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Objectives To compare the efficacy of calcium sodium phosphosilicate (CSPS) and arginine dentifrices on dentin permeability and acid tolerance. Material and Methods Sixty dentin discs were randomly assigned into 3 groups, then brushed for 1 min with CSPS, arginine, or fluoride (control) dentifrices. To test acid tolerance, each disc was soaked in 6% citric acid for 1 min. Dentin permeability was measured before, following brushing, and acid challenge. Ten discs per group were similarly treated and evaluated for tubule occlusion following a single dentifrice application, while other five discs per group were employed in an acid tolerance assay. Results The percentage reduction in dentin permeability was 39.26%, 32.27%, and 21.71% in the arginine, CSPS, and control groups, respectively. The differences in dentin permeability reduction between the arginine and CSPS groups following brushing and acid challenge were not significant (p = 0.398 and p = 0.211, respectively). The arginine dentifrice demonstrated a significant reduction in permeability compared with the control (p = 0.011). In addition, the occlusion exhibited by the arginine and CSPS dentifrices was more resistant to acid challenge compared with that of the control (p

OBJECTIVE To compare the in vitro performance of different dentifrices indicated for dental erosion and a new dentifrice with controlled fluoride release system (NanoF) in terms of surface microhardness remineralization in enamel erosion lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS 72 human enamel specimens were divided into 6 groups (n = 12): PC (100% NaF - positive control); NC (Placebo - negative control); 50%nF (50% NanoF + 50% free NaF), 100%nF (100% NanoF); PN (Sensodyne® ProNamel™) and AG (Colgate® Sensitive Pro-Relief™). A surface microhardness analysis was performed before (SH0) and after (SH1) the erosion lesion formation. The blocks were submitted to a 5-day de-remineralization cycling model, consisting of 90 s immersion on 0.1% citric acid (4x/day) and 1 min treatment with dentifrice slurries along with 1 mL/block of human saliva (2x/day). Lastly, the final surface microhardness analysis (SH2) was measured and the percentage of surface microhardness remineralization (%SMHR) was calculated. Data were analysed with 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p

Objectives: To evaluate a mouth rinse containing tetrapotassium pyrophosphate and sodium tripolyphosphate on supragingival calculus formation in a group consisting initially of forty adults seeking periodontal treatment at a Canadian dental school. Methods: The extent of supragingival calculus in relation to the lingual surfaces of the lower anterior teeth was measured using the Volpe-Manhold Calculus Index (VMI). In addition, The Plaque Index (PI) was used to evaluate plaque scores while the presence or absence of gingival bleeding index (GBI) was used to determine gingival health. At the completion of the hygiene appointment (baseline), the PI, GBI and VMI was assumed to be zero and the subjects were randomly assigned to test (rinsed twice a day with the anticalculus mouthwash) or control groups (only used regular dentifrice) and appropriate instructions provided. After a 60-day trial period, the test and control subjects were recalled, and the clinical measurements were conducted using the indices indicated above. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the overall reduction in the mean VMI scores between the test and control groups. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, rinsing with tetrapotassium pyrophosphate and sodium tripolyphosphate for sixty days did not affect the formation of supragingival calculus in the present cohort of adults.

Background and aim Plaque is a common etiological factor for common oral conditions like gingivitis, periodontitis, dental caries and halitosis. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a novel herbal dentifrice in control of plaque, gingivitis, and halitosis in comparison to control dentifrice. Experimental procedure We conducted a randomized controlled, single center, double-blinded parallel arm clinical trial. Participants were randomly distributed with commercially available herbal dentifrice or control dentifrice. Assessments of plaque, gingivitis, halitosis, unstimulated saliva pH were done at baseline and at one month by a trained and calibrated periodontist. All the participants were given new toothbrushes one week before the start of the study. They were asked to brush with the designated dentifrices for 2–4 min, twice daily for one month. Results and conclusion A total of 79 participants were recruited for this study, out of which 75 participants completed the follow-up. Inter-group comparisons of all the variables at baseline showed no significant differences in the mean plaque index, gingival index, halitosis and pH between test and control groups respectively. Intra-group comparisons showed a significant decrease in mean plaque, gingival and halitosis at follow-up than at baseline in both test and control groups. No significant differences between test and control groups were seen in the mean plaque index (P = 0.792), gingival index (P = 0.292), halitosis (P = 0.266), pH (P = 0.742) at follow-up after adjusting the respective baseline scores. The novel herbal dentifrice could be a suitable alternative for the control of plaque, gingivitis, and halitosis., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Significant decrease in clinical indices at follow-up than baseline in both groups. • Significant increase in salivary pH at follow-up than baseline in both groups. • No significant differences were seen clinical indices between test and control.

Background : Plant and plant product based dentifrices have received great attention in reducing gingival inflammation. In this study, the effectiveness of a herbal tooth paste formulation in the reduction of plaque and gingival inflammation was assessed. Aim: to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a herbal gumcare toothpaste in the reduction of plaque as well as gingival inflammation – a single blind clinical study conducted over a period of 30 days. Objective: A single-blind clinical case study with 30 participants assigned to a single group was designed to investigate the effectiveness of a herbal-based dentifrice in the control of plaque and gingivitis. Materials and Methods: 30 patients who had established gingivitis participated in the study. All participants had at least 20 natural teeth with probing depths not greater than 3 mm and a plaque index score of 2 or more at baseline. At baseline, the clinical parameters such as gingival index, plaque index and papilla bleeding index were evaluated. Results: At the end of the study, there was found to be statistically significant reduction in the gingival index, plaque index and papilla bleeding index scores in the subjects in comparison to baseline. Conclusion: It was concluded that the herbal-based toothpaste was effective as in the control of plaque and gingivitis Keywords: Herbal toothpaste, Gingivitis, Plaque.

