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Redox biocatalysis has come to the forefront because of its excellent catalytic efficiency, stereoselectivity, and environmental benignity. The green and sustainable biotransformation can be driven by photoelectrochemical (PEC) platforms where redox biocatalysis is coupled with photoelectrocatalysis. The main challenge is how to transfer photoexcited electrons to (or from) the enzyme redox centers for effective biotransformation using solar energy. This review commences with a conceptual discussion of biocatalytic PEC platforms and highlights recent advances in PEC-based biotransformation through cofactor regeneration or direct transfer of charge carriers to (or from) oxidoreductases on enzyme-conjugated electrodes. Finally, we address future perspectives and potential next steps in the vibrant field of biocatalytic photosynthesis.

The generation of slow surface plasmon polaritons in a single-walled carbon nanotube is investigated theoretically. A mechanism of amplification of surface plasmon polaritons is based on the direct transfer of electromagnetic energy from a drift current in the nanotube into a surface wave.

Airborne bacterial communities are subject to conditions ill-suited to microbial activity and growth. In spite of this, air is an important transfer medium for bacteria, with the bacteria in indoor air having potentially major consequences for the health of a building's occupants. A major example is the decreased diversity and altered composition of indoor airborne microbial communities as a proposed explanation for the increasing prevalence of asthma and allergies worldwide. Previous research has shown that living on a farm confers protection against development of asthma and allergies, with airborne bacteria suggested as playing a role in this protective effect. However, the composition of this beneficial microbial community has still not been identified. We sampled settled airborne dust using a passive dust sampler from Danish pig stables, associated farmers' homes, and from suburban homes (267 samples in total) and carried out quantitative PCR measurements of bacterial abundance and MiSeq sequencing of the V3-V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA genes found in these samples. Airborne bacteria had a greater diversity and were significantly more abundant in pig stables and farmers' homes than suburban homes (Wilcoxon rank sum test P < 0.05). Moreover, bacterial taxa previously suggested to contribute to a protective effect had significantly higher relative and absolute abundance in pig stables and farmers' homes than in suburban homes (ALDEx2 with P < 0.05), including Firmicutes, Peptostreptococcaceae, Prevotellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Ruminiclostridium, and Lactobacillus. Pig stables had significantly lower airborne bacterial diversity than farmers' homes, and there was no discernable direct transfer of airborne bacteria from stable to home. This study identifies differences in indoor airborne bacterial communities that may be an important component of this putative protective effect, while showing that pig stables themselves do not appear to directly contribute to the airborne bacterial communities in the homes of farmers. These findings improve our understanding of the role of airborne bacteria in the increasing prevalence of asthma and allergy.

Background: Christchurch hospital is a tertiary hospital in New Zealand supported by five general neurologists with after-hours services provided mainly by onsite non-neurology medical residents. We assessed the transferrability and impact of the Helsinki Stroke model on stroke thrombolysis door-to-needle time (DNT) in Christchurch hospital. Methods: Key components of the Helsinki Stroke model were implemented first in 2015 with introduction of patient pre-notification and thrombolysis by the computed tomography (CT) suite, followed by implementation of direct transfer to CT on ambulance stretcher in May 2017. Data from the prospective thrombolysis registry which began in 2012 were analyzed for the impact of these interventions on median DNT. Results: Between May and December 2017, 46 patients were treated with alteplase, 25 (54%) patients were treated in-hours (08:00-17:00 non-public holiday weekdays) and 21 (46%) patients were treated after-hours. The in-hours, after-hours, and overall median (interquartile range) DNTs were 34 (28-43), 47 (38-60), and 40 (30-51) minutes. The corresponding times in 2012-2014 prior to interventions were 87 (68-106), 86 (72-116), and 87 (71-112) minutes, representing median DNT reduction of 53, 39, and 47 minutes, respectively (p-values

Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) levels in tobacco cut filler and cigarette smoke were measured in more than 1000 commercially available cigarettes sampled between 2008 and 2014. Relative contributions to their transfer from tobacco to the mainstream smoke in terms of direct transfer by distillation, pyrorelease, and pyrosynthesis were evaluated on the basis of the comparison with the transfer of nicotine from tobacco to smoke. N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) was transferred essentially by distillation, while N'-nitrosoanatabine (NAT), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-bipyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N'-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) were transferred by pyrorelease or pyrosynthesis as well. In the case of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2, the transfer of nicotine from tobacco to the aerosol was similar to that observed for cigarettes, while the % transfer of TSNAs from tobacco to THS 2.2 aerosol was 2-3 times lower than in cigarettes. This difference is due to the fact that the tobacco is heated instead of burnt resulting in a lower direct transfer by distillation and a lower if any contribution of pyrosynthesis or pyrorelease.

