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Rapid prototyping (RP) technology has been developing very fast in the last 10 years. Some ideas concerning this technology are presented in the paper for predicting the evolution in the future. Shaping science is proposed to research for the improvement of RP process and generation of new processes. Issues including product development tool, direct metal part manufacturing, rapid tooling and RP machine design are discussed. Extension of its application in more areas will be beneficial for the advancement of RP.

Promalactis rostriformis sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 13, 23) Type material: CHINA, Hainan Province: Holotype, 3, Mt. Jianfeng (18 ° 25 ʹN, 108 ° 28 ʹE), 940 m, 6.iv. 2007, leg. Zhiwei Zhang & Weichun Li, genitalia slide No. YGX 0 7178. Paratypes: 26 3, 20 ƤƤ, 4–7.vi. 2007, other same data as holotype; 1 3, 1 Ƥ, same locality as holotype, 800–900 m, 4–5.xii. 2009, leg. Zhaohui Du & Linlin Yang; 1 3, Xinglong Town (18 ° 27 ʹN, 110 ° 7 ʹE), 100 m, 2.viii. 2008, leg. Bingbing Hu & Li Zhang; 1 3, Protection Station of Mt. Liulian (18 ° 29 ʹN, 110 ° 25 ʹE), 100 m, 23.vii. 2008, leg. Bingbing Hu & Li Zhang; 1 3, Nancha River, Mt. Bawang (19 °04ʹN, 109 °02ʹE), 600 m, 10.vi. 2007, leg. Zhiwei Zhang & Weichun Li; 3 ƤƤ, Tianchi, Mt. Jianfeng, 790–810 m, 30.iii– 2.iv. 2008, leg. Bingbing Hu & Haiyan Bai; 1 Ƥ, 11.vi. 2010, leg. Bingbing Hu & Jing Zhang; 1 Ƥ, Shuiman Country, Mt. Wuzhi (18 ° 31 ʹN, 109 ° 24 ʹE), 640 m, 21.v. 2007, leg. Zhiwei Zhang & Weichun Li; 1 Ƥ, Mt. Limu (19 °09ʹN, 109 ° 28 ʹE), 650 m, 11.iv. 2008, leg. Bingbing Hu & Haiyan Bai. Description. Imago (Fig. 1). Wingspan 7.5–10.5 mm. Head with vertex shining white, frons yellowish brown. Labial palpus with second segment dark ochreous brown on outer surface, paler on inner surface; third segment with basal half white, distal half black. Antennal scape white; flagellum with basal third white, median third white ringed with dark brown, distal third grayish black. Thorax and tegula dark ochreous brown. Forewing ochreous brown, mixed with black scales apically; markings white edged with black: narrow oblique straight fascia from costal 1 / 4 to dorsal 2 / 5; large ovate patch at about costal 3 / 4; cilia along apex white on basal 2 / 3, ochreous yellow on distal 1 / 3, along termen and tornus gray tinged with black. Hindwing and cilia gray. Tibia of midleg with a tuft of long white scales at apex. Male genitalia (Fig. 13). Uncus nearly conical, broadly rounded in basal 2 / 3, narrowed to rounded apex distally. Gnathos broad, subtriangular, narrowly rounded apically. Valva narrow, nearly parallel dorsoventrally; apex bifurcate: dorsal process spine-like, ventral process large, rostriform, bearing a small dorsoapical tooth; costa short, straight, about half length of sacculus. Sacculus slightly widened before apex. Juxta slender; lateral lobes reaching base of uncus, acute at apex. Saccus about 1.5 times length of uncus, pointed apically. Aedeagus about 1.3 times length of valva, straight, with a long sclerotized spine-like apical process; cornutus about 1 / 3 length of aedeagus. Female genitalia (Fig. 23). Apophysis anterioris about 1 / 2 length of apophysis posterioris. 8 th sternite deeply concave medially on both posterior and anterior margins. Antrum rectangular, wider than long, slightly emarginate medially on posterior margin. Ductus bursae sclerotized except for a short membranous portion near corpus bursae; sclerotized gear-like plate placed at conjunction of ductus bursae and corpus bursae. Corpus bursae ovate, sclerotized posteriorly; three rectangular signa occupying most of corpus bursae: one smooth, blunt anteriorly, two densely spined, narrowly rounded anteriorly. Diagnosis. This new species is superficially similar to P. raptitalella Lvovsky, 2000, but can be distinguished from it by having a triangular gnathos with narrowly rounded apex and a juxta with lateral lobes reaching the base of the uncus in the male genitalia, and the corpus bursae with three rectangular signa in the female genitalia. In P. raptitalella Lvovsky, the gnathos is bilobed, the lateral lobes of the juxta do not reach the base of the uncus, and the corpus bursae has a single, cruciate signum. Etymology. The species epithet is derived from the Latin rostriformis (= rostriform), referring to the shape of the ventroapical process of the valva.

