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An interdisciplinary volume combining academic articles with thematic case studies and commentary by policy makers and practitioners, resulting in a combination of academic research and policy recommendations for timely societal impact.Medium-sized cities across Europe are increasingly and actively attracting skilled migrants. How can these cities best manage the challenges of internationalisation? That is to say: How can they attract, facilitate and integrate skilled migrants, enabling them to contribute to the regional culture and economy, while still serving their local populations and maintaining social cohesion?In this volume, we combine academic findings with policy reflections to provide a uniquely interdisciplinary guide for academics, policy makers and professionals in local governments, universities, HRM departments, for successfully co-ordinated international talent management.

What if our politics are shaped by the texture of wounds rather than the identity of selves? What possible future will have been opened up by posing that very question? I take up Eve Sedgwick’s invitation to begin with stigma “as a near-inexhaustible source of transformational energy” for a transformative queer politics and elaborate Sedgwick’s attention to spoiled identity through Hortense Spiller’s conceptualization of the flesh. The flesh substantiates the grounds for a materialist ontology that begins with stigma, the materiality of the wound, to constitute a transformative politics toward a fugitive elsewhere. Reading Sedgwick and Spillers together opens up a transformative ontological register that spans the material, affective, and fugitive. I argue that the hieroglyphics of the flesh give us knowledge of ourselves and others and the world(s) we have lived through but also invite us to transform who and what we are, how we relate, and what a world might look like where our being is not constituted by fugitive survival. I suggest that such hieroglyphics can be engaged by touching wounds understood as a haptic reading of textures impressed on our embodied being while paying attention to the lines of flight that erupt from the wound.

International audience; Public good games are at the core of many environmental challenges. In such social dilemmas, a large share of people endorse the norm of reciprocity. A growing literature complements this finding with the observation that many players exhibit a self-serving bias in reciprocation: “weak reciprocators” increase their contributions as a function of the effort level of the other players, but less than proportionally. In this paper, we build upon a growing literature on truth-telling to argue that weak reciprocity might be best conceived not as a preference, but rather as a symptom of an internal trade-off at the player level between (i) the truthful revelation of their private reciprocal preference, and (ii) the economic incentives they face (which foster free-riding). In truth-telling experiments, many players misrepresent private information when this is to their material benefit, but to a significantly lesser extent than what would be expected based on the profit-maximizing strategy. We apply this behavioral insight to strategic situations, and test whether the preference revelation properties of the classic voluntary contribution game can be improved by offering players the possibility to sign a classic truth-telling oath. Our results suggest that the honesty oath helps increase cooperation (by 33% in our experiment). Subjects under oath contribute in a way which is more consistent with (i) the contribution they expect from the other players and (ii) their normative views about the right contribution level. As a result, the distribution of social types elicited under oath differs from the one observed in the baseline: some free-riders, and many weak reciprocators, now behave as pure reciprocators.

Realizm özellikle 1930’ların sonundan 1980’lere kadar olan süreçte, akademik düzeydeki uluslararası ilişkiler çalışmalarına damgasını vuran kuram olarak göze çarpmaktadır. Temel ilkelerinin Tukidides’in Peloponez Savaşı, Machiavelli’nin başta Prens ve diğer çalışmaları ve Thomas Hobbes’un Leviathan’ına kadar dayandığı düşünülen Realizm, temelde rasyonel devleti, ulusal çıkarı ve devletler arası ilişkilerde güç odaklı bir perspektifi kullanarak uluslararası politikayı anlamlandıran bir kuram olarak tanımlanabilir. 1930 ve 1980 arası süreçte yapılan çalışmaların daha ziyade iki dünya savaşı ve Soğuk Savaş ile ilgili olduğu düşünülürse, devleti, ulusal çıkarları ve gücü merkezine alan bir kuram olarak realizmin egemenliği daha anlaşılabilir olacaktır. Bunun yanında, Türkiye’nin Millî Mücadele döneminin de yukarıda bahsedilen üç dönemden ikisinin –Birinci ve İkinci Dünya Savaşları ara dönemine denk gelmesi bakımından realist kuram terminolojisiyle değerlendirilmeye açık olduğu aşikardır. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma Millî Mücadele başkomutanı, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kurucusu ve ilk cumhurbaşkanı olan Mustafa Kemal Paşa’nın Nutuk adlı eserinde bahsetmiş olduğu dış politika olaylarını realist kuram çerçevesinde değerlendirmeye odaklanmıştır. Realism is the theory that has mainly dominated the academic studies on International Relations from the late 1930s to the 1980s. Realism, basic principles of which are thought to date back to Thucydides’ Peloponnesian War, Machiavelli’s Prince and other works, and Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan, can be defined as a theory that interprets international politics using a rational state-centred, power-oriented, national interest-oriented perspective in interstate relations. From 1930 to 1980, the studies have generally been about the First and Second World Wars and Cold War. Therefore, this kind of study makes realism’s domination more meaningful at the academic level. Besides that, the most logical way to explain the Turkish National Struggle is realist theory because Turkish National Struggle falls on the interwar period, which is the period dominated by realist studies at the academic level. In this regard, within the framework of realist theory, this study focused on evaluating foreign policy actions which Atatürk mentioned in his Great Speech (Nutuk). Publisher's Version

