subjects were included in the final analysis. The pooled analysis indicated that cinnamon supplementation had no significant effect on serum levels of ALT, AST, and ALP. However, there was a significant reduction in ALT levels in patients with type 2 diabetes (MD: -4.01 U/L; 95% CI: -6.86, -1.15) and in trials with low-dose supplementation (1,500 mg/d), follow-up duration longer than 12 weeks, and in the elderly patients (aged50 years). The beneficial effects of cinnamon intake were also shown in AST levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and trials with long-term follow-up (12 weeks). Longer-term, oral cinnamon supplementation may improve serum levels of liver enzymes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Further high-quality studies are needed, especially in populations with abnormal liver enzyme levels, to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of cinnamon on liver function.

Background: The quality and efficacy of culinary herbs commonly practiced in Asia as a remedy for seasonal illnesses such as cold, flu, congestion, fever and inflammation, etc. The extemporaneous preparations of these culinary herbs are being formulated as traditional practice either in the form of extract, decoction, and paste etc. These culinary herbs are being practiced for curing sporadic illnesses since ancient time. Objectives: In present study five herbs’ i.e. Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon), Carum carvi (caraway), Oreganum vulgare (oregano) and Syzygium aromaticum (clove) have been obtained from the market to assure quality of herbs in local market. Methodology: Various quality control tests including microscopic evaluation, physico-chemical characteristics, Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) have been performed to determine their compliance with the standards. The TLC has been used for the identification of the active ingredients on comparison of their Rf values with the reference standard. FTIR Spectra of these materials have been obtained to identify and confirm structural information and assignment of functional groups. Results: Many of the herbal samples used in this study have been complied with the available official standards as given in Pharmacopoeia. If the samples did not comply with the standards then it indicates that the sample belongs to spurious quality of raw herb, which is the prime cause that may interfere with the therapeutic efficacy and variability of outcomes. Conclusion: This study help to provide a significant data to herbal drug manufacturers for authentication of commercially available herbs which may be used in the formulation of extemporaneous or commercially available herbal medicine.

Trichinellosis is a re-emerging zoonotic disease that has become a public health concern since its reported human outbreaks in many countries. The traditional therapy has many adverse effects in addition to the developing resistance. So, this necessitates finding effective natural alternatives. The current study targeted to assess the potential therapeutic effects of Zingiber officinale and Cinnamomum zeylanicum in comparison to albendazole, a conventional therapy for treatment of trichinosis. Sixty mice were classified into five groups (12 mice each), non-infected control, infected control, combined albendazole and prednisolone, Zingiber officinale, and Cinnamomum zeylanicum treated groups. Mice sacrifice was performed on the 7th and 35th days post infection for intestinal and muscular phases respectively. Efficiency of the used preparations was assessed by parasitological, histopathological, immunohistochemical, biochemical studies in addition to ultrastructural evaluation using transmission electron microscopy. A significant reduction in the mean number of T. spiralis adult worms and larvae was observed in Zingiber officinale and Cinnamomum zeylanicum treated groups, (64.5%, 50.8%) and (68%, 54.6%) respectively. Also, both extracts showed moderate cytoplasmic reactivity for TGF-β1, (69.3% & 67.8%) respectively. The highest reduction in serum TNF- α level was observed in Zingiber officinale treated group during the muscle phase (58.4%) while in the intestinal phase was 50%. The ultrastructural study revealed degenerative effects on both adults and larvae in addition to obvious improvement of the histopathological changes in the small intestine and muscles. We concluded that these herbal extracts especially Zingiber officinale can be considered a practical and successful alternative for the treatment of trichinellosis.

Antifungal activity of extracts of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) were evaluated in vitro against 17 Penicillium spp. Seed disease and rotten fruit caused by these species cause considerable loss of quality for different agricultural products. Isolates of Penicillium spp. were screened for production of patulin an important serious mycotoxin. About 70.59% of Penicillium spp. produced this toxin in concentrations ranging from 4 to 31 ppb. The response of Penicillium spp. to plant extracts differed according to the plant extract and concentration. Cinnamon extract showed the greatest effect on P. asperosporum, P. aurintogriseum and P. brevicompactum, and cloves extract produced the greatest effect on P. chermesinum and P. duclauxii. Turmeric extract had less effect on P. duclauxii. Cloves extract was the most effective in reducing the growth of Penicillium spp. On the other hand, ginger extract with all concentrations used had less effect against most Penicillium spp in the laboratory. Plant extracts are promising as natural sources of environmentally friendly compounds in laboratory studies.