Promalactis clavata sp. nov. (Figs. 6, 18) Type material. CHINA, Hainan Province: Holotype 3, Tianchi (18 �� 25 ��N, 108 �� 28 ��E), Mt. Jianfeng, 810 m, 30.iii. 2008, leg. Bingbing Hu & Haiyan Bai, genitalia slide No. YGX08067. Paratypes: 1 3, same data as holotype; 1 3, Mt. Diaoluo (18 �� 28 ��N, 109 �� 31 ��E), 940 m, 31.v. 2007, leg. Zhiwei Zhang & Weichun Li. Description. Imago (Fig. 6). Wingspan 8.5���9.5 mm. Head with vertex shining white, frons shining grayish black. Labial palpus with second segment yellow mixed with ochreous brown on outside, yellow on inside; third segment with basal 2 / 3 yellowish white, distal 1 / 3 deep ochreous brown. Antennal scape white; flagellum white ringed with black on dorsal surface, black on ventral surface. Thorax and tegula deep ochreous yellow. Forewing deep ochreous yellow; markings white edged with black: broad fascia from beyond costal 1 / 3 obliquely narrowed to 1 / 2 of dorsum; costal margin with a large oval spot at 3 / 4; cilia gray except white below apex, tinged with dark brown. Hindwing and cilia grayish brown. Tibia of midleg with a tuft of long white scales at apex. Male genitalia (Fig. 18). Uncus bell-shaped, broad at base, narrowed to 2 / 3, distal 1 / 3 finger-shaped. Gnathos thin, conical, shorter than uncus. Valva with apex concave medially, bearing a small dorsoapical spine and a large thumb-like setose ventroapical process; costa very short, about 2 / 7 length of sacculus, concave near base, projected medially, sparsely setose. Sacculus extremely long, slightly narrowed distally, with dense hairs subapically. Juxta extremely long, anterior portion club-shaped; lateral lobes narrowly banded, reaching middle of uncus, hooked at apex. Saccus elongate, about 2.5 times length of uncus, parallel sided laterally, straight on anterior margin. Aedeagus thin and straight, about 1.25 times length of valva, with a small spiniform cornutus at distal 1 / 6. Female. Unknown. Diagnosis. This species is internally and externally similar to P. rostriformis sp. nov., but can be separated from it by the male genitalia, in which the valva bears a large thumb-like setose ventroapical process, the saccus is straight on its anterior margin, the lateral lobes of the juxta extend to the middle of the uncus, and the aedeagus lacks a spiniform apical process. In P. rostriformis, the valva has a large rostriform ventroapical process, the saccus is pointed at apex, the lateral lobes of juxta extend only to the base of the uncus, and the aedeagus has a long spiniform process. Etymology. The name is derived from the Latin clavatus (= clavate), referring to the shape of the anterior portion of juxta., Published as part of Du, Zhaohui, Li, Houhun & Wang, Shuxia, 2011, Taxonomic study of the genus Promalactis Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Oecophoridae) from Hainan Province, China, pp. 49-64 in Zootaxa 3044 on pages 55-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200914

Key to species of Promalactis from Hainan Province based on external characters 1 Forewing with white markings.......................................................................... 2 - Forewing with black or deep gray markings and white lines or streak............................................ 13 2 Forewing without basal fascia or streak (fig. 12)........................................ P. multimaculella Lvovsky - Forewing with basal fascia/e or streaks.................................................................... 3 3 Forewing with two basal streaks (fig. 3)................................................. P. apicisetifera sp. nov. - Forewing with one or two basal fasciae.................................................................... 4 4 Forewing with one basal fascia........................................................................... 5 - Forewing with two basal fasciae.......................................................................... 8 5 Forewing with a black fascia from below costal patch to before tornus (Wang et al. 2009, fig. 9).... P. semantris (Meyrick) - Forewing without fascia from below costal patch to before tornus.............................................. 6 6 Forewing deep ochreous yellow (fig. 6)...................................................... P. clavata sp. nov. - Forewing ochreous brown............................................................................. 7 7 Antennal flagellum with basal third white, median third white ringed with dark brown, distal third grayish black (fig. 1)...................................................................................... P. rostriformis sp. nov. - Antennal flagellum with basal several flagellomeres white, remaining ones white ringed with dark brown on dorsal surface, dark brown on ventral surface (fig. 7)..................................................... P. lunularis sp. nov. 8 Forewing with second fascia reaching costa................................................................ 9 - Forewing with second fascia near costa.................................................................. 