Assessing and shaping the effects of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) on climate change mitigation demands a concerted effort across research, policy, and industry. However, there is great uncertainty regarding how ML may affect present and future greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This is owed in part to insufficient characterization of the different mechanisms through which such emissions impacts may occur, posing difficulties in measuring and forecasting them. We therefore introduce a systematic framework for describing ML's effects on GHG emissions, comprising three categories: (A) compute-related impacts, (B) immediate impacts of applying ML, and (C) system-level impacts. Using this framework, we assess and prioritize research and data needs for impact assessment and scenario analysis, and identify important policy levers.

International audience; The recent success of deep neural network techniques in natural language processing rely heavily on the so-called distributional hypothesis. We suggest that the latter can be understood as a simplified version of the classic structuralist hypothesis, at the core of a program aiming at reconstructing grammatical structures from first principles and analysis of corpora. Then, we propose to reinterpret the structuralist program with insights from proof theory, especially associating paradigmatic relations and units with formal types defined through an appropriate notion of interaction. In this way, we intend to build original conceptual bridges between computational logic and classic structuralism, which can contribute to understanding the recent advances in NLP.

Türk toplumu ve Suriyeli mülteciler arasında toplumsal kabul ve uyum konusuna odaklanan kamuoyu çalışmaları, coğrafi yakınlıkları ve ortak dini hassasiyetlerine rağmen Türk toplumunun Suriyeliler’i kültürel olarak uzak ve farklı gördüklerini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışma, Suriyeli mültecilerin ülke gündeminde oldukları dönemlere dönerek, o dönemin haber fotoğraflarında nasıl temsil edildiklerini, fotoğraflarda nasıl bir “Suriyeli mülteci” kimliği inşa edildiğini ve bu temsillerin Türkler ve Suriyeliler arasında kültürel farklılık ve uzaklık algısını nasıl beslemiş olabileceklerini sorgulamaktadır. Suriyeli nüfusun Türkiye’de en fazla artış gösterdiği 2014 ve 2015 yıllarında beş günlük gazetede yayınlanan Suriyeli mülteci fotoğrafları içerik analizi yöntemi ile incelenmiş, fotoğraflarda Suriyeliler’e dair hangi anlamların üretildiği belirlenmiş, biz-onlar ayrımının nasıl ve hangi temsil pratikleri ile inşa edildiği gözlemlenmiş ve bu temsillerin toplumsal kabule yönelik olası etkileri tartışılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, gazete temsillerinde Suriyeli mültecilere karşı önyargılı bir temsil biçiminin açık bir şekilde kullanılmadığı, ancak bazı temsil pratikleri ile daha örtülü şekillerde Suriyeliler’in toplumdan (bizden) farklı, uzak ve yabancı bir grup olarak inşa edildiği savunulmaktadır. Bu temsil biçimi, üç buçuk milyonun üzerinde Suriyeli nüfusa sahip Türkiye’de, Suriyeliler’e yönelik toplumsal kabulün oluşumuna olumsuz etki edecek niteliktedir. Toplum içerisinde barışın hâkim olabilmesi için medya temsillerinde, Suriyeli mültecilerin “görünmez” kılınan ancak “bize” benzer “sıradan” ve olumlu özelliklerinin görünür kılınması önerilmektedir. Public opinion studies, which focus on the topics of social acceptance and cohesion between Turkish society and Syrian refugees, reveal that despite geographical and religious proximities Turkish society perceives Syrians as culturally different and distant. This study looks back at the years when Syrian refugees were on the public agenda and explores the representation and the construction of “Syrian refugee” identity in the news photographs of that period and considers how these representations might have fed the perception of cultural difference between Turks and Syrians. Through a content analysis method, the research studied the Syrian refugee photographs published in five newspapers in 2014 and 2015, investigated the meanings produced in the photographs, explored the use of representational practices in constructing us-them difference, and considered their implications for social acceptance. Consequently, it is discussed that the newspapers do not use an explicitly prejudiced representational practice towards Syrian refugees; however, in more subtle ways and through the use of certain representational practices Syrians are constructed as a social group different and distant from society (us). This representation practice prevents the production of social acceptance towards Syrians in Turkey. It is suggested that for social peace, representations should aim to portray those “ordinary” and positive characteristics of Syrians which show their similarities with “us” but which are made “invisible” in representations. Publisher's Version

