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This paper argues that one of the weaknesses of the neoliberals of the 1940s was their failure to develop a positive program of individual emancipation. It is demonstrated that in conversation with the critics of neoliberalism (Foucault, Cooper, and others) such an agenda can be developed. To do so we should disentangle the neoliberal agenda from the conservative social agenda with which it has long been associated. It is argued that in particular the Chicago School approach to the individual and social conditions such as the modern workplace, online communities and city life provides inspiration for an agenda of neoliberal emancipation.

RIVM rapport:Bij werkzaamheden met grond, bijvoorbeeld om wegen en dijken aan te leggen, wordt de grond onder andere gekeurd, gesaneerd of verplaatst. Deze werkzaamheden kunnen negatieve effecten hebben op de gezondheid, het milieu, de economie en het welbevinden van mensen, zoals stress door geluidoverlast. Het RIVM heeft 258 van deze werkzaamheden met negatieve effecten vastgesteld. Een voorbeeld van deze 'ongewenste gebeurtenissen' is dat niet is gecontroleerd of een sanering goed is uitgevoerd. Of dat een partij vervuilde grond illegaal is vermengd met schone grond, zodat hij toch te gebruiken is. De grond kan ook door weersomstandigheden verwaaien. Experts uit tal van overheidsorganisaties en het bedrijfsleven hebben de ongewenste gebeurtenissen gerangschikt op de impact die ze hebben. Van de twintig meest ongewenste gebeurtenissen is bij ten minste een derde bewust de regels niet opgevolgd (fraude). Het merendeel van de ongewenste gebeurtenissen heeft te maken met de opslag van partijen grond, vermenging van grond en de beoordeling van de kwaliteit van partijen grond, om te bepalen waarvoor het mag worden gebruikt. Dit blijkt uit onderzoek van het RIVM. Met deze kennis kan Inspectie Leefomgeving en Transport (ILT) het toezicht en de handhaving gericht op werkzaamheden met grond zo efficiënt mogelijk samen met haar ketenpartners uitvoeren., When working with soil, for example for road or dyke construction, amongst other things the soil may be inspected, remediated or moved. These activities can have negative effects on public health, the environment and the economy as well as on human welfare, such as stress due to noise nuisance. RIVM (the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) has identified 258 such activities with negative effects. Examples of these 'undesirable events' is the failure to check whether remediation work has been carried out properly or whether a batch of contaminated soil has been illegally mixed with clean soil so that it can be reused. Weather conditions can also result in soil being blown away. Experts from numerous governmental bodies and the commercial sector have ranked the undesirable events in order of their impact. In at least a third of the twenty most undesirable events, the rules have been deliberately disregarded (fraud). The majority of the undesirable events are related to the storage of quantities of soil, mixing batches, and the assessment of the quality of batches of soil in order to decide what it may be used for. This has been shown by RIVM research. Together with its partners in the chain, the Human Environment and Transport Inspectorate (ILT) can use this knowledge to carry out its supervision and enforcement duties as efficiently as possible.

