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Copyright of Belgeler is the property of Turkish Historical Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This group of essays explores the ways in which Scottish loyalists shaped and contributed to the British Atlantic world in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Once thought of as a narrow and defensive conservative reaction to political change and external military threat, historians have recently recast loyalism as the embodiment of a disparate and multifaced identity embraced by those of different ethnicities, religions, and political persuasions, touching even those who claimed neutrality. By adopting an expanded geographical and chronological range, these essays investigate examples of loyalism and popular royalism carried by Scots at home and in the British Atlantic world, at the time of the Revolutionary War, and in the decades that followed. As these essays demonstrate, loyalism was a patriotism born out of the messiness of the political, social, and economic transformation of this world, one that was entwined with the expansion of democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 18th century is often treated by scholars as a period of juristic consensus. This article argues, in contrast, that the late 18th century saw the emergence of rival 'Patriot' and 'Tory' legal traditions. Through a detailed study of the jurisprudence of Lords Camden and Mansfield—who were both pillars of the law, as well as political and juristic rivals—we show that they differed systematically in their understanding of the common law, and that those differences had a partisan cast: although they were not crude attempts to instrumentalise law to political ends, their political and jurisprudential commitments influenced each other and emerged from the same intellectual roots. We place these differences in the context of the fragmentation of 18th-century Whig politics, and argue that they have important implications for how we understand and make use of the common law tradition in present-day scholarship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Direito e Práxis is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The book review discusses an anthology titled "Historic preservation theory: an anthology—readings from the 18th to the 21st Century," edited by Jorge Otero-Pailos. The anthology contains 96 texts spanning four centuries and covers various geographies, disciplines, and epochs. It aims to provide students with a wider international and historical perspective on historic preservation theory. The book is organized chronologically, starting from the European Enlightenment, which has raised questions about the inclusivity and diversity of the discipline. The review acknowledges the need for redressing historiographical inequity and calls for a reconstitution of the field of historic preservation to address the challenges of the 21st century, such as climate change and sustainability. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates the intricate and enduring interplay of historical events, human activities, and natural processes shaping the landscape of North European Plain in western Poland over 230 years. Topographic maps serve as reliable historical data sources to quantify changes in forest, grassland, and wetland areas, scrutinizing their fragmentation and persistence. The primary objectives are to identify the permanent areas of the landscape and propose a universal cartographic visualization method for effectively mapping these changes. Using topographic maps and historical data, this research quantifies land cover changes, especially in forest, grassland, and wetland areas. With the help of retrogressive method we process raster historical data into vector-based information. Over time, wetlands experienced a substantial reduction, particularly in 1960–1982, attributed to both land reclamation and environmental factors. Grassland areas fluctuated, influenced by wetland and drier habitat dynamics. Fragmentation in grassland areas poses biodiversity and ecosystem health concerns, whereas forested areas showed limited fluctuations, with wetland forests nearly disappearing. These findings highlight wetland ecosystems' sensitivity to human impacts and emphasize the need to balance conservation and sustainable development to preserve ecological integrity. This study advances landscape dynamics understanding, providing insights into historical, demographic, economic, and environmental transformations. It underscores the imperative for sustainable land management and conservation efforts to mitigate human impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity in the North European Plain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Black Enlightenment" by Surya Parekh is a book that explores the complexities of Black Atlantic writing and its relationship to the Enlightenment. The author focuses on earlier eighteenth-century writings by Francis Williams, Phillis Wheatley, and Ignatius Sancho, examining how these writers made claims on Black humanity within the context of the Enlightenment. The book also delves into the racist generalizations of major Enlightenment thinkers such as David Hume, Immanuel Kant, and Thomas Jefferson, who failed to expand the Enlightenment's claims to include Black subjects. Through a comparative and deconstructive approach, the author offers a historical and literary analysis that challenges traditional canons and provides a more complete understanding of the Enlightenment. [Extracted from the article]

