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Several in vitro studies have suggested that canonical microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis requires the DICER cofactors TARBP2 and PRKRA for processing of pre-miRNAs to mature miRNAs. To investigate the roles of TARBP2 and PRKRA in miRNA biogenesis in vivo, and to determine possible functional redundancy, we first compared the phenotypes of Tarbp2 and Prkra single and double mutants. In contrast to Dicer −/− embryos, which die by embryonic day 7.5 (E7.5), single Tarbp2 −/− and Prkra −/− mice survive beyond E7.5 and either die perinatally or survive and exhibit cranial/facial abnormalities, respectively. In contrast, only a few Tarbp2 −/−; Prkra −/− double mutants survived beyond E12.5, suggesting genetic redundancy between Tarbp2 and Prkra during embryonic development. Sequencing of miRNAs from single-mutant embryos at E15.5 revealed changes in abundance and isomiR type in Tarbp2 −/−, but not Prkra −/−, embryos, demonstrating that TARBP2, but not PRKRA, functions in miRNA biogenesis of a subclass of miRNAs, and suggesting that functional redundancy between TARBP2 and PRKRA does not involve miRNA biogenesis.

Organic Rankine cycle with liquid-flooded expansion and internal regeneration (ORCLFE) has been demonstrated leading to improvements in system efficiency with respect to conventional ORC with internal regeneration in the heat input temperature range from 80 ∘C to 200 ∘C. From a previous study [1], it was concluded that the selection of the positive displacement expander, the working fluid and its interaction with the flooding medium, and the two separate heat inputs heavily impacted the exergetic conversion efficiency of the cycle, but they were not analyzed in depth. In this paper, a more detailed thermodynamic cycle model has been developed to include a physical-based expander model to evaluate the impact of built-in volume ratio, flooding ratio, mechanical losses and the solubility of the working fluid into the lubricant oil. As waste heat recovery from 100 ∘C to 150 ∘C is the main application of the ORCLFE under investigation, low-GWP refrigerants such as R1234ze(Z), R1233zd(E) and R1336mzz(Z) have been considered as potential replacements of R245fa. A single-screw expander, which has been previously characterized, has been employed to optimize the ORCLFE at three heat source temperatures (100 ∘C, 120 ∘C and 150 ∘C) for each refrigerant, in order to obtain more realistic performance predictions.

The performance of passive chilled beams is characterized in this study to understand their physical behavior when applied in real indoor environments. Two full-scale experimental studies were conducted to map the performance of passive chilled beams in two different experimental settings: (i) single passive chilled beam testing in a controlled laboratory environment and (ii) multiple passive chilled beams testing in a real open plan office setting. The experimental results were then used to develop regression models for predicting the total cooling capacity and chilled surface temperature of single and multiple passive chilled beams, as a function of water flow rate, water supply temperature, air temperature above the chilled beam and area-weighted uncooled surface temperature in the space. The developed models showed good agreement with experimental results and can be used in building energy modeling tools for system simulation using passive chilled beams. Finally, it was found that the conventional method of predicting the total cooling capacity of a passive chilled beam from individual beam laboratory tests or manufacturers’ catalogs may significantly underestimate the system performance in multi-unit configurations. These differences could influence optimal system sizing and commissioning and should be considered in future studies.

3-(3-Methylimidazolium-1-yl)propanoate (OOCEMIM), the related zwitterion of the parent ionic liquid [HOOCEMIM] [Cl], crystallises in two hydrated and one neat (AH) solid-state forms. All three forms can be produced directly in solution crystallisation experiments and their single crystal structures as well as the temperature- and moisture dependent interconversion pathways between the forms were unravelled. The OOCEMIM molecule adopts an elongated high energy conformation in both the mono- (Hy1) and dihydrates (Hy2), with water⋯OOCEMIM interactions contributing significantly to the lattice energy. A substantial conformational rearrangement of OOCEMIM is observed upon dehydration, resulting in a bent low energy conformation in the anhydrous form. Each of the three OOCEMIM solid-state forms shows a limited existence range. The anhydrous form AH can only be preserved at very dry atmospheric conditions (at 25 °C). The exposure of AH to elevated water vapour conditions results in a fast transformation to Hy1, which then transforms to Hy2 at relative humidities (RH) above 18%. Increasing the RH above 40% leads to deliquescence of the zwitterion. Hy1 and Hy2 melt at 90 °C and 61 °C (peritectic dissociation temperature), respectively, whereas AH melts and decomposes at 172 °C. The measured transformation enthalpies between the three solid-state forms, derived from differential scanning and isothermal calorimetry experiments, are in excellent agreement with the 0 K PBE-TS and PBE-D2 lattice energy differences. Knowledge about the interconversion pathways and stability ranges of the OOCEMIM solid-state forms is essential for handling the compound.