10 9 Forewing ochreous (fig. 4)............................................................ P. hainanensis sp. nov. - Forewing ferruginous (fig. 8)............................................................. P. c a r i n a t a sp. nov. 10 Forewing with a white apical spot........................................................................ 11 - Forewing without white apical spot..................................................................... 12 11 Forewing with apical spot divided into four small ones by dark scales (fig. 11) …................ P. jezonica (Matsumura) - Forewing with apical spot not divided (Wang 2006, Pl. 3, 45)...................................... P. simplex Wang 12 Forewing with a grayish white stripe from below costal spot to before tornus (fig. 5)............... P. tauricornis sp. nov. - Forewing without stripe from below costal spot to before tornus (fig. 2)........................ P. fascispinata sp. nov. 13 Forewing with one broad deep gray fascia from costal 2 / 3 to tornus (fig. 10).................... P. uncignatha sp. nov. - Forewing without fascia, with three large black costal patches downward crossing midwing............................ 14 14 Head with vertex and frons yellow (fig. 9).................................................... P. serrata sp. nov. - Head with vertex whitish yellow, frons shiny gray (Wang et al. 2009, fig. 2)..... P. similinfulata Wang, Kendrick & Sterling

Promalactis hainanensis sp. nov. (Figs. 4, 16, 25) Type material. CHINA, Hainan Province: Holotype 3, Mt. Bawang (19 ��04��N, 109 ��02��E), 1000 m, 9.iv. 2008, leg. Bingbing Hu & Haiyan Bai, genitalia slide No. DZH08051. Paratypes: 12 3, 3 ����, 4���9.iv. 2008, other same data as holotype; 1 3, Mt. Jianfeng (18 �� 25 ��N, 108 �� 28 ��E), 940 m, 5.vi. 2007, leg. Zhiwei Zhang & Weichun Li; 3 3, Tianchi (18 �� 25 ��N, 108 �� 28 ��E), Mt. Jianfeng, 790 m, 1.iv. 2008, leg. Bingbing Hu & Haiyan Bai, 1 3, 1 ��, 810 m, 20.iv��� 12.vi. 2010, leg. Bingbing Hu & Jing Zhang; 2 3, Mt.Yingge (19 ��01��N, 109 �� 33 ��E), 620 m, 21.vi. 2010, leg. Bingbing Hu & Jing Zhang; 1 ��, Nancha River, Mt. Bawang (19 ��04��N, 109 ��02��E), 600 m, 10.vi. 2007, leg. Zhiwei Zhang & Weichun Li. Description. Imago (Fig. 4). Wingspan 9.5���10.5 mm. Head with vertex shining white, frons shining gray. Labial palpus with second segment ochreous yellow on outer surface, basal half white and distal half yellow on inner surface; third segment with basal 2 / 3 white, distal 1 / 3 black. Antennal scape white; flagellum with basal two flagellomeres white, remaining flagellomeres white and brown on dorsal surface, dark brown on ventral surface. Thorax and tegula ochreous brown. Forewing ochreous; with two parallel-sided basal white fasciae: first fascia at base, second one extending from costal 1 / 4 to dorsal 1 / 2, both edged with black scales along inside; between two fascia deep ochreous brown, from second fascia to subapex ochreous yellow; costal margin with a rounded white spot beyond costal 2 / 3, surrounded by black scales except on costal margin; below white spot situated a large black diffusion; apex black, termen and tornus with scattered black scales; cilia yellow except gray on apex. Hindwing and cilia gray. Tibia of midleg with a tuft of yellowish-white long scales at apex. Male genitalia (Fig. 16). Uncus short and broad, slightly narrowed distally; posterior margin roundly and deeply concave at middle, forming two short lateral lobes. Gnathos slender, finger-shaped, about same length as uncus, lateral arms narrow-banded. Valva elongately narrow, clubbed, curved medially, with long hairs throughout. Sacculus short, with a long curved spine-like seta. Saccus broadly semicircular, with a papillary process anteriorly. Juxta broadly V-shaped. Aedeagus straight, slender, longer than valva; cornutus absent. Female genitalia (Fig. 25). Apophysis anterioris about 1 / 2 length of apophysis posterioris. Lamella postvaginalis subrectangular, slightly concave at middle on posterior margin, with small triangular process anterolaterally. Ductus bursae with basal 2 / 5 thin, distal 3 / 5 gradually thickened toward corpus bursae. Corpus bursae irregularly oval; signum a large irregularly shaped plate with two processes, one thumb-like, the other crescent shaped with teeth. Diagnosis. This new species is close to P. autoclina Meyrick, 1935 in the male genitalia, but can be separated from it by the forewing having a rounded white spot beyond costal 2 / 3, the uncus roundly and deeply concave medially on posterior margin, forming two lateral lobes, and the saccus bearing a papillary process anteriorly in the male genitalia. In P. autoclina Meyrick, the forewing lacks the white costal spot, the uncus is only slightly concave medially on posterior margin, and the saccus lacks the papillary process anteriorly in the male genitalia. Etymology. The name of this species is derived from the type locality., Published as part of Du, Zhaohui, Li, Houhun & Wang, Shuxia, 2011, Taxonomic study of the genus Promalactis Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Oecophoridae) from Hainan Province, China, pp. 49-64 in Zootaxa 3044 on page 54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200914, {"references":["Meyrick, E. (1935) Exotic Microlepidoptera. 4, 577 - 608."]}