AIM: The aim of the current in vitro study was to evaluate the changes in surface roughness of bulk fill composites after simulated toothbrushing with different dentifrices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three types of bulk fill resin composites were used in this study; 27 specimens of each composite resin were randomly divided into three main groups (n = 9). Each main group was further subdivided into three subgroups (n = 3). Each group was subjected to simulated toothbrushing with three different dentifrices. One-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate the effect of brushing using dentifrices on the surface roughness of each type of composite resin, followed by Tukey’s test at a significance level of p ≤ 0.5%. RESULTS: Results revealed that different effects on composite surface roughness were detected after simulating toothbrushing with different dentifrices. Lacalut toothpaste abrades more with Filtek Bulk Fill, Tetric N-Ceram then Bulk Fill SDR. Crest 3D toothpaste abrades more with Tetric N-Ceram, Bulk Fill SDR then Filtek Bulk Fill. BlanX toothpaste abrades more with Tetric N-Ceram, Bulk Fill SDR then Filtek Bulk Fill. CONCLUSION: Chemical composition of both resin composites and dentifrices plays an important role in influencing the degree of surface roughness of bulk fill composite resin restorations.

surface characteristics and color Stability of two aesthetic restorative materials. Materials and Methods: A total of 180 specimen were prepared from two tested materials (Filtek Z350 resin composite and Equia forte glass ionomer with nano filled coat).The specimen were divided into three groups (n=60). Group 1: hydrated silica containing tooth paste Group 2: calcium carbonate containing tooth paste, Group 3: trisodium phosphate containing tooth paste, each group was subdivided into two subgroups according to number of brushing duration (1120, 2240) cycles (n=15).Each subgroup was further subdivided into three divisions according to the type of test performed (micro hardness, surface roughness, color stability) (n=5). All tests were done before and after brushing then the data were statistically analysed. Results: Baseline results revealed that resin composite has higher micro hardness, lower surface roughness and more color stability compared to glass ionomer. Regarding the effect of tooth paste; trisodium phosphate containing tooth paste recorded the higher micro hardness, lower surface roughness and more color stability among all tested groups. On other hand, brushing for eight weeks (2240cycles) showed significant decrease in micro hardness, increase in both surfaces roughness and color instability. Conclusion: Abrasive containing whitening dentifrices and number of brushing cycles have an influential effect on surface characteristics and color stability of composite and glass ionomer.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate, in vitro, the surface roughness and microhardness of two different composite resin materials submitted to simulated tooth brushing with activated charcoal and calcium carbonate toothpastes. Materials and Methods: Microfilled (Heliomolar) and nanohybrid (Tg-nanohybrid) composite resins were studied, 30 disc-shaped specimens were prepared from each composite, then divided to 3 groups (n=10); group A (control group): brushed with distilled water, group B: brushed with Perfect white (Black)® toothpaste group, and group C: brushed with Depurdent® toothpaste, with a powered toothbrush for 30 seconds daily for 7 days. Vickers Microhardness was measured at 10N load and the surface roughness was measured using a surface roughness tester, SEM examination of some selected samples after brushing was conducted. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Wallis were used to analyze the data with 5% level of significance between the means of tested groups. Results: The two composites showed significant increase in surface roughness after brushing in all groups, the highest values occurred in nanohybrid/Depurdent group, while the lowest values were in microfilled/control group. Microhardness increased significantly in nanohybrid/Depurdent group and decreased in microfilled/Depurdent group, while no significant change in microhardness was noted after brushing with Perfect white (Black) in both composites compared to the control group. Conclusion The tested dentifrices significantly influenced the surface roughness and microhardness of microfilled and nanohybrid composite resins.

Agentes químicos com capacidade de ação no biofilme dental e com propriedades anti-inflamatórias têm sido amplamente inseridos em produtos para uso caseiro na Odontologia. Esses podem representar um recurso adjuvante no tratamento da gengivite, de maneira a otimizar resultados clínicos de pacientes em tratamento. Diante da diversidade dos produtos disponíveis no mercado, faz-se necessário que o cirurgião-dentista conheça o desempenho clínico desses agentes a fim de prescrever, com propriedade, os mais adequados para cada paciente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi abordar o uso de dentifrícios contendo fluoreto estanhoso como alternativa terapêutica no tratamento da gengivite através de uma revisão de literatura. Para esse fim, foi realizada pesquisa nas bases de dados PubMed, Scielo e Google Acadêmico em busca de artigos que utilizaram os seguintes descritores: "stannous fluoride", "gingivitis control" e “antimicrobial dentifrices”, sem filtros para restringir período de tempo. De acordo com os artigos incluídos nesta revisão, pode-se afirmar que o uso de dentifrícios com fluoreto estanhoso possibilita uma redução significativa tanto nos índices de placa visível, quanto nos índices de sangramento gengival. Através da revisão de literatura realizada, pode-se afirmar que a indicação de dentifrícios contendo fluoreto estanhoso é segura e representa um bom recurso como controle coadjuvante do biofilme supragengival e no tratamento da gengivite.

This study aimed to analyze the fluoride concentrations in different dentifrices with antimicrobial and natural molecules marketed in Brazil. Thus, 12 dentifrices were selected to be analyzed for the concentration of total fluoride (TF), total soluble fluoride (TSF) and ionizable fluoride (IF). Two tubes of each brand were purchased at different locations. The samples were analyzed in duplicates using an ion-specific electrode and the concentrations were determined in μg F/g. The TF of all calcium carbonate dentifrices showed averages below 1500 ppm F. Regarding TSF, only one toothpaste had an average above 1000 ppm F−, while the IF values ​​were almost 500 ppm F. In the analysis of fluoride in dentifrices which present silica as abrasive, the TF presented averages below 1500 ppm F, while the TSF all presented averages close to 1000 ppm F−, and the IF values ​​varied from close to 500 ppm to more than 1000 ppm F. In dentifrices whose formulation contained calcium carbonate associated with silica or other formulations such as sodium bicarbonate, the TF, TSF, and IF values were all above 1000 ppm F. The evaluated dentifrices generally showed TF concentrations lower than those declared on the packaging; however, the TSF content remained close to 1000 ppm F. It can be concluded that the analyzed dentifrices with antimicrobial molecules showed values ​​close to those suggested regarding anti-caries effect.

