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Kesterite-based thin-film solar cells (TFSCs) have recently gained significant attention in the photovoltaic (PV) sector for their elemental earth abundance and low toxicity. An inclusive study fro...

In this work, we study the depth of a buried current electrode that constitutes an effect on the electric potential in a transition multilayer earth. A three-layered earth model is applied to simul...

We estimated the dust aerosol influx into the snow cover in the region of Nizhnevartovsk. The average content of solid insoluble particles in snowmelt waters for conventionally background area is 12.0 mg/L, four times larger than for the reference uncontaminated territories. The high local background is typical for the Middle Ob River area and is due to the effect of remote oil production plants. Under urban conditions, the aerosol dust influx increases by a factor of 7.5 relative to conventionally background area. The dust particle influx leads an intense alkalization of snow cover. Results obtained during field tests are compared with spectral properties of snow. Landsat-8 (OLI sensor) data are used to calculate snow indices (normalized difference index, normalized index, and contamination index), which agree with ground-based observations and can be used to estimate the technogenic contamination level. The normalized snow index is optimal to estimate the amount of dust sediments, and snow contamination index is optimal to estimate acid–base (pH) conditions.

Subject and Purpose. Statistical data on how the satellite signal level varies with changes in the characteristics of tropospheric layers and lower-troposphere hydrometeors serve designers a useful guide in the development of systems for diagnosing weather conditions and hydrometeor characteristics. The aim of the work is to generalize results from the long-term research into daily dependences of X-band radio signal attenuation between the geostationary satellite and Earth terminals. On this basis it is possible to find relationship between signal level changes at the point of reception and geophysical atmospheric agents. Methods and methodology. A receiving measuring and recording complex developed by the authors is employed for the purpose of establishing relationship between geostationary satellite signal level at the receiving point and geophysical atmospheric agents. Results. A block-diagram of the receiving measuring and recording complex is presented, its operation described. Geometric parameters of the radio signal path of propagation have been considered. Signal level measuring results obtained using a Hot Bird geostationary satellite in the period from 03 to 17 January 2019 have been generalized and interpreted. Conclusions. X-band radio signal attenuation on the path from a geostationary satellite to the Earth has a daily dependence. The radio signal level variations are not connected with alterations in spatial and technical parameters of the geostationary satellite or receiving equipment. The day and night changes in radio signal level are attributed to different daytime durations and different angles of sunbeam (including twilight) incidence on tropospheric areas associated with the receiving antenna pattern in the propagation direction, which entails changeable temperature regime and moisture content in these areas. Geophysical agents in the highest tropospheric layers insolated from far beyond the horizon can also be interpreted for long-distance tropospheric radio wave propagation in these tropospheric regions.

A simple, cost-effective, do-it-yourself earth field nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer with shimming is demonstrated. A spectrometer for understanding magnetic resonance physics in an academic environment is presented here along with its coil and system component design. This system was designed with inexpensive and readily available electronic components costing less than US $130. The three signal chains in the system include the polarizer along with the polarization coil, transmitter driver with transceiver coil, and receiver circuit serving as a low-noise amplifier. A microcontroller acting as the signal generator and processor controls the entire system. Switching between the transmitter and the receiver is via a relay circuit. In experiments, the free induction decay obtained from the water sample lasted 2 s with an amplitude of 5 a.u. at 1512 Hz. The line width decreased by 13 Hz after active shimming compared to 3 Hz with passive shimming. The spin echo results of the commercially available Terranova-MRI system with and without sample were used as a benchmark for the low-cost earth field nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. The entire system had to be fine-tuned to visualize the free induction decay because the 1.2 kHz and 50 Hz noise was predominant before tuning. Future work will involve the incorporation of gradients and time-shared pulse sequence design.