We live in exciting times for acute stroke care. Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is a wonderful advancement for the care of patients with stroke with large vessel occlusions (LVOs).1 Treatment decisions can now be based on individualized imaging-based analyses.2,3 But MT is still a time-dependent intervention4 that requires human expertise and infrastructure that are unevenly distributed throughout the country.5 The high-priority goal to treat every patient eligible for MT rapidly needs to be matched with the capabilities and expertise of the stroke systems of care in any given region. The challenge will be to expedite MT for all eligible patients without harming the majority of patients that do not qualify for MT and who need to be managed medically. The fervor to treat patients with MT is understandable. But a reorganization solely based on enthusiasm for the novelty of MT and its extension to selected patients within 24 hours of symptom onset will be potentially detrimental to the stroke system. There have already been calls for emergency medical services to bypass patients with suspected LVO from primary stroke centers (PSCs) to MT-capable hospitals.1 In fact, some areas of the country have already implemented bypass protocols, despite an uncertain risk/benefit ratio. Testing of this hypothesis has been proposed,6 and a trial randomizing direct transfer of patients with suspected LVO to endovascular centers versus the closest nonendovascular PSCs is already being conducted in Catalonia, Spain.7 But how will randomized clinical trials provide data that would be generalizable to various other regional settings, each with their own unique geography, infrastructure, expertise, and transportation challenges? The answer ultimately will depend on multiple local factors, such as distance to the different facilities, mode of transportation, human expertise, neuroimaging capabilities, and process performance. We have seen these issues …

The approximate number system (ANS) is an innate cognitive template that allows for the mental representation of approximate magnitude, and has been controversially linked to symbolic number knowledge and math ability. A series of recent studies found that an approximate arithmetic training (AAT) task that draws upon the ANS can improve math skills, which not only supports the existence of this link, but suggests it may be causal. However, no direct transfer effects to any measure of the ANS have yet been reported, calling into question the mechanisms by which math improvements may emerge. The present study investigated the effects of a 7-day AAT and successfully replicated previously reported transfer effects to math. Furthermore, our exploratory analyses provide preliminary evidence that certain ANS-related skills may also be susceptible to training. We conclude that AAT has reproducible effects on math performance, and provide avenues for future studies to further explore underlying mechanisms - specifically, the link between improvements in math and improvements in ANS skills.

It is well known that melanoma lipid metabolism is regulated by intrinsic genetic and epigenetic changes in the cancer cells. However, recent work reveals that lipid metabolism is also controlled by the tumor microenvironment through the direct transfer of lipids from adipocytes to melanoma cells.

The mobility and bioavailability of Cu in soils depend on the chemical Cu forms and are strongly influenced by water-induced changes in soil redox conditions. We chose an experimental approach by flooding a carbonatic floodplain soil and incubating it in a glovebox for 35 days. We used a five-step sequential chemical extraction to characterize the changes in chemical partitioning (F1–F5; NH 4 NO 3 -extractable, NaOAc-extractable, NH 4 Ox-extractable, hot H 2 O 2 /NH 4 OAc-extractable and residual fractions, respectively) of Cu and δ 65 Cu values in the soil during the 35 days. After flooding, Cu concentrations decreased in F1–F3 and increased in F4–F5. Overall, 73% of the total Cu was redistributed among the five studied fractions. Before flooding (Day 0), δ 65 Cu values in F1–F4 followed the estimated bonding strengths of Cu in the respective fractions, indicating equilibrium distribution of Cu at the beginning of the experiment. The total variation in δ 65 Cu values among F1–F5 changed strongly from 0.83 ± 0.18‰ on Day 0 to a maximum of 2.18 ± 0.17‰ on Day 7. This change indicates the reduction of Cu 2 + to Cu + or Cu 0 after flooding. The strongest variations in δ 65 Cu values occurred in F3 (0.09 ± 0.07‰ to 1.43 ± 0.13‰) and F4 (− 0.24 ± 0.07‰ to 0.55 ± 0.07‰), while flooding had no or small effects on the δ 65 Cu values of F1, F2 and F5. Our results suggest a direct transfer of Cu from F3 to F4 because both concentration changes and changes in δ 65 Cu values were balanced between the two fractions. The responses of Cu partitioning and δ 65 Cu values to flooding are in line with the formation of Cu x S or other reduced Cu species and reduction of Cu associated to Fe (oxyhydr)oxides. Our results emphasize the strong influence of redox conditions on Cu partitioning in soils and indicate a reduction in Cu availability under anoxic redox conditions.

The O-difluoromethylation of 1,3-diones with S-difluoromethyl sulfonium salt is described. The sulfonium salt was previously believed to be a direct difluoromethylation reagent, but our mechanistic investigation reveals that the O-difluoromethylation reaction proceeds not only via the direct transfer of the CF2H group, but also via a difluorocarbene process. This work represents the first protocol for mild O-difluoromethylation of acyclic 1,3-diones.