PURPOSE To determine the efficacy of various finishing and polishing techniques on the surface roughness of two computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials, lithium disilicate (IPS e.max), lithium disilicate reinforced with lithium aluminosilicate (Straumann® n!ce™), and a stackable low-fusing nanofluorapatite glass ceramic (Ceram). MATERIALS AND METHODS Flat specimens (n = 12) per treatment group were fabricated 2 mm thick, 15 mm in length, and 12mm in width. Samples were either glazed or polished. Glazing was accomplished with either Ivoclar IPS e.max CAD crystall glaze spray or IPS e.max Ceram glaze paste, according to manufacturer instructions. Three different polishing systems were tested: Brasseler Dialite HP, Ivoclar OptraFine, and Komet LD/ZR. Polishing was performed using a Kavo adjustable slow speed electric contra-angle handpiece mounted to an oscillating Toothbrush Dentifrice Assessment Instrument. Surface roughness data was collected using a benchtop stylus profilometer and analyzed for statistical significance using two-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). Representative scanning electron micrograph images were generated for all samples. RESULTS Overall there was no significant difference in Ra when comparing types of ceramic (p = 0.9315, F = 0.071). However, there was a statistically significant difference when comparing groups of finishing treatments (p < 0.001, F = 113.5) and also when comparing finishing treatment with ceramic type (p < 0.001, F = 11.13). No significant difference was found with IPS e.max CAD crystall glaze spray on Straumann® n!ce™ versus IPS e.max Ceram glaze paste on IPS e.max Ceram (p = 0.8745) or IPS e.max CAD crystall glaze spray on IPS e.max versus IPS e.max Ceram glaze paste on IPS e.max Ceram (p = 0.3373). Significant differences in Ra of Straumann® n!ce™ were found when comparing Brasseler with Ivoclar (p = 0.0014) and Ivoclar with Komet (p = 0.047). No significant difference was observed between Brasseler and Komet (p = 0.8099). CONCLUSIONS It appears that the degree of surface roughness depends upon the specific finishing system and ceramic combination used. Straumann® n!ce™ is more efficiently polished using Brasseler Dialite HP or Komet LD/ZR polishing systems. Ivoclar crystal glaze spray was found to be equally as effective on Straumann® n!ce™ and IPS e.max as IPS e.max Ceram glaze paste on IPS e.max Ceram.

Aim: Teeth are constantly going through cycles of demineralization and remineralization. The ultimate goal of clinical intervention is the preservation of tooth structure and the prevention of lesion progression to the point where restoration is required. Thus promoting remineralization is the ultimate goal of clinical prevention of caries lesion. The present in vitro study aimed to investigate the efficacy of GC Tooth Mousse (CPP-ACP) and GC Tooth Mousse Plus (CPP-ACP)F on artificial enamel caries in primary human teeth. Methods and Material: Sixty freshly extracted human primary anterior teeth were used in this study. The root portion of 60 primary anterior teeth was separated from the crown portion at the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) Teeth samples were divided into 3 Groups (n=20 each). Group 1 as a control group, Group 2 GC Tooth Mousse, and Group 3 Tooth Mousse Plus containing dentifrices were used. Samples were subjected to 10 days of pH cycling protocol. The changes were analyzed using Vickers Hardness Testing Machine and SEM. Pre and post groups were compared by paired t-test. Independent groups were compared by one-way analysis of variance. Result: Micro-morphological observations of the enamel surfaces with SEM : Group 1 the enamel scanning showed shallow depressions and fine porosities within these depressions, Group 2 showed numerous granular particles and amorphous crystals which were arranged on the enamel surface. Smooth, homogeneous surface, and no irregularities were seen in Group 3. Surface Microhardness Evaluation After treatment, the mean hardness Group III was the highest followed by Group II and Group I (i.e. Group I < Group II < Group III). Conclusion: GC Tooth Mousse Plus showed a statistically significant amount of remineralization.

Fluoridated dentifrices are considered as an effective method for preventing dental caries. Nano-hydroxyapatite crystals which have remineralizing potential can be combined with herbs with antimicrobial activity and used as a dentifrice without any risks like cytotoxicity and adverse effects. Nano-hydroxyapatite crystals are formulated by wet chemical precipitation method and tested using X-ray diffractometer. An herbal dentifrice is formulated from extract of Salvadora persica to which Nano-hydroxyapatite crystals are added. A 3x3mm wide window has been created in 14 extracted first premolars which are then processed through a pH cycling for 7 days. The depth of the lesion is assessed using a confocal microscope. The difference in mean depth of the lesion between test dentifrice (Herbal dentifrice with Hydroxyapatite) (240.33.± 23.47) and fluoride dentifrice (272.75±29.38) was found to be statistically significant. Herbal dentifrice with Hydroxyapatite group mean depth of the lesion was 763.13+66.18 before and 240.33+23.48 after the remineralization cycle. In the Fluoride dentifrice group the mean depth of the lesion is 763.14±66.18 before and 272.55+29.38 after the pH cycle. Herbal dentifrice incorporated with hydroxyapatite had higher remineralizing potential compared to a fluoride dentifrice.