The diatomaceous earth (DE), collected from the Mariovo region in North Macedonia, was characterized and thermally modified. The material represents a sedimentary rock of biogenic origin, soft solid that can be easily disintegrated, with white to grayish color, with bulk density of 0.51–0.55 g/cm3, total porosity of 61–63%, and specific gravity of 2.25 g/cm3. The chemical composition is as follows: SiO2,86.03; Al2O3, 3.01; Fe2O3, 2.89; MnO, 0.06; TiO2,0.20; CaO, 0.76; MgO, 0.28; K2O, 0.69; Na2O, 0.19; P2O5, 0.15; and loss of ignition, 5.66 (wt%). The mineralogy of the raw DE is characterized by the predominant presence of amorphous phase, followed by crystalline quartz, muscovite, kaolinite, and feldspar. Significant changes in the opal phase are observed in the 1,000–1,200°C temperature region. At 1,100°C, the entire opal underwent solid–solid transition to cristobalite. Further ramp of the temperature (1,100–1,200°C) induced formation of mullite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy depict the presence of micro- and nanostructures with pores varying from 260 to 650 nm. SEM analysis further determined morphological changes in terms of the pore diameters shrinkage to 120–250 nm in comparison to the larger pores found in the initial material. The results from this investigation improve the understanding of mechanism of silica phase transition and the relevant phase alterations that took place in DE upon calcination temperatures from 500 to 1,200°C.

Planners of a crewed mission to the Moon should have confidence in reliability of radiation dose estimations. In the absence of proton events during solar minimum the absorbed dose to the crew crossing the magnetosphere will be contributed primarily by protons and electrons of the inner and outer radiation belts of Earth, respectively. It is necessary to examine whether the existing electron forecast model is good enough for this purpose. The paper describes our efforts to model the radiation environment of RADOM onboard Chandrayaan 1 launched to the Moon on 22.10.2008, including the vehicle design in order to assess its shielding function. The geomagnetic field parameters were reproduced with the use of model А2000 developed at the Nuclear Physics Institute (Moscow State University). The absorbed doses were calculated with the help of standard Canopus-80 tools. Comparison of calculated and experimental data showed a good agreement for the period of solar minimum and quiet geomagnetic conditions.

Iron is one of the most abundant elements on the surface of the earth (5.1%), but is rarely used for photocatalytic hydrogen production due to its unsuitable band structure. Herein, a ternary Z-scheme g-C3N4/rGO/FeOOH heterostructure photocatalyst for hydrogen production was designed and fabricated. Due to its narrow bandgap and a low oxygen evolution overpotential of FeOOH, the Z-scheme g-C3N4/rGO/FeOOH ternary heterojunction exhibited excellent photocatalytic hydrogen production with the yields of 124.9 and 869.8 μmol h−1 g−1 (244.9 and 107.4 times larger than that of pristine g-C3N4) under visible and UV-visible light irradiation, respectively. This work could expand the usage of the earth-abundant element for solar energy conversion and provide a new viewpoint for the development of high-performance photocatalysts through a rational design of the component of the heterostructure.

High energy density magnets are preferred over induction magnets for many applications, including electric motors used in flying rovers, electric vehicles, and wind turbines. However, several issues related to cost and supply with state-of-the-art rare-earth-based magnets necessitate development of high-flux magnets containing low-cost earth-abundant materials. Here, by using first-principles density functional theory, we demonstrate the possibility of tuning magnetization and magnetocrystalline anisotropy of one of the candidate materials, MnBi, by alloying it with foreign elements. By using density functional theory in the high-throughput fashion, we consider the possibility of various metal and non-metal elements in the periodic table occupying empty sites of MnBi and found that MnBi-based alloys with Rh, Pd, Li, and O are stable against decomposition to constituent elements and have larger magnetization energy product compared to MnBi. Combined with other favorable properties of MnBi, such as high Curie temperature and earth abundancy of constituent elements, we envision the possibility of MnBi-based high-energy-density magnets.