RIVM rapport:Overheidsorganisaties doen hun best om bij de aankoop van diensten en producten mens en milieu zo min mogelijk te belasten. Dat heet maatschappelijk verantwoord inkopen (MVI). MVI kan helpen om bijvoorbeeld de uitstoot van broeikasgassen te beperken en meer materialen te hergebruiken (circulaire economie). In andere woorden, bij MVI gaat het om meer dan alleen inkopen op basis van de laagste prijs. Het RIVM heeft berekend wat de effecten van deze inspanningen in 2015 en 2016 zijn voor productgroepen die te maken hebben met transport, energie, kantoorfaciliteiten, kantoorgebouwen, grond- weg en waterbouw en ICT. Bij deze productgroepen wordt het meeste effect van deze manier van inkopen verwacht. MVI blijkt in alle 16 onderzochte productgroepen te zijn toegepast. Hierdoor wordt in de contract- en gebruiksjaren na de uitvraag in totaal minstens 5 megaton minder koolstofdioxide uitgestoten. Het grootste effect is behaald met het maatschappelijk verantwoord inkopen van energie. Bij andere productgroepen is MVI meestal minder ambitieus ingezet en was regelmatig geen informatie beschikbaar om het effect te meten. In hoeverre MVI zich verder ontwikkelt zal uit de volgende monitor (2017-2018) blijken. Om het effect van MVI te kunnen bepalen is het belangrijk om informatie over de inkoop te verzamelen. Daarnaast zijn gegevens over de mate waarin producten het milieu belasten nodig. Om deze informatie te verzamelen blijkt het managen van het contract net zo belangrijk te zijn als de inkoop zelf. Daarom wordt aanbevolen om de benodigde informatie gedurende het hele inkoopproces te verzamelen en administreren. Tot slot is het raadzaam om voor verschillende productgroepen een database te ontsluiten die aangeeft in welke mate een product het milieu belast in zijn hele levenscyclus. Zo'n Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) maakt ook duidelijk of de milieulast op andere onderdelen van de productie- en consumptieketen wordt afgewenteld of niet., Dutch local and central governments aim to minimise any negative effects on human health and the environment resulting from their procurement of products and services. This is referred to as Sustainable Public Procurement (SPP). SPP can help, for example, to reduce greenhouse emissions and stimulate the recycling of more materials (circular economy). In other words, implementing a policy of SPP means that purchases are not made solely on the basis of the lowest price. RIVM has estimated the effects of these policy efforts in 2015 and 2016 for product groups involved in transport, energy, office facilities, office buildings, ICT, and the civil engineering sector. These are the product groups that are expected to be impacted the most by this type of procurement policy. As it turns out, SPP has been implemented in all 16 of the product groups investigated. As a result, CO2 emissions were reduced by a total of at least 5 megatons during the contractual and user years following the relevant tender procedures. Sustainable Public Procurement of energy had the biggest effect. SPP was implemented on a less ambitious scale in the other product groups and there was often no basic data available for measuring its effect in these groups. The next monitor (2017-2018) will show to what extent SPP gets further implemented. It's important to collect information regarding purchases in order to be able to determine the effect of SPP. Data is also needed on the degree to which products have a negative impact on the environment. The management of the contract turns out to be just as important as the procurement itself when it comes to collecting this information. We therefore recommend collecting the necessary information throughout the entire procurement process and keeping a record of it. In addition, it is important to establish a database for various product groups with information on the environmental impact of products over their entire life-cycle. Such a Life Cycle Assessment (LC

RIVM rapport:De overheid werkt eraan om producten en diensten klimaatneutraal en circulair in te kopen. Dit betekent dat niet alleen op de prijs wordt gelet, maar ook op de invloed van producten en diensten op het milieu. Bijvoorbeeld door grondstoffen opnieuw te gebruiken of producten aan te schaffen waarvoor tijdens de productie en het gebruik weinig broeikasgassen worden uitgestoten. De rijksoverheid financierde in 2018 ruim honderd pilots bij verschillende overheden om ervaring op te doen met deze manier van inkopen. Daarnaast zijn tien leernetwerken opgezet om kennis en ervaringen uit te wisselen. Inkopers bij overheden konden hierin kennis opdoen en hun vragen en problemen bespreken met experts. Het RIVM heeft de resultaten en ervaringen geanalyseerd. Er kan nog niet worden gezegd of het doel (0,1 tot 0,25 Megaton minder CO2-uitstoot) wordt behaald. De meeste pilots zijn nog niet afgerond. Wel is al bekend dat door acht pilots samen naar schatting 0,042 Megaton minder CO2 wordt uitgestoten. Bij deze pilots wordt het meeste effect gerealiseerd door nieuwe windenergie uit Nederland in te kopen. Van 61 van de pilots bleek het effect op de CO2-uitstoot niet in te schatten. Dit waren bijvoorbeeld pilots die hulp hadden kregen om een visie te formuleren en te verkennen wat de circulaire opties bij leveranciers zijn. De deelnemers zijn positief over de leernetwerken en gaven aan in 2019 weer te willen meedoen. Ze konden er hun netwerk in uitbreiden en werden zich bewuster van wat circulair en klimaatneutraal inkopen inhoudt. Gebrek aan kennis over klimaatneutraal en circulair inkopen bleek een van de grootste barrières om dit in de praktijk uit te voeren; juist de uitwisseling van kennis en ervaring in de leernetwerken werd positief beoordeeld. Ook gaven de deelnemers aan dat ze dankzij de leernetwerken beter in staat zijn zelf kennis uit te wisselen met collega's en leidinggevenden. De leernetwerken hebben het werk van ruim driekwart van de deelnemers beïnvloed. Ze konden bijvoo, The government aims to promote a climate neutral and circular procurement of products and services. This means that, in addition to price, the effect of products and services on the environment is also taken into account. This can be done, for example, by purchasing products that can easily be re-used or that show less greenhouse gas emissions during their production and use. In 2018, the Dutch government provided financing for over 100 pilots by various government entities in order to gain experience with this method of procurement. In addition, ten learning networks were established in order to share knowledge and experiences. Procurement officials at government entities could participate in these networks in order to gain knowledge and discuss their questions and problems with experts. RIVM analysed the results and experiences. It is not yet clear whether the target (0.1 to 0.25 megaton reduction of CO2 emissions) will be realised. Most of the pilots have not yet been completed. However, it is clear that eight of the pilots result in an estimated total reduction of 0.042 megaton of CO2 emissions. Most of the effect realised in these pilots was due to purchasing new wind energy produced in the Netherlands. For 61 of the pilots, the effect on CO2 emissions could not be estimated. These included, for example, pilots in which assistance was provided for formulating a vision and exploring the circular procurement options available to procurement officials. The participants had a positive view of the learning networks and indicated that they wished to participate again in 2019. Their participation allowed them to expand their network and raised their awareness of what circular and climate neutral procurement involves. A lack of knowledge about climate neutral and circular procurement turned out to be one of the greatest barriers to actually implementing such practices, and it was the sharing of knowledge and experiences in the learning networks, in particular, that was