Kant, bir 18. yüzyıl filozofu olmasına karşın, görüşleri kendi döneminde olduğu kadar sonraki yüzyıllarda da yankı uyandırmış ve birçok kişiye ilham kaynağı olmuştur. Kant’ın ahlak felsefesi üzerinden yürüttüğü tartışmalar, onun siyaset felsefesi de dahil olmak üzere tüm felsefesinin mihverini oluşturmuştur. Kant’ın birey odaklı felsefesi, bir yandan liberal ideolojinin takipçileri arasında tartışma konusu olurken, diğer yandan da 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren sosyal demokratlar arasında tartışmalara konu olmuştur. Almanya’da Lassalle’le başlayan bu tartışmalar, Fabian Hareketi’yle sürmüş ve Bernstein’le doruk noktasına ulaşmıştır. Bu hareketler, Ortodoks Marksizmden koptukça daha etik merkezli bir noktaya evrilmiş ve adeta neo-Kantçı bir projeye dönüşmüştür. Bu dönüşümü besleyen ve sosyal demokrat revizyonizmin temellerini oluşturan tartışmaysa Bernstein ve Kautsky arasında yaşanmıştır. Kant ve Marx’ın ahlak anlayışlarını mevcut toplum üzerinden tartışan ikili, buradan sosyal demokrasiye bir gelecek planı, iktidar stratejisi ve toplum tahayyülü de çıkarmak için çabalamışlardır. Bir yandan daha muğlak bir ahlak tanımı olan Marx’ın ve dolayısıyla Marksizmin ahlak görüşleri iki tarafından yorumlanırken, diğer yandan da Kant’ın ahlak anlayışının sosyal demokrasideki rolünün ne olması gerektiği tartışılmıştır. Bu bağlamda bu çalışma, öncelikle Kantçı ve Marksist ahlak anlayışlarını karşılaştırarak birbirinden ayrıldığı noktaları gözler önüne sermiştir. İkinci olarak bu çalışmada, sosyal demokrasinin hangi alanlarda Kantçı felsefeyi takip ettiği, Lassalle, Fabiancı Hareket, Kautsky ve Bernstein’in görüşleri tartışılmıştır. The views of the eighteenth-century philosopher, Immanuel Kant, resonated in his time as well as in the following centuries and inspired several subsequent philosophers. Kant’s debates on moral philosophy formed the axis of his entire philosophy, including the praxis of his own political philosophy. While, on one hand, Kant’s individual-oriented philosophy has been the subject of discussion among the followers of liberal ideology, on the other hand, it has been the subject of discussion among social democrats since the second half of the nineteenth century. These discussions, which started with Lassalle in Germany, continued with the Fabian Movement and reached their peak with Bernstein. As these movements broke away from orthodox Marxism, they evolved into a more ethically-centered point and transformed into a neo-Kantian project. The debate that enriched this transformation and formed the basis of social democracy as an ideology and political praxis took place between Bernstein and Kautsky. The duo, who discussed Kant and Marx’s understandings of morality by focusing on the existing society, tried to instigate a plan, strategy of power, and social strategy of ruling power. On one hand, the moral views of Marx form a more ambiguous definition of morality, and thus, the wider meaning of Marxism was interpreted by the duo; on the other hand, the role of Kant’s moral understanding in social democracy was discussed. In this context, this study first compares the Kantian and Marxist understanding of ethics, revealing the points where they differ from each other. Second, in this study, areas of social democracy following the Kantian philosophy, views of Lassalle, the Fabianist Movement, and the work of Kautsky and Bernstein are discussed. Publisher's Version

As efforts towards reconciling the thought of Hannah Arendt and Theodor Adorno gained momentum in the last decade, it seems an array of essential discrepancies have been failing to receive due attention. This article aims to foreground and explore one particular philosophical difference which stands in the way of such endeavours, focussing on Adorno's and Arendt's conceptualization of nature. It is argued that while Adorno's philosophy is poised to redeem nature from the pangs of false enlightenment, Arendt's redefinition of political existence upholds not only the careful separation of politics from nature but also emphasizes the former's superiority. Revisiting a set of arguments raised by Adorno against fundamental ontology such as the questions of hypostasis and tautology, it is explored in what ways Arendt's conceptualization of nature as eternal recurrence markedly and perhaps irreconcilably differs from the normative import of Adorno's understanding, which emphasizes the concrete unity of nature with history Publisher's Version