Promalactis jezonica (Matsumura, 1931) (Figs. 11, 29) Borkhausenia jezonica Matsumura, 1931: 1088. Promalactis symbolopa Meyrick, 1935: 593. Promalactis jezonica: Kuroko, 1959: 34. Material examined. CHINA, Hainan Province: 1 3, 1 ��, Tianchi (18 �� 25 ��N, 108 �� 28 ��E), Mt. Jianfeng, 810 m, 20��� 21.iv. 2010, leg. Bingbing Hu & Jing Zhang; 9 ����, Mt. Jianfeng (18 �� 25 ��N, 108 �� 28 ��E), 940 m, 4���7.vi. 2007, leg. Zhiwei Zhang & Weichun Li; 1 ��, Mt. Yingge (19 ��01��N, 109 �� 33 ��E), 620 m, 14.iv. 2010, leg. Bingbing Hu & Jing Zhang. Remarks. There is slight variation in the female genitalia: in the specimens collected from Hainan Province, the median process on the posterior margin of the lamella postvaginalis is concave in the middle, forming two small acute lateral processes (Fig. 29), whereas in the specimens collected from the type locality, this process tapers posteriorly to a single spine-like apex. Distribution. China (Hainan, Gansu, Hunan, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shaanxi), Japan, Korea, India (Assam)., Published as part of Du, Zhaohui, Li, Houhun & Wang, Shuxia, 2011, Taxonomic study of the genus Promalactis Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Oecophoridae) from Hainan Province, China, pp. 49-64 in Zootaxa 3044 on page 62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200914, {"references":["Matsumura, S. (1931) 6000 illustrated Insects Japan-Empire. Tokyo, 1088 - 1089, no. 2231 - 2234.","Meyrick, E. (1935) Exotic Microlepidoptera. 4, 577 - 608.","Kuroko, H. (1959) Notes on the Nomenclature of some Microlepidoptera in Japan. Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan, 10 (3), 34 - 35."]}

Promalactis uncignatha sp. nov. (Figs. 10, 22) Type material. CHINA, Hainan Province: Holotype 3, Tianchi (18 �� 25 ��N, 108 �� 28 ��E), Mt. Jianfeng, 810 m, 30.iii. 2008, leg. Bingbing Hu & Haiyan Bai, genitalia slide No. DZH08089. Paratype: 1 3, same data as holotype, genitalia slide No. DZH08093. Description. Imago (Fig. 10). Wingspan 9.5���10.0 mm. Head with vertex silvery white, frons brown. Labial palpus with second segment brown on outside, yellow on inside; third segment with basal 2 / 3 white, distal 1 / 3 black. Antennal scape white; flagellum with basal several flagellomeres white, remaining flagellomeres white ringed with black on dorsal surface, dark brown on ventral surface. Thorax and tegula ochreous brown. Forewing deep ochreous brown except basal 1 / 3 orange yellow; a white fascia extending obliquely from before costal 1 / 3 straight to middle of dorsum, its outer margin edged with black scales; broad deep gray band from about costal 2 / 3 to tornus, mixed with black scales; apex gray mixed with black; cilia orange yellow except gray on apex of costa and on tornus. Hindwing and cilia gray. Tibia of midleg with a tuft of long white scales at apex. Male genitalia (Fig. 22). Uncus strongly sclerotized, broad at base, gradually narrowed to acute apex, with long hairs ventrally. Gnathos hooked, sclerotized, about half length of uncus; lateral arms wide band-shaped, almost same length as gnathos. Valva sub-parallel sided except slightly narrowed at base; apex with three processes: dorsal process straight, bearing four small spines distally, median process triangular, with long hairs distally, ventral process longest, with sparse hairs throughout, curved upward distally, dentate at apex. Sacculus narrow and slender. Juxta narrow, with a stick-like handle anteriorly, broad banded posteriorly. Saccus short, about 1 / 3 length of uncus, inverted trapezoidal. Aedeagus straight, almost same length as valva, sclerotized distally, with a curved apical spine; cornutus absent. Female. Unknown. Diagnosis. This species can be separated from its congeners by the forewing pattern consisting of a white fascia and a broad, deep-gray distal band; and in the male genitalia, by the hooked gnathos, the three distal processes of the valva, and the curved apical spine of the aedeagus. Etymology. The name is derived from the Latin uncus (= a hook) and suffix -gnathus (= jaw), referring to the hooked gnathos in the male genitalia., Published as part of Du, Zhaohui, Li, Houhun & Wang, Shuxia, 2011, Taxonomic study of the genus Promalactis Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Oecophoridae) from Hainan Province, China, pp. 49-64 in Zootaxa 3044 on page 62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200914

