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This article focuses on the reinterpretation of well, seismic reflection, magnetic, gravimetric, surface wave and geological surface data, together with the acquisition of seismic noise data to study the Lower Tagus Cenozoic Basin tectono-sedimentary evolution. For the first time, the structure of the base of the basin in its distal and intermediate sectors is unravelled, which was previously only known in the areas covered by seismic reflection data (distal and small part of intermediate sectors). A complex geometry was found, with three subbasins delimited by NNE- SSW faults and separated by WNW- ESE to NW- SE oriented horsts. In the area covered by seismic reflection data, four horizons were studied: top of the Upper Miocene, Lower to Middle Miocene top, the top of the Palaeogene and the base of Cenozoic. Seismic data show that the major filling of the basin occurred during Upper Miocene. The fault pattern affecting Neogene and Palaeogene units derived here points to that of a polyphasic basin. In the Palaeogene, the Vila Franca de Xira ( VFX) and a NNE- SSW trending previously unknown structure ( ABC fault zone) probably acted as the major strike-slip fault zones of the releasing bend of a pull-apart basin, which produced a WNW- ESE to NW- SE fault system with transtensional kinematic. During the Neogene, as the stress regime rotated anticlockwise to the present NW- SE to WNW- ESE orientation, the VFX and Azambuja fault zones acted as the major transpressive fault zones and Mesozoic rocks overthrusted Miocene sediments. The reactivation of WNW- ESE to NW- SE fault systems with a dextral strike-slip component generated a series of horsts and grabens and the partitioning of the basin into several subbasins. Therefore, we propose a polyphasic model for the area, with the formation of an early pull-apart basin during the Palaeogene caused by an Iberia-Eurasia plates collision that later evolved into an incipient foreland basin along the Neogene due to a NW- SE to WNE- ESE oriented Iberia-Nubia convergence. This convergence is producing uplift in the area since the Quaternary except for the Tagus estuary subbasin around the VFX fault, where subsidence is observed. This may be due to the locking or the development of a larger component of strike-slip movement of the NNE- SSW to N-S thrust fault system with the exception of the VFX fault, which is more favourably oriented to the maximum compressive stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summer droughts in the western United States are expected to intensify with climate change. Thus, an adequate representation of ecosystem drought response in land models is critical for predicting carbon dynamics. The goal of this study was to assess the performance of the Community Land Model, Version 4.5 (CLM) for an old-growth coniferous forest in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States (Wind River AmeriFlux site), characterized by a climate that has heavy winter precipitation followed by summer drought. Particular attention was given to the model skill in the simulation of stomatal conductance and its response to drought stress. CLM was driven by site-observed meteorology and calibrated primarily using parameter values observed at the site or at similar stands in the region. Key model adjustments included parameters controlling specific leaf area and stomatal conductance. Default values of these parameters led to significant underestimation of gross primary production, overestimation of evapotranspiration, and consequently overestimation of photosynthetic 13C discrimination, reflected on reduced 13C:12C ratios of carbon fluxes and pools. Adjustments in soil hydraulic parameters within CLM were also critical, preventing significant underestimation of soil water content and unrealistic drought stress during summer. After calibration, CLM was able to simulate energy and carbon fluxes, leaf area index, biomass stocks, and carbon isotope ratios of carbon fluxes and pools in reasonable agreement with site observations. Overall, the calibrated CLM was able to simulate the observed response of canopy conductance to atmospheric vapor pressure deficit and soil water content, reasonably capturing the impact of drought stress on ecosystem functioning. The calibrated parameters may be of use for future modeling studies involving stands of similar age and composition under a similar climate regime. More broadly, the calibration of the Ball-Berry stomatal conductance model in CLM aligned with observations reported in the literature for coniferous trees, suggesting that a future release of CLM would benefit from using a distinct, lower slope value (mbb=6) for conifers, rather than a unique value for all C3 plants (mbb=9). Thanks to the recent implementation of photosynthetic 13C discrimination within CLM, the results of this study indicate that carbon isotope measurements can