This paper studies the representationalconstructions of the image of Syrian refugee in newspaper photographs anddiscusses the processes in which the Syrian refugee is victimized, stereotypedand depoliticized through representation. It analyses Syrian refugee photographspublished between 2011 and 2015 in five Turkish newspapers. Working withinvisual sociological and constructivist perspectives, and synthesizing contentand visual analyses, the study first dwells upon the universal “ideal victim”profile mentioned in victimology studies, then reveals that the image of Syrianrefugee is predominantly constructed as “victim” in the analyzed newspaperphotographs. The study elaborates that refugees’ victimhood is represented throughdifferent themes of suffering, which appear around the themes of poverty,displacement, the need, and loss and pain. Then the victimization of therefugee is problematized and discussed under two main arguments. The first argumentdiscusses that the prevalence of the victim discourse in Syrian refugeephotographs is achieved through the technique of stereotyping, which reproducesthe universal image of the refugee as weak and vulnerable, regardless of timeand context. The second argument discusses that victimization works as a devicefor depoliticization, which imagines the refugee only as weak and powerlessrather than a subject with political agency who produces action and results.The paper concludes that victimization and depoliticization produce a disparitybetween the lived experiences of the refugee (who has survived a war) and therepresentations of the refugee (who is a powerless war victim)., Buçalışma, gazete fotoğraflarında Suriyeli mülteci imgesinin temsil üzerindeninşasını sorgulamaktadır ve Suriyeli mülteciyi mağdurlaştırma,stereotipleştirme ve depolitize etme süreçlerini tartışmaktadır. İncelemeye,2011 ve 2015 yılları arasında beş ulusal gazetede yayınlanmış Suriyeli mülteci fotoğraflarıdâhil edilmiştir. Görsel sosyoloji ve inşacılık yaklaşımları içerisinde, içerikanalizi ve görsel analizi birleştiren çalışma, önce viktomolojiçalışmalarındaki “ideal mağdur” profilinden bahsetmekte, sonra da incelenen fotoğraflardaSuriyeli mülteci imgesinin baskın bir şekilde “mağdur” olarak inşa edilmeşekillerini ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma ayrıca mülteci mağduriyetinin acı çekmeile alakalı çeşitli temalar üzerinden temsil edildiğini saptamıştır. Bu temsiltemaları yoksulluk, yerinden edilmişlik, yardım, acı ve kayıp olarak belirlenmiştir.Çalışma daha sonra mültecinin mağdurlaştırılmasını iki argüman altında sorunsallaştırmaktave tartışmaktadır. İlki, Suriyeli mülteci temsillerinde mağduriyet söylemininhâkimiyetinin stereotipleştirme tekniği ile sağlandığını, böylece zayıf vegüçsüz mülteci imgesinin zamandan ve mekândan kopuk bir şekilde yeniden üretildiğiniaçıklamaktadır. İkinci tartışma ise mağdurlaştırmanın mülteciyi depolitizeettiğine değinmektedir, yani mağdurlaştırma ile mültecinin siyasi eylem vesonuç üretme yetisinden yoksun zayıf ve güçsüz bir subje olarak tasavvuredilmesini eleştirmektedir. Sonuç olarak, mağduriyet ve depolitizasyon,yaşanmış mülteci deneyimleri ile (hayatta kalmayı başarmış mülteci), mülteci temsilleri(güçsüz savaş mağduru) arasında tutarsızlık yaratmaktadır.

The aim of this paper is to critique the individualistic ontological premises of ‘self-directed learning’, as it has been developed in humanist education literature in the tradition of Carl Rogers. The authors suggest instead that social-transformative education and its critical social ontology serve the emancipatory promise of education better while offering the possibility to tackle the collective challenges of our time. Beginning with an analysis of Rogers’ concepts of Self, Knowledge and Society, the authors aim to show that self-directed learning fails to live up to its emancipatory promise. Instead, the paper picks up and develops on a debate in the early SDL literature between Rogers and Paulo Freire, suggesting that Freire’s ontological premises are incompatible with those of Rogers, yet better prepare students to identify and face social problems. The authors further develop this point through the cultural-historical analysis of speech of Lev Vygotsky, cementing a social understanding of the Self as the foundation of social-transformative education. The paper concludes on the implications of this analysis for educational practice.

For Hannah Arendt, authority is the shape educational responsibility assumes. In our time, authority in Arendt’s sense is under pressure. The figure of Greta Thunberg shows the failure of adult generations, taken collectively, to take responsibility for the world and present and future generations of newcomers. However, in reflecting on Arendt’s use of authority, we argue that her account of authority also requires amendments. Arendt’s situating of educational authority in-between past and future adequately captures its temporal dimension. We make explicit another, spatial, dimension: authority in-between world and earth. Arendt’s neglect of the material earth also has implications for the relational dimension of authority. Arendt’s authority depends on a dichotomy between the private (education, the child) and the public sphere (politics, the adult). This is problematic. First, we agree with Arendt’s feminist critics that the personal can be made into the site of the political. Second, we point once more to Thunberg, the child, taking the public stage, thereby contesting the division between public and private. In response, we situate the relational dimension of authority in-between private and public. The three dimensions of educational authority taken together imply that it is situated in-between domains that cannot be reduced to each other or taken as absolutes: past and future (time), world and earth (space), and the private and public sphere (relation). This brings us to our concept of ambiguous authority, which expresses the Arendtian nature of our reflections and the ways in which we seek to renew her original insights on educational authority.