Bacterial plaque control is critical in maintenance of oral health because dental plaque is the primary etiological factor for both caries and periodontal disease. Toothbrush and dentifrices play an integral part in accomplishing plaque removal. The aim of the study was to assess the enamel surface abrasion caused by three different dentifrices using automated brushing simulator and profilometer. A total of 24 samples (N=24) which are extracted for orthodontic purposes were divided into three groups based on the dentifrices used. They are Group 1-Colgate Swarnavedsakthi (n=8), Group 2-Dabur Herbal(n=8),Group 3-Ayush(n=8). Samples were subjected to take pre profilometric readings and brushing was done by an automated brushing simulator. A Laser 3D profilometer was used to detect the wear in the enamel surface. Pre and Post profilometric readings were compared. Statistically significant differences (p

Dental caries is a multi-factorial disease .Various chemically derived antimicrobial agents are incorporated to dentifrices to curb cariogenic microorganisms. There has been renewed interest in naturally occurring products in recent years, the side effects encountered with the use of synthetic formulations led to the surge for novel alternatives. To compare the efficacy of herbal dentifrices on oral microflora using antibiotic susceptibility tests. Two strains of microorganisms- Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans were taken and incubated in Mutans media, Sabouraud Dextrose agar respectively. Different dilutions (1:5, 1:10, 1:15) of several brands of toothpastes with different compositions were made. Sterile discs were incorporated with equal amounts of prepared toothpaste formulations. Then these discs were placed equidistant to each other followed by plates were incubated for 24 hours. Zone of inhibition is found to be higher in Ayush (30 mm), followed by Dant kanti, Colgate vedshakti, Meswak, Dantajeevan and Dabur red showing inhibition zones of 26 mm, 24 mm, 17 mm and 14 mm respectively. Results show that herbal toothpaste formulations were effective in controlling the oral microflora. The antimicrobial properties of the six dentifrices concluded that almost all the commercially available herbal dentifrices had antimicrobial activity to some extent.

Objective This randomized clinical trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of a blue-covarine whitening toothpaste on tooth bleaching. Subjects and methods Seventy-five subjects with shade mean C1 or darker were randomized into three groups (n = 25): CT-conventional toothpaste, WT-whitening toothpaste, and CP10-10% carbamide peroxide. Subjects from CT and WT brushed their teeth twice/day for 2 weeks. CP10 used bleaching gel for 4 hours/night for 2 weeks. Tooth shade and CIELab parameters were measured at baseline, after the first application, 2- and 4-week. ΔE*ab and ΔE00 were calculated. Subjects' perception about tooth color appearance, tooth sensitivity (TS), and gingival irritation (GI) were also assessed. Results At all evaluation periods, it was not observed differences between WT and CT considering tooth shade (P > 0.7) or CIELab parameters (P > 0.3). At 2- and 4-week, ΔE*ab and ΔE00 were higher for CP10 than WT or CT (P = 0.001). WT and CT reported major dissatisfaction with tooth color appearance than CP10 (P = 0.001). At 1- and 2-week, WT experienced GI and TS similar to CT, both lower than CP10 (P Conclusion There were no significant differences in the whitening efficacy between whitening and conventional toothpastes. Neither of the dentifrices was as effective as at-home bleaching. Clinical significance The silica-based toothpaste containing blue covarine evaluated in this study did not give significant tooth whitening benefits over 2 weeks of use.

Aim: This in vivo study was designed to compare the antimicrobial effect of toothpastes containing probiotics and neem on Streptococcus mutans in 18–30-year-old patients in Melmaruvathur population. Materials and Methods: The study consisted of 60 patients who were randomly divided into two groups of 30 each. Group I received probiotic-based toothpaste (PerioBiotic), whereas Group II received neem-based toothpaste (Babool) as a preventive measure protocols to control the incidence and prevalence of dental caries. Study Design Protocols: Participants were instructed to use the dentifrice selected for the study, two times a day for 60 days. Tests were performed on the saliva samples at the beginning of the study, 0 day, 15th day, 30th day, and 60th day following the use of toothpaste. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS-25) software, version, and Chi-square and one-way analysis of variance were used for data analysis. Results: The toothpastes containing neem and probiotics as primary ingredients were efficient in reducing the number of bacterial count when comparing the baseline data with the 60 days data in both the groups as a therapeutic regimen. Intragroup values showed reduction in the number of bacterial count in both the groups in a gradual manner, whereas the intergroup values between the toothpaste showed no statistically significant difference in the bacterial count, and both toothpastes were efficient in reducing the bacterial count. Conclusion: This study reveals the influence of probiotics and neem on salivary S. mutans levels. The results revealed that neem-based and probiotic-based toothpaste, which were tested in this study, showed comparable antibacterial activity against the S. mutans. The neem-based toothpaste showed promising and good antimicrobial activity and reduced the level of bacterial count, which can be attributed to the presence of secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, lectins, and polyphenols, as its active components. The effect of each component against the S. mutans needs to be quantified in further studies, and within the limitation of this short study, it can be considered as a better choice than commercially available toothpaste, which predominantly has chemicals as active ingredients, which in turn can compromise the safety aspects in the patients when used for controlling the dental caries for a longer duration.

Background: Dentinal hypersensitivity is a one of the leading dental problems and herbal based formulations have been in use recently for the same. Objective: This study was conducted for the evaluation of the safety and efficacy of a novel herbal toothpaste in reduction of dentinal hypersensitivity in vivo. Materials and Methods: A total of12 subjects were randomly taken into consideration as a single group. Brushing instructions were given for 7 days use of toothpaste to all subjects. Sensitivity scores for tactile, air stimulus and cold water were recorded at baseline, 3rd and 7th day for the study subjects. Results: There was a significant reduction seen in the clinical parameters evaluated in all subjects at the end of the period of use of the toothpaste compared to baseline. Conclusion: The novel herbal dentifrice can be recommended for treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity. Keywords: Dentinal, Herbal dentifrice, Hypersensitivity.