We analyzed banding (3259) and recovery (six years) data from a hunted population of greater sage-grouse Centrocercus urophasianus in northwestern Moffat County, Colorado to examine vulnerability to hunter harvests and annual survival of adult and hatch-year (juvenile) birds. Additionally, we combined the recovery data with hunter-harvested wings and applied the Lincoln estimator to provide unbiased estimates of tertiary sex-ratio. Our results yielded the following findings: juveniles were harvested at twice the rate of adults, but harvest vulnerability was similar between adult males and females. Annual survival of juveniles was highly variable but similar between sexes. Sex ratios of adults and juveniles largely conformed to previously assumed proportions despite having adjusted those estimates with harvest rates. We suggest there is potential to effectively model populations of game birds using a combination of band recovery and hunter-harvested samples of species that can be readily captured, marked and have reasonable harvest rates.

Raymond Cohen, founding editor of HVAC & R Research, the predecessor of Science and Technology for the Built Environment passed away on September 21, 2020 at his home in Valparaiso, Indiana at the ...

Spatio-temporally resolved measurements of temperature using hybrid femtosecond/picosecond rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (fs/ps RCARS) are evaluated for characterizing the highly dynamic exhaust flow of a non-premixed hydrogen-air rotating detonation combustor (RDC). The RCARS system utilizes a recently developed kHz-rate probe-pulse amplification system that enables high probe-pulse energies and sufficient sensitivity to track RDC exhaust gas temperatures during the short ~1.5 s run time with a precision of ~2%. Because of the potential for high spatial gradients in temperature and pressure in the RDC exhaust, estimation of bias errors due to spatial averaging in the 700-µm-long RCARS probe volume is conducted by employing the results of a reactive three-dimensional unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) model with a structured grid of 48.5 million cells. This results in a potential bias error of ~1.5% due to exhaust temperature gradients and underscores the need for high spatial resolution. The experimental and predicted exhaust temperature histograms show good correspondence with a statistically similar skew-normal distribution relevant to the flow's local dynamical features. By utilizing a high-speed camera synchronized with the RCARS system, it was possible to compare the numerical simulation results with the measured exhaust temperature profile obtained from knowledge of the instantaneous detonation-wave azimuth position. Similar azimuthal spatial variations of ~300 K were observed in the experimental and computed temperatures, indicating a relatively well-mixed exhaust flow. The temperature pattern factors of 0.19 and 0.20 obtained from the experimental and numerical data, respectively, are relatively close to isobaric combustors in modern gas turbine engines. These results illustrate the ability of the fs/ps RCARS and numerical modeling approaches to evaluate characteristics of the RDC exhaust flow for future development in propulsion and power generation systems.

We present a high-energy neutrino event generator, called LeptonInjector, alongside an event weighter, called LeptonWeighter. Both are designed for large-volume Cherenkov neutrino telescopes such as IceCube. The neutrino event generator allows for quick and flexible simulation of neutrino events within and around the detector volume, and implements the leading Standard Model neutrino interaction processes relevant for neutrino observatories: neutrino-nucleon deep-inelastic scattering and neutrino-electron annihilation. In this paper, we discuss the event generation algorithm, the weighting algorithm, and the main functions of the publicly available code, with examples., Comment: 28 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables

A new experimental test facility was designed to test vapor compression chillers of up to 145.9 refrigeration tons (approximately 513 kW). To implement such a large-capacity test facility in a university laboratory research environment, the system design is based on regenerative shell and tube heat exchangers. The capacity load on the chiller can be controlled via a bypass valve that allows a flow change over the internal heat exchangers. In addition to the internal sensors of the chiller, a variety of sensors in the system ensures a detailed recording of data as well as an automation of the test procedure. The test facility is constructed and commissioned to execute the performance according the AHRI Standard 550/590. The chiller has been tested in full load and part load rating conditions to achieve a characteristic performance line of the machine. Recorded data is averaged and evaluated according to the requirements of the AHRI standard. The results of the baseline testing and the data processing are presented in this paper. A detailed analysis of the outcomes allows a comparison with the manufacturer rated efficiency values. Finally, the potential instabilities of the test systems that caused problems during the test runs and their reasons are discussed, as well as possibilities to overcome them. The given ability of the test facility for a rapid change between different load conditions allows the arrangement of test cycles to investigate the performance degradation of the twin-screw chiller over time.