Rethinking educational experience against and outside the humanist legacy

This study uses a grounded theory lite approach to investigate the changes in identity of planning and liberal arts students who studied sustainability in a problem-oriented environment. It was found that although the students expressed a moral identity in relation to the environment, that was not translated into shifting beliefs and behaviours. The authors conceptualised an identity dissonance between aspirational moral identities and implicit socialized western middle-class identities and identified an array of coping mechanisms that enabled students to maintain these conflicting identities. Where the planning students primarily utilized threat reduction, bargaining, and hope for technological salvation, the liberal arts students tended towards shifting blame, fatalism, and limited engagement. The differences between the groups were explained in terms of disciplinary orientation and the differences in the pedagogical approach. In response, the authors recommended a more comprehensive, hands-on environmental educational approach geared towards building environmental identities.

In this article I argue that the COVID-19 pandemic is an unintended artefact with emergent features. Not only is the pandemic an accidental consequence of human agency, it also a) emerges from but is not reducible to its basal features, and b) possesses the features of radical novelty, coherence, wholeness, dynamism, ostensiveness, and downwards causation.

This article outlines a novel interpretation of quantum theory: the Q-based interpretation.The core idea underlying this interpretation, recently suggested for quantum field theoriesby Drummond and Reid ([2020]), is to interpret the phase space functionQ—a transform ofthe better known Wigner function—as a proper probability distribution, roughly analogousto the probability distributionρin classical statistical mechanics.Here I motivate the Q-based interpretation, investigate whether it is empirically ad-equate, and outline some of its key conceptual features. I argue that the Q-based inter-pretation is attractive in that it promises having no measurement problem, is conceptuallyparsimonious and has the potential to apply elegantly to relativistic and field-theoretic con-texts.

Children with autism are said to lack imagination. In this article, Van Dorsten and Zernitz present the theoretical framework they developed for the research project 'Speciaal Verbeeld' and demonstrate that different definitions of imagination yield very inconsistent results when it comes to the imaginative skills of children with special needs. They show how the model can be used to map imaginative skills of children in arts education for pupils with and without special needs.

In this contribution, I trace the ways practicing judges articulate, as well as challenge, race. Drawing on an ethnography of everyday practices of adjudication and sentencing in a Dutch, lower Criminal Court, and working with Stuart Hall’s conception of articulation, I show how judges draw on three articulations of race – that of culture, the social milieu, and the phenotype – to make sense of individual cases. Emphasizing how and where these articulations of race serve local, pragmatic goals – of individualized sentencing, or of identification of the suspect – I also pay attention to their local impracticalities, that is, where these registers are challenged or resisted. In so doing, I do not only understand race as multiple but also situate race as a pragmatic and local accomplishment with its own uses and instabilities.

International audience

Many blue-collar jobs, most of which are performed by men, are likely to be displaced by automation. These workers will, therefore, need to be retrained and reskilled, many of them choosing for engineering education as mature students. This paper uses Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis to draw a complex portrait of the experience of blue-collar men studying engineering as mature students in Denmark. We found that the participants faced considerable challenges in their engineering studies: they brought baggage from a challenging youth, from family traumas and educational failures; they felt alienation and cynicism about the world and saw their own possibilities for progress thereby limited; and they experienced difficulties with the contents and the process of the engineering curriculum. However, they persisted with faith in engineering education as a gateway to a better life and a sense of social responsibility as future engineers. The study concludes that more pro-active university support systems would alleviate the difficulties faced by such students.

This chapter tackles the Control Theory of Perpetration, a German-inspired mode of participation that is applied only by the International Criminal Court (ICC). The Control Theory, developed by the German scholar Claus Roxin, provides a doctrinal apparatus for distinguishing between principal perpetrators and mere accomplices. Instead of defining the principal perpetrator as the individual who performs the actus reus of the offence, or who has the mens rea for the offence, the Control Theory states that they who control the crime are the principal perpetrator, even if that person uses another individual, or even an organization, to carry out the crime. Although much has been said of this mode of liability, this chapter considers a far broader question: whether the Control Theory as applied by today’s ICC (or by other courts that have adopted it) accords with the social reality of how atrocities are committed. In other words, this chapter does not consider whether the Control Theory is a good criminal law theory, but rather whether it could pass a criminological test..

This paper studies information changes in default justification logic with argumentation semantics. We introduce dynamic operators that combine belief revision and default theory tools to define both prioritized and non-prioritized operations of contraction, expansion and revision for justification logic-based default theories. This combination enriches both default logics and belief revision techniques. We argue that the kind of attack called “undermining” amounts to those operations that contract a knowledge base by an attacked formula.