In the recent progressive reappraisals of the enlightenment by Jonathan Israel and Rainer Forst, Voltaire figures as almost a reactionary thinker, opposing the radical dimensions of the enlightenment pushing forwards secularisation, democratisation, and toleration. Part 1 examines Israel's and Forst's accounts of Voltaire, showing their striking proximity. Part 2 is divided into the three subheadings of (i) Voltaire's deism, (ii) the pivotal subject of toleration, and (iii) the decisive question of what philosophical radicalism, in the direction of democratising reform, involves. At issue in Israel's and Forst's claims that Voltaire's deism represents a step backwards from Bayle's and Spinoza's more radical conceptions of reason and toleration, we will claim, is a shared, anachronistic failure to duly credit Voltaire's deism's distance from the revealed religions, and the radicalism of Voltaire's anti-clericism. In the key claim of the paper, however, we will argue that the larger issue in Israel's and Forst's positioning of Voltaire as almost reactionary are a deeper set of assumptions about how we should assess philosophical texts which aim to act in the world, and (evoking Feuerbach) to change it (2, iii). Both Israel and Forst, despite the former's extensive labours in contextualisation, read the texts of eighteenth century philosophers for their arguments alone, rather than as rhetorical and political acts and interventions which aimed to reach, entertain, and reform an expanding reading public through esprit, art, satire, and rhetoric, as well as by making argumentative contributions to the controversies of the day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the book "Damas del siglo ilustrado: la escritura de las mujeres españolas en el XVIII. Antología crítica de textos fundamentales" (Ladies of the Enlightened Century: the Writing of Spanish Women in the 18th Century. Critical Anthology of Fundamental Texts), edited by Helena Establier Pérez. The book addresses the literature written by women in the 18th century in Spain, including different literary genres such as narrative prose, essays, theater, and poetry. It highlights the importance of translation as a practice that allowed women to assert their intellectual abilities. It also mentions the presence of female writers who mainly dedicated themselves to translating foreign novels and the importance of theater as the most cultivated genre by the writers of the time. The book is considered an updated and comprehensive study on women's literature in the 18th century. [Extracted from the article]

Enlightenment thought and its contemporary followers usually support two contradictory principles simultaneously. The first is universality. Truth is universal because it is truth for all. Claims to universality are made in logic and science, but also in areas that are culturally or politically controversial. Recently, universalism has become a key term to express a fundamental critique of identity politics. For much of European history, Christianity provided such a universal truth. But with the decline of its cultural hegemony and the rise of particular nation-states, conflicting truth claims became weapons in violent conflicts, leading Hobbes to argue that dangerous truth claims must be neutralized by robust political power. In the eighteenth century, rationalism became more optimistic, interpreting universalism as cosmopolitanism based on universal reason and progress through history. The second principle is historicism, which is the self-reflexive look at the historical origins of universal claims and theories. Historicism emerged in the nineteenth century as a response to the application of rationalism to history. It challenged the universal claims of the French Revolution, emphasizing instead the unique value of each historical entity. This revealed a fundamental paradox: when universalism becomes self-reflexive, it recognizes that it has non-universal historical origins, thereby undermining itself. After the devastation of World War II and the Holocaust, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) represented a significant effort toward a new universalism. It sought to establish human rights as universal principles for the emerging world order. But history repeated itself: Historicism once again weakened confidence in human rights. The enemies of human rights take advantage of this weakness. We therefore have to live with the paradox that universalism is necessary because humanity shares a single world, but that historical self-reflection is also unavoidable. In other words, the Enlightenment principle of universalism must accept historicism as an integral part of itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Italian mastery of decorative stones can be traced through a variety of techniques, from the period of the Roman Empire through to the nineteenth century at least. Roman mosaic work was found across the Roman Empire, and the remains of mosaics are widely admired. In Roman Britain, artisans adapted their classic stone palette through the use of local stones, delivering greys, green and browns. Post‐Roman artistry is seen through the reuse of broken stones known by Cosmati mosaicists; the Cosmati pavement in Westminster Abbey, London is one of the best known of its type. Hardstone work—Pietre Dure—employing many stones in intricate detail, was brought back from Italy by all those on the Grand Tour in eighteenth century Europe are to be found in many grand houses. Finally, the incredible ledger stones of the Knights of St John in Malta are yet another example of the high art and craft of the Italian masters of decorative stone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeological research into industrial heritage is a relatively recent field of study in the Czech Republic. During the past six years, several historical textile production facilities (including five dyeing workshops) have been uncovered as part of preparatory work for construction projects in areas traditionally associated with the textile industry. Following excavations, these facilities have been the subject of interdisciplinary research. This article presents a comprehensive account of its