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate to what extent the outcomes of a discrete choice experiment (DCE) differ based on respondents’ psychological distance to the decision at hand. Methods: A DCE questionnaire regarding individuals’ preferences for genetic screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) within the Dutch national CRC screening program was created. The DCE contained nine D-efficient designed choice tasks and was distributed among two populations that differ in their psychological distance to the decision at hand: 1) a representative sample of the Dutch general population aged 55–65 years, and 2) a sample of Dutch individuals who attended an information appointment regarding colonoscopies following the detection of blood in their stool sample in the CRC screening program. The DCE consisted of four attributes related to the decision whether to participate in genetic screening for CRC: 1) risk of being genetically predisposed, 2) risk of developing CRC, 3) frequency of follow-up colonoscopies, and 4) survival. Direct attribute ranking, dominant decision-making behavior, and relative importance scores (based on panel MIXL) were compared between the two populations. Attribute level estimates were compared with the Swait and Louviere test. Results: The proportion of respondents who both ranked survival as the most important attribute, and showed dominant decision-making behavior for this attribute, was significantly higher in the screened population compared to the general population. The relative importance scores of the attributes significantly differed between populations. Finally, the Swait and Louviere test also revealed significant differences in attribute level estimates in both the populations. Conclusion: The study outcomes differed between populations depending on their psychological distance to the decision. This study shows the importance of adequate sample selection; therefore, it is advocated to increase

It is 50 years since the first Nobel Prize in economics was awarded to Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch. This article analyzes the collaborations between these pioneers of econometrics which spanned four decades and various subfields in economics, based on records of their correspondence. It is demonstrated that, while Frisch was largely responsible for theoretical breakthroughs, Tinbergen was responsible for making them public and popularizing them. This is especially relevant for understanding the development of econometric models in the 1950s, decision models of the 1950s, and subsequent work on utility measurement. This division of labor is analyzed in relation to the goals they pursued in their research and their respective perfectionistic (Frisch) and pragmatic (Tinbergen) approaches to economic science. Both men shared a sense of deep social responsibility, but differences in their personalities and approaches to science generated important differences in scientific recognition and policy influence. Although they are both widely remembered for helping to turn economics into a quantitative empirical science, this article shows that they were motivated by separate personal and political goals which shaped their scientific approaches.