Higher Education Institutions are increasingly aware of the urgency of the global sustainability crisis and making efforts to prepare a new generation of students to rise to the challenge. New sustainability initiatives are appearing in numerous disciplines, from introducing sustainability contents to disciplinary courses, to overhauling entire curricula with an interdisciplinary, problem-based approach to environmental issues. However, little attention has been paid to the role of assessment in education for sustainability – creating a problem where students want to engage in rethinking the world of tomorrow, but feel constrained by outdated individual, disciplinary, recall-based examinations that do not promote effective engagement. We noticed this at Erasmus University College (EUC), a liberal arts institution in The Netherlands that uses the seven-step (a.k.a. “Maastricht”) approach to problem-based learning. Our previous research showed EUC students experienced despair about sustainability issues but did not feel empowered to act on it. In response, inspired by alternative sustainability scholars Donna Haraway, Anna Tsing, Cyril Dion, Pablo Servigne, Renée Lertzman and Stephen Sterling, we developed three new forms of assessment for a bachelor PBL course called “The Climate Crisis”. Our aim was to foster three key attitudes identified by these thinkers to help us through the sustainability crisis: collaboration, (self) reflection, and imagination. In this PBL practice paper, we present the modes of assessment that we developed: firstly, a collaborative documentary filming project about climate change in the Netherlands; secondly, a reflection diary which the students use as data to write a meta-reflection essay on their journey in coming to grips with climate change; finally, a world-building essay in which students use their imagination to contemplate the rest of their lives in a warming world. We conclude on a brief assessment the impact of these new assessment methods on students through an analysis of the end-of-course evaluations.

Over the last few years, Groningen has emerged as an international city. The universities and the Gemeente have undertaken an initiative to become known not merely as a student city, but as an “international” city. To achieve this, they have planned to increase the international student population within the city (Gemeente Groningen, 2018). While trying to attain this vision, however, problems seem to have surfaced. In order to properly evaluate the complex situation Groningen finds itself in, we had to begin by defining our terms, creating a toolbox with which to analyse the city. In our investigations, we found that the idea of sustainability proposed by our sources was not clearly defined or was too narrow. Based on the existing literature, we found that sustainability could be divided into three pillars; economic, social, and, of course, environmental (Purvis, Mao & Robinson 2018). Once we had defined our terms and established what we were looking for, we began assembling relevant data regarding the city of Groningen. Utilising both qualitative and quantitative methods, we conducted interviews, collected statistics, created maps and examined existing legislation and literature pertaining to the subjects of sustainability and student cities. Finally, we evaluated the current condition of Groningen as a sustainable student city, pinpointing shortcomings, the reasons behind them, and the areas where we don’t know enough. It seems that the universities and the Gemeente hadn’t fully evaluated the capacities of Groningen to accommodate this increase of international students before their internationalisation campaign. Perhaps the largest issue that arose is the unexpected lack of integration between the international students and the local residents. This is seen as extremely unfavourable by students, making it very difficult for them to assimilate into the city and become active agents within their respective communities. Instead, a sort of bubble emerges; where internationals live together and mingle amongst themselves, only really acting as consumers within the city, departing the city after they complete their degrees, without having integrated into the city. The demands of the two separate groups which have a completely different way of being, are almost irreconcilable, with limited communication between one another augmenting their disparities. Unfortunately, the lack of social integration and insufficient planning have been the demise of each other, particularly in regards to how Groningen can sustain the influx of internationals. Some issues that have arisen as a result of this are; the shortage of student housing, the difficulty of access to the labour market for international students, a lack of student representation within the city, and the rise of dodgy practices against internationals. If these problems aren’t promptly addressed, then it seems likely that the situation will worsen. If Groningen starts building a negative reputation as a result of these issues, it could face major difficulties in continuing its ambition of becoming a truly international student city. An evaluation regarding the capacity of Groningen to accommodate international students is needed in order to determine whether or not it is sustainable. If we actively collaborate with the various stakeholders, on the basis of a concrete analysis of Groningen (in terms of the city and the University), we can set a realistic path to achieve a sustainable and well-integrated student city, where both the internationals and the long-term residents have adequate say and input within their communities, and the city as a whole.

This paper addresses one of the major confusions in the study and practice of problem-based learning today, namely the use of the term “problem-based learning” to refer to both the small-group tutorial method pioneered by McMaster University and Maastricht University in medical education, and the problem-oriented project-work method developed in Denmark at the universities of Roskilde and Aalborg, which has gained prominence in recent years in the field of engineering education. This paper offers a comparison of the models using a thematic analysis of key elements of PBL, namely the nature of problems, the role of teachers, the nature of the educational process, and the underlying principles of the method, to conclude on a discussion of the causes of the confusion taking place today, and its potential ramifications for the study and practice of PBL in the future.

The recent success of new AI techniques in natural language processing rely heavily on the so-called distributional hypothesis. We first show that the latter can be understood as a simplified version of the classic structuralist hypothesis, at the core of a program aiming at reconstructing grammatical structures from first principles and analysis of corpora. Then, we propose to reinterpret the structuralist program with insights from proof theory, especially associating paradigmatic relations and units with formal types defined through an appropriate notion of interaction. In this way, we intend to build original conceptual bridges between linear logic and classic structuralism, which can contribute to understanding the recent advances in NLP. In particular, our approach provides the means to articulate two aspects that tend to be treated separately in the literature: classification and dependency. More generally, we suggest a way to overcome the alternative between count based or predictive (statistical) methods and logical (symbolic) approaches.