be used to constrain stomatal conductance and water use efficiency in CLM as an alternative to flux observations. They also have the potential to guide structural improvements in the model in respect to the representation of carbon storage pools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the role of low-level jets (LLJs) on the modulation of near-surface turbulence in the stable boundary layer, focusing on the behaviour of the transport terms of the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) budget. We also examine the applicability of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) in light of these terms. Using coincident near-surface turbulence and LLJ data collected over a three-month period in South Carolina, USA, we found that turbulence during LLJ periods was typically stronger and more well-developed in comparison with periods without a LLJ. We found a local imbalance in the near-surface TKE budget, in which the imbalance (residual) term was typically positive (i.e., energy gain) and nearly in equilibrium with buoyant consumption. Based on a comparison with previous studies, we assume that this residual term represents mostly pressure transport. We found the behaviour of the residual term to be better delineated in the presence of LLJs. We found shear production to adhere to MOST remarkably well during LLJs, except under very stable conditions. Gain of non-local TKE via pressure transport, likely consisting of large-scale fluctuations, could be the cause of the observed deviation from the MOST $$z$$ -less prediction. The fact that this deviation was observed for periods with well-developed turbulence with an inertial subrange slope close to $$-5/3$$ indicates that such Kolmogorov turbulence is not a sufficient condition to guarantee the applicability of the MOST $$z$$ -less concept, as recently suggested in the literature. The implications of these results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the ability of different triazole and strobilurin fungicides either alone or combination when applied to the leaves and triazole to the soil for control of Coffee Leaf Rust (CLR). The experiments were performed in a greenhouse using three month-old coffee seedlings, and in the field with five years old plants using the susceptible variety 'Catuai vermelho', at elevation of 750 m, from 2010 to 2012, in Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The effects of triazole (triadimenol, cyproconazole and epoxiconazole) and strobilurin (azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, pyraclostrobin) was first studied in a greenhouse to evaluate the translaminar effect on CLR control. Based on the results obtained in the greenhouse, a field experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of triazole applied to the soil and triazole + strobilurin sprayed on CLR control and the effect on coffee berry yield of the plants. The different fungicides applied in the greenhouse reduced CLR severity by 8.9 % (trifloxystrobin), 79.4 % (azoxystrobin), 82.0 % (triadimenol), 93.2 % (cyproconazole), 96.6 % (epoxiconazole) and 98.5 % (pyraclostrobin) compared to that in the control plants. In the field experiment triazole + strobilurin fungicides provided effective CLR control. The co-application of epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin or azoxystrobin sprayed twice resulted in the most effective CLR control and maintained the highest coffee berry yield. The incidence of CLR was 83.5, 54.0 and 78.5 % for the control treatments, whereas the incidence did not exceeded 24.4, 37.0 and 39.0 % on the sprayed plants. The average coffee berry yield increased by 33.9 % (lowest value) when applying triadimenol to the soil in November followed by cyproconazole + trifloxystrobin sprayed in December and February, and increased by 99.1 % (highest value) in the treatment with epoxiconazol + pyraclostrobin sprayed in December and March compared with plants that did not receive any fungicide application. The control treatment and that of triadimenol applied to the soil in November followed by cyproconazole + trifloxystrobin sprayed in December and February yielded less than 1800 (1320 to 1800) kg/ha of processed coffee, whereas the other treatments more than 2100 (2142 to 2676) kg/ha. Treatments with cyproconazole applied to the soil in November followed by cyproconazole + azoxystrobin sprayed on the leaves in December and February, epoxiconazol + pyraclostrobin sprayed on the leaves in December and March, and cyproconazole + azoxystrobin sprayed on leaves in December, February and April yielded more than 2340 (2340 to 2676) kg/ha of processed coffee. This is the first report indicating that a triazole fungicide applied to the soil and triazole + strobilurin fungicide sprayed on the leaves, efficiently controlled CLR and significantly increased coffee berry yield for three seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated whether foliar sprays of potassium silicate (KSi), sodium molybdate (NaMo) or a combination of both (KSi + NaMo), with or without the fungicide azoxystrobin (Azox), could reduce anthracnose symptoms, improve photosynthesis and increase yield. Two 2 × 4 factorial experiments, consisting of untreated or fungicide-treated plants sprayed with KSi, NaMo or KSi + NaMo were arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments were as follows: (i) KSi; (ii) NaMo; (iii) KSi + NaMo; (iv) Azox; (v) Azox + KSi; (vi) Azox + NaMo; (vii) Azox + KSi + NaMo; and (viii) control (no KSi, NaMo or Azox). The KSi, NaMo and Azox treatments were applied at the rates of 35 g/l, 90 g/ha and 120 g ai/ha, respectively. KSi was applied at 20, 27, 40 and 55 days after sowing (das). NaMo was applied only at 27 das, whereas the fungicide was applied at 27, 40 and 55 das. The plants were inoculated with Colletotrichum lindemuthianum at 23 das. The anthracnose severity was reduced by 64.25% and yield increase by 156.2% in plants sprayed with fungicide compared with non-sprayed ones. The KSi, NaMo and NaMo + KSi applications reduced anthracnose severity by 31.8, 16.1 and 37.9%, respectively, while the yield increased by 16.8, 18.9 and 63.9%, respectively. There was no difference between treated and non-treated plants with KSi with respect to the leaf gas exchange parameters Ci, E and gs. However, A significantly increased by 16.9% in plants treated with Azox. The A was not affected by KSi or NaMo spray; however, it was significantly increased by 12.5% after spraying with NaMo + KSi. In conclusion, bean plants treated with Si and Mo were associated with a decrease in anthracnose as well as an enhancement in photosynthesis activity under field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of potassium (K) on sheath blight ( Rhizoctonia solani) development on rice plants from cultivars BR- IRGA 409 and Labelle grown in nutrient solution containing 0, 50 and 100 m m of K. Sheath blight progress on inoculated sheaths was evaluated by measuring the relative lesion length at 48, 72, 96 and 120 h after inoculation (hai). Data were used to calculate the area under relative lesion length progress curve ( AURLLPC). The foliar K concentration on leaf sheaths tissue increased by 61.48 and 116.05% to cultivars BR- IRGA 409 and Labelle, respectively, as the K rates increased from 0 to 100 m m. A linear model best described the relationship between the AURLLPC and the K rates. The AURLLPC decreased by 29.2 and 21.3% for cultivars BR- IRGA 409 and Labelle, respectively, as the K rates in the nutrient solution increased. It can be concluded that high K concentration on leaf sheaths tissue was important to decrease sheath blight symptoms on rice leaf sheaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Deploying a longitudinal perspective, we observe how cirrhosis caused mortality rates in Portugal are converging with the levels reported in the European Union (15 countries). However, we still lack analysis of the burden of alcoholic cirrhosis in terms of hospital admissions and associated mortality. As Portugal may be considered a paradigmatic case in Europe, our aim was to characterize the evolution of hospital admissions for alcoholic cirrhosis between 1993 and 2008 and draw conclusions for other countries. Methods Retrospective analysis of the hepatic cirrhosis admissions in 97 Portuguese state hospitals was carried out based on the National Registry. Results We report a convergence in terms of mortality rates resulting from cirrhosis between Portugal and European Union (a differential of 6.7 deaths per 100 000 habitants in 1994 to 0.4 in 2008). We accounted for 81 543 hospital admissions for cirrhosis: 84% for alcoholic cirrhosis and 16% for non-alcoholic cirrhosis. Hospital admissions have increased 29% in men and with no increase in women. In the male, alcoholic cirrhosis patient group aged between 40 and 54, the rise in hospital admissions was more pronounced with an increase of around 45%. These patients underwent longer lengths of stay and reported higher mortality rates and passing away 20 years earlier than the average national expectancy of life. Conclusions These data draw attention to the burden of alcohol consumption not only in Portugal but also in other countries and its impacts on hospital systems and on policy making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – Taking into account the need to make a clearer distinction between traditional and new organizational controls, the purpose of this paper is to investigate similarities and differences between those two forms and explore the extent to which new forms of control can be operationalized from a quantitative point of view. Design/methodology/approach – Suggesting that new organizational controls can be understood also in light of quantitative paradigms, the paper develops and tests a scale to measure the existence of this type of