A review of modern tools of global monitoring of soil moisture by means of remote sensing of the Earth’s surface is presented. The characteristic features of the use of orbital radiometers and radars of C, X and L microwave bands for estimating the volumetric soil moisture at a depth of 5 cm and the root layer of vegetation are considered. A review of the capabilities of satellite gravimetry to assess the land water equivalent thickness is made. A number of sources have been proposed for obtaining estimates of soil water content from satellite based radiometric devices and orbital gravimetric systems. Based on the analysis of scientific research papers, the complexity of monitoring the level of fire danger indices in forests is shown, and the prospects of assessing soil moisture in agricultural regions using microwave orbital instruments are demonstrated, and the adequacy of calculating the moisture content in soil at a depth of up to one meter using satellite gravimetry is described.

Single-phase earth faults are one of the main problem of the distribution electrical networks with voltage 6 - 35 kV with isolated neutral. Single-phase earth fault is one of the reasons decrease of the power quality and the reliability of power supply. The paper presents the theoretical base of the monitoring parameters selection during the single-phase earth fault process and its practical implementation as an installed system at a power substation with a 110/10 kV level voltage. The hardware part of the feeder monitoring system allows implementing the determination of feeder with fault and the phase of this feeder with fault without the need to switch off of the feeders. The software part of the system allows for ongoing monitoring of feeders with built-in alarm and viewing the event archive on the supervisor computer.

The general assumption of linear variation of earth pressures with depth on retaining structures is still controversial; investigations are yet required to determine those distributions of the passive earth pressure (PEP) accurately and deduce the corresponding centroid location. In particular, for rigid retaining walls, the calculation of PEP is strongly dependent on the type of wall movement. This paper presents a numerical analysis for studying the influence of wall movement on the PEP distribution on a rigid retaining wall and the passive earth thrust location. The numerical predictions are remarkably similar to existing experimental works as recorded on scaled test models and full-scale retaining walls. It is observed that the PEP varies linearly with depth for the horizontal translation, but it is nonlinear when the movement is rotational about the top of the retaining wall. When rotation is around the top of the wall, the resultant of PEP is located at a depth that varies between 0.164 and 0.259H of the wall height measured from the base of the wall, which is lesser than 1/3 of the wall height. The passive earth thrust location is highly affected by the soil–wall friction angle, especially when the friction angle of the backfill material increases. Despite the herein presented results, further experiments are recommended to assess the corresponding numerical predictions.

The procedure of accelerated resource tests of spacecraft polymers for their resistance to the long-term influence of atomic oxygen (AO) in the Earth's ionosphere at altitudes from 200 to 700 km has been developed. The procedure involves irradiation of polymers with high-energy ions of atomic oxygen and the use of a kapton-H polyimide as reference material. The condition of equivalence of the " atomic oxygen - polymer" interaction in the ionosphere and on the laboratory set is the equality of tested material mass loss. The basis for substantiating the procedure of accelerated tests is the result: when irradiating the kapton-H polymer with high-energy atomic oxygen ions in the energy range from 30 to 80 eV, the degradation of polyimide is determined by the process of chemical etching of the material. To substantiate the procedure of accelerating resource tests of polymeric structural materials of spacecraft for resistance to long-term action of atomic oxygen flows, the dependences of mass loss and volumetric mass loss factor (reactivity) of kapton-H polyimide and Teflon FEP-100A on fluence and energy of the atomic oxygen ions have been obtained. It is shown that when irradiating kapton-H polyimide with atomic oxygen ions with the energy of 30 to 80 eV, the material mass loss due to chemical etching is about an order of magnitude greater than the mass loss due to kinetic sputtering. When the kapton-H polymer is irradiated with high-energy atomic oxygen ions, the coefficient of acceleration of the resource tests and the fluence of atomic oxygen are about two orders of magnitude greater than the coefficient of acceleration obtained using atomic oxygen ions with an energy of 5 eV.