That idea that problem-based learning (PBL) is more motivating that traditional education has been prevalent since the inception of PBL at McMaster University in the late 1960s. Evidencing this through empirical research, however, has proven to be a lot more problematic. This paper retraces how the discourse on motivation started from a laymen’s conception in the early days of PBL, and slowly evolved into a field of scientific inquiry in the 1980s and 1990s. However, looking at the evolution of motivation theory over the same period, we show that motivation discourse in the burgeoning literature on motivation and PBL remained largely wedded to the laymen’s approach, and failed to catch up with the new achievement-goal theory and self-determination theory approaches. This paper proceeds to analyse the explosion of studies on PBL and motivation after 2000, acknowledging efforts to move away from anecdotal accounts and provide theoretical grounding to the research. However, once again, we show that the majority of the research employed outdated motivational measures that do not fully grasp the complexity of contemporary motivation theory. The paper concludes on the observation that single-course and curriculum-wide research interventions have yielded no conclusive results on the effect of PBL on intrinsic motivation, and that future research should therefore seek to use up-to-date motivational constructs in more targeted interventions.

This paper explores the role of the arts in people's coping with (potential) place change at the coast in light of wind energy developments. In doing so, we elaborate on the effects of the arts on people's emotional connections to the landscape; the memories, beliefs, meaning and knowledge they associate with the landscape; and the expression of people's attachments through actions. We draw on 28 walking interviews and three group discussions which were conducted in Pingjum, a village along the Dutch Wadden Sea coast. A key feature in Pingjum's landscape is the Gouden Halsband, a late medieval dike surrounding the village. Recently, the area around Pingjum (including this dike) was designated as a potential location for the construction of a new windfarm. In our study, we found that the arts in Pingjum fuelled people's emotional connection to their (coastal) landscape and the Gouden Halsband, enhanced their knowledge of both and triggered them to reflect on the meanings they assign to them. In addition, the arts enhanced people's awareness and stimulated their assessment of the windfarm plans. The arts framed people's interpretation of the windfarm plans, mainly bringing potential negative impacts on the landscape to their attention. In this way, the arts encouraged action, stimulating both efforts to preserve the Gouden Halsband and protests against the proposed windfarm plans.

This article aims to contribute to the ongoing scholarly debate about the implications of andropause in the Gender Studies literature by decentring and complicating it further using the case of Turkish gay men. Aging gay men in Turkey struggle to remain young, healthy and cool' as they use their wittiness and emotional maturity towards younger men. All of these happen at the intersection of masculinity politics and homophobia within Turkish society and the profound ageism within the global gay culture. Our questions are shaped around andropause and its absence as gay men reject and disidentify with it: Is andropause a heteronormative concept? Through the active rejection of the external outcomes of aging and andropause, mid-life Turkish gay men present an idiosyncratic vantage point to explicate the relatively understudied intersection of masculinity, homosexuality and aging in the non-western contexts. Through interviews we contend that, unlike their heterosexual equivalents, mid-life gay men do not accept andropause, but instead they develop tactics to consolidate their socially capable, self-assured and well-integrated subjectivity within the fringes of the global gay culture. Looking closer at aging gay men and their multifactorial strategies provides us the chance to grasp the ubiquitous heteronormativity inscribed in the narratives of andropause. Publisher's Version

My garden is being invaded by Japanese knotweed, as are those of my neighbors and those of many people who live in other places far from its native East Asia. I keep it more or less under control by eliminating individual extrusions, but I know that I am engaged in an open-ended struggle rather than a campaign leading to possible victory. The knotweed’s root system is extensive and deep, making it nearly impossible to extirpate once it has become established. In Massachusetts, the Japanese knotweed is one of sixty-six species that have been designated “invasive” by the Massachusetts Invasive Plant Advisory Group (a nonprofit organization that works in coordination with state and federal agencies). Like the other sixty-five species on the blacklist, it has been banned for importation, propagation, and sale within the state; but given the robustness and vigor of the plant, these official sanctions seem a bit like closing the barn door after the horse has run away. The same may be true of ostensibly more draconian measures promulgated in other polities: in the United Kingdom, the discovery of Japanese knotweed on a property may reduce its assessed value, and in parts of Australia it is formally prohibited.

Media portrayals of refugees can produce prejudice toward refugees as well as understanding and acceptance. In that sense, the media have the potential to be part of the problem or part of the solution in issues of conflict and cohesion between host and refugee communities. In this critical time when the future of Syrian refugees in Turkey is being discussed, this article reviews previous research on the media’s representation of refugees, identifies the dominant representational practices and discusses their effects on the inclusion and exclusion of refugees, which may lead to social cohesion or social conflict, respectively. The main body of the article first identifies the negative effects of refugee representations, namely victimization, depoliticization, dehumanization, marginalization, homogenization and deindividualization, and explains in what ways these representations stigmatize refugees as “other” in society and produce prejudice and xenophobia toward them. The article then turns to the representation strategies used to reduce prejudice and motivate understanding in society. Here, empathizing with refugees and taking a rights-based journalism approach are identified among the media’s inclusion practices toward refugees. Overall, specifically focusing on Syrians in Turkey, the paper aims to initiate a discussion on how the media can play a role in assisting the acceptance of refugees, asylum seekers and immigrants in a new country by raising awareness about the media’s representational practices. Publisher's Version