As much as 40% of the total load on air conditioning systems can be attributed to condensation dehumidification. However, new water vapor-selective membranes present a unique opportunity to greatly reduce the power requirements for moisture removal by avoiding phase change and have thus been ranked as a top alternative to traditional HVAC systems. To date, however, all such systems have relied on the assumption of constant temperature, even terming the technology “isothermal dehumidification.” This work proposes a membrane-based air cooling and dehumidification approach, referred to as the Active Membrane Energy Exchanger (AMX), which is the first to provide simultaneous, yet decoupled, air cooling and dehumidification. The suggested AMX configuration uses two vapor-selective membrane modules with a water vapor compressor in between them, using the second membrane module to reject vapor into the exhaust stream. Cooling and heating coils in each membrane module channel move heat between the air streams using a vapor compression cycle. A detailed steady-state, thermodynamic model is presented for the AMX integrated within a 100% outdoor air conditioning system. The AMX’s limiting parameters and design considerations like compressor efficiency are systematically analyzed for a broad range of outdoor air conditions and compared against standard and state-of-the-art dedicated outdoor air systems. This new high efficiency approach is found to outperform all other standard and state-of-the-art systems, achieving 1.2–4.7 times the COP over conventional dedicated outdoor air treatment. Lastly, a building simulation case study predicted cooling energy savings as high as 66% in hospital buildings with 100% outdoor systems in hot, humid climates.

Although rotating detonation engines may lead to improvements in the cycle thermal efficiency, their overall optimization is currently constrained by the need to perform time-consuming three-dimensional Navier–Stokes simulations of the combustor. Thus, there is a critical need to establish fast models to calculate the time-dependent temperature and pressure at the combustor outlet for further engine analysis and turbine integration. This manuscript describes a fast 2D simulation code of a rotating detonation combustor. This numerical methodology uses a 1D chemical kinetics solver, to reproduce the change of properties across the detonation wave front. The post-detonation flow is then resolved using a method of characteristics, which allows the prediction of pressure and temperature gain across the combustor. The main flow pattern, including the detonation front features, the shock wave angle and the outlet properties were compared with the solution of a two-dimensional Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes solver. This approach is subsequently used to predict the detonation height based on the entropy generation across the combustor.

The Hyperloop vehicle is a conceptual mode of transportation in which a pod travels at high speed through a low-pressure tunnel to minimize the aerodynamic drag. In the current paper, an aerodynami...

BRCA1 plays a central role in DNA repair. Although N-terminal RING and C-terminal BRCT domains are studied well, the functions of the central region of BRCA1 are poorly characterized. Here, we report a structural and functional analysis of BRCA1 alleles and functional human BRCA1 in chicken B-lymphocyte cell line DT40. The combination of "homologous recombineering" and "RT-cassette" enables modifications of chicken BRCA1 gene in Escherichia coli. Mutant BRCA1 knock-in DT40 cell lines were generated using BRCA1 mutation constructs by homologous recombination with a targeting efficiency of up to 100%. Our study demonstrated that deletion of motifs 2-9 BRCA1Δ/Δ181-1415 (Caenorhabditis elegans BRCA1 mimic) or deletion of motif 1 BRCA1Δ/Δ126-136 decreased cell viability following cisplatin treatment. Furthermore, deletion of motifs 5 and 6 BRCA1Δ/Δ525-881 within DNA-binding region, even the conserved 7-amino acid deletion BRCA1Δ/Δ872-878 within motif 6, caused a decreased cell viability upon cisplatin treatment. Surprisingly, human BRCA1 is functional in DT40 cells as indicated by DNA damage-induced Rad 51 foci formation in human BRCA1 knock-in DT40 cells. These results demonstrate that those conserved motifs within the central region are essential for DNA repair functions of BRCA1. These findings provide a valuable tool for the development of new therapeutic modalities of breast cancer linked to BRCA1.