Screening to detect colorectal cancer (CRC) in an early or premalignant state is an effective method to reduce CRC mortality rates. Current stool-based screening tests, e.g. fecal immunochemical test (FIT), have a suboptimal sensitivity for colorectal adenomas and difficulty distinguishing adenomas at high risk of progressing to cancer from those at lower risk. We aimed to identify stool protein biomarker panels that can be used for the early detection of high-risk adenomas and CRC. Proteomics data (LC–MS/MS) were collected on stool samples from adenoma (n = 71) and CRC patients (n = 81) as well as controls (n = 129). Colorectal adenoma tissue samples were characterized by low-coverage whole-genome sequencing to determine their risk of progression based on specific DNA copy number changes. Proteomics data were used for logistic regression modeling to establish protein biomarker panels. In total, 15 of the adenomas (15.8%) were defined as high risk of progressing to cancer. A protein panel, consisting of haptoglobin (Hp), LAMP1, SYNE2, and ANXA6, was identified for the detection of high-risk adenomas (sensitivity of 53% at specificity of 95%). Two panels, one consisting of Hp and LRG1 and one of Hp, LRG1, RBP4, and FN1, were identified for high-risk adenomas and CRCs detection (sensitivity of 66% and 62%, respectively, at specificity of 95%). Validation of Hp as a biomarker for high-risk adenomas and CRCs was performed using an antibody-based assay in FIT samples from a subset of individuals from the discovery series (n = 158) and an independent validation series (n = 795). Hp protein was significantly more abundant in high-risk adenoma FIT samples compared to controls in the discovery (p = 0.036) and the validation series (p = 9e-5). We conclude that Hp, LAMP1, SYNE2, LRG1, RBP4, FN1, and ANXA6 may be of value as stool biomarkers for early detection of high-risk adenomas and CRCs.

INTRODUCTION: We set out to evaluate the performance of a multitarget stool DNA (MT-sDNA) in an average-risk colonoscopy-controlled colorectal cancer (CRC) screening population. MT-sDNA stool test results were evaluated against fecal immunochemical test (FIT) results for the detection of different lesions, including molecularly defined high-risk adenomas and several other tumor characteristics. METHODS: Whole stool samples (n = 1,047) were prospectively collected and subjected to an MT-sDNA test, which tests for KRAS mutations, NDRG4 and BMP3 promoter methylation, and hemoglobin. Results for detecting CRC (n = 7), advanced precancerous lesions (advanced adenoma [AA] and advanced serrated polyps; n = 119), and non-AAs (n = 191) were compared with those of FIT alone (thresholds of 50, 75, and 100 hemoglobin/mL). AAs with high risk of progression were defined by the presence of specific DNA copy number events as measured by low-pass whole genome sequencing. RESULTS: The MT-sDNA test was more sensitive than FIT alone in detecting advanced precancerous lesions (46% (55/119) vs 27% (32/119), respectively, P < 0.001). Specificities among individuals with nonadvanced or negative findings (controls) were 89% (791/888) and 93% (828/888) for MT-sDNA and FIT testing, respectively. A positive MT-sDNA test was associated with multiple lesions (P = 0.005), larger lesions (P = 0.03), and lesions with tubulovillous architecture (P = 0.04). The sensitivity of the MT-sDNA test or FIT in detecting individuals with high-risk AAs (n = 19) from individuals with low-risk AAs (n = 52) was not significantly different. DISCUSSION: In an average-risk screening population, the MT-sDNA test has an increased sensitivity for detecting advanced precancerous lesions compared with FIT alone. AAs with a high risk of progression were not detected with significantly higher sensitivity by MT-sDNA or FIT.