controls, examine its construct validity and evaluate its convergent validity. Findings – The theoretical dimensions of new controls have empirical correspondence. Input and behaviour controls are strongly associated with the promotion of values and beliefs in organizations. New controls become responsible for employees’ acceptance of companies’ management, an aspect measured by perceived organizational support (POS). Research limitations/implications – The study presents two challenges linked to the lack of evaluation of the possible process mediators that measure the subjectification of the individual, and to the lack of data coming from the organizational level. Limitations can be addressed by multi-level studies using measures that would avoid single variance biases. The need for companies to pay more attention to organizational discourses and to the promotion of specific values (that can enrich traditional controls), and the impact this might generate on POS and future reciprocity, are the practical implications of the study. Originality/value– The impact of new organizational controls can be measured by scales rather than investigated only with qualitative approaches. Furthermore, it can be observed that the promotion of values and beliefs strongly increases POS. Such dimension can reduce employees’ resistance when compared to output controls or controls based on changes in surveillance technologies and structural change processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study documents an experiment that was undertaken in the 2006/2007, 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 growing seasons on Coffea arabica cv. 'Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144' that sought to evaluate the effects of various calcium silicate rates combined with the fungicide triadimenol on the incidence of coffee leaf rust. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in a split plot with five treatments (with varied calcium silicate rates and with or without triadimenol) and four replications. Each experimental unit (split plot) consisted of seven coffee plants (14 m2), which were the central five plants used for the evaluations. Calcium silicate ( CS) and lime (L) were used according to the following mixtures (M): M1: 0% CS and 100% L; M2: 25% CS and 75% L; M3: 50% CS and 50% L; M4: 75% CS and 25% L; and M5: 100% CS and 0% L. The leaf Si concentration did not increase as CS rates increased in the soil. There was no reduction in the area under rust progress curve ( AURPC) as the rates of CS increased in the soil. During the growing seasons 2006/2007, 2007/2008 and 2008/2009, rust incidence reached 94, 96 and 92% on plants that did not receive triadimenol, respectively, whereas the incidence did not exceed 6, 38 and 16%, respectively, for those plants that did. For yield, no interaction was observed between the calcium silicate rates and with or without triadimenol. The yield increased by 117% for plants receiving triadimenol compared with those that did not. The 3-year experiments indicated that soil amendment with calcium silicate had no effect on either reducing coffee leaf rust incidence or increasing yield. Conversely, as expected, coffee leaf rust symptoms were dramatically reduced on plants sprayed with triadimenol, and this was accompanied by a significant gain in yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standard area diagrams (SADs) to assess the severity of potato early blight ( Alternaria grandis) on leaves of potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) were developed and validated. The proposed SADs include images of leaves with 10 distinct disease severities (0.1, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 %). The SADs were validated by 12 raters who had no previous experience in evaluating plant disease. Lin's concordance correlation analysis of estimated vs. actual disease severity (based on image analysis) showed that precision and accuracy improved for most raters using the SADs, compared to assessments made without the SADs. The SADs improved accuracy (coefficient of bias, C = 0.97 and 0.99, without and with SADs, respectively) and agreement (Lin's concordance correlation coefficient, ρ = 0.91 and 0.98 without and with SADs, respectively) of the estimates of severity. Severity estimates were more reliable when using SADs (coefficient of determination, R = 0.80 unaided and R = 0.95 with SADs, and the intra-class correlation ρ = 0.86 without SADs and ρ = 0.97 using the SADs). The SADs improved raters' ability to accurately, precisely and reliably estimate potato early blight severity, and as such can be used to assess severity for several purposes, including breeding for resistance, fungicide screening, and pathotype characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop and validate a standard area diagram set (SADS) to quantify the severity of blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, on