Promalactis tauricornis sp. nov. (Figs. 5, 17, 26) Type material. CHINA, Hainan Province: Holotype 3, Mt. Wuzhi (18 �� 31 ��E, 109 �� 24 ��E), 700 m, 18.v. 2007, leg. Zhiwei Zhang & Weichun Li, genitalia slide No. YGX07158. Paratypes: 1 3, 1 ��, 19.v. 2007, other same data as holotype; 1 ��, Nancha River, Mt. Bawang (19 ��04��N, 109 ��02��E), 600 m, 9.vi. 2007, leg. Zhiwei Zhang & Weichun Li; 1 ��, Forestry Bureau of Mt. Bawang (19 ��04��N, 109 ��02��E), 137 m, 23.iv. 2009, leg. Qing Jin; 3 ����, Mt. Yingge (19 ��01��N, 109 �� 33 ��E), 620 m, 6.v��� 21.vi. 2010, leg. Bingbing Hu & Jing Zhang. Description. Imago (Fig. 5). Wingspan 13.5 mm. Head with vertex white, frons brownish yellow. Labial palpus with second segment ochreous yellow on outer surface, golden yellow on inner surface; third segment dark ochreous yellow. Antennal scape white; flagellum with basal three flagellomeres white, remaining ones white and black on dorsal surface, black on ventral surface. Thorax and tegula deep ochreous yellow. Forewing ochreous yellow; markings white edged with black: first fascia extending obliquely from base of costa to near base of dorsum, second fascia from basal 1 / 4 near costal margin to middle of dorsum; costal 3 / 4 with a triangular spot; a grayish white stripe from below costal spot diagonally to before tornus; black scales scattered from apex, along termen to tornus; cilia orange yellow except deep gray on apex and on tornus. Hindwing and cilia grayish brown. Tibia of foreleg with a tuft of short white scales at both middle and apex; tibia of midleg with a tuft of long white scales at apex. Male genitalia (Fig. 17). Uncus bell-shaped, basal half almost parallel sided, sharply narrowed from about 1 / 2 to 3 / 4, distal 1 / 4 slender and stick-like, rounded apically. Gnathos about 3 / 4 length of uncus, broad at base, slightly narrowed to 2 / 3, then gradually widened toward bluntly rounded apex. Valva short and broad; costa very short, slightly projected beyond middle; apex semicircularly concave above sacculus, with a sclerotized oxhorn-shaped dorsoapical process, asymmetrical: left process reaching as far as end of sacculus, right process slightly longer than left one, exceeding end of sacculus. Sacculus with basal 1 / 2 parallel dorsoventrally, concave in V shape at about 3 / 5, produced to a strongly sclerotized distal process, which is curved, roundly protruding dorsally, apically pointed and directing upward. Juxta with anterior half thin, posterior half divided into two crescent-shaped lateral lobes. Saccus about same length as uncus, rounded at apex. Aedeagus straight, about 1.4 times length of sacculus, with two strong apical spines: dorsal one slender and longer, ventral one thick and short, hook-like, pointed apically; cornutus spiniform, about 3 / 10 length of aedeagus, with a small process at middle. Female genitalia (Fig. 26). Apophysis anterioris about 3 / 5 length of apophysis posterioris. 7 th sternite with large rumples. Ostium bursae widely open. Ductus bursae about 2 / 3 length of corpus bursae, sclerotized entirely, gradually broadened toward corpus bursae, with several strong spines anteriorly. Corpus bursae broad, elongate oval; signum short cylindrical, with a chain of short spines on each side. Diagnosis. This species is superficially similar to P. bathroclina Meyrick, 1918 and P. akaganea Fujisawa, 2002 but differs from them in the valva bearing an asymmetrical oxhorn-shaped dorsoapical process, and the sacculus concave in V shape at about 3 / 5 of its length in the male genitalia; and by the short and cylindrical signum with a chain of short spines on each side in the female genitalia. In P. bathroclina and P. akaganea, the valvae lack the dorsoapical process, and the sacculus is gradually narrowed to apex; and the signum is rounded with rough surface in P. akaganea. The female of P. bathroclina is still unknown. Etymology. The species epithet is derived from the Latin tauricornis (= oxhorn-shaped), referring to the dorsoapical process of the valva which reminds of a bull���s horns., Published as part of Du, Zhaohui, Li, Houhun & Wang, Shuxia, 2011, Taxonomic study of the genus Promalactis Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Oecophoridae) from Hainan Province, China, pp. 49-64 in Zootaxa 3044 on pages 54-55, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200914, {"references":["Fujisawa, K. (2002) The genus Promalactis (Oecophoridae) from Japan. Japan Heterocerists' Journal, 218, 337 - 350."]}

Promalactis apicisetifera sp. nov. (Figs. 3, 15, 24) Type material. CHINA, Hainan Province: Holotype 3, Tianchi (18 ° 25 ʹN, 108 ° 28 ʹE), Mt. Jianfeng, 810 m, 30.iii. 2008, leg. Bingbing Hu & Haiyan Bai, genitalia slide No. YGX08073. Paratypes: 5 3, 11–12.vi. 2010, leg. Bingbing Hu & Jing Zhang, same locality as holotype; 24 3, 6 ƤƤ, Mt. Jianfeng (18 ° 25 ʹN, 108 ° 28 ʹE), 940 m, 4– 7.vi. 2007, leg. Zhiwei Zhang & Weichun Li; 3 3, Mt. Diaoluo (18 ° 28 ʹN, 109 ° 31 ʹE), 940 m, 2.vi. 2007, leg. Zhiwei Zhang & Weichun Li. Description. Imago (Fig. 3). Wingspan 11.0–13.5 mm. Head with vertex shining white, frons grayish black. Labial palpus with second segment dark ochreous yellow on outer surface, orange yellow on inner surface, third segment black. Antennal scape white; flagellum with dorsal surface white basally, white ringed with brown medially, darkening to black distally, ventral surface black. Thorax and tegula dark ochreous brown. Forewing ochreous yellow; first white streak extending obliquely