This article provides an analysis of the effectiveness of cultural policy in Brazil under the Rouanet Law for the period 1993–2016. We find that the law, which provides tax incentives for donations to and sponsorships of the cultural sector, has exacerbated existing socio-economic inequalities, regional inequalities and inequalities between artistic genres. The gifts have predominantly gone to already successful projects, sometimes even already profitable projects. On the flip side, the gifts have primarily come from large, mostly partially state-owned, enterprises and act as the equivalent of a tax cut for these organisations. From the evidence, it is not clear that any particular market failure is alleviated through the Rouanet Law; instead, it seems that the system of indirect support led to strong control over the cultural sector by big business in Brazil. We use these findings to criticise much of the literature on cultural policy, which tends to take Western well-developed institutions for granted. We argue that this literature is ill-suited to capture the economy of Brazil and other ‘limited-access states’ because of its implicit assumption of a pre-existing ‘open-access state’.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate to what extent the outcomes of a discrete choice experiment (DCE) differ based on respondents’ psychological distance to the decision at hand. Methods: A DCE questionnaire regarding individuals’ preferences for genetic screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) within the Dutch national CRC screening program was created. The DCE contained nine D-efficient designed choice tasks and was distributed among two populations that differ in their psychological distance to the decision at hand: 1) a representative sample of the Dutch general population aged 55-65 years, and 2) a sample of Dutch individuals who attended an information appointment regarding colonoscopies following the detection of blood in their stool sample in the CRC screening program. The DCE consisted of four attributes related to the decision whether to participate in genetic screening for CRC: 1) risk of being gene

Each year approximately 15,000 patients are diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) in the Netherlands, of whom 5-10% are associated with a hereditary syndrome. To enable future research into hereditary CRC, we established a collaborative biobank for hereditary CRC in all eight University Medical Centers (UMCs) in the Netherlands in 2009. This Biobank Hereditary CRC is part of the Parelsnoer Institute (PSI), which is funded by the Dutch Federation of UMCs and the Dutch Government. Besides the multicenter collaboration, the multidisciplinary nature of this biobank - involving Gastroenterology, Genetics and Surgery - is essential for its functionality and value.Patients at increased risk of hereditary CRC and/or Polyposis, or with a proven germline mutation causing CRC and/or Polyposis are included. Both clinical data (demographic data, details on medical and family history, information on surveillance, endoscopy and surgery, results of microsatellite instability and molecular genetic tests) and biomaterial (DNA, plasma, serum and tissue) are collected in a standardized manner.

This article argues that the discussion of incentives in economics neglects a crucial question: why are some incentives felt as powerful reasons to alter actions, while other incentives have little, or even counterproductive, effect? We argue that an answer to this question can be found in recent empirical work in economic sociology, institutional economics and Austrian economics. This work studies the meaning of incentives in particular social settings and shows that incentives become meaningful in relation to those settings. We demonstrate that it illuminates why certain incentives are perceived as powerful reasons for action, while others are mostly ignored. We also explain why incentives are typically tied to certain social roles that can be identified through ideal-type analysis, and why situations of high uncertainty are of particular use for studying the activity of actors. In order to understand entrepreneurial action, financial markets, and why monetary rewards and market exchange are sometimes perceived as the wrong type of incentive, research should focus on how an uncertain future is understood by actors. We identify four building blocks in the work of Alfred Schutz, and suggest they yield a constructive research program at the intersection between economics and sociology.

Contains fulltext : 215837.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Background: A multicentre cohort study was performed to analyse the motivations for surgical referral of patients with benign colorectal lesions, and to evaluate the endoscopic and pathological characteristics of these lesions as well as short-term surgical outcomes. Methods: Patients who underwent surgery for a benign colorectal lesion in 15 Dutch hospitals between January 2014 and December 2017 were selected from the pathology registry. Lesions were defined as complex when at least one of the following features was present: size at least 40 mm, difficult location according to the endoscopist, previous failed attempt at resection, or non-lifting sign. Results: A total of 358 patients were included (322 colonic and 36 rectal lesions). The main reasons for surgical referral of lesions in the colon and rectum were large size (33.5 and 47 per cent respectively) and suspicion of invasive growth (31.1 and 58 per cent). Benign lesions could be categorized as complex in 80.6 per cent for colonic and 80 per cent for rectal locations. Surgery consisted of local excision in 5.9 and 64 per cent of colonic and rectal lesions respectively, and complicated postoperative course rates were noted in 11.2 and 3 per cent. In the majority of patients, no attempt was made to resect the lesion endoscopically (77.0 per cent of colonic and 83 per cent of rectal lesions). Conclusion: The vast majority of the benign lesions referred for surgical resection could be classified as complex. Considering the substantial morbidity of surgery for benign colonic lesions, reassessment for endoscopic resection by another advanced endoscopy centre seems to be underused and should be encouraged.