wheat leaves. The SADs has ten levels: 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 22, 32, 42, 52, 62 and 72 % blast severity. To validate the SADs, 12 inexperienced raters estimated disease severity on 50 images of leaves from cultivars BR-18 (susceptible) and BRS-229 (partially resistant). Blast severity was first estimated without the use of the SADs on 50 leaves with a range of blast severity. The same raters evaluated the same 50 leaves using the SADs as an aid. The SADs improved accuracy (coefficient of bias, C = 0.88 and 0.99, without and with SADs, respectively) and agreement (Lin's concordance correlation coefficient, ρ = 0.84 and 0.96 without and with SADs, respectively) of the estimates of severity. The absolute error was (-) 52 % without the SADs and (-) 24 % when using SADs as an aid. Severity estimates were more reliable when using SADs (R = 0.87 unaided and R = 0.92 with SAD). The SADs proposed in this study will improve accuracy and reliability of estimates of blast severity on wheat leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the existence of shear sheltering on turbulence data over a quasi-ideal experimental site in Oklahoma, USA. Originally developed for engineering flows, the shear-sheltering theory is predicated upon the idea of low-level jets blocking large eddies aloft, preventing them from propagating to the surface. In this scenario, suppression of low-frequency turbulence energy and reduction of surface fluxes would be expected. Results from the Oklahoma experiment show instead an enhancement of surface turbulence intensity and of the relative contribution of large scales to total (co)variances for low-level jet cases with strong shear, thus suggesting the absence of shear sheltering at the site. The results underline the complexity of surface-atmosphere interactions in nocturnal stable conditions. Atmospheric modeling of exchange using various scenarios of surface characteristics, flow regimes, and low-level jet properties is suggested to further assess the potential applicability of the shear-sheltering theory to atmospheric flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of a freshly logged area in a managed pine forest on the flow field is investigated by comparing sodar wind profile data over the forest canopy with the synoptic wind field extracted from North American Regional Reanalysis, National Centers for Environmental Prediction. As a consequence of the pressure gradient arising from the sharp temperature difference between the clearcut and the surrounding uncut forests, the local wind direction over the forest measured with the sodar departs dramatically from the prevailing synoptic wind direction when the latter is transverse to the clearcut-sodar direction. Sodar measurements also indicate systematic strong updrafts during daytime followed by nighttime downdrafts with wind coming from the logged area. This suggests the presence of horizontal advection carrying daytime warm air (or nighttime cool air) from the clearcut to the forested area. This paper also examines the influence of wind velocity, clearcut fetch, and solar radiation on locally generated circulations and advection. The presence of local circulations arising from contrasting neighboring surface characteristics well outside the footprint is of particular relevance for atmospheric flux sites where robust surface-atmosphere exchange values are sought. This study highlights the high level of circumspection required at the time of identifying locations for flux sites. It also suggests vigilant monitoring of the surrounding landscape during eddy-flux measurements particularly in actively managed landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field project over the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement--Cloud and Radiation Test Bed (ARM--CART) site during a period of several nights in September 2007 was conducted to explore the evolution of the low-level jet (LLJ). Data were collected from in situ (a multilevel tower) and remote (sodar) sensors, and the observed LLJ activity during the project was found to agree well with data from earlier studies regarding jet speed, height, and direction. To study nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) behavior, the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System was used to simulate the ARM--CART NBL field experiment and was validated against the data collected from the site. This model was run at high resolution for calculating the interactions among the various motions within the boundary layer and their influence on the surface. The model faithfully simulated the formation and dissolution of the low-level nocturnal jet during a synoptic situation in which low pressure with warm southerly advection replaced high pressure. An additional simulation at 32.5-m resolution was performed for the most stable 5.5-h period, using a turbulence scheme adjusted to allow