The aim of this work was to determine the validity of the direct transfer of the recommendations of the ICRP on the nominal risk coefficients and tissue weighting factors in a future revision of the national Radiation Safety Standards (NRB). The article compares the background age and sex distribution, and morbidity and mortality rates of the nominal population, the ICRP used to develop the latest fundamental recommendations, with appropriate indicators for the populations of Russia and Japan as the main source of data for assessment of radiogenic risk in the second half of the last decade. It is revealed that the functions of survival and age-related morbidity and mortality of the Russian population, especially for males, is significantly different from the composite population, while for the Japanese population, the differences are relatively small. The estimates of radiogenic risk coefficients for cancers of various localization using calculation schemes and risk models of the ICRP Publication 103, but based on background data on incidence and mortality of the Russian population were obtained. Baseline incidence and mortality for the Russian population are worse compared to the composite population. Hence, risk coefficients for the Russian population can be taken lower than the recommended ICRP by approximately 20% for the total population and 30% for the persons of working ages. The results clearly demonstrate the inconsistency of the modern criteria of radiation protection, based almost exclusively on the account of carcinogenic effects of ionizing radiation, since it implies that radiation is more harmful for a healthier population. The results also show timeliness of issue of the choice of the calendar period for which the age-dependence of the intensity of cancer incidence and mortality from all causes are taken into account. The article justified the continuation of the discussion of the raised issues, as well as the issues of development the mathematical models used in the estimation of radiogenic risks.

Indonesian government has been launched poverty alleviation framework which consists of Four Clusters such as: Direct Transfer (BLT'); National Program for Community Empowerment (PNPMJ; Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR); and energy, housing, transportation for poor. Unfortunately, KUR hasn't reached poor and reduce the poverty significantly. It is predicted that Local Government hasn't involved structurally and formally in KUR’s implementation. The study is developed from primary and secondary data which has been conducted since 2012 in Five Provinces (Central Java, East Java, Bengkulu, Yogyakarta and Mataram). Primary data were generated by three instruments such as questionnaire (600 units which was divided into two group- KUR and non KUR), in depth interview for key persons and Focus Group Discussion which was representing stakeholder. The result shows that the roles of Local Government in KUR implementation are still limited. It can be identified as follows: being administrator for Communication for KUR, socialization in SMEs, and facilitating for KUR assistant for SMEs. One of obstacles is Local Government hasn't engaged yet on KUR syndications.

Coordination as part of the stabilization process of joints is compromised in older adults. We addressed changes in neuromuscular control and force output during a ballistic force production task influenced by different environmental dynamics. Aged participants (AP) and young participants (YP) were asked to perform a unilateral maximal leg extension against a movable sled in a reaction-time task. The task was performed in a sitting posture and involved a stable (1 degree of freedom; DoF) or an unstable (3 DoF) condition of the sled. Electromyographic and dynamometric recordings were made and analyzed using the cross-correlation-function, assessment of peak EMG-activity and peak force. Initial motor strategies (i.e. motor system adjustments in order to meet the demands of the particular task while respecting individual constraints) were assessed by analyzing total reaction times (TRT), premotor time (PMT) and electromechanical delay (EMD). The AP group showed motor control strategies governed by prolonged TRT in both conditions. However, the change of mechanical interactions (i.e. the interaction between the participant and the sled in its particular mechanical state) caused group specific motor system adjustments in PMT and EMD. Force measures showed reduced peak forces in AP accompanied by less loss of force between conditions compared to YP. Inter- and intramuscular coordination strategies differed between YP and AP reflected in changes in CCF and peak EMG values. We conclude that change in environmental dynamics is associated with specific adjustments of control properties of the motor system. These adjustments were sensitive to age and mechanical condition (1 or 3 DoF) and might contribute to declines in motor output seen in AP. However, due to the nature of the task, our results do not allow a direct transfer to situations involving whole body balance.

Fast and efficient transport of molecular cargoes along tracks or on supramolecular platforms is an important prerequisite for the development of future nanorobotic systems and assembly lines. Here, we study the diffusive transport of DNA cargo strands bound to a supramolecular DNA origami structure via an extended tether arm. For short distances (on the order of a few nanometers), transport from a start to a target site is found to be less efficient than for direct transfer without tether. For distances on the scale of the origami platform itself, however, cargo transfer mediated by a rigid tether arm occurs very fast and robust, whereas a more flexible, hinged tether is found to be considerably less efficient. Our results suggest diffusive motion on a molecular tether as a highly efficient mechanism for fast transfer of cargoes over long distances.