The reversible solid-state phase transformation between the neat forms II and III of dapsone (DDS) was studied using thermal analytical methods, variable temperature X-ray diffraction and solid-state modeling at the electronic level. The first order III ↔ II phase transformation occurs at 78 ± 4 °C with a heat of transition of 2 kJ mol–1 and a small hysteresis. The two isosymmetric polymorphs (both P212121) differ only in movement of layers of molecules and show a small variation in conformation. The combination of variable-temperature single-crystal structure determinations and pair-wise intermolecular energy calculations allowed us to unravel the single-to-single crystal transformation at a molecular level, to estimate the molecular contributions to the heat of transformation and to rationalize why the room and low temperature form III is the less dense polymorphic form, which is a rare phenomenon in enantiotropically related pairs of polymorphs in molecular crystals.

To achieve the U.S. Department of Energys brake thermal efficiency (BTE) goal for Heavy Duty Diesel Engine (HDDE) technologies, Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) by means of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems has been selected as a suitable solution. The current relatively high return on investment period of such technology needs to be improved by significant cost reductions to realize benefits on WHR for mobile applications. The performance of the ORC system under dynamic loads relies on the choice of the working fluid, the efficiency of its components (mainly expander) as well as the control strategy that optimizes the operation. A novel ORC architecture is proposed that uses the engine coolant as the working fluid. In particular, a fraction of the engine coolant, which is a mixture of water and ethylene glycol, is employed as working fluid through the ORC to recover waste heat from EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) and part of the tail pipe exhaust gases. At the inlet of the expander, the mixture has mixed-phase conditions and a fixed volume ratio expander is employed to generate power output that can be fed directly to the engine crankshaft. Heat rejection is accomplished through the spare capacity of the engine radiator, which avoids the need for a separate condenser. To evaluate the feasibility of such system architecture, a thermodynamic steady-state cycle model has been developed to predict the potential increase of BTE under different engine loads as well as to understand the ORC performance. Parametric studies are carried out by varying the system pressure ratio, the internal volume ratio of the expander and the mixture quality at the expander inlet.

We found 13 specimens (11 museum skins, 2 skeletons) of White-tailed Ptarmigan (Lagopus leucura) collected in Wyoming. All were collected in the 1911–1967 period: 12 from the Snowy Range (Albany County) and one from near Encampment (Carbon County). The last verifiable observations of White-tailed Ptarmigan in the Snowy Range were 2 separate reports in 1974, both of 4 individuals in the same location. A more recent report of 2 birds north of the Snowy Range on 15 October 2005 has also been verified. None of the verifiable observations or collection events was of more than 6 individuals. Most of the published observation records from areas other than in the Snowy Range were of single individuals and were likely Dusky Grouse (Dendragapus obscurus). Field investigations in the Beartooth Plateau, Bighorn Mountains, and Wind River Range outside of the Snowy Range revealed no ptarmigan or their sign. However, all unoccupied areas examined could potentially support White-tailed Ptarmigan populations, with the Wind River Range being most suitable, followed by the Bighorn Mountains and Beartooth Plateau. The lack of White-tailed Ptarmigan in alpine areas in Wyoming outside of the Snowy Range is most likely related to geologic events in the late Pleistocene period and not in the Holocene.

This paper deals with the operation and optimization of a down-scaled industrial organic Rankine cycle (ORC) for low-grade waste heat recovery. The system is a sub-critical regenerative ORC with a nominal power output of 11 kW. The ORC unit has been assembled using off-the-shelf components including three identical plate heat exchangers, a liquid receiver, a multi-stage centrifugal pump and a single-screw compressor adapted to operate as an expander. The experimental results are used to evaluate the influence of the expander performance on the behavior of the ORC system at nominal and part-load conditions. The matching between the volumetric expander and the system operating conditions is also analyzed. Results showed that in the case of SES36, both the expander efficiency and system performance were maximized for a pressure ratio between 7 and 9. In the case of R245fa, while the system efficiency achieved values similar to SES36, but the expander maximum isentropic efficiency was 17% lower. Two analyses are carried out to optimize the operation of the ORC unit with R245fa. At first, the insights gained by analyzing the experimental data are used to evaluate the theoretical matching between volumetric expander and the system maximum efficiency in terms of the Second Law of thermodynamics. Secondly, a control-oriented steady-state cycle model based on empirical correlations calibrated on the experimental results is developed. The model is used to implement a feed-forward control strategy based on predetermined steady-state points that allow to optimize the operation of the ORC unit. The frequency of the pump is used as controlled variable. The steady-state experimental data of both working fluids is provided in an electronic annex .