Background and Aims: This study was designed to make a systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effect of cinnamon on blood pressure (BP). Methods: A systematic computerized literature search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar databases were conducted up to August 2019. All RCTs using cinnamon supplements in adults were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Results: Out of 927 records, 8 trials that enrolled 582 participants were included. The pooled effect size showed that SBP did not change following cinnamon supplementation. (WMD: -0.61mmHg; 95% CI: -1.36, 0.14, P= 0.111). Also cinnamon supplementation in long-duration (≥ 8weeks) had a significant effect on SBP (WMD: -1.25 mmHg; 95% CI: -2.22, -0.28, P= 0.012). Pooled analysis showed that cinnamon had a significant effect on DBP (WMD: -0.93mmHg, 95% CI: -1.55 to -0.32, P= 0.003). In addition, results from both duration subsets and high dose (>1500 mg/day) of cinnamon supplementation were significant. Conclusion: Our findings revealed that cinnamon supplementation has favorable effects on DBP although results about SBP were not the same. Nonetheless, further studies are required.

We have investigated the antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anti-quorum sensing potencies of six Essential Oils (EOs) obtained from cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata), curcuma (Curcuma longa L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), and sage (Salvia officinalis). The study was conducted on 20 multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. enteritidis clinical strains. Minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericide concentrations were displayed by microdilution. The effect on biofilm formation was tested on polystyrene plates. The anti-quorum sensing effect was determined by measuring the inhibition of violacein production by Chromobacterium violaceum CV026. The influence of EOs on the adhesion of Salmonella strains to HT-29 cells was studied. The potency of S. enteritidis to infect and kill Caenorhabditis elegans was evaluated. The cinnamon, thyme, and clove EOs showed remarkable antibacterial properties. Biofilm formation was significantly reduced by the six EOs: 99.10% for cinnamon, 97.64% for clove, 95.90% for thyme, 79.84% for rosemary, 28.98% for curcuma, and 15.55% for sage. The MIC/2 of clove EO exhibited the highest percentage of inhibition of violacein production (99.03%), followed by thyme (91.68%) and cinnamon (84.13%) EOs. Thyme extracts exhibited an important anti-adhesive potency. Clove EO behaves as an effective regulator of Salmonella virulence in nematodes.

Cinnamon is a well-known natural spice and flavoring substance used worldwide. The objective of the present work is to explore the possible antitumor and immunomodulatory potencies of cinnamon essential oil (Cinn) on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC). A total of fifty female Swiss albino mice were sub-grouped into five groups (n = 10), namely, normal (a non-tumorized and non-treated) group; EAC-tumorized and non-treated group; Cinn (non-tumorized mice received Cinn, 50 mg/kg per body weight daily) group; a group of EAC-tumorized mice treated with Cinn and the final positive control group of EAC-tumorized mice received cisplatin. Eight compounds were identified from Cinn using UPLC-MS-Qtof and NMR analysis. Compared to EAC untreated group, Cinn successfully (P P 0/G1 phase was noticed following Cinn treatments (~ 24.5%) compared to EAC group. Moreover, Cinn markedly evoked an antitumor immune response by elevating the percentage of splenic T helper (CD3+CD4+) and T cytotoxic (CD3+CD8+) cells. It is noteworthy that Cinn treatments significantly restored different hematological alterations as well as liver and kidney functions in EAC-tumorized mice. In conclusion, results suggest that Cinn has a good antitumor and immunostimulatory potencies against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in vivo. The mechanism underlying its antitumor activity may be attributed to its immunostimulatory effects which increase its potential as a promising anticancer candidate.