for greater resolved turbulent kinetic energy, and the model reproduced the turbulence statistics as determined by a power spectrum. The benefit of the high-resolution simulation is evident in the much more realistically resolved model turbulent kinetic energy and the fluxes of momentum, heat, and water vapor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Alterations in glycosylation are frequently observed in cancer cells. Different strategies have been proposed to increase drug delivery to the tumor site in order to improve the therapeutic efficacy of anti-cancer drugs and avoid collateral cytotoxicity. The exploitation of drug delivery approaches directed to cancer-associated glycans has the potential to pave the way for better and more efficient personalized treatment practices. Such strategies taking advantage of aberrant cell surface glycosylation patterns enhance the targeting efficiency and optimize the delivery of clinically used drugs to cancer cells, with major potential for the clinical applications. Innovative strategies have been proposed to increase drug delivery to the tumor site and avoid cytotoxicity, improving the therapeutic efficacy of well-established anti-cancer drugs. Alterations in normal glycosylation processes are frequently observed in cancer cells and the resulting cell surface aberrant glycans can be used as direct molecular targets for drug delivery. In the present review, we address the development of strategies, such as monoclonal antibodies, antibody–drug conjugates and nanoparticles that specific and selectively target cancer-associated glycans in tumor cells. The use of nanoparticles for drug delivery encompasses novel applications in cancer therapy, including vaccines encapsulated in synthetic nanoparticles and specific nanoparticles that target glycoproteins or glycan-binding proteins. Here, we highlight their potential to enhance targeting approaches and to optimize the delivery of clinically approved drugs to the tumor microenvironment, paving the way for improved personalized treatment approaches with major potential importance for the pharmaceutical and clinical sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most carbon stocks and fluxes in the western United States are found in mountainous terrain, where observations and modeling are difficult. Terrestrial biosphere models generally underestimate above-ground biomass (AGB) over this region. Here, we identify methods to reduce this underestimation by focusing upon 1) biases in meteorological datasets, 2) model representation of water stress, and 3) spatial resolution. We adopted the widely-used Community Land Model version 4.5 (CLM 4.5) with six different meteorological datasets and found a 6-fold variation in simulated AGB across Utah/Colorado. Simulations underestimated AGB because of warm and dry biases within the meteorological datasets that reduced water availability and restricted plant growth. To eliminate the AGB underestimation we adopted a meteorological dataset designed for complex terrain (gridMET), combined with a representation of plant hydraulic stress (CLM 5.0). Conversely, changes in spatial resolution (meteorological variables and land surface description) had negligible impact on simulated AGB. • Default CLM 4.5 underestimated above-ground biomass (AGB) across Central Rockies. • Modeled AGB varied 6-fold with bias-corrected meteorological datasets. • GridMET meteorology and representing plant hydraulics removed the low bias in AGB. • Simulations implemented at fine and coarse spatial resolution provided the same AGB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turbulence and winds below 328 m were measured on 5 successive nights in a program to study tracer transport in the nocturnal boundary layer at a site with moderately complex terrain and mixed land use. The instruments included sonic anemometers and CO2/H2O analyzers at four levels on a 328 m tall tower, a minisodar/RASS system, a midrange sodar, a ceilometer, and an array of 61 m towers. Preliminary simulations indicated satisfactory perfluorocarbon mixing to 68 m but insufficient transport to the 328 m level on both weakly stable and stable nights, possibly due to insufficient turbulence kinetic energy and/or small vertical mixing lengths, or the presence of meso-β fronts, e.g., sea-breeze fronts, that could transport trace chemicals efficiently to 328 m. To examine the problem further, time–height distributions of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE), mixing length, Richardson number, potential temperature, and winds were derived from the observations of mean winds and temperature and the TKE budget equation, interpolated to fit the observations, under the flux/gradient and z-less scaling assumptions, and displayed with aerosol profiles. The results indicated higher and more variable levels of TKE and mixing lengths above a typical turbulence maximum at 30–50 m. Oscillations