The distribution of mould species was examined at several points of the processing chain in a Manchego cheese plant and associated dairy farms. Geotrichum and Fusarium were the most frequent genera isolated in milk samples as well as in 1-month ripened cheeses, evidencing a direct transfer from raw milk. Conversely, the mycobiota of long-ripened cheeses consisted mainly of Penicillium species, which gained entry to the cheese through the air of ripening rooms. This study contributes to the understanding of the dynamics of fungal populations in semihard and hard cheeses, highlighting that airborne transfer from the stables could have a direct impact on their quality.

Gene therapy is defined as the direct transfer of genetic material to tissues or cells for the treatment of inherited disorders and acquired diseases. For gene delivery, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are typically combined with a delivery platform to encapsulate the gene, and promote cell uptake. Delivery technologies that have been used with MNPs contain polymeric, viral, as well as non-viral platforms. In this review, we focus on targeted gene delivery using MNPs.

Electrocatalysis as a catalytic process involving oxidation or reduction through the direct transfer of electrons is of key importance subject in various fields of chemistry and associated sciences. Heterogeneous electrocatalysis is especially important to the development of water oxidation and fuel cells catalysts. This paper presents the brief description of the electrocatalysis and the mechanism of electrochemical reactions. Different factors and their influence on electrocatalytic activity, have been discussed. Role of nanoparticles in electrocatalysis received a particular emphasis. Long-term tasks of electrocatalysis were also definied.

Introduction: The success of thrombectomy trials for acute ischemic stroke create 2 options for prehospital decision-making-(1) transport the patient to the nearest endovascular capable center (ECC) even though this may mean bypassing a closer non-ECC (mothership model): or (2) transport to nECC for intravenous thrombolysis and then transfer the patient to the nearest ECC for endovascular therapy (drip and ship model). Methods: A decision- analytical modelling study was constructed to simulate a 50-year old man with acute stroke. Input probabilities were derived from recent literature with thrombectomy data and outcomes from the HERMES. We include extensive subgroup analysis by varying each possible time interval and evaluate the two strategies under different circumstances. Multiple sensitivity analysis were performed to give the threshold values. Results: In the base case calculation , we found Mothership to be the better strategy. The results shows when time to nECC is 30 min, Mothership is the better strategy until the time to ECC exceeds 93 min, or when it takes less than 126 min to transfer patients from nECC to ECC. When the time to nECC is 90 min, Drip and Ship becomes the better strategy regardless of the additional time to ECC and the transfer time. Subsequently we assigned the time to perform IA in transferred patients as 1.5 longer than patients who are directly sent to ECC and performed further sensitivity analyses. When nECC is within 30 min away, Drip and Ship is the better strategy when it takes more than 78 min to get to ECC, regardless of the transfer time. Conclusion: We have used decision analysis, modelling based technique to address the problem of acute stroke triage from a population-based perspective. By feeding in the time to the nearest ECC and nECC, the EMS and stroke team can make the most appropriate decision on where to transfer the patient for the best outcomes based on the currently available data.

We demonstrate the direct transfer of pump vortex mode to the idler beam in a singly- resonant optical parametric oscillator, generating ultrafast vortex beam of order as high as l=3, tunable across 1109-1209 nm.

We consider unsupervised cross-lingual transfer on two tasks, viz., sentence-level argumentation mining and standard POS tagging. We combine direct transfer using bilingual embeddings with annotation projection, which projects labels across unlabeled parallel data. We do so by either merging respective source and target language datasets or alternatively by using multi-task learning. Our combination strategy considerably improves upon both direct transfer and projection with few available parallel sentences, the most realistic scenario for many low-resource target languages.

Recently, there is increasing interest in the causal relationship between attentional breadth and emotion regulation. To test this causal relationship, attentional breadth needs to be manipulated stringently. The aim of the current research was to establish whether visual attentional breadth could be manipulated through experimental training procedures. We conducted two single-session training experiments and one multiple-session training experiment, all of which contained pre- and post-training assessments to test the direct transfer effects of training on attentional breadth construed in different measures. For the first single-session training (Experiment 1), no training effects were found to transfer to the subsequent attentional breadth measures in terms of global–local processing preference. For the second single-session training (Experiment 2) and the 5-day training (Experiment 3) which combined both trainings from Experiment 1 and 2, there were some indications that attentional breadth can be decreased, but there was no evidence that it could be increased neither in terms of global–local processing preference nor in terms of scope of visual perception. Bayesian analysis confirmed the null hypothesis of no increase in attentional breadth through delivery of these training procedures. Therefore, our findings do not support the hypothesis that training variants of the Global–Local attentional breadth task or of the visuospatial attentional breadth task can stably alter attentional breadth in healthy students. Possible explanations and implications are discussed.