—Current problems of combining the results of mathematical modeling for the geodynamical evolution of the Earth’s crust in Central Asia with the instrumental data on recent surface deformations of the Earth obtained by the geodetic monitoring systems in the Northern Iran and South Turkmenistan are discussed. Based on the integrated analysis of the data obtained in the Northern Iran and Southern Turkmenistan, the annual average strain rates are estimated and their amplitudes are found to range within (10–8–10–9) yr–1. It is concluded that over the past 55 years, the interaction region between the Iranian and Turanian plates within the Peredovoi Kopet Dag fault (Ashkhabad fault) has been in the state of quasi static (soft) regional loading. The obtained strain-rate and tilt estimates are analyzed in comparison against the reference geodynamical process—the Earth’s tide. It is established that the average strain rate in a seismically active region is equal to or less than 1–2 amplitudes of Earth’s tidal strains per year. It is demonstrated that the modeling results of geodynamical processes cannot serve as a substitute for the real-time instrumental observations of the vertical and horizontal surface displacements of the Earth.

Earth-Centered Communication Technology (Earth Tech Net) is a framework that aims to shift technological value systems away from the normative human and toward planetary-aware ecological inclusivity. The framework grounds computational media as part of ecological evolutionary forces. It also generates experimental artworks that can reveal the current limitations of technological value systems and how they shape human behavior at different scales, as well as create models of an ecologically focused paradigm of technology, for example, an augmented-reality (AR) lichen interface made to model a hypothetical Earth-communication device that connects different species together.

A new alkali metal–rare earth metal sulfate with the formula NaY(SO4)2·H2O has been synthesized using a mild hydrothermal method. It crystallizes in the noncentrosymmetric trigonal space group P3121 (No. 152) with unit cell parameters of a = 6.8191(3) A, b = 6.8191(3) A, c = 12.7035(11) A, and Z = 1. Its structure features isolated [SO4] groups, extending to a three-dimensional (3D) framework linked by [YO9] and [NaO8] polyhedra. Second-harmonic generation (SHG) measurements show that NaY(SO4)2·H2O is phase-matching, with a SHG response ca. 0.6 times that of KH2PO4 (KDP). In addition, the UV-vis-NIR diffuse reflectance spectrum indicates that it exhibits a wide transparency range with a short UV cutoff edge (below 200 nm), suggesting that NaY(SO4)2·H2O is a potential deep-ultraviolet transparent nonlinear optical material. Its thermal stability and IR spectrum were studied comprehensively. Theoretical studies using density functional theory have been implemented to further understand the relationship between its optical properties and band structures.

Electron microscopic studies of the surface of the spacecraft descent vehicle (DV) have revealed faceted particles of various shape and size, which are formed when the DV travels through the Earth’s atmosphere at an ultrasonic velocity. The particles are no more than 5 µm in size. An X-ray diffraction analysis of the phase composition of the precipitate on the DVs porthole after their landing showed that the test samples contain the following minerals: сryptohalite—(NH4)2[SiF6]), sal ammoniac—NH4Cl, mullite—Al2SiO5, and other minerals that rarely occur in nature. The paper presents results of electron microscopic and X-ray studies of samples taken from 4 descent vehicles.

This article is devoted to the analysis of the heat engineering characteristics of the operation of an Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger, EAHE, with a circular cross-sectional shape, which is a component of the geothermal ventilation system. The authors analyzed literature sources devoted to the research of heat exchangers of the soil-air type of various designs and for working conditions in various soils. Much attention is paid to the issues of modeling the operation of such heat exchangers and the distinctive features of each of these models. Also important are the results of experimental studies carried out on our own experimental bench and with the help of which the numerical model was validated. The results of these studies are the basis for the development of a method for determining the optimal diameter of an EAHE under operating conditions for soil in Kyiv, Ukraine.