Introduction: Oral cavity harbors wide variety of microorganisms; these are considered crucial for the dental caries initiation and progression. Plaque-induced caries is a local disease; therefore, dentifrices are the most ideal vehicle for the daily delivery of antibacterial agents. In recent years, adjuncts to fluorides such as probiotics chlorhexidine have been proposed to in view of antiplaque and anticariogenic properties by means of reduction of bacterial count. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the anticariogenic activity and improvement in the oral health status of participants over a period of 45 days. Materials and Methods: A single blinded, parallel group, randomized controlled clinical study was conducted among healthy adults. Thirty individuals were randomly allocated to two groups (n = 15): Group I – probiotic dentifrice (test group) Group II – no intervention (control group) Saliva samples were evaluated for Streptococcus mutans colony forming unit (CFU/ml of saliva) at baseline, 15th, 30th, 45th day of follow-up. Paired t-test and one-way. ANOVA were used to compare the mean differences of salivary S. mutans counts at the three time periods. Results: The mean S. mutans counts in saliva samples were significantly reduced in the treatment group at the 45th day of follow-up. Conclusion: The test group exhibited antimicrobial activity by bringing about a significant reduction in the mean S. mutans colony counts at the 30th day & 45th day of follow-up. Keywords: Probiotic, Streptococcus mutans, Dentifrice.

Dentinal hypersensitivity has been defined as a short, sharp pain arising from exposed dentine in response to stimuli thermal, evaporative, tactile, chemical or osmotic and which cannot be ascribed to any other form of dental defect or pathology. This is a common clinical condition which may cause patients more distress due to exposure of dentin. There are various management options for this clinical condition which can be either home applied or in office techniques. Various dentifrices are commercially available in the market. The chemical compositions of the dentifrices are different. We conducted this study to compare the effectiveness of a potassium nitrate containing dentifrice and a Novamin based dentifrice in relieving dentinal hypersensitivity. The patients were divided into two experimental groups; group 1-potassium nitrate containing dentifrice and group 2-Novamin containing dentifrice. The sensitivity score was analyzed by using a verbal rating scale at baseline, at three weeks and at six weeks after using the dentifrices. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 17. Chi-square test showed that there was no significant difference between the effectiveness and efficacy of the two dentifrices. The results were highly significant (p

AIM To evaluate the efficacy of adjunctive therapies in reducing gingivitis and plaque by means of a systematic review of randomized clinical trials (RCTs). MATERIAL AND METHODS A search protocol was designed to identify 6-month RCTs that investigated the efficacy of adjuncts to mechanical plaque control on gingivitis and plaque. Following screening, relevant information was extracted, and quality and potential risk of bias were estimated. Mean treatment differences were calculated to obtain standardized mean differences and weighted mean differences (SMD and WMD) as appropriate. RESULTS Meta-analyses included 70 studies of adjunctive antiseptics. Compared with mechanical plaque control alone, adjuncts yielded statistically significant reductions in gingival index (n = 72; SMD = -1.268; 95% CI [-1.489; -1.047]; p

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:42:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 Objective: This study evaluated the effects of calcium gluconate (CaGlu), sodium fluoride (NaF), sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP), and NaF/TMP added to a 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) bleaching gel for the reduction in enamel demineralization in vitro, with and without the use of a fluoridated dentifrice. Design: Enamel blocks (n = 100) were obtained from bovine incisors (n = 200) after flattening and subjected to initial surface hardness (SH) analysis. The blocks were divided according to the bleaching gel (35% HP; 35% HP + 0.05% NaF; 35% HP + 0.25% TMP; 35% HP + 0.05% NaF + 0.25% TMP; 35% HP + 2% CaGlu) and were treated with ether non-fluoridated or fluoridated (1100 ppm) dentifrice. The bleaching gels were applied thrice (40 min/session) at the intervals of 7 days between each application. After 21 days, the final SH for the calculation of the percentage of SH loss (%SH) and cross-sectional hardness for the evaluation of the integrated hardness area (IH) were determined. Results: Bleaching containing HP + NaF + TMP presented lowest %SH (p < 0.001), regardless of the dentifrice used. HP + NaF + TMP bleaching gel led to lower subsurface enamel mineral loss (IH) compared to the other groups (p < 0.001), and these did not differ from each other (p > 0.05). Daily use of fluoride dentifrice led to higher IH values (p < 0.001), regardless of the bleaching gels. Conclusion: The addition of NaF/TMP to a 35% HP bleaching gel remarkably reduced the mineral loss compared to the cases of the other bleaching gels, regardless of dentifrice. Clinical relevance: The association of TMP/NaF can be used as a strategy for reducing mineral loss during the bleaching procedure, even without the daily use of fluoride dentifrice. School of Dentistry Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua José Bonifácio, 1193 Department of Dentistry University of Ribeirão Preto (UNAERP), Ribeirão Preto, Avenida Costábile Romano, 2201 School of Dentistry Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua José Bonifácio, 1193

Aim To compare efficacy of an anhydrous 0.454% w/w stannous fluoride/sodium fluoride toothpaste (Test) versus a sodium monofluorophosphate toothpaste (Negative control) and a stannous chloride/sodium fluoride toothpaste (Positive control) for dentine hypersensitivity relief after 8 weeks’ twice‐daily use. Materials and Methods In this randomized, examiner‐blind, stratified, parallel study, primary and secondary efficacy variables were mean changes in Schiff score (evaporative [air] sensitivity) and tactile threshold (Yeaple probe), respectively, from baseline to Week 8 between Test (n = 62) and Negative control (n = 62). Test and Positive control (n = 61) comparisons were exploratory objectives. Results All groups significantly improved from baseline on both dentine hypersensitivity measures (p

Emerging data have suggested that acid erosion has become an increasing clinical problem in pediatric dentistry. This study aimed to investigate the abrasive effects of two commercial toothpastes on primary enamel eroded by orange juice using an in vitro model. Thirty enamel slabs were obtained from primary teeth and then randomly assigned to three groups (n = 8) comprising two different toothpastes: G1-control-distilled water; G2-Dentifrice A (containing no fluoride); and G3-Dentifrice B (1.100 ppmF–NaF). Each slab had one half protected to provide a control side, and the other one was subjected to treatments. The slabs were submitted to daily erosive challenges (3×/day, 2 min) in concentrated orange juice (pH 3.38) associated with abrasive challenges using a tooth-brushing machine (150 brush movements for each cycle). During the experimental period, the slabs were kept in 37 °C artificial saliva, and the experiment was carried out for 5 days. The depths of the resulting eroded areas were measured by stylus profilometry. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and the Tukey–Kramer test (α = 5%). Tooth loss (µm, mean ± SD) was 2.46 ± 1.18 for G1, 3.32 ± 2.12 for G2 and 2.14 ± 1.03 for G3. Therefore, the NaF dentifrice (Dentifrice B) produced significantly less mineral loss (p = 0.04) than dentifrice A. The findings suggest that fluoride toothpaste could protect primary enamel against erosion.