The CRISP study of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) found that urinary sodium excretion associated with the rate of total kidney volume increase. Whether sodium restriction slows the progression of Autosomal Dominant PKD (ADPKD) is not known. To evaluate this we conducted a post hoc analysis of the HALT-PKD clinical trials of renin-angiotensin blockade in patients with ADPKD. Linear mixed models examined whether dietary sodium affected rates of total kidney volume or change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients with an eGFR over 60 ml/min/1.73 m 2 (Study A) or the risk for a composite endpoint of 50% reduction in eGFR, end-stage renal disease or death, or the rate of eGFR decline in patients with an eGFR 25–60 ml/min/1.73 m 2 (Study B) all in patients initiated on an under100 mEq sodium diet. During the trial urinary sodium excretion significantly declined by an average of 0.25 and 0.41 mEq/24 hour per month in studies A and B, respectively. In Study A, averaged and time varying urinary sodium excretions were significantly associated with kidney growth (0.43%/year and 0.09%/year, respectively, for each 18 mEq urinary sodium excretion). Averaged urinary sodium excretion was not significantly associated with faster eGFR decline (–0.07 ml/min/1.73m 2 /year for each 18 mEq urinary sodium excretion). In Study B, the averaged but not time-varying urinary sodium excretion significantly associated with increased risk for the composite endpoint (hazard ratio 1.08 for each 18 mEq urinary sodium excretion) and a significantly faster eGFR decline (–0.09 ml/min/1.73m 2 /year for each mEq 18 mEq urinary sodium excretion). Thus, sodium restriction is beneficial in the management of ADPKD.

A figure of merit, V, to characterize the value of an AFDD maintenance tool is presented. The AFDD tool is fed data representing air-conditioners operating with and without faults across a range of conditions. The calculation of V considers the probability of each scenario occurring, the tool's response, and the resulting implications. These results are summed to give a typical average value for deploying the AFDD tool, as compared to maintenance being performed without AFDD. Case studies illustrate the calculation of V. Six AFDD tools and two idealized tools are evaluated. Five of the six real tools give negative V, meaning that their use causes more harm than good. The sixth shows approximately $10 benefit per nominal ton of air-conditioner capacity per typical maintenance visit. This represents about half of the maximum potential value. These results demonstrate the importance of measuring AFDD performance and the potential monetary benefits of AFDD.

In this paper, OpenFoam, an open source unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes software was carefully examined to analyze rotating detonation combustors. This tool was subsequently used to quantify the effect of the outlet conditions on five different exhaust nozzle geometries. Both detonation and deflagration of the hydrogen–air mixture were taken into account in the source terms of the species transport equation. The premixed H2–air mixture was injected at three different total pressures, ranging from 0.4 to 0.8 MPa. First, the rotating detonation combustor was described, and then five different nozzles were investigated: straight duct, conical, Bezier outer wall, Bezier inner wall, and two Bezier surfaces. All the nozzles were compared regarding their outlet total temperature, pressure gain, exit Mach number, and outlet flow angle. The use of a straight duct nozzle generated a noticeable drop in pressure gain of about 27% compared to the baseline combustor. The conical nozzle expanded the combustor o...

Expedient alkylations of 1-methyl-3H-imidazole-2-thione, a pharmaceutical active ingredient available in bulk quantities, provide high yield access to numerous protonated, or quaternized imidazoliums with chemospecific attachment of the fluoroponytail at the 2-mercapto functionality. The deprotonated primary target products represent valuable nitrogen heterocyclic bases, capable of further substitution, and salt or complex formation. Specific physicochemical characteristics that are relevant for phase and surface responsive behavior, e.g. critical micelle concentration, oleophobicity, depression of the aqueous surface tension, foam formation, emulsification of microgranular PTFE, are investigated for selected representatives and compared to the properties of common fluorosurfactants and ionic liquids. Remarkably, it is found that halogen bonding between iodide counterions of respective polyfluoroalkylmethimazolium systems and 1-iodoperfluoroalkanes, serving as the σ-hole partner of the halides, greatly affect the solubility profile of the resulting molecular adducts. Single-crystal X-ray structure determinations are carried out across the new fluorous substance classes. Strikingly, the helical arrangement of fluorine atoms along the chains typically encountered in polyfluorinated compounds is not found as the prevailing conformation. Rather, they are outnumbered by structural motifs exhibiting the rare zig-zag (linear alkane-like) chain conformation. Key derivatives are also subjected to preliminary ecotoxicological testing.