Main Recommendations ESGE recommends a low fiber diet on the day preceding colonoscopy. Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence. ESGE recommends the use of enhanced instructions for bowel preparation. Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence. ESGE suggests adding oral simethicone to bowel preparation. Weak recommendation, moderate quality evidence. ESGE recommends split-dose bowel preparation for elective colonoscopy. Strong recommendation, high quality evidence. ESGE recommends, for patients undergoing afternoon colonoscopy, a same-day bowel preparation as an acceptable alternative to split dosing. Strong recommendation, high quality evidence. ESGE recommends to start the last dose of bowel preparation within 5 hours of colonoscopy, and to complete it at least 2 hours before the beginning of the procedure. Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence. ESGE recommends the use of high volume or low volume PEG-based regimens as well as that of non-PEG-based agents that have been clinically validated for routine bowel preparation. In patients at risk for hydroelectrolyte disturbances, the choice of laxative should be individualized. Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence.

Contains fulltext : 195662.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Numerous randomized studies have shown that changing certain features of colonoscopes, usually incorporated when switching from one endoscope generation to the next, mostly do not increase adenoma yield. There is, however, indirect evidence that it may be necessary to skip one instrument generation (ie, changing from one generation to the next but one) to achieve this effect. METHODS: We compared the latest-generation colonoscopes from one company (Olympus Exera III, 190-C) with the next to last one (Olympus 160/5-C) in a prospective multicenter study randomized for the order of colonoscopes in a tandem fashion, involving 2 different examiners. Patients with increased risk for colorectal neoplasia undergoing colonoscopy (positive fecal occult blood test, personal/familial history of colorectal cancer/adenoma, rectal bleeding, recent change in bowel movements) were included. The primary outcome was the adenoma miss rate with the 190 (190-C) colonoscope in comparison with the 160/5 colonoscope (160/5-C). RESULTS: A total of 856 patients (48.8% male; mean age, 58.3 years) with a personal (41%) or family (38%) history of colorectal neoplasia, rectal bleeding (19%), and other indications were included. Of the 429 patients in the 190-C first group, 16.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 13.0%-20.1%) had at least one adenoma missed during the first procedure, compared with 30.2% (95% CI, 25.9%-34.6%) in the group with 160/5-C first (P < .001). Similarly, the adenoma detection rate during the first colonoscopy was 43.8% versus 36.5% (P = .030) for 190-C versus 160/5-C, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This randomized tandem trial showed lower adenoma miss rates and higher adenoma detection rates for the newer 190 colonoscopes compared with the 160/5 series. These results suggest that it takes multiple improvements, such as those implemented over 2 instrument generations, before an effect on adenoma (miss) rate can be observed. (Study registration number: ISRCTN

Contains fulltext : 189981.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)

Notwithstanding the plurality of meanings and connotations in time and space, Socio-Economics clearly was a theoretical endeavor, unlike the common myths about the anti- or -theoretical nature of the Historical School’s research program. In a world of quantitative growth and qualitative transformation of economy and society, many of the economists of the time wondered whether there were any stable social-scientific categories that one could use to analyze the modern market economy

Background: LKB1 mutations are the underlying genetic abnormality causing Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) and are a potential target for everolimus. In this phase II study, the efficacy of everolimus on polyp and tumor growth in PJS patients was investigated. Methods: Adult patients with a proven LKB1 mutation and who were suitable for everolimus treatment were included in two different PJS cohorts: (a) patients with unresectable malignancies and (b) patients with high-risk polyps. Treatment in both groups was oral everolimus, 10 mg daily. Response rates were primary endpoints for both cohorts. Results: Between October 2011 and April 2016, only two patients were enrolled, one in each cohort. A 49-year-old patient with advanced pancreatic cancer in cohort 1 was progressive after 2 months. A 52-year-old male patient in cohort 2 experienced severe toxicity and refused treatment after 4 months, even though endoscopy suggested stabilization of polyps. Adverse e