A quarter of Earth's land surface is covered by porous sedimentary silicate rocks, so silica–water interfaces are critical to the fate and transport of chemical species on a global-scale. However, while the physiochemical properties of unconfined silica–water interfaces are understood reasonably well, these properties have proven to be unpredictable when the interface is confined in nanometer-scale pores within sedimentary rocks. For example, the existing theories struggle to quantitatively predict how the energetics of adsorption reactions and the coordination environment of adsorbed species shift due to nanoconfinement of an interface. Here, we utilized gradual and known variations in the properties of trivalent lanthanide ions to decipher the chemical interactions that cause the nanoconfinement effects on chemistry at the silica–water interfaces. We discovered that the lanthanide's free energy of hydration (ΔGhydr) is a descriptor that can be used to predict the extent to which nanoconfinement will change the thermodynamics and products of interfacial reactions. We show that nanoconfinement promotes inner-sphere complexation between lanthanides and silica surface, as well as the formation of polymeric surface species. In nanoconfined domains lanthanide's ΔGhydr becomes less negative, reducing the energy required to dehydrate the ion during the formation of an inner-sphere surface complex. These nanoconfinement effects on chemistry become more pronounced for ions with lower hydration free energies.

—We present a summary and analysis of current views on the magnetic and gravity fields of the Earth as a reflection of global and regional tectonic processes. The discussion concerns the probable interconnection between the distribution of the geomagnetic field characteristics, gravity anomalies and the manifestations of mantle plume magmatism as the most remarkable geologic indicator of deep geodynamics. We demonstrate that the distribution of the characteristics of the main geomagnetic field has a qualitative similarity to anomalies of the gravity field. Brief variations of the geomagnetic field are due to high-frequency oscillations in the ionosphere, do not affect the general state of the field, and are useless when considering issues of global tectonics. On the contrary, variations with long periodicities, first of all geomagnetic reversals, can be among the main indicators of the evolution of the geodynamo – the heat mechanism controlling the entire series of global tectonic processes. The frequency of reversals is determined by the intensity of mantle plumes that cause the cooling of the core, increase the convection rate in the asthenosphere, and respectively, the periodic changes in the tectonosphere. We assume the existence of three modes of behavior for this system. The first one corresponds to steady convection, in which reversals are extremely rare or do not happen at all. These episodes – superchrons – compose no more than 20% of the duration of the Phanerozoic. The second mode occurs significantly more often in the geologic history and is characterized by active convection with frequent reversals happening at least once every 5 Myr. Finally, the third mode, which is rare for the Phanerozoic but was probably more prevalent in the early Precambrian, corresponds to hyperactive turbulent convection, when the frequency of reversals reached 20 and possibly more during one million years. Although the demonstrated qualitative similarity in the position of extreme values of the main geomagnetic field, the centers of free air gravity anomalies, and manifestations of large igneous provinces does not yet have a credible explanation, we consider it to be fundamental and requiring special study and detailed elaboration.

—The structure of seismic wavefield at distances close to antipodal is analyzed using two numerical methods—DSM and AXISEM—for calculating full waveforms. The obtained empirical estimates of the amplitude ratio of PKIIKP and PKIKP phases indicate that the S-wave velocity in the upper 40 km of the inner core may not be higher than 3.1 km/s. The properties of the PKPc-dif waves suggest a lower P-wave velocity in the lower 100 km of the outer core.

During the operation of pressure hydraulic structures, there is an objective need to ensure their safety and reliability. In the case of non-stationary loads on hydraulic structures, they can be either seriously damaged or destroyed. One of the non-stationary effects can be considered a directed explosion on the body of a hydraulic structure or in the immediate vicinity of it. At significant Mach numbers, the processes of excitation of the internal degrees of freedom of molecules, ionization and dissociation of gas molecules, and their recombination occur behind the shock wave front. The course of these processes is due to the almost tenfold compression of the gas at the time of the explosion and it’s heating relative to the room temperature of the order of 104 K. The use of approximate and numerical methods is a consequence of the difficulties associated with the need to solve nonlinear equations of gas dynamics, with the simultaneous use of relaxation equations and equations of chemical kinetics at the same time.