This paper sheds light on an intellectual dispute on the purpose of problem-based learning that took place in the 1970s between two major figures in the history of PBL: Howard S Barrows from McMaster University and Henk Schmidt from Maastricht University. Using historical evidence from archive materials, oral history accounts and contemporary publications, the paper shows that at the core of the dispute was their divergent understanding of cognitive psychology. On the one hand, Barrows espoused hypothetico-deduction, and on the other, Henk Schmidt was a proponent of constructivism. The paper shows how the dispute played out both in the scientific literature and in the divergent practice of PBL at McMaster and Maastricht and continues to affect the way PBL is done today.

Article 33 of the International Criminal Court Statute allows low-ranking perpetrators to - in exceptional cases - rely on the defence of superior orders. By doing so, Article 33 might be seen as an acknowledgement that within a specific context orders to commit international crimes might not always be manifest unlawful. Article 33(2), however, restricts the possibility to rely on this defence to perpetrators of war crimes and denies perpetrators of crimes against humanity and genocide a similar defence, since according to Article 33(2), such orders are considered always to be manifestly unlawful. This contribution questions whether such a distinction should be made. Many low-ranking perpetrators involved in such crimes by following superior orders seem to genuinely believe that they were doing the 'right thing'. This article seeks to explain how these perpetrators might have come to such a belief, and the challenge this might represent to the core principles which underpin the concept of individual criminal responsibility.

The value of ‘the arts’ in community development is increasingly being recognized. This paper contributes to emerging insights on the various impacts of the arts on communities by highlighting when and how they can have binding and dividing effects on a community. We draw on a participatory research project conducted in Pingjum, a village in the Netherlands that hosts many cultural activities and in which many artists live. We discuss how the arts in Pingjum influence the community in the village. In our discussion, we pay attention to the sense of community that the arts generate, the meeting opportunities they provide and how the community is engaged by some artists. Our study shows that the influence of the arts is context-dependent, with the arts having both binding and dividing effects on the community in Pingjum. In terms of the value of the arts for community development, we emphasize three key issues: that the arts (i) do not have only advantages for a community; (ii) do not engage the entire community; and (iii) could potentially contribute to community fragmentation. Given these issues, we argue that the arts should be considered as one of several supportive means in community development processes. Ideally, they are integrated into a wider community development strategy and planning, and exist alongside other associations and activities in a community. In this way, the arts can contribute to the robustness of a community and assist it in developing the capacity and resources to flourish.

In this qualitative study we explore the experienced impact of studentification on ageing-in-place (i.e., ageing in one’s own home and neighbourhood for as long as possible). Studentification, which refers to concentrations of students in residential neighbourhoods, has been associated with deteriorating community cohesion by several authors. This can negatively affect existing neighbourhood support structures. In examining this topic, we draw on in-depth interviews with 23 independently living older adults (65+) which were conducted in a studentified urban neighbourhood in the Netherlands. Our results show how the influx of students in the neighbourhood negatively affected older adults’ feelings of residential comfort. In spite of this, none of the participants expressed the desire to move; they experienced a sense of familiarity and valued the proximity of shops, public transport and health services, which allowed them to live independently. To retain a sense of residential mastery, our participants dealt with negative impacts of studentification, at least in part, by drawing on accommodative coping strategies that weigh in broader experiences of physical and social neighbourhood change. In doing so, they rationalised and reassessed their negative experiences resulting from studentification. We discuss the implications of our findings for the development of age-friendly neighbourhoods.

In this article, we draw on a survey conducted with elite upcoming lawyers from all around the world to shed new light on the ethical acceptability of file sharing practices. Although file sharing is typically illegal, our findings show that lawyers overwhelmingly perceive it as an acceptable social practice. The main criterion used by lawyers to decide on the ethical acceptability of file sharing is whether or not the infringer derives any monetary benefits from it. Further, our findings show that lawyers in the public sector (including judiciary and academia) are even more tolerant of online copyright infringement than those in the private sector. Interestingly, our data suggests that this is largely the result of self-selection: lawyers who lean more on the side of broad disclosure and social sharing tend to orient themselves toward the public sector. Implications for the current state of the debate on the reform of copyright law are discussed. ISSN:1087-6537 ISSN:0197-2243

This chapter proposes an intellectual history of the origins and development of PBL, with a particular focus on the early years of the founding programs of McMaster University Medical School in Canada and Maastricht University in the Netherlands. Some of the key intellectual and historical antecedents of PBL, such as the ideas of John Dewey and the Harvard Case Method, will be discussed, after which a historical account of the development of PBL will be given. Finally, contemporary parallel developments in problem-oriented education in other fields will be contrasted with the models we have discussed to provide a point of historical reference for PBL.