The electrical conductivities of aqueous solutions of sodium salts of trans-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (trans-p-coumaric acid), trans-3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid (trans-caffeic acid), trans-4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid, (trans-ferulic acid) and trans-3-phenylacrylic acid (trans-cinnamic acid) with α-cyclodextrin were measured in the temperature range of 288.15 K–318.15 K. For the first time in the literature, using the limiting molar conductivity (Λmo) obtained from conductivity measurements, the values of the complexation constants (Kf) of the salts of phenolic acid derivatives with α-cyclodextrin were determined using a modified low concentration chemical model (IcCM). An attempt was also made to analyze the individual thermodynamic functions ΔGo, ΔHo and ΔSo describing the complexation process as a function of temperature changes. The obtained results show that the process of formation of inclusion complexes is exothermic and is spontaneous.

SARS-CoV-2 has been responsible for causing 6,218,308 deaths globally till date and has garnered worldwide attention. The lack of effective preventive and therapeutic drugs against SARS-CoV-2 has further worsened the scenario and has bolstered research in the area. The N-terminal and C-terminal RNA binding domains (NTD and CTD) of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein represent attractive therapeutic drug targets. Naturally occurring compounds are an excellent source of novel drug candidates due to their structural diversity and safety. Ten major bioactive compounds were identified in ethanolic extract (s) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Cinnamomum tamala, Origanum vulgare, and Petroselinum crispum using HPLC and their cytotoxic potential was determined against cancer and normal cell lines by MTT assay to ascertain their biological activity in vitro. To evaluate their antiviral potential, the binding efficacy to NTD and CTD of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein was determined using in silico biology tools. In silico assessment of the phytocomponents revealed that most of the phytoconstituents displayed a druglike character with no predicted toxicity. Binding affinities were in the order apigenin catechin apiin toward SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid NTD. Toward nucleocapsid CTD, the affinity decreased as apigenin cinnamic acid catechin. Remdesivir displayed lesser affinity with NTD and CTD of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid proteins than any of the studied phytoconstituents. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation results revealed that throughout the 100 ns simulation, SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein NTD-apigenin complex displayed greater stability than SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein NTD-cinnamic acid complex. Hence, apigenin, catechin, apiin and cinnamic acid might prove as effective prophylactic and therapeutic candidates against SARS-CoV-2, if examined further in vitro and in vivo. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Ten major bioactive compounds were identified in the extract(s) of four medicinally important plants viz. Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Cinnamomum tamala, Origanum vulgare and Petroselinum crispum using HPLC and their biological activity was also evaluated against cancer and normal cell lines. Interestingly, while all extract(s) wielded significant cytotoxicity against cancer cells, no significant toxicity was found against normal cells. The outcome of the results prompted evaluation of the antiviral potential of the ten bioactive compounds using in silico biology tools. The present study emphasizes on the application of computational approaches to understand the binding interaction and efficacy of the ten bioactive compounds from the above plants with SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein N-terminal and C-terminal RNA binding domains in preventing and/or treating COVID-19 using in silico tools. Druglikeness and toxicity profiles of the compounds were carried out to check the therapeutic application of the components. Additionally, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was performed to check the stability of ligand-protein complexes. The results provided useful insights into the structural binding interaction(s) that can be exploited for the further development of potential antiviral agents targeting SARS-CoV-2 especially since no specific therapy is still available to combat the rapidly evolving virus and the existing treatment is more or less symptomatic which makes search for novel antiviral agents all the more necessary and crucial.