findings. The introductory part traces the historical development of the textile industry in what is now the Czech Republic. The article then presents the results of research carried out at sites in Brno, Úštěk and Krnov, documenting the possibilities of rescue archaeology and non-destructive surveys as well as tracing this type of workshop's heating units evolution, providing a comprehensive overview of industrial dyeing in the territory of the present-day Czech Republic during the 18th and 19th centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay considers how the grasslands of the Mexican region of El Sotavento entangle with the history of racial capitalism and with traditional Sotaventine music. Throughout this text, I argue that son Jarocho music and its poetics counterpoint racist colonial discourses making space for ways of being beyond racial capitalism. I review the history of Sotaventine grasslands, counterpointing their historical becomings with ethnographic materials and current poetic expressions. I especially focus on two sones: La Caña, written in the 1990s by Patricio Hidalgo Belli regarding sugarcane, and the 18th century Toro Zacamandú that speaks of cowboying. Using scholarly writings on the plantation and plantation histories from McKittrick and Glissant, King's work on fungibility, scholarship on Maroon landscapes and marronage, and an array of writers who explore poetics and geopoetics, we shall see how racial capitalism and the historical becomings of plantations and pastures are reflected and overturned in Sotaventine sounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the eighteenth century, authors of chemical treatises and courses on chemistry often introduced their work with a chapter devoted to the history of chemistry. While there may have been different reasons for the use of history, its importance was never seriously questioned. However, when Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743–1794) took a professional interest in chemistry in the early 1770s, he progressively became uneasy with this literary tradition. In this essay, I intend to explore the ways in which Lavoisier looked at the history of chemistry and to show how, from the 1780s onwards, he began to adopt a hostile attitude towards historical erudition. This vision, which culminated in the publication of the Traité élémentaire de chimie (Paris, 1789), was not only the result of a stylistic preference but constituted a direct attack on a way of doing chemistry from which Lavoisier intended to distance himself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legal explosiveness of the purchase examination grew increasingly from the 1970s onwards because of the ambiguous legal situation regarding which examinations correspond to the assessment of veterinary due diligence in order to detect all significant and hidden defects. The liability of the veterinarian was limited to cases of gross negligence and intent. Other claims of the client became time-barred after six months. According to the new Sales Law 2002, it is also not possible for a veterinarian to limit their own liability for faulty purchase examinations. The amount of liability can be reduced by contract with the client to cover the insurance cover. There is evidence that a recommendation to document a purchase inquiry and the subsequent conclusion of a contract in writing can be read at the end of the 18th century. At this time, it was finally called upon to record all the guaranteed characteristics of a horse. In the 1970s, and especially after a closed meeting of veterinarians and lawyers in 1987, due to the unclear legal situation, agreements were made to use standardised examination protocols for the purchase examination and record the result of the examination and basic contractual provisions between the veterinarian and the client. After the introduction of the new Sales Law, the protocols have become increasingly detailed, as they now represent the greatest possible legal protection for the veterinarian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young people are now at the centre of what we call "heritage". Children are a familiar sight at heritage sites, where specific provision is made for their learning and entertainment. Heritage education is also now well established, with families, schools, heritage sites and agencies working to ensure that children are encouraged and supported to engage with the material remains of the past. However, this is a surprisingly recent development. It was only in the later twentieth century that children came to be recognised as an important market for the heritage industry, requiring special consideration and amenities. On the other hand, on an individual basis, many children have been active participants in heritage activities for much longer. This essay considers one aspect of that long history, looking at the presence of children on the "Grand Tour" in the long eighteenth century. The classic image of the Grand Tour is of young British men being sent, in the years following school or university, on a protracted, often debauched journey around Western Europe. This characterisation has been recently challenged in several ways, and this essay continues this reevaluation by investigating the Tourists' age. Some Tourists were mature adults; many others were surprisingly young. This essay investigates both those young people who undertook their own tours, often accompanied by a tutor, and those touring as part of a family group. No reliable corpus of Grand Tourists can be established, and in those directories that do exist, children tend to be underrepresented. But using a range of printed, manuscript and visual sources, including educational treatises, memoirs, diaries, letters, and portraits, this essay establishes the unexpected extent of children's presence on the Tour and shows that it is possible to recapture the