Objectives To compare the effects of a stannous fluoride dentifrice and a sodium fluoride dentifrice on dentinal hypersensitivity when used with an oxalate-based regimen combining in-office and at-home treatment. Materials and methods In this single-center, randomized, controlled, double-blind, pilot clinical trial, 30 subjects were professionally treated at baseline with a 3% oxalate/potassium salt solution on up to two target teeth, then randomized 1:1 to either 0.454% stannous fluoride or 0.243% sodium fluoride overlabeled dentifrice. Both groups were given 6 sensitivity strips (3.14% potassium oxalate gel) and a soft, manual toothbrush. Subjects were permitted to apply strips on up to two teeth, up to three times per tooth, at home as desired throughout the study. Dentinal sensitivity (cold air blast challenge) was assessed at baseline, immediately after post-professional treatment, and at day 60 using the Schiff scale and a Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Results Immediately after professional oxalate treatment, the overall mean Schiff and VAS score decreased 25.6% and 22.4% from baseline, respectively (p ≤ 0.001 for both). At day 60, further reductions in both mean scores were seen in both groups. There were no significant differences between the groups at day 60. All treatments were well tolerated. Conclusions In subjects treated with oxalates for dentinal hypersensitivity, both stannous fluoride and sodium fluoride dentifrices are well tolerated, are feasible for routine use, and do not detract from the desensitizing effects of an in-office and at-home oxalate combination treatment regimen. Clinical relevance Either stannous fluoride or sodium fluoride dentifrices can be recommended to dentinal hypersensitivity patients who undergo professional oxalate treatment.

Objectives: The aim of this systematic review was to establish the adjuvant clinical effect of brushing with a dentifrice containing purported active ingredients as compared to a regular sodium fluoride dentifrice with respect to the inhibition of overnight dental plaque regrowth from studies with human participants. Methods: MEDLINE-PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched, up to June 2019. The inclusion criteria were controlled clinical trials with participants aged ≥ 18 years in good general health. Studies were included that evaluated the effect of toothbrushing with a dentifrice on the inhibition of overnight dental plaque regrowth when an active ingredient was added to the dentifrice as compared to a common sodium fluoride product. Data were extracted from the eligible studies, the risk of bias was assessed, and a meta-analysis was performed where feasible. Result: Independent screening of 213 unique papers resulted in 10 eligible publications that provided 14 comparisons. Stannous fluoride and triclosan dentifrices were found as the active ingredients. The descriptive analysis indicated that all, but two comparisons demonstrated an additional effect on the active-ingredient dentifrice. The meta-analysis supported and strengthened these findings. It showed that when plaque was scored digitally, a DiffM was −3.15(95% CI [−4.61:-1.69], P

ремінералізація, гіперчутливість, десенситизація, емаль, дентинRemineralisation agents not only strengthen enamel resistance, but also can occlude dentine tubules, reducing teeth sensitivity. This article provides an overview of various available agents used for enamel remineralisation and dentin hypersensitivity treatment. Conventional fluorides are used in the form of solutions, varnishes, foam, gels, dentifrices, showing low remineralising and desensitising ability as compared to newer fluoride-content products. Deep fluoridation is an effective method for reducing dentin hypersensitivity for a long time; its remineralising potential is used for white spot lesions treatment, caries prevention, and fissure sealing. Most novel fluoride compounds showed higher remineralising and desensitising abilities as compared to conventional fluorides. Deep penetration fluoridation is an effective method for remineralisation and reducing dentin hypersensitivity in long time. Despite of the fact that calcium phosphate systems have demonstrated a benefit over conventional fluorides in remineralisation their desensitising ability was not confirmed by various studies. The use of bioactive glass in remineralisation and desensitisation is quite promising, but further researches need to be undertaken to prove its efficacy. «Curodont» and synthetic nanohydroxyapatite from biomimetic systems showed good results in the above-mentioned treatments, but more researches are required to confirm their clinical efficacy. There is no doubt that iontophoresis with calcium and fluoride substances is still the most effective method in the office remineralisation, however, its potential effect in desensitisation has to be better evaluated. Efficacy of different kinds of lasers alone or in combination with a remineralisation agent has been confirmed mostly in vitro studies, therefore, there is a lack of clinical trials to prove their benefit. In latter studies, dentin sealants and desensitisers occluded dentin tubules were superior to conventional fluorides and synthetic nanohydroxyapatites. Simultaneously, the data about calcium phosphate and deep penetration fluoridation efficacy over such desensitisers as dentin sealants and nerve sensitivity inhibitors are controversial and indicate that additional studies are required to deepen our knowledge of the insufficiently explored area of reducing dentin hypesensitivity. In spite of the new advances, the ideal treatment modality for remineralisation does not exist. Within last decades, dentistry has made significant steps towards the elusive goal of enamel remineralisation and dentin desensitisation, but more long-term сlinical controlled studies are needed to confirm and quantify these findings, as well as to identify additional factors that can potentiate these processes.