The discovery of Earth’s radiation zone divided into two belts is the first major discovery in Human space exploration. The inner belt dominated by energetic protons and the outer belt dominated by energetic electrons imply the inner belt with net positive charge and the outer belt with net negative charge. Earth’s surface carries net negative charge. These exploration data suggest the inner and outer parts of a star may be composed of several discrete charged layers. We propose the mechanism of the star’s multiple Debye spherical layers to adapt to the objective existence. The charged particles in the near-earth space follow the statistical distribution of multiple Debye spherical layers of Earth. The inner belt and outer belt is the main body of layer 8 and layer 9 respectively. The empty slot between the inner and outer belt comes from the action of the electric field between them. An impenetrable barrier to ultra-relativistic electrons originates from the action of the electric field of layer 7.

Earth air tube heat exchanger (EATHE) is one of the passive technologies which utilize the earth stored heat (renewable energy) for heating/cooling the buildings. EATHE releases heat to earth for cooling space in summer, making the earth a heat sink and extracts earth-stored energy for heating space in winter and makes the earth a heat source. This paper optimizes the Length of the ground heat exchanger and overall heat transfer coefficient of earth air heat exchanger using the Taguchi technique for cooling application. For this purpose, we select six factors such as installation depth of Pipe (A), Pipe's inner diameter (B), Thermal conductivity of pipe material (C), Inlet air temperature (D), Outlet air temperature (E), Inlet air velocity (F). All these factors are taken at three levels, and we select an L27 orthogonal array for experimental runs. The ground heat exchanger's Length and the overall heat transfer coefficient were then calculated for each experimental run. In the Taguchi method, we find the signal to noise ratio for an optimal combination of all six factors and ANOVA to find the order of influencing parameters and their percentage contributions for both the objective parameters. According to our results, the best combination for all the six factors for ground heat exchanger length and overall heat transfer coefficient were A1B1C3D1E3F1 and A2B3C2D3E1F3, respectively. The highest and lowest influencing factors for ground heat exchanger length were the pipe's inner diameter and the pipe's installation depth with their contribution factors of 69.12 and 0.32%, respectively. In contrast, the highest and lowest influencing factors for the overall heat transfer coefficient were the pipe's inner diameter and thermal conductivity of pipe material with their contribution factors of 75.97and 0%, respectively. Hence the order of influence of all the six factors for both the objective parameters was BEFDCA.

The article presents the results of the studies of the assessment of subsidence of the Earth’s surface above hydrocarbon fields, obtained by mathematical modeling and on the basis of field observations. The purpose of these studies is the substantiation of changes in the initial physical-mechanical and strength properties of productive deposits in the process of exposure to them by various methods of development, comparison of estimates of subsidence of the Earth’s surface obtained by calculation and geodetic methods, taking into account the heterogeneity of the geological structure of the fields and the technogenic factors of impact. It is shown that the value of the calculated surface subsidence over the field, obtained on single data of the coefficient of pore compressibility of rocks and without taking into account the impact of the applied methods of development, does not allow an objective assessment of this process over the field area. The conclusion is made about the necessity of repeated profile leveling and gravimetric observations for a real assessment of the subsidence process of the Earth’s surface, which allows to control the industrial and environmental safety of natural and natural-technogenic objects in the field.

SUMMARYWe derive exact asymptotic solutions for the static deformation due to a concentrated or point-like dislocation in a spherical, layered, elastic, isotropic and self-gravitating Earth. The exact asymptotic solutions are quite general and can provide the dislocation Love numbers on the Earth's surface, near the dislocation or ‘source’, and close to any layer interface or boundary. We also discuss the special case where both the source and field points are located on the Earth's surface. We compare our exact asymptotic solutions with previous results obtained from the analytical dual variable and position (DVP) method via curve fitting. Our comparison confirms that the analytical DVP results converge to the exact asymptotic solutions. These new exact asymptotic solutions are particularly helpful when evaluating slowly convergent series of Green's functions using a Kummer transformation, anywhere within the layered Earth, especially for field points located very close to the point dislocation or source.

