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The report offers a simplified system analysis of service delivery, which highlights a few key features. 1) Using C-rich synthetic fuels requires the use of large amounts of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and other carbon-free energies – much larger than what is required when RES electricity or green-hydrogen is used directly for consumption. 2) Such a decrease in efficiency in the use of RES may be acceptable in the provision of: a) C-rich synthetic fuels to power long-range aircraft and long-haul ships ; and/or b) long-term storage and long- range transport of defossilised energy to compensate for the intermittency of RES. 3) For such uses, CCU-based solutions should be assessed in comparison with other alternative technologies that are beyond the scope of this report.

This editorial introduces the 11th volume of the International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management. The volume addresses smart energy systems and the optimal ways of integrating renewable energy into these. Two of the contributions are from the perspective of energy storage with one arguing that other storage options are preferable to designated electricity storage. This includes thermal storages for house heating and gas and liquid fuel storage for e.g. the transportation sector. Secondly, a paper investigates more narrowly communal vs individual electricity storage in residential PV systems with a view to lowering grid dependency. Lastly, an analysis investigates the role of flexible electricity demand as a means to integrate fluctuating renewable energy sources such as wind and PV., International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management, Vol 11 (2016)

Hybridisation of district heating systems can contribute to more efficient heat generation through cogeneration power plants or through an increase in the share of renewable energy sources in total energy consumption while reducing negative aspects of particular energy source utilisation. In this work, the performance of a hybrid district energy system for a small town in Croatia has been analysed. A mathematical model for process analysis and optimisation algorithm for optimal system configuration have been developed and described. The main goal of the system optimisation is to reduce heat production costs. Several energy sources for heat production have been considered in 8 different simulation cases. Simulation results show that the heat production costs could be reduced with introduction of different energy systems into an existing district heating system. Renewable energy based district heating systems could contribute to heat production costs decrease in district heating systems up to 30% in comparison with highly efficient heat production technologies based on conventional fuels.

This report presents the results of project Task 2.2 ‘stakeholder mapping’ , which is an important initial step of the project, and has consisted on the identification and analysis of a range of relevant stakeholders in each country. The selection of the stakeholders have followed a preliminary discussion between the partners where the key roles of energy efficient urban regeneration projects were identified, through the different stages of the process, and considering local, regional, national and international levels. The identification of the roles took into consideration inputs from Task 2.1 where the analysis of the framework for urban regeneration was carried. For the selection of stakeholders, it was ensured that they covered the key issues related to legislation and policy, financing, and management of the projects identified in the framework report.

This issue presents research results from the 8th Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems – SDEWES - held in Dubrovnik, Croatia in 2013. Topics covered here include the energy situation in the Middle East with a focus in Cyprus and Israel, energy planning methodology with Ireland as a case and the applicability of energy scenarios modelling tools as a main focus, evaluation of energy demands in Italy and finally evaluation of underground cables vs overhead lines and lacking public acceptance of incurring additional costs for the added benefit of having transmission beyond sight., International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management, Vol 3 (2014)

The liquid Diesel fuel is usually injected into the combustion chamber by using an injector as atomizing system. The Injected liquid fuel disintegrates into numerous droplets that penetrate into the combustion chamber. This process, called atomization, involves primary break-up of the liquid core followed by secondary break-up. Primary break-up occurs in near nozzle region while secondary break-up occurs in the downstream spray zone. The understanding of the spray process is of significant importance for emission prediction. This poster shows the comparison of two common models used for spray calculation – Eulerian Eulerian and Eulerian Lagrangian model. Also, use of coupled simulations is shown. Coupled simulations combine advantages of each spray model and they are used for calculation of spray, combustion and emission in IC engine.

In this paper use of plate heat exchanger in the municipal district heating for the development of more sustainable hot water supply systems is analysed. To reduce the cost of coolant and the cost of its transportation a two-stage mixed scheme has been proposed, allowing the use of warm return water heating system to preheat the cold water source. Moreover, to make solution more sustainable, effective selection of heat exchanger in the same scheme could utilize low temperature sources such as geothermal, solar or waste heat. Two-stage hot water circuits are more expensive and its value relative to the parallel circuit is 2-2.5 times higher, depending on the ratio of heating and hot water loads. Application of two-stage scheme allows for the same load of hot water to save up to 30% of the carrier relative to its consumption for the conventional parallel scheme. So the benefits from getting higher efficiencies and lower operation costs must be weighed against the higher costs of installations. Effectiveness and reliability of the proposing method is demonstrated on the real heat point calculation while the possibilities for installation in combination with renewable low heat sources are analysed for Ukraine, Croatia and Hungary. The sustainability of solution is reflected trough economical, environmental and evaluation of security of supply.

This deliverable D1.1.1 reports on the state-of-the-art control methods for integrating distributed generation sources and storage devices into a microgrid. Additionally it reports on the power management of a microgrid in grid-connected and islanded operation mode. Finally, a DC microgrid setup in the Laboratory for Renewable Energy Systems at the Department of Control and Computer Engineering is described.

Many island power systems are powered by diesel generators or long underwater cables, which result in greater operating costs or losses than stand alone systems. It is therefore desirable to integrate renewable energy (RE) sources into these mini grids. The main objective of the paper is to describe, analyse and present a more unified approach for assessing the technical feasibility/potential of different energy scenarios for the Islands of Malta. In this study, three different scenarios are analysed. Integrating RE Sources (RES) in energy systems reduces losses, cuts diesel fuel consumption, whilst maintaining system stability and increases job opportunities. Hydrogen conversion and storage methods are also analysed as a method for Green House Gas (GHG) reduction in the transport sector and as a way to reduce excess electricity produced from RE.

Although the countries of the Western Balkans are mostly electrified, there are still regions which do not have access to the electricity network or where the network capacity is insufficient. For the most part such areas are under special care of the state (i. e. underdeveloped, devastated by war, depopulated), on islands or in mountainous regions. Since the decentralized energy generation covers a broad range of technologies, including many renewable energy technologies that provide small-scale power at sites close to the users, such concept could be of interest for these locations. This paper identifies the areas in Western Balkans where such systems could be applied. Consideration is given to geographical locations as well as possible applications. Wind, hydro, solar photovoltaic, and biomass conversion systems were taken into consideration. Since the renewable energy sources data for Western Balkans region are rather scarce, the intention was to give a survey of the present situation and an estimate of future potential for decentralized energy generation based on renewable energy sources. The decentralized energy generation based on renewable energy sources in Western Balkans will find its niche easier for the users that will produce electricity for their own needs and for the users located in remote rural areas (off-grid applications).