The solid forms emerging from an experimental screening programme of 1,10-phenanthroline (o-phen), a heavily used bidentate ligand, and interconversion pathways of its two neat forms, the monohdyrate (Hy1) and four solvates with acetone, chloroform, dichloromethane and 1,2-dichloroethane are described. The solvates, identified and characterised with thermoanalyical methods, are unstable when removed from the mother liquor and desolvate at room temperature depending on the relative humidity (RH) to anhydrate I° (AH I°) or transform to Hy1. At ambient conditions Hy1, a stoichiometric channel hydrate, is the thermodynaically most stable o-phen solid form. The enthalpically stabilised Hy1 melts at 102 °C or dehydrates to AH I° at RH < 10% at 25 °C. The potential energy difference between Hy1 and AH I° was calculated to be approx. 15 kJ mol–1. The second anhydrate polymorph (AH II) can be obatined from the quench cooled melt of o-phen, but is unstable at ambient conditions and transforms wihtin minutes to either AH I° or Hy1. The two neat polymorphs are enantiotropically related and water-free o-phen transforms to Hy1 at RH > 16%. The structural and stablity features of the solid forms, in paricular Hy1, are unravelled by a combination of experimental (thermal analysis, moisture sorption/desorption and storage experiments, infrared spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction) and computational modelling (crystal structure prediction and lattice energy calculations), providing a consistent picture why o-phen forms a very stable Z’ = 3 channel hydrate.

A computational search for polymorphs of cytosine, 5-flucytosine and a 1 : 1 mixture of the two substances not only rationalised the preferred packing arrangements but also enabled the finding and characterisation of cytosine/5-flucytosine solid solutions. The structures of the new solid forms were determined by combining laboratory powder X-ray diffraction data and computational modelling.

Mice have been used as accepted tools for investigating complex human diseases and new drug therapies because of their shared genetics and anatomical characteristics with humans. However, the tissues in mice are different from humans in that human cells have a natural mutation in the α1,3 galactosyltransferase (α1,3GT) gene and lack α-Gal epitopes on glycosylated proteins, whereas mice and other nonprimate mammals express this epitope. The lack of α-Gal epitopes in humans results in the loss of immune tolerance to this epitope and production of abundant natural anti-Gal Abs. These natural anti-Gal Abs can be used as an adjuvant to enhance processing of vaccine epitopes to APCs. However, wild-type mice and all existing humanized mouse models cannot be used to test the efficacy of vaccines expressing α-Gal epitopes because they express α-Gal epitopes and lack anti-Gal Abs. Therefore, in an effort to bridge the gap between the mouse models and humans, we developed a new humanized mouse model that mimics humans in that it lacks α-Gal epitopes and secretes human anti-Gal Abs. The new humanized mouse model (Hu-NSG/α-Galnull) is designed to be used for preclinical evaluations of viral and tumor vaccines based on α-Gal epitopes, human-specific immune responses, xenotransplantation studies, and in vivo biomaterials evaluation. To our knowledge, our new Hu-NSG/α-Galnull is the first available humanized mouse model with such features.

Small commercial buildings (those with less than approximately 1000 m2 of total floor area) often do not have access to cost-effective automated fault detection and diagnosis (AFDD) tools for maintaining efficient building operations. AFDD tools based on machine-learning algorithms hold promise for lowering cost barriers for AFDD in small commercial buildings, however, such algorithms require access to high-quality training data that is often difficult to obtain. To fill the gap in this research area, this study covers the development (Part I) and validation (Part II) of fault models that can be used with the building energy modeling software EnergyPlus&reg, and OpenStudio&reg, to generate a cost-effective training data set for developing AFDD algorithms. Part I (this paper) presents a library of fault models, including detailed descriptions of each fault model structure and their implementation with EnergyPlus. This paper also discusses a case study of training data set generation, representing an actual building.