from above base of fold to dorsum, second white streak extending obliquely from basal 1 / 3 near costal margin to dorsal 2 / 3, inverted triangular white spot at costal 3 / 4, all edged with black; dorsum with a deep gray triangular spot before tornus, margined with black scales, tinged with white scales; grayish-black band from apex along termen to tornus; cilia orange yellow except deep gray along apex and on tornus. Hindwing and cilia gray. Male genitalia (Fig. 15). Uncus broad at base, narrowed to beyond 1 / 3; distal 2 / 3 slender, rounded apically, sclerotized ventrolaterally. Gnathos shorter than uncus, tongue-shaped, narrowly rounded at apex, with dense granules on distal half. Valva subtriangular, narrowed at base, widened to bluntly rounded apex; apex with a large hooked process arising from above middle, curved and directed upward; costa with a large thorn-like spine arising from near base, with a tuft of long setae on end. Sacculus with basal 3 / 5 same width, narrowed and setose distally. Juxta broadest at 1 / 4, narrowed gradually to acute apex. Saccus slender, club-shaped, about 3 / 4 length of uncus. Aedeagus thin and straight, longer than valva; cornutus absent. Female genitalia (Fig. 24). Apophysis anterioris about half length of apophysis posterioris. 8 th sternite deeply concave at middle both posteriorly and anteriorly, finely spined along posterior margin. Antrum strongly sclerotized, trapeziform. Ductus bursae membranous. Corpus bursae rounded, with sparse granules; signum a nail-shaped spine with a rounded basal plate. Diagnosis. This new species is similar to P. kuznetzovi Lvovsky, 1988 both externally and internally, but can be separated from it by the valva with a hooked apical process, the costa with a large thorn-like process arising from near the base, the sacculus without a free distal process in the male genitalia, and the signum being a nail-shaped spine with a rounded basal plate in the female genitalia. In P. kuznetzovi Lvovsky, the valva lacks an apical process, the costa bears a long curved process with a comb-like apex, the sacculus has a broad free distal process in the male genitalia, and the signum is a stick-shaped spine without a basal plate in the female genitalia. Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin prefix apic - (= tip) and the word setifer (= having setae), referring to the tuft of long setae on the end of the costa.

Promalactis similinfulata Wang, Kendrick & Sterling, 2009 Promalactis similinfulata Wang, Kendrick & Sterling, 2009: 34. Material examined. CHINA, Hainan Province: 1 3, Mt. Diaoluo (18 �� 28 ��N, 109 �� 31 ��E), 940 m, 2.vi. 2007, leg. Zhiwei Zhang & Weichun Li. Distribution. China (Hainan, Hong Kong)., Published as part of Du, Zhaohui, Li, Houhun & Wang, Shuxia, 2011, Taxonomic study of the genus Promalactis Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Oecophoridae) from Hainan Province, China, pp. 49-64 in Zootaxa 3044 on page 63, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200914, {"references":["Wang, S. X., Kendrick, R. C. & Sterling, P. (2009) Microlepidoptera of Hong Kong: Oecophoridae I: the genus Promalactis Meyrick. Zootaxa, 2239, 31 - 44."]}

Promalactis fascispinata sp. nov. (Figs. 2, 14) Type material. CHINA, Hainan Province: Holotype 3, Mt. Bawang (19 ��04��N, 109 ��02��E), 1000 m, 6.iv. 2008, leg. Bingbing Hu & Haiyan Bai, genitalia slide No. YGX08087. Paratype: 1 3, No. 1 Protection Station, Mt. Bawang, 650 m, 7.iv. 2008, leg. Bingbing Hu & Haiyan Bai, genitalia slide No. YGX08077. Description. Imago (Fig. 2). Wingspan 8.5���10.5 mm. Head with vertex shining white, frons brown. Labial palpus with second segment dark ochreous yellow on outer surface, yellow on inner surface; third segment black. Antennal scape white; flagellum with dorsal surface white on basal 1 / 3, white ringed with black on distal 2 / 3, ventral surface dark brown. Thorax and tegula dark ochreous brown. Forewing ochreous brown, with mottled black scales; markings white margined with black: first fascia extending obliquely from base of fold to near base of dorsum, second fascia parallel to first one, extending obliquely from basal 1 / 3 near costal margin to middle of dorsum; costa with a rounded spot at distal 1 / 4; apex gray with black scales; cilia orange yellow except deep gray on tornus. Hindwing and cilia gray. Tibia of midleg with a tuft of long white scales at apex. Male genitalia (Fig. 14). Uncus broad at base, slightly narrowed from base to 2 / 3, obviously narrowed from distal 1 / 3 to acuminate apex. Gnathos tongue-shaped, granulous on anterior half, rounded at apex, about same length as uncus. Valva subrectangular, parallel dorsoventrally; apex with two processes: dorsal one strong, curved, as long as costa; ventral one slender in basal half, bilobed and clubbed in distal half, apically exceeding the end of dorsal process. Sacculus wide basally, narrowing to apex. Juxta narrow at base, gradually widened to before apex, then narrowed to acute point; distal 1 / 3 with a large ovate cluster of fine spines. Saccus about same length as gnathos, nearlly parallel sided laterally, rounded apically. Aedeagus longer than valva, more or less curved basally, pointed at apex; cornutus absent. Female. Unknown. Diagnosis. This species is externally similar to P. suzukiella (Matsumura, 1931), P. parasuzukiella Wang, 2006, P. grandisticta Wang & Zheng, 1998, and P. albipunctata Park & Park, 1998 in having a rounded costal spot, but can be separated from them by the processes of the valva (dorsoapical process long and curved, ventroapical process distally bilobed and clubbed) and by the ovate cluster of fine spines in the distal 1 / 3 of the juxta in the male genitalia. Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin prefix fasc - (= cluster) and the word spinatus (= spinous), referring to the ovate cluster of fine spines on the juxta., Published as part of Du, Zhaohui, Li, Houhun & Wang, Shuxia, 2011, Taxonomic study of the genus Promalactis Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Oecophoridae) from Hainan Province, China, pp. 49-64 in Zootaxa 3044 on pages 51-52, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200914, {"references":["Matsumura, S. (1931) 6000 illustrated Insects Japan-Empire. Tokyo, 1088 - 1089, no. 2231 - 2234.","Wang, S. X. (2006) Oecophoridae of China (Insecta: Lepidoptera). Science Press, Beijing, viii + 258 pp. + 15 color plates.","Park, K. T. & Park, Y. M. (1998) Genus Promalactis Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) from Korea, with descriptions of six new species. Journal of Asia Pacific Entomology, 1 (1), 51 - 70."]}

Promalactis lunularis sp. nov. (Figs. 7, 19, 27) Type material. CHINA, Hainan Provice: Holotype 3, Mt. Diaoluo (18 �� 28 ��N, 109 �� 31 ��E), 940 m, 2.vi. 2007, leg. Zhiwei Zhang & Weichun Li, genitalia slide No. DZH09015. Paratypes: 2 3, 7 ����, 31.v��� 2.vi. 2007, other same data as holotype; 1 ��, No. 2 Work Station, Mt. Bawang (19 ��04��N, 109 ��02��E), 1000 m, 4.iv. 2008, leg. Bingbing Hu & Haiyan Bai; 4 3, 1 ��, Mt. Jianfeng (18 �� 25 ��N, 108 �� 28 ��E), 940 m, 5.vi. 2007, leg. Zhiwei Zhang & Weichun Li, 2 3, 800���900 m, 4.xii. 2009, leg. Zhaohui Du & Linlin Yang. Description. Imago (Fig. 7). Wingspan 9.5���10.0 mm. Head with vertex pale white, frons grayish brown. Labial palpus with second segment ochreous brown on outside, ochreous yellow on inside; third segment black except white at base. Antennal scape white; flagellum with basal several flagellomeres white, remaining flagellomeres white ringed with dark brown on dorsal surface, dark brown on ventral surface. Thorax and tegula deep ochreous brown. Forewing ochreous brown; markings white edged with black: a broad fascia extending obliquely from costal 1 / 4 to before middle of dorsum, a large rounded patch before costal 3 / 4, extending posteriorly to 2 / 3 width of wing; cilia along apex white on basal 2 / 3, ochreous yellow on distal 1 / 3, along termen to tornus yellowish gray mixed with black. Hindwing and cilia gray. Tibia of midleg with a tuft of long white scales at apex. Male genitalia (Fig. 19). Uncus oval in basal 3 / 4, distal 1 / 4 digitate, rounded at apex. Gnathos very small, rounded apically; lateral arms rather long, longer than uncus, band-shaped. Valva parallel sided dorsoventrally; apex obliquely truncate, with a thin dorsoapical spine and a hairy digitate ventroapical process; costa short, about 1 / 3 length of sacculus, slightly concave basally. Sacculus narrow. Juxta slender, rounded anteriorly; lateral lobes extremely long, reaching as long as apex of uncus, pointed apically. Saccus broad, almost 1.4 times length of uncus, slightly narrowed to bluntly rounded apex. Aedeagus almost same length as valva, straight, broadened basally and distally, thin medially; cornutus a long spine, placed distally, about 2 / 5 length of aedeagus. Female genitalia (Fig. 27). Apophysis anterioris about 3 / 5 length of apophysis posterioris. 8 th sternite almost roundly concave on posterior margin, forming kidney-shaped projection laterally. Lamella postvaginalis heavily sclerotized, irregularly rectangular, concave at middle on posterior margin. Ductus bursae slightly shorter than corpus bursae, with a narrow sclerotized band on ventral surface, membranous on dorsal surface, broadened to a spanner shape anteriorly. Corpus bursae elongate, with a sclerotized plate at base bearing several thorn-like spines, shrunken lateromedially, anterior 2 / 5 rounded; two large, toothed, crescent-shaped signa sometimes overlapping with each other. Diagnosis. This species is most similar to the new species P. clavata sp. nov. in the male genitalia, but differs from it in having a very small gnathos, the valva with a longer spinous dorsoapical process, and the cornutus about 2 / 5 length of the aedeagus. Etymology. The name is derived from the Latin lunularis (= crescent-shaped), referring to the shape of the signum., Published as part of Du, Zhaohui, Li, Houhun & Wang, Shuxia, 2011, Taxonomic study of the genus Promalactis Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Oecophoridae) from Hainan Province, China, pp. 49-64 in Zootaxa 3044 on pages 58-59, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200914