experiences of Grand Tour children and of those who travelled with them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eighteenth century saw an increasing interest in oral narrative ballad poetry, whose perceived decline prompted major efforts among antiquarians and collectors to find and preserve all that remained of the old popular songs. Women, long associated with oral tradition, were seen as the preservers of ballad poetry, transmitting their songs orally across generations. Yet while male collectors acknowledged female singers' contributions, they obscured the broader realities of women's engagement with print ballad culture. This article revisits the ballad traditions of Scottish women, exploring how the male-dominated scholarly discourse of the era shaped perceptions of women's involvement in ballad culture. While collectors emphasised the role of female singers as preservers of purely oral tradition, they downplayed women's broader engagement with ballads as printed literature, including their participation in the commercial broadside industry as sellers and consumers. This study reveals a more nuanced picture of women's involvement in balladry, challenging traditional narratives that align women singers exclusively with oral ballad tradition. By acknowledging the diverse ways in which women participated in ballad culture, this research sheds light on the complexities of gender dynamics within the ballad tradition, highlighting the need for a re-evaluation of women's reception and transmission of ballads historically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This historiographical study examines the Russian Orthodox Mission in Beijing from 1715 to 1956, revealing its historical impact on Christianity in China and Sino–Russian cultural exchanges. The research explores how the Mission functioned not only as a religious entity but also influenced diplomatic ties and scholarly pursuits, as documented in both Chinese and Russian historiographies. This study utilizes contemporary sources, exploring Chinese narratives to re-evaluate historical perspectives, and portrays the Mission as a critical mediator in Sino–Russian relations. An examination of the historical context shows that the Mission has undergone a transformation over time. It has evolved from an influential ecclesiastical presence to a cultural and diplomatic agency unobtrusively entered into Chinese society. From the mid-18th to the early 20th century, the Mission adapted to the local environment by combining the transmission of religious doctrine with engagement in China's political and cultural contexts. The article proposes a holistic interpretation of the Mission's function, encompassing not only evangelism but also diplomatic engagements, and adding to the multifaceted discourse within Chinese cultural heritage. In summary, the article recommends exploring the enduring impact and historical complexities of the Russian Orthodox Mission as it is grounded in a broader framework of global movements. The research suggests that it may be beneficial to broaden the scope of historiographic narratives to encompass a diverse range of interdisciplinary studies that reflect the complexity of the Mission's enduring impact and its role in shaping a shared global history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kronika is the property of Kronika, Casopis za Slovensko Krajevno Zgodovino and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Historia is the property of Associacao Nacional dos Professores Universitarios de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

From a maritime-history perspective, little is still known about eighteenth-century Venice, especially in non-Italian literature. Classic interpretations of eighteenth-century Venetian shipping suggest that the Venetians never regained a significant role as carriers in the Mediterranean after the sixteenth century. Although Venetian shipping was heavily impacted by the arrival of the 'Northerners' in the Mediterranean at the end of the sixteenth century, its capacity for long-term recovery has yet to be clarified. The primary impediment to Venetian maritime activity was the high threat of attacks by the so-called 'Barbary corsairs' on their merchant ships, which drove up transport costs. The Republic of Venice signed treaties with Algiers, Morocco, Tripoli and Tunis from 1763 onwards, but historians remain sceptical about the effects of this peace. This article seeks to demonstrate that the treaties with the Barbary states represented a groundbreaking turning point for eighteenth-century Venetian shipping: from the 1760s onwards, liberated from the burden of high risks and high protection costs, Venetian shipping made a vigorous and lasting resurgence on all routes in the Mediterranean and beyond. Following the treaties, the Venetians became significant carriers in the Mediterranean sea trade and were able to rival other competitors in international markets. From this standpoint, the Venetian shipping sector not only recovered but also flourished until the ultimate dissolution of the Republic in 1797. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the social practices and material culture surrounding the consumption of chocolate in eighteenth-century Spain, through the practice of dipping bizcochos (sponge biscuits). Yet dipping biscuits into chocolate appears ubiquitously in early modern textual and visual sources, this custom has been mostly overlooked by historians. By focusing on the materiality of chocolate consumption, this study offers another example of a more complicated and nuanced story of 'the civilising process' and manners in the eighteenth century. An examination of underexplored visual, textual and material evidence allows us to further our understanding of how the introduction of chocolate had a profound impact on Spanish economies, culture and society. Overall, the focus on bizcochos (and dipping) opens a window to explore broader cultural phenomena regarding sociability, table manners, and gender relations in the Spanish Enlightenment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of History / Tarih Dergisi is the property of Istanbul University, Department of History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Politico is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this article is to draw attention to two facts: 1) some copies of Fridrich Bridel's Vita Sancti Ivani (1656) contain an inset broadsheet depicting the legend on St. Ivan, 2) this broadside was published in 1795 separately, in a text-expanded Czech-German-Latin form. The broadside on St. Ivan from 1795 is (so far) one of the few pieces of evidence of the publication of rather typographically ambitious broadsheets in the Czech lands in the 18th century in vernacular languages and encourages the study of this type of early modern single-sheet publications containing picture stories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Arqueologia is the property of Revista de Arqueologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Hidalguía is the property of Revista Hidalguia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Hidalguía is the property of Revista Hidalguia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the evolution of consumption practices in Venice in the long eighteenth century through the combined use of post‐mortem inventories and household budgets. Although Italy experienced a period of relative decline between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, our findings suggest that Venetian households enjoyed a rich and vibrant material culture that was fully comparable with those of the most advanced European urban economies. However, although new products, practices, and fashions were adopted by Venetian society, the architecture of consumption did not undergo sudden and extreme changes; rather, consumption was gradually refined, following the path that it had begun during the Renaissance. We therefore argue that the Venetian economy did not experience a consumer revolution but, instead, consumer evolution. Moreover, this study shows that sophisticated consumption practices were not exclusive to the more dynamic economies of the continent but were widespread even in those regions that were victims of the Little Divergence. We thus suggest that the relationship between consumption development and economic development was not necessarily causal and that the diffusion of new consumption practices throughout society was a necessary, but insufficient, prerequisite for economic take‐off. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the plurilingual writing practices of eighteenth-century women of letters through the case of Elizabeth Carter (1717–1806), a plurilingual poet and translator who mastered no less than ten different languages. To determine the forms and functions of plurilingualism in early modern women’s letters, this article puts forward a methodological framework which combines insights from different fields of study. This framework moves beyond the notion of code-switching, and argues for a distinction between manifest and latent forms of epistolary plurilingualism. To determine the functions of plurilingualism in women’s letters, it proposes a contextualised reading. The potential of this framework is then illustrated by a close analysis of Elizabeth Carter’s plurilingual correspondence with Catherine Talbot (1721–1770). From this analysis, it appears that during the early years of their correspondence, Carter’s use of plurilingualism was inspired by an awareness of the inherent differences between languages, and of the dynamic interplay between language and identity. Studying the plurilingual dimensions of eighteenth-century women’s letters thus not only sheds new light upon women’s linguistic capabilities, but it also gives more insight into the way in which early modern women (re)shaped their intellectual and/or literary self/ves through letter writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of Mott–Schottky (M−S) analysis of impedance data to sub–micro samples extracted from the corrosion patina of copper, bronze, and brass archaeological artifacts attached to graphite electrodes is described. The corresponding theoretical approach is developed to account for the contribution of the composition and structure of the corrosion patina and the effect of the bare graphite substrate. Experimental data in contact with 0.10 M Na2SO4 aqueous solution at pH 6.28 are consistent with the p‐type semiconducting nature of the main copper corrosion products, cuprite, and tenorite. The values of the apparent flat band potential and the slope of the M−S plots allow archaeological samples to be grouped according to their M−S parameters (slopes and intercepts). Assuming equivalent conditions of corrosion, the resulting grouping is judged to be dependent on the composition, and/or method of manufacture, and/or age. Studied samples include Renaissance statues from the Hofkirche in Innsbruck and a variety of objects from museums and Archaeological Heritage Office (soprintendenza) in Austria (Bad Aussee, Johanneum Graz, and the Tyrolean State Museums), and Italy (Genoa and San Remo), dating from the Bronze Age to the 18th century. Complementary data are provided by voltammetry of immobilized particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dustin D. Stewart's book, "Futures of Enlightenment Poetry," challenges the traditional understanding of Enlightenment poetry as solely focused on reason and empirical observation. Stewart argues that there is a neglected tradition of devotional poetry associated with a reactionary Counter-Enlightenment that should be included in our understanding of the period. He explores the themes of afterlife and futurity in the poetry of Edward Young, Elizabeth Singer Rowe, and Mark Akenside, showing how their meditations on these topics offer insight into the development of eighteenth-century poetry. Stewart's book also examines the influence of spiritualist and mortalist poetics on the works of later poets, such as William Wordsworth, Phillis Wheatley Peters, William Blake, and Emily Dickinson. Overall, the book provides a fresh perspective on Enlightenment poetry and its relevance to contemporary debates. [Extracted from the article]