The university-spin off company is a specific but rather effective tool for the direct transfer of knowledge and new technology from academia into business. However, this seems to be still a not very common phenomenon in many European countries. The paper aims to compare the characteristics of universities in European countries based on empirical data for 2465 higher education institutions in Europe retrieved from European Tertiary Education Register database. We examined factors that could have a potential effect on the creation of university spin-off companies in Europe. In order to find these factors we applied logit and probit regression analysis. Our results strongly suggest that those universities which are neither strongly focused on a few fields of research, nor very broad in their focus are mostly less active in creating the university spin-off companies. The intensity of PhD study, the share of tuition fees as well as a number of foreign students seem to be factors affecting university spin-off activities. This work is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

We present a novel learning-based framework for face reenactment. The proposed method, known as ReenactGAN, is capable of transferring facial movements and expressions from an arbitrary person’s monocular video input to a target person’s video. Instead of performing a direct transfer in the pixel space, which could result in structural artifacts, we first map the source face onto a boundary latent space. A transformer is subsequently used to adapt the source face’s boundary to the target’s boundary. Finally, a target-specific decoder is used to generate the reenacted target face. Thanks to the effective and reliable boundary-based transfer, our method can perform photo-realistic face reenactment. In addition, ReenactGAN is appealing in that the whole reenactment process is purely feed-forward, and thus the reenactment process can run in real-time (30 FPS on one GTX 1080 GPU). Dataset and model are publicly available on our project page (Project Page: https://wywu.github.io/projects/ReenactGAN/ReenactGAN.html).

Individual micro- and nanostructures of metal oxides are known to be highly sensitive to surface phenomena due to their enhanced surface-to-volume ratio. In this work, an individual Bi2O3-functionalized ZnO microwire (Bi2O3/ZnO MW) with a diameter of ~2.2 μm was integrated into a sensing device using its direct transfer and placement in a focused ion beam (FIB)/scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipment. The fabricated device was exposed to H2 gas at room temperature showing a detectable response. The gas response to 1000 ppm is ~28%.

Dermatophytes cause human infections limited to keratinised tissues. We showed that the direct transfer method allows reliable identification of non-dermatophytes mould and yeast by MALDI-TOF/MS. We aimed at assessing whether the direct transfer method can be used for dermatophytes and whether an own mass spectra library would be superior to the Bruker library. We used the Bruker Biotyper to build a dermatophyte mass spectra library and assessed its performance by 1/testing a panel of mass spectrum produced with strains genotypically identified and, 2/comparing MALDI-TOF/MS identification to morphology-based methods. Identification of dermatophytes using the Bruker library is poor. Our library provided 97% concordance between ITS sequencing and MALDI-TOF/MS analysis with a panel of 1104 spectra corresponding to 276 strains. Direct transfer method using unpolished target plates allowed proper identification of 85% of dermatophytes clinical isolates most of which were common dermatophytes. A homemade dermatophyte MSP library is a prerequisite for accurate identification of species absent in the Bruker library but it also improves identification of species already listed in the database. The direct deposit method can be used to identify the most commonly found dermatophytes such as T. rubrum and T. interdigitale/mentagrophytes by MALDI-TOF/MS.

In this work, a new multistage batch plant lot-sizing and scheduling formulation considering mixing and splitting operations at shared intermediate storage vessels is presented. The model relies on a batch-oriented general precedence representation that handles not only sequencing decisions at processing units but also intermediate storage time and capacity constraints. The proposed representation requires a predefined set of proposed batches for each product and processing stage. From these sets, selected batches are determined by the model through binary decisions. Batch integrity is not preserved but, instead, batches can be mixed/split between consecutive stages. The model includes allocation, timing, and sequencing variables and constraints similar to previous general precedence formulations. New binary variables are only added to handle material storage and transfer decisions, where both direct transfer and transfer through multiple storage vessels is supported. Besides, the general precedence sequencing binary variables are reutilized to also handle sequencing constraints at intermediate tanks. Time and capacity constraints for intermediate vessels are defined using the sequencing and material transfer binary decisions. Small/medium size examples are presented to illustrate the application of the model.

Inherent sensor variability limits mass-production applications for metal oxide (MOX) gas sensor arrays because calibration for replicas of a sensor array needs to be performed individually. Recently, calibration transfer strategies have been proposed to alleviate calibration costs of new replicas, but they still require the acquisition of transfer samples. In this work, we present calibration models that can be extended to uncalibrated replicas of sensor arrays without acquiring new samples, i.e., general or global calibration models. The developed methodology consists in including multiple replicas of a sensor array in the calibration process such that sensor variability is rejected by the general model. Our approach was tested using replicas of a MOX sensor array in the classification task of six gases and synthetic air, presented at different background humidity and concentration levels. Results showed that direct transfer of individual calibration models provides poor classification accuracy. However, we also found that general calibration models kept predictive performance when were applied directly to new copies of the sensor array. Moreover, we explored, through feature selection, whether particular combinations of sensors and operating temperatures can provide predictive performances equivalent to the calibration model with the complete array, favoring thereby the existence of more robust calibration models.