Background: Knowledge of the natural history of colorectal adenomas is limited because these lesions are removed upon detection. The few studies in which small adenomas have been left in situ for a limited period of time, have shown that most lesions remain stable or even completely regress. Specific DNA copy number changes (‘cancer associated events’ or CAEs) are associated with progression of adenomas to cancer. In this study we evaluated whether molecular features of progression correlated with growth of small polyps. Methods: Small (6–9 mm) colorectal precursor lesions detected on CT-colonography (CTC) were left in situ and re-evaluated with CTC after three years. Based on

Background: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) survivors treated with abdominal radiotherapy and/or alkylating chemotherapy have an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). This study was aimed at evaluating the prevalence of colorectal neoplasia in HL survivors. Methods: This multicenter cohort study assessed the diagnostic yield of advanced colorectal neoplasia detected by a first surveillance colonoscopy among HL survivors treated with abdominal radiotherapy and/or procarbazine. Advanced colorectal neoplasia included advanced adenomas (high-grade dysplasia, ≥25% villous component, or ≥10-mm diameter), advanced serrated lesions (dysplasia or ≥10-mm diameter), and CRC. The results were compared with those for a Dutch general population cohort that underwent a primary screening colonoscopy (1426 asymptomatic individuals 50-75 years old). This study demonstrated the results of a predefined interim analysis. Results: A colonoscopy was performed in 101 HL survivors, who were significantly younger (median, 51 years; interquartile range [IQR], 45-57 years) than the general population controls (median, 60 years; IQR, 55-65 years; P <.001). The prevalence of advanced neoplasia was higher in HL survivors than controls (25 of 101 [25%] vs 171 of 1426 [12%]; P <.001). Advanced adenomas were detected in 14 of 101 HL survivors (14%) and in 124 of 1426 controls (9%; P =.08). The prevalence of advanced serrated lesions was higher in HL survivors than controls (12 of 101 [12%] vs 55 of 1426 [4%]; P <.001). Serrated polyposis syndrome was present in 6% of HL survivors and absent in controls (P <.001). Conclusions: HL survivors treated with abdominal radiotherapy and/or procarbazine have a high prevalence of advanced colorectal neoplasia. The implementation of a colonoscopy surveillance program should be considered.

This paper argues that the notion of ‘ecological rationality’ as used in (behavioral) economics has two rival meanings. The first type of ecological rationality (ER1) as used by Gerd Gigerenzer, refers to the use of cognitive strategies, heuristics in particular, in real-world decisions. The second type of ecological rationality (ER2) as used in the work of Vernon Smith, refers to the rationality of cognitive systems consisting of multiple individuals, institutions, and social norms. We demonstrate in this paper that their use originates in different psychological (or cognitive) approaches: Brunswikian functionalism and distributed cognition respectively. By uncovering the different psychological underpinnings, we are able to analyze the methodological differences between the two types of ecological rationality, the different ways in which central concepts are employed, and the differences in resulting experimental practices. We conclude with the implications for the various ways in which psychology and economics can be combined.

Der Vorrang des Kulturellen zeigt sich auch in Röpkes Blick auf den Markt. Was ihm an der Marktwirtschaft am meisten gefiel, war nicht ihre materielle Wirkung, sondern die damit eng verbundene bürgerliche Ethik, wie Alan Kahan in seinem wunderbaren Kapitel über Jacob Burckhardt und Röpke zeigt. Es ist die Ethik der Eigenverantwortung, der Sparsamkeit, der Klugheit und der Selbstdisziplin, getragen vom Kapitalismus der Kleinunternehmerfamilie. So sah Röpke seine Schweizer Wahlheimat, er lebte und lehrte von 1937 bis zu seinem Tod im Jahre 1966 in Genf. Das ist aber etwas anderes als der Kapitalismus des 20. Jahrhunderts mit seinen großen hierarchischen Unternehmen, dem technischen Fortschritt und der Konsumkultur. Diese moderne Form lässt das Kontinuum zwischen privaten und öffentlichen Tugenden, das Röpke suchte, nicht zu. Stattdessen, wie Friedrich August von Hayek später betonte, lebt der moderne Mensch in zwei verschiedenen Welten zugleich: in der kleinen Welt der Familie und in der offenen Gesellschaft des Marktes und der Politik.