Clinical Relevance Charcoal based-powders are not effective for dental bleaching. SUMMARY Charcoal-based dentifrices for dental whitening are a novelty in the market. Manufacturers claim that such charcoal-based products have whitening, remineralization, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties of charcoal in such products. However, there is no substantial scientific evidence for these claims. This laboratory randomized study was designed to evaluate the whitening properties of a charcoal-based toothpowder. A total of 45 bovine dental enamel discs were randomly distributed into three groups (n=15): group 1, mechanical brushing with a 1450-ppm F toothpaste (control group); group 2, mechanical brushing with an activated charcoal-based powder; group 3, bleaching per the standard protocol using 10% carbamide peroxide. The surface roughness and color of each specimen were analyzed at baseline and after 14 days of experiment. The surface of one randomly selected specimen from each group was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare groups at a significance level of 5%. Only group 3 promoted a statistically significant effect on ΔE compared with groups 1 and 2 (p0.05). SEM revealed a more irregular surface in group 1 specimens compared with group 2 and 3 specimens. The charcoal-based powder did not seem to have any bleaching effect.

Objectives: Treating white spot lesions (WSL) to create a sound and esthetically pleasing enamel surface is a question yet to be fully answered. The objective of this randomized controlled trial was to measure and compare the degree of regression of WSL during orthodontic treatment achieved by using three commercially available materials. Methods: A single-blinded randomized prospective clinical trial, comprising 80 patients categorized into four groups (one control group and three experimental groups, with 20 subjects per group) using block randomization, was conducted. Group A (control group): Colgate strong toothpaste; and experiments groups were Group B: GC tooth mousse, Group C: Phos-Flur mouthwash and Group D: SHY-NM. Subjects were instructed to use the designated dentifrice/mouthwash and photographs were taken at baseline, third and sixth months, and white spot lesions were reassessed in the maxillomandibular anterior teeth. Results: All the three groups had shown an improvement in WSL. But Group B has shown the greatest difference in mean values of decalcification index (DI) scores. Conclusion: All three commercially available products showed a regression of WSL over a 6-month duration. GC tooth mousse proved to be the most effective means of treating WSL over other regimens.

This study assessed the effectiveness of models for developing subsurface caries lesions in vitro and verified mineral changes by transverse microradiography (TMR). Enamel blocks from permanent (n=5) and deciduous teeth (n=5) were submitted to lesion induction by immersion in demineralizing solutions during 96 h, followed by pH cycles of demineralization (de) and remineralization (re) for 10 days. Two de-/re solutions were tested. Demineralizing solution “A” was composed by 2.2 mM CaCl2, 2.2 mM KH2PO4, 0.05 M acetic acid, with pH 4.4 adjusted by 1 M KOH. Demineralizing solution “B” was composed by 2.2 mM CaCl2, 2.2 mM NaH2PO4, 0.05 M acetic acid and 0.25 ppmF, with pH 4.5 adjusted by 1M KOH. Solution “A” produced cavitated lesions in permanent teeth, whereas solution “B” led to subsurface lesions in deciduous teeth. Solution “B” was then tested in enamel blocks from permanent teeth (n=5) and subsurface lesions were obtained, so that solution “B” was employed for both substrates, and the blocks were treated with slurries of a fluoride dentifrice (1450 ppm F, as NaF, n=5) or a fluoride-free dentifrice (n=5). Solution “B” produced subsurface lesions in permanent and primary teeth of an average (±SD) depth of 88.4µm (±14.3) and 89.3µm (±15.8), respectively. TMR analysis demonstrated that lesions treated with fluoride-free dentifrice had significantly greater mineral loss. This study concluded that solution “B” developed subsurface lesions after pH cycling, and that mineral changes were successfully assessed by TMR. Resumo Este estudo avaliou a efetividade de modelos para o desenvolvimento de lesões de cárie subsuperficiais in vitro e verificou alterações minerais por microradiografia transversal (TMR). Blocos de esmalte de dentes permanentes (n = 5) e decíduos (n = 5) foram submetidos à indução de lesão por imersão em soluções desmineralizadoras durante 96h, seguido de ciclos de pH de desmineralização e remineralização por 10 dias. Duas soluções des-/re foram testadas. A solução desmineralizadora “A” foi composta por 2,2 mM de CaCl2, 2,2 mM de KH2PO4, 0,05 M de ácido acético, com pH de 4,4 ajustado por 1 M de KOH. A solução desmineralizadora “B” foi composta por 2,2 mM de CaCl2, 2,2 mM de NaH2PO4, 0,05 M de ácido acético e 0,25 ppmF, com pH de 4,5 ajustado por 1 M de KOH. A solução “A” produziu lesões cavitadas em dentes permanentes, enquanto a solução “B” apresentou lesões subsuperficiais em dentes decíduos. Portanto, a solução “B” foi posteriormente usada em blocos de esmalte de dentes permanentes (n = 5) e lesões subsuperficiais foram obtidas. Portanto, a solução “B” foi empregada para ambos os substratos, sendo metade deles tratada com dentifrício fluoretado e a outra metade com dentifrício livre de flúor. A solução “B” produziu lesões subsuperficiais de cárie com profundidade de 88.4µm (14.3) em dentes permanentes e com 89.3 µm (15.8) em dentes decíduos e TMR demonstrou que lesões tratadas com dentifrício sem flúor tiveram maior perda mineral. Este estudo concluiu que a solução “B” desenvolveu lesões subsuperficiais após o ciclo de pH e as alterações minerais foram avaliadas com sucesso por TMR.