The emergence of neurosurgery from the practice of cranial surgery between the eighteenth and the twentieth centuries in London, UK, is well documented, including the role of Sir Victor Horsley, the first neurosurgical appointee at the National Hospital Queen Square in 1886. The process of this transition elsewhere in London and the subsequent foundation of other neurosurgical units are less well described. In East London, the status of St. Bartholomew's Hospital (Barts) as the oldest London hospital still active on its original site and its comprehensive archives allow an unusually long history of surgical practice in the specialty to be studied. Using these archives and other primary and secondary sources, this article describes the transition of cranial surgery in East London from the general surgeons, limited to the treatment of brain and skull injury, to the specialized discipline of neurosurgery. We discuss the culmination of this process in the foundation of three neurosurgical units at London Hospital, Whitechapel, by Sir Hugh B. Cairns from 1927; at Barts Hospital, Smithfield, by John E. A. O'Connell from 1937; and at Oldchurch Hospital, Romford, by Leslie C. Oliver from 1945. Two modern neurosurgical units, in Whitechapel and Romford, have taken forward the work begun by this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long neglected, the history of relativism has been the topic of a number of surveys in recent years. These studies, however, have been ambivalent on whether relativism really existed in the eighteenth century. Following Isaiah Berlin's contention that the eighteenth-century witnessed the emergence of pluralism rather than relativism, historians have concluded that the Enlightenment at best prefigured nineteenth-century developments in relativistic thinking. In response, this article argues that relativism was a recognizable thesis in eighteenth-century Britain and France. Its principles and consequences were frequently articulated, either to be rejected or defended, by a wide range of philosophers and imaginative authors, from Ralph Cudworth and Ann Radcliffe to Julien Offray de la Mettrie and Alberto Radicati. This neglected chapter in the history of relativism, I argue, matters for several strands in eighteenth-century studies, as it inflected Enlightenment reflections on aesthetic and moral values, human hierarchies, and cross-cultural relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, with the effects of climate change and the information revolution, nature is viewed as especially newsworthy. However, news about nature has a deeper history. An important precedent was Buffon's popular ornithological project (1770s–80s). In its wake, the kingdom of France experienced an avalanche of newspaper reports on birds and public displays of reportedly exotic and rare birds found by amateurs. Though initially a top-down endeavor of knowledge production, Buffon's project incited a burgeoning reading public to transform themselves from passive recipients of data about the natural world into active amateur scientists producing, perhaps for the first time, a network of actors who crowd-sourced knowledge about a natural species that was at once ubiquitous and in continuous motion. Compassing the global universe of birds was both an effect of, and a captivating metaphor for, the acceleration of social mobility and transnational networking in late eighteenth-century France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hand-painted magic lantern glass slides frequently present significant conservation problems, mainly due to the painting's deterioration and detachment from the glass support surface. However, the study of these objects is a very recent field. This work reviews the materials and techniques applied to hand-painted slides until the nineteenth century in Europe and North America to follow their evolution throughout time and place, aiming to further our understanding of the slides' historical, cultural, and artistic impact. This review identifies 22 historical sources from five countries, written between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, containing information on the production of hand-painted slides, from the glass support to the painting materials and techniques. The production processes changed from the mid-seventeenth to the eighteenth century with the apparent transition from fired paints (enamels) to cold paints (watercolours, oil colours, and varnish colours). Different stages of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century production processes are explored. Concerning the glass support, crown and plate or ground-polished glass (later patent plate) were commonly advised. Although the paintings' palette was mainly restricted to transparent colours, around 70 colourants and 25 binding medium components are listed. Their chronological distribution unveiled a possible correlation between their evolution and the advent of the Industrial Revolution. The knowledge of the original materials and techniques will not only contribute to understanding the differences between locations, periods, and slides' producers, helping in future attributions, but will also support further investigations on the key factors and mechanisms that lead to the degradation of historical hand-painted slides, enabling the improvement of current conservation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ballistics