This work aims to obtain and characterize a spray-dried product (SDP) from an extractive solution of Cinnamomum zeylanicum leaves, to produce a talc for feet. Initially, the influence of the amount of drug, solvent and extractive method were verified, through factorial design (22), evaluating as responses the total flavonoid content (TFC), dry residue (DR) and extraction efficiency (EE). In the drying operation the following conditions were studied: inlet temperature and proportion of adjuvants. Three talc formulations containing cinnamon PES were also obtained and evaluated for Carr's Index (CI), Hausner Factor (HF), Angle of Repose (AR) and Moisture. According to the results, negative influence was observed using 5 g drug in relation to TFT (-1.02) and EE (-44.14), whereas the solvent ethanol (100%) showed positive influence on the responses, with better content. As for the extraction method, turbolysis showed positive responses for TFT (+2.03), RS (+3.21) and EE (+1.36), being chosen for the other experiments. In the drying operation, the best results were evidenced when 10% adjuvant and inlet temperature of 100 °C were used in relation to TFT and technological properties (CI, FH and AR). Finally, the determination of excipients and their proportions in the formulation presented satisfactory values for moisture and technological properties. The methodologies employed presented important results to produce a talc for feet based on SDP from C. zeylanicum, however further studies are needed to ensure the safety and efficacy of the finished product. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo obtener y caracterizar un producto secado por pulverización (PSP) a partir de una solución extractiva de las hojas de Cinnamomum zeylanicum, para producir un talco para los pies. Inicialmente, se verificó la influencia de la cantidad de droga, del solvente y del método extractivo, a través de la planificación factorial (22), evaluando como respuestas el contenido total de flavonoides (CTF), el residuo seco (DR) y la eficiencia de extracción (EE). En la operación de secado se estudiaron las condiciones: temperatura de entrada y proporción de adyuvantes. También se obtuvieron tres formulaciones de talco que contenían PES de canela y se evaluaron en cuanto al índice de Carr (CI), el factor de Hausner (HF), el ángulo de reposo (AR) y la humedad. De acuerdo con los resultados, se observó una influencia negativa utilizando 5 g de droga en relación con el TFT (-1,02) y el EE (-44,14), ya el disolvente etanol (100%) mostró una influencia positiva en las respuestas, con mejor contenido. En cuanto al método extractivo, la turbolisis mostró respuestas positivas para TFT (+2,03), RS (+3,21) y EE (+1,36), siendo elegida para los demás experimentos. En la operación de secado, los mejores resultados se evidenciaron cuando se utilizó un 10% de coadyuvante y una temperatura de entrada de 100 °C en relación con el TFT y las propiedades tecnológicas (CI, FH y AR). Finalmente, la determinación de los excipientes y sus proporciones en la formulación presentó valores satisfactorios de humedad y propiedades tecnológicas. Las metodologías empleadas presentaron resultados importantes para la producción de un talco para los pies a base de PSP de C. zeylanicum, sin embargo, son necesarios más estudios para garantizar la seguridad y la eficacia del producto final. Este trabalho tem como objetivo obter e caracterizar um produto seco por aspersão (PSA) a partir de uma solução extrativa das folhas de Cinnamomum zeylanicum, para produção de um talco para pés. Inicialmente foram verificados a influência da quantidade de droga, solvente e método extrativo, através de planejamentos fatoriais (22), avaliando como respostas o teor de flavonoides totais (TFT), resíduo seco (RS) e eficiência de extração (EE). Na operação de secagem foram estudadas as condições: temperatura de entrada e proporção de adjuvantes. Também foram obtidas três formulação de talco contendo PSA de canela e avaliados quanto ao Índice de Carr (IC), Fator de Hausner (FH), Ângulo de repouso (AR) e Umidade. De acordo com os resultados, influência negativa foi observada utilizando 5 g de droga em relação a TFT (-1,02) e EE (-44,14), já o solvente etanol (100%) apresentou influência positiva sobre as respostas, com melhor teor. Quanto ao método extrativo, a turbólise apresentou respostas positivas para TFT (+2,03), RS (+3,21) e EE (+1,36), sendo escolhido para os demais experimentos. Na operação de secagem, os melhores resultados foram evidenciados quando utilizados 10% de adjuvante e temperatura de entrada de 100 °C em relação ao TFT e as propriedades tecnológicas (IC, FH e AR). Por fim, a determinação dos excipientes e suas proporções na formulação apresentaram valores satisfatórios para umidade e propriedades tecnológicas. As metodologias empregadas apresentaram resultados importantes para a produção de um talco para pés a base de PSA de C. zeylanicum, entretanto são necessários mais estudos, a fim de assegurar a segurança e eficácia do produto acabado.