Recent results from IceCube regarding TXS 0506+056 suggest that it may be useful to test the hypothesis of multiple neutrino flares, where each flare is not necessarily accompanied by a corresponding gamma-ray flare. An untriggered, time-dependent, source-stacking search would be optimal for testing this hypothesis, however such an analysis has yet to be applied to the full duration of IceCube data. Here, we discuss one possible way of constructing such an analysis, with a global test statistic obtained by summing the individual test statistics associated with each signal-like flare in the sample. This has the additional advantage of assessing the time structure of each source when running the analysis over a source catalog. We show that, for a signal consisting of many small flares, this style of analysis represents a significant increase in discovery potential over both the existing single-flare fit and the time-integrated stacking methods. Potential source catalogs are examined in combination with this method, including the possibility of a "self-triggered" catalog consisting of the locations of the highest energy northern sky events in the IceCube sample., Presented at the 36th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2019). See arXiv:1907.11699 for all IceCube contributions

The supersonic outlet conditions from a rotating detonation combustor exhibit fluctuations in temperature and pressure that exceed 200% of their mean level. Such unsteady conditions will induce a large convective heat loading onto a downstream supersonic turbine. Hence, the precise evaluation of the thermal load to the vane and rotor is essential to the design of adequate cooling strategies. In this paper, a numerical framework is proposed to compute the convective heat transfer on two types of supersonic turbines: axial and radial outflow. The fluctuations imposed at the turbine inlet were obtained from a nozzle coupled to a rotating detonation combustor. Both radial and axial turbines were designed and subsequently analyzed with full stage unsteady simulations using an Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes solver. The inlet boundary conditions to the turbine are based on CFD results from a rotating detonation combustor. The unsteady adiabatic convective heat transfer coefficient was obtained from two simulations performed at a fixed homogeneous wall temperature. The heat flux variation in span-wise and stream-wise direction is analyzed in detail. Budgeting of the unsteady heat flux mechanism was performed to identify the driving contributor of the heat transfer within the turbine and finally both designs are compared.

Supersonic inlet flow is usually considered to be detrimental to the performance of turbine systems. A new class of bladeless turbines was developed, which allows for power extraction from supersonic axial inflows without swirl with minimal maintenance cost. This is achieved through a wavy hub surface that promotes shocks and expansion fans and hence generates torque. In a first step, a baseline bladeless turbine is designed and the power extraction is analyzed. The bladeless turbine surface is parametrized in matlab and subsequently imported into Hexpress (Numeca) to mesh an unstructured grid. The first layer thickness is kept below one for all the simulations. The unstructured mesh is loaded into cfd++ (Metacomp) to solve the three dimensional steady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations. Second, the work extraction principle is broken down from a three-dimensional unsteady problem into a two-dimensional steady phenomenon. An experimental campaign is outlined and test details are discussed. Finally, after the experimental characterization, the operational envelope and scaling of the bladeless turbine are described for several reduced mass flows, reduced speeds, and geometrical features of the turbine (amplitude of the wavy surface, helix angle, hub radius, and length of the axial turbine).

The objective of this study was to determine preharvest intervals for nine insecticides (acephate, azinphosmethyl, carbaryl, demeton, diazinon, dimethoate, endosulfan, malathion, and permethrin) and two fungicides (captafol and chlorothalonil) in order to produce raw tomato fruit and juice with residue levels below 0.1 and 0.01 mg kg-1, respectively. Over a four-year period (1985-88) ripe tomato fruit was commercially treated with these 11 pesticides and harvested on days 0, 1, 3 and 6, 7, or 8 after spraying. Both raw fruit and processed juice were then analyzed for residues. Residues of the 11 pesticides fell below 0.1 mg kg-1 in juice and eight declined below 0.1 mg kg-1 on raw fruit during the 0- to 8-d harvest period. The exceptions on raw fruit were chlorothalonil (1987), diazinon, and azinphosmethyl (1987). Residues of seven insecticides and the two fungicides fell below 0.01 mg kg-1 in juice, but only acephate and demeton declined below 0.1 mg kg-1 on raw fruit in the 6- to 8-d period. Carbaryl and malathion were the two insecticides which failed to decline below 0.01 mg kg-1 in the juice. Hence, many of the pesticides required a longer preharvest interval than 6-8 d to attain a reduction in residue to 0.01 mg kg-1. Commercially processed tomato products were also analyzed from domestically grown fruit, many of which had been treated with one or more of the pesticides in this study but at unknown intervals. Tomato products including chili, catsup, juice, paste, and sauce were analyzed for a wide range of pesticides and no detectable residues were found.