is an area of flight, and fewer subjects were of greater importance to nation states in the eighteenth century. William Mountaine who published on the topic in 1747 and 1781, wrote: 'It is not possible in the nature of things for any one kingdom to continue long in a state of peace and tranquility', and 'the art of gunnery has from time to time engaged the attention of the most eminent mathematicians'. This paper describes the slow up-take of ideas, first put forward explicitly by Benjamin Robins in 1742, which challenged the belief that air resistance could be neglected in the flight of cannon balls, and asks why it could be, that for a topic so pressing, a clearly wrong mathematical theory was upheld for so long. While considering a number of factors, it argues the attraction of beautiful and simple geometry can be beguiling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document titled "Katherine Birkwood and Eve Lacey" is a comprehensive collection of academic articles and books related to library and information history. It covers a wide range of topics, including the circulation of books and ideas between different countries, the role of libraries in various historical contexts, and the development of library infrastructure. These resources provide valuable insights into the history and development of libraries and can be useful for researchers interested in these topics. [Extracted from the article]

This article re-evaluates the debates over a proposed Scottish militia that took place in the British public sphere at the height of the Seven Years War and French invasion and Jacobite rebellion scares, and locates within them the origins of the discourse of Highlandism. Accordingly, the real and imagined ethnic traditions and characteristics of Scottish Highlanders to some extent came to represent the entire Scottish nation, while concurrently rehabilitating and replacing former stereotypes of Highlanders as bellicose 'savages' and Jacobite 'rebels.' Further, the debates were not merely informed by domestic politics and intellectual agendas, as typically assumed in the historiography; they were also tied to the larger geopolitical and cultural entanglements of imperial warfare and continued threats from Franco-Jacobite fifth columns, as circulated in an anxious, mercantilist, wartime print culture. These discourses reveal that mid-century whiggish Britons continued to worry about French-instigated rebellion despite historiographical assumptions to the contrary, and experienced considerable uncertainty and concern for the intertwined problems of foreign enemies, overseas war and domestic politics. This context, the widespread doubts surrounding Scotland's trustworthiness and relative status within the Union, and the defensive reactions among certain pro-militia 'Scots', show how commentators mobilised Highland soldiers in support of Scotland's deservedness of political, institutional and cultural equality with England. This, however, was not an era of growing confidence, cumulative antigallican military service and a 'long-eighteenth-century' process of political and cultural consolidation, but rather a deeply uncertain time of burgeoning global conflict and entangled Scotto-Franco-British identity dynamics which must be more fully considered on their own problematic terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the under-researched area of fraud in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Fraud offences rarely feature in criminal law historiography, and where they do, they are positioned as an afterthought to theft and forgery. This article redresses this oversight and presents an in-depth analysis of eighteenth-century jurisprudence around frauds, providing a long-overdue mapping of the most common offences within this diffuse area of law. This article reveals the ways in which fraud offences were situated in the wider criminal law, and how frauds interacted with other property offences. This article maps the contours of the emerging modern offence of fraud, and in doing so makes the case for a rethinking of the significance of the criminal law of fraud and its place in the development of the modern criminal law. Finally, by assessing the ways in which fraud straddled the line between felony and misdemeanour, this article provides a lens through which to better understand eighteenth and early nineteenth century criminal procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

King Carlos III of Spain supported numerous scientific and intellectual enterprises in Spanish America during the eighteenth century. One was the compilation, between about 1782 and 1785, of a vast 'paper museum', the 'Codex Martínez Compañón' or 'Codex Trujillo del Perú', in the province of Trujillo, Peru. There, the Bishop of Trujillo, Baltasar Jaime Martínez Compañón, directed the preparation of hundreds of coloured illustrations of the people, geography and natural history of the region. Included were 17 images of mammals classified as primates from Peruvian forests. In 1789, this compilation was shipped to Madrid where some of these illustrations were copied into an impressive oil painting by Louis Thiébaut under the direction of the bishop's nephew, José Ignacio de Lecuanda. This painting, the Quadro de la Historia Natural Civil y Geográfica del Reyno del Perú (1799), not only included images of almost a dozen primates, but also accompanying descriptions. Forming part of an unusually large painting, these depictions of New World primates served as channels for ideas about exoticism and potential European initiatives in the forested regions of Spanish America before independence. This paper discusses the identification of the primates and some other mammals portrayed in both Martínez Compañón's Codex and in the Quadro del Perú of Lecuanda and Thiébaut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many