The regular release kinetics of active ingredients is inconsistent with the demand of meat preservation. Herein, the pH-triggered dynamic mechanism of packaging film was developed based on L100 polymer incorporated with Cinnamon essential oil (CEO) by coaxial electrospinning. The acquired results revealed that UV-vis and fluorescence spectra confirmed the pH release behavior. The fabricated film was quickly dissolved and transformed from solid to liquid phase, resulting in a faster release rate of CEO from 68.9 % to 98.2 % with the pH increasing. The morphological structure verified the core-shell structure formation with a specific surface area value of 7.22 m

Background The leaf of Ceylon cinnamon (true cinnamon) is traditionally claimed for a variety of health benefits. However, reported scientific information is scanty and needs urgent attention for value addition. Methods Ethanolic (95%) and Dichloromethane:Methanol (DM, 1:1 v/v) leaf extracts of Ceylon cinnamon were evaluated for a range of medically important bioactivities namely anti-inflammatory [nitric oxide scavenging activity (NOSA), superoxide scavenging activity (SCA), COX1 and COX2 inhibition], growth inhibition & cytotoxicity against MCF7, HePG2 and AN3CA carcinoma cell lines, glutathionase-S-transferase (GST) inhibition and antilipidemic (anti-HMG-CoA reductase, anti-lipase, anti-cholesterol esterase, and cholesterol micellization inhibition) properties in vitro (n = 3). Further, a range of bioactive compounds in both leaf extracts was also quantified (n = 3). Results Both leaf extracts had all the investigated bioactive compounds and possessed moderately potent bioactivities compared to the reference drugs used in the study. Ethanolic leaf extract (ELE) exhibited the highest activities (IC50: μg/mL) for NOSA (40.26 ± 0.52), SCA (696.24 ± 40.02), cholesterol esterase inhibition (110.19 ± 1.55), cholesterol micellization inhibition (616.69 ± 7.09), GST inhibition (403.78 ± 2.70) and growth inhibition (GI50: 144.84 ± 1.59-269.00 ± 0.51) & cytotoxicity (LC50: 355.44 ± 9.38-717.71 ± 23.69) against studied cancer cell lines. In contrast, COX1 & COX2 (IC50: 6.62 ± 0.85 and 44.91 ± 3.06 μg/mL) and HMG-CoA reductase & lipase inhibitory activities (36.72 ± 4.74 and 19.71 ± 0.97% inhibition at 200 and 600 μg/mL) were highest in DM extract. ELE also showed the highest quantities (0.81 ± 0.06-104.38 ± 1.79) of tested compounds (mg/g extract) where eugenol was the highest and gallic acid was the lowest among quantified. Conclusion Both leaf extracts of Ceylon cinnamon had all the tested bioactive compounds and possess all the investigated bioactivities. This is the 1st study to report all the investigated bioactivities of the leaf of Ceylon Cinnamon.

The aim of the study to estimate the antioxidant action and protecting effect of ethanolic cinnamon extract against CCl4 induced toxicity in male rats. To determine the effect of different concentrations of ethanolic cinnamon extract on male rats that fed a high cholesterol diet that induced hyperlipidemia. The experiment has been conducted in the present study., aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective, role of Cinnamomum zeylanicum ethanolic extract in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxic male rats, The cinnamon and its oil reported to have many beneficial uses in food preservation due to antioxidant of cinnamon. The Phenolic compounds extracted from cinnamon such as hydroxyl cinnamaldehyde and the hydroxycinnamic acid act as scavengers of peroxide radicals and avoid oxidative damage (Mathew and Abraham, 2006; Leela, 2008). Ranjbar et al, (2006) observed individuals consuming cinnamon tea showed increased total serum antioxidant status, increased thiols such as glutathione, NADPH, NADH, SOD, and decreased lipid peroxidation.

Dalchini bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) being a vast treasure of phytoconstitutents have a tremendous ethnomedicinal value. Dalchini (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) being a delicious spice with an impressive effects on health and metabolism. Cinnamon barks are available in the market in lot of varieties. So it’s difficult to identify and select dalchini adulterant by numerous substituent and exhausted drugs which are of fewer efficacies and have an harmful effects for human beings. Dalchini are adulterate with Cinnamon cassia, Cinnaniomon burmanii, Cinnaniomon loureirii with other spices and amurud (Psidium guajava, common guava, lemon guava) etc. The present chapter is an attempt to cater various techniques for the identified of the adulterants and substitutes to shot out deterioration of herb potential.