with periods of ∼2 h were common and occasional meso-β fronts and shear zones between 75 and 150 m were seen, which increased TKE aloft and in some cases led to a poorly defined boundary layer top. Significance Statement: The atmosphere's boundary layer is the interface between the free atmosphere and natural and human activity near Earth's surface. The daytime boundary layer has been studied extensively and, because of vigorous sun-driven mixing, is well understood and readily parameterized in forecast and global climate models. In contrast, the nocturnal boundary layer is less well understood or predictable because turbulence is weak and tends to decouple it from the surface and the free atmosphere above. This paper focuses on the least-studied upper part of the nocturnal boundary layer over the southeastern United States where topography and land–sea contrast affect winds, turbulence, and chemical transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O-glycosylation is a highly frequent post-translation modification of proteins, with important functional implications in both physiological and disease contexts. The biosynthesis of O-glycans depends on several layers of regulation of the cellular glycosylation machinery, being organ-, tissue- and cell-specific. This review provides insights on the molecular mechanism underlying O-glycan biosynthesis and modification, and highlights illustrative examples of diseases that are triggered or modulated by aberrant cellular O-glycosylation. Particular relevance is given to genetic disorders of glycosylation, infectious diseases and cancer. Finally, we address the potential of O-glycans and their biosynthetic pathways as targets for novel therapeutic strategies. • O-glycosylation is a highly regulated process with key roles in health and disease. • Defects affecting the O-glycan biosynthetic machinery impact several human diseases. • O-glycans are key modulators of host-pathogen interplay and immune response. • Aberrant cellular O-glycosylation promotes oncogenic signaling and tumor progression. • O-glycans represent promising molecular targets for innovative therapeutic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this work were to investigate the Botrytis species that cause gray mold in strawberries in Paraná and to study their sensitivity to fungicides: procymidone (P), iprodione (I), boscalid (B), thiophanate-methyl (T), fluazinam (F), azoxystrobin (A) and difenoconazole (D). The identification of 150 isolates of Botrytis sp. was carried out by amplifying the DNA by PCR using specific primers. The sensitivity to fungicides was determined by in vitro assays with discriminatory doses and EC 50 (effective concentration to inhibit 50% of the growth of the fungus), molecular characterization of mutations and ex vivo assays for disease control efficacy. Thirty phenotypes were selected from combinations (S-sensitive and R-resistant) for the EC 50 studies. Molecular characterization was performed using specific primers for mutations in the cyt b, bos1 and β-tubulin genes to confirm the resistance genotype. Tests were carried out with fruit treated with the fungicides (P), (B), (F) and (A) x the different phenotypes. All isolates were confirmed as Botrytis cinerea. Forty-one isolates were classified as fungicide sensitive phenotypes and of these, six isolates showed resistance to all seven tested fungicides. The percentage of isolates resistant to the fungicides azoxystrobin, boscalid, difenoconazole, fluazinam, iprodione and procymidone was 90.7; 45.3; 33.3; 32.7; 44.0 and 43.3%, respectively. A total of 94.6% isolates were classified as highly resistant to thiophanate-methyl. The EC 50 for the fungicides procymidone, fluazinam and boscalid ranged from less than 0.1 to greater than 100 μg/ml. For azoxystrobin, most isolates had an EC 50 greater than 100 μg/ml. Isolates with more than one mutation for different fungicides were found. For the assay in fruits with infections from the field, only the fungicide fluazinam differed from the control treatment, showing lower final incidence of 33.3% and control efficiency of 55.6%. For the assay with inoculated fruits, the fungicide fluazinam best controlled the disease for the three isolates presenting an average final incidence of 33.3% and an average control efficiency of 61.9%. Therefore, disease management in the state of Paraná should be reviewed in terms of registering new fungicides to gray mold and the use of integrated management measures to reduce the reliance on fungicides. • All isolates were confirmed as Botrytis cinerea. • Phenotypes with resistant to seven tested fungicides were detected. • Isolates with more than one mutation for different fungicides were found. • Fluazinam is the most efficient fungicide for the management of gray mold. • This study provides important information for integrated control of gray mold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]