of the girls admitted to the Casa de Misericordia (House of Mercy) in Barcelona during the early modern age had suffered forms of violence, within their families and in the wider context of their deprived neighborhoods. Although poverty was the main reason for entry, there were many concomitant factors that led to girls being abandoned. My aim here is to demonstrate that among these factors, the experience of violence was important both quantitatively and qualitatively. The admission files reveal certainly the relationship between poverty, family conflicts, and violence against those most vulnerable members of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the history of the Rodez printing firm in provincial France from 1624 to 1820 (although the firm ran until 1984). In contrast to the world of clandestine printing and bookselling, very little is known about the lives of ordinary sedentary printers in ancien-régime France. The paper is organized in three parts and considers the following issues. How did the firm operate, who worked in it, what training was required, and what was produced? How did this change over time? Secondly, this was a family firm, so we may ask how was it kept in the family, and how did the family fare as it made a living out of printing? Here we have an insight into the history of an artisan family over nearly 200 years, the ascension of an artisanal family to the level of respectable bourgeoisie. The third area considered is the possible contribution to understanding the cultural world of a provincial town. The firm printed and sold books, and account books and order books give us further information, though of a fragmentary nature. From this it is possible to raise questions about recent research on the starkly contrasting world of Enlightenment bestsellers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Quarterly of the History of Material Culture / Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej is the property of Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Best selling "how to" books often change in the course of time but how, when and why they change can be difficult to determine. Not only might the author and publisher be jointly responsible for modifying a book's content but, to complicate matters further, many successful books were "pirated" in the past, violating the equivalent of today's copyright laws. It was not rare for such pirate editions to modify the original text, in some instances even "improving" on the original. This study of an eighteenth-century cookbook, La Cuisinière bourgeoise -- one of the best-selling cookbooks ever published in France -- calls attention to the many ruses used by the author, the authorised publisher, and their unauthorized competitors to attract new readers, and to the difficulties historians may encounter when using these books as primary source material for their research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Álabe is the property of Alabe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The book „Fiction in the archives. The selection of facts and documents in scientific research“ (2024) contains articles from the scientific conference with the same title held in March 2023 at Sofia University. Compilers of the collection are Andriana Spasova, Anna Alexieva, Boyka Ilieva, Nadezhda Alexandrova, Nikolay Zhelev, Slaveya Nedelcheva. The collection aims to raise the topic of the two-way interaction between fact and fiction, myth and history, document and literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the exploitation of material sources recorded by Europeans, including missionaries, traders, and travelers, who were present in Vietnam or researched about this country during the 17th and 18th centuries, the article focuses on studying and clarifying the appearance of Vietnamese cuisine culture in the 17th and 18th centuries, expressed through the ingredients of Vietnamese meals, strange dishes, sauces and spices, dish processing methods, eating styles, popular drinks, and differences in the cuisine life between classes in Vietnamese society then. From there, the author analyzes and evaluates the advantages and limitations of Western material sources recording Vietnamese cuisine during this period. To carry out this research, the author relied on original material sources from Western missionaries, traders, and travelers (reports, letters, works, diaries, etc.) who once set foot in Vietnam or researched this country in the 17th and 18th centuries. The article will contribute to researching the cultural exchange process between Vietnam and the West in the 17th and 18th centuries and "restoring" the picture of Vietnamese cuisine culture in this period as objectively and accurately as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eighteenth century is still the bottleneck of the history of political theory: the century that separates pre-economic theorists such as Machiavelli, Bodin and Hobbes from post-economic theorists such as Hegel, Mill and Marx. Political thinking became immeasurably much more complicated in the eighteenth century: and yet historians, after at least half a century of extremely judicious scholarship, still have difficulty explaining its significance for contemporary theory. Sagar's Adam Smith Reconsidered is an important contribution to the attempt to clarify just how modern political theorists should look backward – without hastening back to the abstractions of the seventeenth century or remaining confined to particular involutions of the nineteenth century. Its specific originality is in drawing attention to two important ideas of Adam Smith, seldom seen clearly or at all, 'the quirk of rationality' and 'the conspiracy of merchants'. Political theorists as well as historians of political thought will benefit from familiarising themselves with these ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]