Cu and Al particles were optimized to create thin films by laser direct transfer on Si-wafer substrate with minimal measured roughness; Cu-LIFT results are especially promising at high repetition rates and minimal pulse energy.

The work presented in this paper reports on the possibility of using fine arts printmaking techniques to print images onto cement-based materials. Fine arts printmaking studio methods, such as etching, lithography, and relief, are tried on concrete plates. These methods are based on a direct transfer of matter as they use ink. For each printmaking technique, several combinations of different types of matrix, vehicle, and substrate (base-material) formulations were tested. The project involved more than 80 experiments with different printing solutions. Results demonstrated that a few techniques can be successfully used to permanently reproduce detailed photographic and drawn images onto a cement-based material substrate. With the development of this basic knowledge over the technical performance obtained with each technique, it was possible to develop a more profound artistic concept. The design of the substrate was adjusted to meet specific artistic requirements, bringing together the boundaries of art and material sciences in this multidisciplinary project.

We investigate thermal conduction in arrays of long-range interacting rotors and Fermi-Pasta-Ulam (FPU) oscillators coupled to two reservoirs at different temperatures. The strength of the interaction between two lattice sites decays as a power $\alpha$ of the inverse of their distance. We point out the necessity of distinguishing between energy flows towards/from the reservoirs and those within the system. We show that energy flow between the reservoirs occurs via a direct transfer induced by long-range couplings and a diffusive process through the chain. To this aim, we introduce a decomposition of the steady-state heat current that explicitly accounts for such direct transfer of energy between the reservoir. For $0\leq \alpha 1$, heat transport mostly occurs through diffusion along the chain: for the rotors transport is normal, while for FPU the data are compatible with an anomalous diffusion, possibly with an $\alpha$ -dependent characteristic exponent.

Graphene is a truly outstanding 2D material that holds the promise of revolutionizing the world with its many applications. All this expectation requires a high-quality graphene synthetized and transferred at large scale. Unfortunately, such industrial graphene is not currently feasible due the difficulty of the transfer even though its synthesis via chemical vapour deposition is becoming viable. Graphene is synthetized on a metal substrate, rendering graphene transfer an absolute necessity for use in electronic applications. A very recent transfer method, named direct transfer, has been proposed based on the electrochemical delamination that gives some hope in the matter. However, it is a method that still needs optimization by understanding its basis and by studying new target materials. In this sudy, the intercalation of different ions/molecules during the electrochemical delamination is discussed. According to literature, during the electrochemical delamination H2 bubbles produced at the cathode are responsible for delaminating the graphene. This work contradicts it, by saying that it is not the H2 bubbles but rather charged species of the electrolyte. A cathodic and anodic study was made, where solutions with ions that would undergo electrochemical reactions in and outside the electrochemical window (EW) of water were tested. This thesis concluded that only if the cation/anion reaction is outside the EW or that the charged species will not react that the graphene would delaminate. Sodium hydroxide is the standard electrolyte used although it originates sodium contamination in graphene but now, electrolytes such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide and chloride and tetraethylammonium hydroxide can be used instead, avoiding at last sodium contamination in graphene devices. Furthermore, this work also briefly discusses graphene adhesion to the target substrate and suggests, perhaps, hydrogen silesquioxane as target substrate due its capability of being transformed partially in SiO2 after curing and avoiding the doping caused by the previous target substrate used.

A direct transfer of plasmid pBP517 from C600 to J53 Escherichia coli K12 strains by electroporation, either by the standard method, or in the presence of 20 μg/mL of DNAse was carried out. In a standard experiment, donor and recipient bacteria were mixed and subjected to the electroporation procedure, about 2700 (range 1600-3700) recombinants were found, while no colonies were detected from non treated bacteria. When the same tests were performed at the presence of DNAse the number of recombinants fell to about 200 (range 183-218). This difference between the number of colonies found in the presence or in absence of DNAse was observed every time the tests were repeated. According to these observations, plasmid DNA has been transferred from donor to recipient cells via electroporation also when DNAse was added. Since the free genetic material is destroyed by the enzyme and recombination takes place it has been hypothesized that there must be a direct contact between the partner cells.