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of erosive/abrasive cycles and two different levels of abrasiveness of dentifrices over enamel and dentin subjected to bleaching. Methods Enamel and dentin bovine specimens were prepared and submitted to an at-home bleaching treatment using 9.5% hydrogen peroxide gel, which was applied daily (30 min/14 days). Concomitant with bleaching, an erosive cycle was performed using citric acid (0.3%, pH 3.8, 5 mins, 3×/day), followed by immersions in artificial saliva for remineralization (30 mins). Abrasion was done with two (high and low abrasiveness) dentifrices (2×/day, 120 seconds) after the first and third erosive immersion each day. Enamel and dentin softening were assessed by microhardness and erosive tooth wear by optical profilometry. Data were submitted to repeated measures ANOVA, followed by the Tukey's test with a significance level of 5%. Results For the enamel and considering the erosive-abrasive cycle, significant differences were found between the groups tested, the bleaching, and the abrasiveness of the dentifrice tested; however, the final microhardness values were significantly lower than the initial ones. For dentin, differences were found between the eroded/abrasion and the non-eroded/abrasion groups, with the former presenting lower microhardness values compared with the latter. In addition, bleaching decreased the microhardness values only for the highly abrasive dentifrice, and the final values were lower than for the initial ones for all tested groups. Conclusion The use of high and low abrasiveness dentifrices during bleaching and concomitant with erosion/abrasion cycles is more harmful to dentin than to enamel. Clinical relevance Although bleaching is considered a conservative treatment, it can cause deleterious effects to dental hard tissue. The association of an at-home bleaching technique with erosion and high- or low- abrasive dentifrices harms dentin more than enamel.

Resumo Os dentifrícios fluoretados comercializados para crianças devem conter concentração mínima de 1000 ppm de fluoreto (F), que deve ser quimicamente solúvel para ter efeito anticárie. Portanto, determinamos as concentrações de fluoreto total (FT) e fluoreto solúvel total (FST) em dentifrícios comercializados para crianças no Brasil e no México e analisamos as regulamentações vigentes em ambos os países. Vinte e quatro marcas foram encontradas e adquiridas no Brasil (19 formuladas com NaF/SiO2, três com Na2FPO3/CaCO3 e duas com Na2FPO3/SiO2) e seis no México (todas com NaF/SiO2). As concentrações de FT e FST foram determinadas após a compra (amostras frescas), e a estabilidade do fluoreto nas formulações de Na2FPO3/CaCO3 foi verificada após 18 meses. As análises foram realizadas com eletrodo íon-específico e os resultados expressos em ppm F (mg F/kg). As concentrações de FT encontradas variaram de 476,0 a 1.385,3 ppm F e foram próximas às declaradas pelos fabricantes (500 a 1.450 ppm F). As concentrações de FT encontradas não ultrapassaram 1.500 ppm F, de acordo com as regulamentações vigentes de ambos os países. No entanto, dentifrícios com concentrações de FST inferiores a 1.000 ppm F foram encontrados tanto em dentifrício com baixa concentração (500 ppm F) formulado com NaF/SiO2 como em dentifrícios com Na2FPO3/CaCO3 frescos e envelhecidos, originalmente fabricados com 1.000-1.100 ppm de FT. Em conclusão, embora a maioria dos dentifrícios analisados apresentasse concentração de FST superior a 1.000 ppm F, as regulamentações vigentes em ambos os países permitem que produtos que não estejam de acordo com a melhor evidência disponível estejam presentes no mercado. Abstract Fluoride toothpastes market to children should contain a minimum concentration of 1000 ppm of fluoride (F), which must be chemically soluble to provide anti-caries effect. Therefore, we determined the concentrations of total fluoride (TF) and total soluble fluoride (TSF) in toothpastes marketed to children in Brazil and Mexico and analyzed the current regulations in force in both countries. Twenty-four brands were found and purchased in Brazil (19 formulated with NaF/SiO2, three with Na2FPO3/CaCO3 and two with Na2FPO3/SiO2) and six in Mexico (all with NaF/SiO2). TF and TSF concentrations were determined after the purchase (fresh samples) but fluoride stability in Na2FPO3/CaCO3-formulations was checked after 18 months. The analyses were performed with an ion-specific electrode and the results expressed in ppm F (mg F/kg). The TF concentrations found ranged from 476.0 to 1385.3 ppm F and they were close the declared by the manufactures (500 to 1450 ppm F). The TF concentrations found were not greater than 1500 ppm F, in accordance with the current regulations of both countries. However, toothpastes presenting TSF concentrations lower than 1000 ppm F were found either in low fluoride toothpaste (500 ppm F) formulated with NaF/SiO2 as in fresh and aged Na2FPO3/CaCO3-toothpastes, originally fabricated with 1000-1100 ppm of TF. In conclusion, although most toothpastes analyzed showed TSF concentration higher than 1000 ppm F, the regulations in force in both countries allow that products not in agreement with the best available evidence are available in the market.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of brushing with two whitening dentifrices (Colgate Optic White (COW) and Colgate Optic White Charcoal (COC)) on surface gloss, micro-roughness, and micro-hardness of nanostructured hybrid conventional (Z350) and bulk-fill (Tetric N Ceram bulk-fill) polymer composite. In total, 96 disk samples using two nano-hybrid composite polymers (Z350 and Tetric N Ceram Bulk-fill) were prepared. All specimens were exposed to two different dentifrices (COW and COC), resulting in four main subgroups in the study. Specimens were assessed for surface gloss, micro-roughness (Ra), and micro-hardness using standardized methodology. Means and standard deviations of properties compared using paired t-test, one-way and two-way ANOVA, and post hoc test. The presence of dentifrices did not show any significant difference in micro-hardness values of Z350 (p > 0.05), whereas micro-hardness of bulk-fill composite significantly reduced on dentifrices exposure (p ≤ 0.05). Bulk-fill polymer composite showed significant reduction in gloss after dentifrice exposure (p < 0.05), however, Z350 showed no significant loss of gloss due to dentifrices (p > 0.05). A significant increase in Ra was observed for both resin materials after exposure to dentifrices (COC and COW). Conventional resin composite (Z350) showed comparable surface hardness and gloss before and after dentifrice exposure, however, micro-roughness increased significantly due to dentifrice exposure. Bulk-fill resin (Tetric N Ceram) showed significant loss of micro-hardness and gloss and increase in micro-roughness on dentifrice exposure. Conventional nano-hybrid composite polymer showed better durability in resisting loss of surface properties compared to bulk-fill resin polymer in the present experiment.