Cinnamon essential oil (CEO) has antibacterial properties, but its ability to suppress the formation of multi-species oral biofilms has not been fully elucidated. This study evaluated the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsion (CEON) against oral biofilms formed using a microcosm biofilm model. The biofilms were formed on bovine enamel specimens over a 7-day period, during which all specimens were treated with one of three solutions: 5% CEON (n = 35), 0.5% cocamidopropyl betaine (n = 35), or 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX; n = 35). Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities were determined by the red/green ratios (R/G values) of 7-day-old mature biofilms photographed with quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital, the number of aciduric bacterial colony-forming units (CFUs) within each biofilm, and the absorbance of bacterial suspensions. One-way and repeated-measures analysis of variance were performed to compare differences among the three solutions. R/G values were lowest in the 0.12% CHX group, but not significantly differ from the 5% CEON group. The number of CFUs and absorbance were lowest in the 5% CEON group. This study showed that nanoemulsified CEO inhibited the maturation of multi-species oral biofilms and the growth of oral microorganisms in biofilms, including aciduric bacteria that cause dental caries.

As there are little data about the antimicrobial effects of the cinnamon essential oils (EO) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Shigella species, this study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activities of Cinnamomum zeylanicum EO against the clinical MDR Shigella isolates. Totally 50 MDR Shigella isolates including 17 (34%) S. flexneri, 20 (40%) S. sonnei, and 13 (26%) S. boydii were collected. The isolates were identified by standard phenotypic and molecular methods. The MDR phenotypes were determined as resistant to three antibiotic classes using disc diffusion. The C. zeylanicum EO was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cinnamon EO was evaluated by microtiter broth dilution. The most Shigella isolates 38% (n = 19) were resistant to six antibiotics. The ampicillin-amikacin-cefotaxime-erythromycin-ciprofloxacin-cotrimoxazole resistotype was the most prevalent pattern detected in five S. sonnei, four S. boydii, and three S. flexneri isolates. The result of GC/MS revealed the cinnamaldehyde (84.8%) as the main ingredient of C. zeylanycum EO. The most susceptible strain to the C. zeylanycum EO was S. boydii (MIC range = 0.15-0.62 μl/ml) followed by S. flexneri (MIC range = 0.07-1.25 μl/ml), and S. sonnei (MIC range = 0.15-1.25 μl/ml). The observed ranges of MIC and MBC values of cinnamon EO against Shigella spp. were 0.07-1.25 μl/ml and 0.31-1.25 μl/ml, respectively. The antibacterial effects of cinnamon EO in this study may increase the hope of finding suitable plant compounds to treat infections caused by MDR Shigella isolates.

Dada la importancia cultural y económica para México del cultivo del maíz, y los efectos sobre la germinación y el desarrollo inicial provocado por malezas, fitopatógenos y condiciones ambientales adversas, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto del osmoacondicionamiento de semillas de maíz sobre la germinación y el desarrollo inicial. Se realizaron dos ensayos; en el primero se estudiaron los resultados de tres extractos vegetales: Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Azadirachta indica y Zingiber officinale; bicarbonato de sodio y el biofertilizante magro. El primero con once tratamientos en un diseño completamente al azar, en el cual se cuantificó la velocidad de emergencia y el porcentaje de germinación. En el segundo ensayo se estudiaron nueve tratamientos, los cuales consistieron en las concentraciones que permitieron la germinación en el primer ensayo; como variables se cuantificaron altura, peso de materia fresca y seca total, y volumen de raíz. Se utilizaron semillas locales de Chiapas, la siembra se realizó en vivero, utilizando arena de río estéril como sustrato. Las semillas que fueron tratadas con bicarbonato de sodio y C. zeylanicum 10 % (V:V) presentaron mayor velocidad de emergencia; el tratamiento bicarbonato de sodio (30 g/L) favoreció la germinación y junto a los tratamientos C. zeylanicum al 10 % (V:V) A. indica al 20 % (V:V) y Z. officinale al 30 % (V:V) registraron los valores más altos de peso fresco de raíz, peso fresco y seco de biomasa aérea, además estimularon el crecimiento aéreo en un 56 % con respecto al tratamiento control (p