We thank Lederer et al for their response to our article.1 We agree that increasing lines of evidence now support the importance of fast symptoms onset to recanalization in endovascular therapy with every minute saved translating into more days of extra healthy life. Opportunities to reduce time to recanalization can be considered in the prehospital setting (with triage of appropriate patients directly to endovascular centers), in the referral setting (with efforts to reduce door-in-door-out times) and at the destination hospital. Numerous studies have demonstrated various strategies to reduce hospital arrival to groin access times including minimization of advanced imaging, parallel processing, early activation of the neurocath team, direct transfer to the neurocath laboratory, and minimization of pre- and periprocedural steps …

This paper presents a case study where a Canadian utility has implemented passive anti-islanding elements as an alternative to Direct Transfer Trip to interconnect a customer-owned generator. This acceptance was done on an exceptional basis and many challenges were faced, including characterizing analytically the performance of these protection elements, developing settings and coordinating them with customer-owned protective relays. The analytical tools developed during this case study are useful to both predict the rate of frequency change and also to determine when using these passive elements are a viable and reliable alternative to active anti-islanding protection. The operation of the system under study was verified with timedomain simulations and after one year of real life operation, this system has been shown to be stable, safe and reliable.

This paper presents a new approach of transfer learning-based medical image classification to mitigate insufficient labeled data problem in medical domain. Instead of direct transfer learning from source to small number of labeled target data, we propose a modality-bridge transfer learning which employs the bridge database in the same medical imaging acquisition modality as target database. By learning the projection function from source to bridge and from bridge to target, the domain difference between source (e.g., natural images) and target (e.g., X-ray images) can be mitigated. Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve a high classification performance even for a small number of labeled target medical images, compared to various transfer learning approaches., accepted at CISP-BMEI 2017

Telemedicine has deeply innovated the field of emergency cardiology, particularly the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. The ability to record an ECG in the early prehospital phase, thus avoiding any delay in diagnosing myocardial infarction with direct transfer to the cath-lab for primary angioplasty, has proven to significantly reduce treatment times and mortality. This consensus document aims to analyse the available evidence and organizational models based on a support by telemedicine, focusing on technical requirements, education, and legal aspects.

The use of sidelooking acoustic Doppler velocity meters (ADVMs) to estimate fluvial suspended-sediment concentrations (SSC) by the U.S. Geological Survey has become more operational in recent years; however, direct transfer of these techniques to downlooking acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) currently is not feasible. The use of ADCPs to estimate SSC has been investigated by other researchers, but the requirements and limitations of an operational method that could be successfully applied at many locations are not well defined. In order to evaluate the efficacy of using ADCPs of multiple frequencies to estimate SSC, a dataset was collected on the Missouri River at St. Charles, Missouri, in July 2016. The Missouri River dataset is being compared to similar datasets to determine: 1) what factors influence successful use of downlooking ADCPs to estimate SSC, 2) what are the minimum datasets required to develop SSC calibrations, and 3) what modifications are needed to existing methods, instruments, and software tools.

Incubators are a prominent way to support technology based start-ups. Yet, it remains unclear to what extent these incubators enhance start-up performance, nor is it known through which mechanisms this would occur. In this paper we test two mechanisms to explain the relationship between incubation and the amount of investments raised by early stage start-ups as performance measure. The ‘hit maker’ mechanism refers to beneficial effects of the direct transfer of resources and organizational or business knowledge from the incubator to the start-up. The ‘network broker’ mechanism refers to the benefits that start-ups enjoy from being connected to external funding sources through the incubator’s networks. We test which of these mechanisms contribute to the performance of early stage start-ups. Our data comes from a unique survey from 935 entrepreneurs with early-stage technology based start-ups in Western Europe and North America. We find that incubators have a positive effect on (1) the amount of funding that start-ups attract and (2) the ability of start-ups to attract funding from formal investors and banks. Moreover, our results provide evidence for the network broker mechanism, but not for the hit maker mechanism.

This study evaluated MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and a custom reference spectra expanded database for the identification of bovine-associated coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). A total of 861 CNS isolates were used in the study, covering 21 different CNS species. The majority of the isolates were previously identified by rpoB gene sequencing (n = 804) and the remainder were identified by sequencing of hsp60 (n = 56) and tuf (n = 1). The genotypic identification was considered the gold standard identification. Using a direct transfer protocol and the existing commercial database, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry showed a typeability of 96.5% (831/861) and an accuracy of 99.2% (824/831). Using a custom reference spectra expanded database, which included an additional 13 in-house created reference spectra, isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry with 99.2% (854/861) typeability and 99.4% (849/854) accuracy. Overall, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry using the direct transfer method was shown to be a highly reliable tool for the identification of bovine-associated CNS.

El artículo recoge los resultados de la evaluación de la transferencia de la formación en la Administración General del Estado con el fin de conocer los factores que en mayor medida influyen en que se produzca.Se analizaron las respuestas de 1.475 participantes en 69 cursos desarrollados por el INAP (Instituto Nacional de la Administración Pública) durante el primer semestre de 2016. Se evaluó la transferencia directa con el Cuestionario de Eficacia de la Formación (CdE; Pineda, Quesada y Ciraso 2011) y la indirecta con el cuestionario de Factores de Eficacia de la Transferencia (FET; Pineda, Quesada y Ciraso, 2013).Los resultados muestran que los factores de los participantes, del lugar de trabajo, la orientación a las necesidades del puesto y la generación de una red profesional tienen una relación positiva con la transferencia. Sin embargo la duración de la formación, el número de participantes y el número de profesores no presentan relación con la transferencia. El tiempo que el participante tarda en aplicar lo aprendido se relaciona inversamente con la transferencia.La dimensión más relevante de cara a predecir la transferencia es la orientación a las necesidades del puesto.