The article deals with the current state of mineral and raw hydrocarbon base of Ukraine. The main promising directions of geological exploration for oil and gas are identified and determined: in reef-carbonate complexes, deep-seated petroliferous complexes, crystalline basement, non-anticlinal traps in sandy bodies, non-traditional HC sources.

The aim of this work is to develop a numerical model of the year-round operation of an earth-to-air heat exchanger (EAHE) with a circular cross-sectional shape with further its validation based on the obtained experimental data. We consider that these studies can form the basis for the development of methods for calculating and designing geothermal ventilation systems for climate conditions of Ukraine. The analysis of literature sources showed that now there are quite a lot of studies devoted to the issues of geothermal ventilation. The results of such heat exchanger modeling with various geometric data and which operate in their authentic soils under various hydraulic regimes and that are located at different depths are widely presented. However, these studies do not allow obtaining generalized patterns of heat transfer during the operation of the heat exchangers and the influence of the geometric parameters of the heat exchanger on the operation of the geothermal ventilation system as a whole. Much attention is paid to the issues of modelling the operation of such heat exchangers and the distinctive features of each of these models. Also important are the results of experimental studies carried out on our own experimental bench and with the help of which the numerical model was validated. To conduct experimental research on the operation of the geothermal ventilation system at the Institute of Engineering Thermophysics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine an experimental stand was created. This stand is designed to study thermophysical processes during the operation of a geothermal ventilation system elements. The results of these studies are the basis for the development of a method for determining the optimal diameter of the earth-to-air heat exchanger under operating conditions for soil in Kyiv, Ukraine.

Logachev catalog data for solar cycle 23 has been used to study the dependence of measured increases in solar cosmic rays (SCRs) on solar perturbations. The efficiency of recording the SCR increases, driven by proton acceleration in the corona, on Earth and in its vicinity is shown to depend on power of a solar flare that created a shock wave and on position of the flare on the solar disk. As the particle flux moves along the heliolongitude away from the parent flare, the acceleration efficiency decreases, i.e. the maximum energy of the accelerated particles and their intensity at equal energy decrease. As a result, at a certain distance along a heliolongitude from the parent solar flare, the solar proton flux intensity decreases to the galactic background, and there is no SCR increase detected.

Based on the most active hydrosphere on the earth, the interplay between adjacent semiconducting minerals and electrochemically active microorganisms was scientifically researched in the marine eup...

Данная статья является продолжением [1]. В представленной работе приведена постановка задачи математического моделирования теплопроводности на основе основных законов сохранения (плотности, импульса энергии). В уравнении энергии учтены основные динамические и фотохимические источники и стоки тепла в верхней атмосфере Земли. Приведены результаты численного расчета высотного распределения температуры и ее источников и стоков для условий средних широт(45ºN), и средней солнечной активности(F10.7150) нейтрального газа. Эти результаты получены на основе решения нелинейных, связанных, «жестких», алгебраических систем. Написан алгоритм и программа на языке Фортран90 адаптированная для использования на любой вычислительной системе. Расчеты проводятся самосогласованно с другими параметрами нейтрального и ионного состава. Показана возможность применения одинакового высотного распределения коэффициента турбулентного перемешивания системы нейтрального газа верхней атмосферы Земли. This article is a continuation of [1]. In the presented work, the formulation of the problem of mathematical modeling of thermal conductivity based on the basic conservation laws (density, energy momentum) is given. The energy equation considers the main dynamic and photochemical sources and sinks of heat in the Earth's upper atmosphere. The results of a numerical calculation of the altitude distribution of temperature and its sources and sinks for conditions of middle latitudes (45ºN), and average solar activity (F10.7150) of neutral gas are presented. These results are obtained on the basis of solving nonlinear, coupled, "rigid" algebraic systems. An algorithm and a program have been written in Fortran90 adapted for use on any computing system. The calculations are carried out in a self-consistent manner with other parameters of the neutral and ionic composition. The possibility of using the same altitude distribution of the turbulent mixing coefficient of the neutral gas system of the Earth's upper atmosphere is shown.