A B S T R A C TPlants are an important source of traditional medicines that can be used to improvehealth. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) has long been recognized to have manybenefits. Cinnamon was used traditionally as a remedy for arthritis, diarrhea, allergiesand ulcers. This literature review aimed to identify the bioactive compounds andbioactivity of cinnamon. Literature searches used PubMed and Google Scholar. A totalof 55 full text articles met the inclusion criteria of the review. The extract or essentialoil of cinnamon contains many bioactive compounds, such as eugenol, cinnamic acid,linalool, β-caryophyllene, coumarin, trans cinnamyl acetate, and 1.8 cineole. Thesecompounds have several bioactivities including anti-cancer, anti-arrhythmia, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-cholinesterase, and anti-lipidoxidation. Cinnamon extract has an excellent potential as an antioxidant andantidiabetic agent. Its potential and unique taste has contributed to its wide use inherbal remedies.

Background: Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume ( Lauraceae) bark and leaf essential oil possesses eugenol as the major component. Both the essential oils have the potential antioxidant, anti- inflammatory, antimicrobial and negligible genotoxicity. Objective: A comparative chemical composition and biological evaluation of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, bark and leaf essential oils, originated from North-East India has been investigated in the present study. Methods: Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis was used to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oil samples. DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and reducing power assay were used for antioxidant activity evaluation. Similarly, egg albumin denaturation assay, protease inhibitory activities were used for anti-inflammatory activity, while genotoxicity was evaluated by using Allium cepa assay and antimicrobial activities using disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assay. Results: The GC/MS results showed that eugenol is the major component of C. zeylanicum bark (84.48%) and leaf (48.78 %) essential oil. Significant antioxidant activity was observed for both essential oils in the DPPH free radical scavenging assay (IC50= 103.2 μg/mL, bark; IC50= 234.7 μg/mL, leaf), and reducing power assay (absorbance of 1.802 nm, 0.907 nm in 48 μg/mL for bark and leaf essential oil respectively). In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity revealed strong potential of leaf essential oil (protein denaturation assay, IC50= 0.05279 μg/mL; protease inhibitory activity IC50= 3.607 μg/mL) in comparison to bark essential oil (protein denaturation assay IC50= 0.1491, protease inhibitory activity IC50= 61.06). Allium cepa root growth test, mitotic index, and chromosomal aberration test were performed to investigate the genotoxicity of C. zeylanicum bark and leaf essential oil, which resulted in no toxic nature of both the essential oils. Antimicrobial activity against eight bacterial and fungal strains revealed good antimicrobial properties with the MIC value of Staphylococcus aureus at 5 μL/mL (bark), Aspergillus niger at 2.5 μL/mL (bark); Bacillus cereus at 5 μL/mL (leaf) and Aspergillus niger at 2.5 μL/mL (leaf). Conclusion: Collectively, these findings indicated the strong biological potential of both essential oils, although bark essential possesses better biological activities than the leaf essential oil and could be used in the food and beverage industries.

A novel antimicrobial gel composed of κ-carrageenan (KC) and a cinnamon essential oil (CEO)/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) composite was developed. The CEO/HPCD composite was characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and the changes in the principal components of CEO upon encapsulation by HPCD were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The physicochemical properties, release kinetics and antimicrobial activity of the fabricated gels were investigated. The hardness of the KC gels increased with composite concentration in the range of 1.0-3.0% (w/v) and thereafter decreased. A similar trend was observed for the gumminess and chewiness, whereas the gel springiness remained essentially constant. The CEO/HPCD composite also enhanced the fluidity of the system, and the syneresis was positively correlated with the composite concentration. The controlled release of CEO from the gels was affected by the relative humidity (RH) and CEO content. The Ritger-Peppas model indicated that the CEO release kinetics from the gels proceeded through a combination of diffusion and framework erosion. The KC gel containing 5% CEO/HPCD composite displayed effective antimicrobial activity, prolonging the shelf life of sliced bread by at least two days. The reported gels may have potential applications as a promising material for food preservation.