We demonstrate a direct transfer technique of Au thin layer onto electroplated Au surface from a surface of atomically smooth master wafer. An atomically smooth Au surface with a root mean square surface roughness of 0.6 nm could be transferred from the master wafer. We also examined its applicability to room-temperature Au-Au bonding in atmosphere. A high bonding strength of about 225 MPa was obtained.

The progress of three potential DSA applications, i.e. fin formation, via shrink, and pillars, were reviewed in this paper. For fin application, in addition to pattern quality, other important considerations such as customization and design flexibility were discussed. An electrical viachain study verified the DSA rectification effect on CD distribution by showing a tighter current distribution compared to that derived from the guiding pattern direct transfer without using DSA. Finally, a structural demonstration of pillar formation highlights the importance of pattern transfer in retaining both the CD and local CDU improvement from DSA. The learning from these three case studies can provide perspectives that may not have been considered thoroughly in the past. By including more important elements during DSA process development, the DSA maturity can be further advanced and move DSA closer to HVM adoption.

The energy requirements for direct transfer to Mercury are very high. In order to reduce the velocity impulse requirements, the concept of gravity assist is used for mercury missions. In the present work, Venus gravity assist is used to reach Mercury. The patched conic technique is used to generate the opportunities. The gravity assist opportunities are obtained using grid search as well as using heuristic algorithm-Differential Evolution. The performance of the techniques is compared and it is found that Differential Evolution finds the minimum energy opportunity very quickly. The minimum energy opportunities between 2020–30 have been generated and analysed using these two techniques. The Lambert problem, which is central to patched conic technique, is solved using Battin's Universal formulation.

ObjectiveTo evaluate direct transfer to the angiosuite protocol of patients with acute stroke, candidates for endovascular treatment (EVT).MethodsWe studied workflow metrics of all patients with stroke who had undergone EVT in the past 12 months. Patients followed three protocols: direct transfer to emergency room (DTER), CT room (DTCT) or angiosuite (DTAS, only last 6 months if admission National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score >9 and time from onset Results201 patients were included: 87 DTER (43.3%), 74 DTCT (36.8%), 40 DTAS (19.9%).Ten DTAS patients (25%) did not receive EVT: 3 (7.5%) showed intracranial hemorrhage on cone-beam CT and 7 (17.5%) did not show an occlusion on angiography. Mean door-to-puncture (D2P) time was shorter in DTAS (17±8 min) than DTCT (60±29 min; pConclusionIn a subgroup of patients direct transfer and triage in the angiosuite seems feasible, safe, and achieves significant reduction in hospital workflow times.

Direct transport of patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) to trauma centers (TCs) that can provide definitive care results in lower mortality rates. This study investigated the impact of direct versus nondirect transfers on the mortality rates of patients with sTBI.Data on patients with TBI admitted between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2013, to our Level I TC were obtained from the trauma registry. Data included patient age, sex, mechanism, and type of injury, comorbidities, Glasgow Coma Scale, Injury Severity scores, prehospital time, time to request and to transfer, time to initiation of multimodality monitoring and goal-directed therapy protocol, dwell time in the emergency department (EDT), and mortality. Data, reported in means ± standard deviation, were analyzed with the Student t-test and chi-square. Statistical significance was accepted at a P value 0.05.sTBI direct transfer to TC versus transfer from non-TCs (NTC): Of the 1187 patients with TBI admitted to our TC, 768 (64.7%) were admitted directly from the scene, whereas 419 (35.3%) were admitted after secondary transfer. One hundred seventy-one (22.2%) of the direct transfers had Glasgow Coma Scale 8 (sTBI) and 92 (21.9%) of the secondary transfers had sTBI. The transfer time: Time from scene to arrival to the EDT was significantly shorter for TC versus NTCs 43 ± 14 versus 77 ± 26 min, respectively (P 0.05). EDT dwell time before transfer and time from injury to arrival to TC were 4.2 ± 2.1 and 6.2 ± 8.3 h, respectively. Mortality: There was a statistically significant lower mortality for patients with sTBI transferred directly from the scene to TCs as opposed to patients secondarily transferred, 33/171 (19.3%) versus 33/92 (35.8%), respectively (P 0.05).To decrease TBI-related mortality, patients with suspected sTBI should be taken directly to a Level I or II TC unless they require life-saving stabilization at NTCs.