Promalactis serrata sp. nov. (Figs. 9, 21) Type material. CHINA, Hainan Provice: Holotype 3, Mt. Jianfeng (18 �� 25 ��N, 108 �� 28 ��E), 940 m, 5.vi. 2007, leg. Zhiwei Zhang & Weichun Li, genitalia slide No. DZH09025. Paratype: 1 3, same data as holotype, genitalia slide No. DZH09026. Description. Imago (Fig. 9). Wingspan 8.0 mm. Head with vertex and frons yellow. Labial palpus with second segment yellow on inside, yellow mixed with black on outside, black at apex; third segment whitish yellow on basal half, black on distal half. Antennal scape yellow; flagellum yellow ringed with black on dorsal surface, dark brown on ventral surface. Thorax and tegula black. Forewing yellow, tinged with black scales; costa with three black patches: basal patch rectangular, extending outward down to 1 / 4 of wing above fold, edged with white along lower margin; median patch irregularly quadrangular, extending to midwing, with a white line along its outside; distal patch largest, roughly semicircular; dorsum with a quadrate black and yellow patch at middle, extending upward to below the fold, edged with white along both inside and outside; tornus with a black spot; a white line along upper edge of basal patch of costa to black spot at tornus; apex with a white dot; cilia yellow. Hindwing and cilia gray. Tibia of midleg with a tuft of short yellow scales at both middle and apex. Male genitalia (Fig. 21). Uncus broad at base, slightly narrowed to about 2 / 3, distal 1 / 3 slender, acute at apex. Gnathos broad ligulate, about same length as uncus, distal 1 / 3 with fine scalelike carinae, apically with a small weakly sclerotized process. Valva broad, almost parallel dorsoventrally, triangularly protruding distally, narrowly rounded at apex; costa slightly concave basally. Sacculus about 1.5 times length of costa, distal 1 / 2 with dense hairs, bearing an apical process pointing upward. Juxta slender anteriorly, broadened medially; lateral lobes reaching middle of gnathos, acute at apex. Saccus about 1 / 2 length of sacculus, nearly parallel sided, apex rounded. Aedeagus about 1.5 times length of valva, with a sclerotized serrated process apically; cornutus spiniform, about 1 / 3 length of aedeagus. Female. Unknown. Diagnosis. This species is very close to P. infulata Wang, Li & Zheng, 2000 both superficially and internally, but can be separated from them by male genital morphology, in which the saccus is about 1 / 2 length of the sacculus, the aedeagus is narrow (about 1.5 times as long as the valva), with a sclerotized serrated apical process, and the cornutus is about 1 / 3 length of the aedeagus. In P. infulata, the saccus is about 1 / 3 length of the sacculus, the aedeagus is broad (about 1.25 times as long as the valva) and lacks the apical process, and the cornutus is about 3 / 4 length of the aedeagus. Etymology. The name is derived from the Latin serratus (= serrated), referring to the sclerotized serrated apical process of the aedeagus., Published as part of Du, Zhaohui, Li, Houhun & Wang, Shuxia, 2011, Taxonomic study of the genus Promalactis Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Oecophoridae) from Hainan Province, China, pp. 49-64 in Zootaxa 3044 on page 60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200914

PIV Experiment and pressure test of tip leakage flow of circumferential skewed axial fans were carried out under design and off-design conditions. Two circumferential skewed fans and a radial fan were investigated in this study. Aerodynamic and aeroacoustic performances were measured, and detailed flow field using PIV were measured in the region of tip leakage. The development of tip leakage vortex was analyzed through the PIV results. And the results showed that the tip leakage vortex for the forward-skewed blade is more stable. The pressure test on the casing and the far free field noise test gained the tip leakage noise component. And the results showed the forward skewed blade is found to be effective in eliminating noise source in the tip clearance region and in controlling tip leakage flow to expand the stall-free operation range under off-design conditions.

Both aerodynamic and aeroacoustic performance of collateral axial flow fan system inside outdoor unit of air-conditioner is investigated by experiment and CFD simulation. Noise spectrum of outdoor unit is composed of broadband and discrete frequency noise. The main contribution of noise is broadband one. The discrete frequency noise is located at blade passing frequency and its harmonics of the upside and downside impeller respectively. Little interaction is found between downside and upside impeller through results of acoustic and flow filed. Vortex sound theory shows that broadband noise of outdoor unit is mainly caused by vortex shedding at trailing edge of impeller and discrete noise is caused by tip vortex. Based on acoustic analogy and CFD simulation, broadband and discrete frequency noise is well predicted with little error to experimental one.