Fresh unripened curd cheese has long been a well-known Eastern European artisanal dairy product; however, due to possible cross-contamination from manual production steps, high moisture content (50–60%), and metabolic activity of present lactic acid bacteria, the shelf life of curd cheese is short (10–20 d). Therefore, the aim of this study was to improve the shelf life of Eastern European acid-curd cheese by applying an antimicrobial protein-based (5%, wt/wt) edible coating. The bioactive edible coating was produced from liquid whey protein concentrate (a cheese production byproduct) and fortified with 0.3% (wt/wt, solution basis) Chinese cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum cassia) CO2 extract. The effect of coating on the cheese was evaluated within package-free (group 1) and additionally vacuum packaged (group 2) conditions to represent types of cheeses sold by small and big scale manufacturers. The cheese samples were examined over 31 d of storage for changes of microbiological (total bacterial count, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and molds, coliforms, enterobacteria, Staphylococcus spp.), physicochemical (pH, lactic acid, protein, fat, moisture, color change, rheological, and sensory properties). The controlled experiment revealed that in group 1, applied coating affected appearance and color by preserving moisture and decreasing growth of yeasts and molds during prolonged package-free cheese storage. In group 2, coating did not affect moisture, color, or texture, but had a strong antimicrobial effect, decreasing the counts of yeasts and molds by 0.79 to 1.55 log cfu/g during 31 d of storage. In both groups, coating had no effect on pH, lactic acid, protein, and fat contents. Evaluated sensory properties (appearance, odor, taste, texture, and overall acceptability) of all samples were similar, indicating no effect of the coating on the flavor of curd cheese. The edible coating based on liquid whey protein concentrate with the incorporation of cinnamon extract was demonstrated to efficiently extend the shelf life of perishable fresh curd cheese, enhance its functional value, and contribute to a more sustainable production process.

The Pickering emulsions containing cinnamon essential oil (CEO) stabilized by lignocellulose nanocrystals-tannic acid (LCNC-TA) complexes were used to improve properties of gelatin film. The influences of various volume proportion mixed oil (sunflower oil/CEO 1:0, 5:1, 2:1 and 1:1) were investigated. Introducing CEO reduced the droplet size approximately from 57 to 30 μm, facilitating droplet distribution in film matrix. With increasing CEO proportion, the surface structure of emulsion films became uniform without micropores or cavities, showing good compatibility with film matrix during film-forming process. Furthermore, increasing CEO proportion improved tensile strength (TS, 3.75-4.61 MPa) and water vapor permeability (WVP, 9.16 × 10

In this study, it was aimed to develop a novel disinfectant from various essential oils containing active components with antimicrobial activity. The mixture of oregano, cinnamon and clove oils (1 : 1 : 1) with 10% oil concentration (SOM) was used as potential disinfectant on various areas and showed the highest antimicrobial activity among oil combinations tested. SOM reduced the numbers of total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB; 2.27 log CFU per 25 cm 2) and Escherichia coli (4.60 log CFU per 25 cm(2)) under the detection limits. Application of SOM (1, 2, 3, 4 and 6%) into incubators reduced TMAB and mould-yeast counts of incubator air by 82.9 and 100% respectively. SOM application (3%) into ambient air also reduced its TMAB and mould-yeast counts by 92 and 84.6% respectively. While ethanol is commonly used for the disinfection of environments, equipment and surfaces, SOM is an important alternative that may also be used for the disinfection of various surfaces as well as air.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and diabetes are the leading causes of death worldwide, which underlines the urgent necessity to develop new pharmacotherapies. Cinnamon has been an eminent component of spice and traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. Numerous lines of findings have elucidated that cinnamon has beneficial effects against CVDs in various ways, including endothelium protection, regulation of immune response, lowering blood lipids, antioxidative properties, anti-inflammatory properties, suppression of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) growth and mobilization, repression of platelet activity and thrombosis and inhibition of angiogenesis. Furthermore, emerging evidence has established that cinnamon improves diabetes, a crucial risk factor for CVDs, by enhancing insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion; regulating the enzyme activity involved in glucose; regulating glucose metabolism in the liver, adipose tissue and muscle; ameliorating oxidative stress and inflammation to protect islet cells; and improving diabetes complications. In this review, we summarized the mechanisms by which cinnamon regulates CVDs and diabetes in order to provide a theoretical basis for the further clinical application of cinnamon.