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Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is a common plastic that has many uses. Additives enhance the properties of PVC and enable its use in specific applications under harsh conditions. Therefore, several new tin complexes containing the fusidate unit were synthesized and tested as PVC photostabilizers. The reaction of sodium fusidate and appropriate tin chloride or oxide in boiling methanol provides the corresponding organotin complex in high yield. The structures and properties of the synthesized tin complexes were established using several analytical and spectroscopic tools. Also, the surface morphology of the complexes was inspected using various methods. The fusidate unit acts as either a monodentate (triphenyl and dibutoxide derivatives) or bidentate (dimethyl and dibutyl derivatives) ligand depending on the substitutes attached to the tin atom. The PVC was blended with tin complexes (0.5% by weight), and thin films were made and irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light for a long time. The effect of tin complexes on PVC as photostabilizers was assessed using different methods. The tin complexes significantly reduce PVC photodegradation. The non-desirable changes in the irradiated PVC were minimal in the presence of additives compared to those observed in the blank film. The dimethyltin derivative, which had the highest surface area compared to the other complexes, was the most efficient additive to decrease the photodegradation of PVC film after irradiation. The tin complexes prevent photodegradation by acting as ultraviolet absorbers as well as scavengers for hydrogen chloride and peroxides.

This study is to evaluate the performance of TiO2 as a photocatalyst for polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) in different concentrations. Five different concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles (0.001–0.005 wt%) have been added to PHB blend to produce modified PHB films. The conducting characterizations using FTIR, UV, SEM and optical microscope confirmed the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 on the surface of PHB films. The SEM analyses after irradiation reports show that the PHB thin films doped with different concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles have piece of ice rock-resembling structure nature with heterogeneous surface morphology. After irradiation, the photodecomposition rate constant showed the highest value in the presence of TiO2 with concentration (0.005 wt%). Therefore, TiO2 nanoparticles, in particular high concentration (0.005 wt%), are considered as a photocatalyst for PHB films (30 μm thickness) photodegradation.

The boiling points of n-alkanes were determined using formular method and compared with experimental results, this method depends on three major factors which includes; the molar mass of a compound, the energy that the compound posses and the energy that the compound absorbs from its surrounding, the formular gave 99% accuracy. This method is highly favored at very low entropy. It can be applicable in the petroleum industry, agrochemical industry, reactor design process and proof for the existence of a conventional inductive effect in relatively neutral molecules. Key words: Boiling point determination, Atume’s formular, Inductive pressure, internal molecular energy, External energy, Atume’s hypothesis

Poly(vinyl chloride) is a common plastic that is widely used in many industrial applications. Poly(vinyl chloride) is mixed with additives to improve its mechanical and physical properties and to enable its use in harsh environments. Herein, to protect poly(vinyl chloride) films against photoirradiation with ultraviolet light, a number of tin complexes containing valsartan were synthesized and their chemical structures were established. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, and molecular weight determination showed that the non-desirable changes were lower in the films containing the tin complexes than for the blank polymeric films. Analysis of the surface morphology of the irradiated polymeric materials showed that the films containing additives were less rough than the irradiated blank film. The tin complexes protected the poly(vinyl chloride) films against irradiation, where the complexes with high aromaticity were particularly effective. The additives act as primary and secondary stabilizers that absorb the incident radiation and slowly remit it to the polymeric chain as heat energy over time at a harmless level.

C27H21N5O, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 8.1464(7) Å, b = 10.3861(8) Å, c = 13.2507(9) Å, α = 84.898(6)°, β = 89.413(6)°, γ = 80.351(7)°, V = 1100.88(15) Å3, Z = 2, R gt(F) = 0.0648, wR ref(F 2) = 0.1726, T = 296(2) K.

Polystyrene is a common thermoplastic and is produced in different shapes and forms. The scale of manufacture of polystyrene has grown over the years because of its numerous applications and low cost of production. However, it is flammable, brittle, has low resistance to chemicals, and is susceptible to photodegradation on exposure to ultraviolet radiation. There is therefore scope to improve the properties of polystyrene and to extend its useful lifetime. The current work reports the synthesis of organometallic complexes and investigates their use as photostabilizers for polystyrene. The reaction of excess ibuprofen sodium salt and appropriate metal chlorides in boiling methanol gave the corresponding complexes excellent yields. The organometallic complexes (0.5% by weight) were added to polystyrene and homogenous thin films were made. The polystyrene films blended with metal complexes were irradiated with ultraviolet light for extended periods of time and the stabilizing effects of the additives were assessed. The infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, depression in molecular weight, and surface morphology of the irradiated blends containing organometallic complexes were investigated. All the synthesized organometallic complexes acted as photostabilizers for polystyrene. The damage (e.g., formation of small polymeric fragments, decrease in weight and molecular weight, and irregularities in the surface) that took place in the polystyrene blends was much lower in comparison to the pure polystyrene film. The manganese-containing complex was very effective in stabilizing polystyrene and was superior to cobalt and nickel complexes.

Chemistry laboratories present more hazards than are typically found in other science laboratories. The Department of Chemistry at the College of Science at Al-Nahrain University aims to establish and develop the concepts of occupational safety and its embodiment through an applied reality aimed at making the work environment safe considering the development of scientific aspects and deepening the safety culture. 2017 was a year of achievements that can be summarized through major trends including the development of laboratory infrastructure, education of safety aspects, scientific support for Iraqi universities, community service in addition to the scientific research activity to teach the department on various safety topics.

Metals are essential to the human body but can be harmful to health when it exceeds permissible limits. Different sorts of cigarettes were chosen from the markets in Iraq to conduct the tests of the elements in these species. The chose samples were tested using EDX instrument. Results demonstrated the presence of the proportions of dangerous elements such as (Sb, Ni, Zn, P, Pb, Cd, Ca, Si, S, Cr, Mg, Na, As, Al, Cl, and Sn), which greatly affect the health of the smoker and its negative effects to the environment. The genuine risk is the result of accumulate these elements in the body of the smoker's lungs, liver, blood or brain and its effects are chronic and more dangerous and threatens the life of the person in the future. A special absorption system was used to absorb tobacco smoke for the tested samples by deionized water. The remaining ash collected for acid digestion and prepared to atomic absorption analyses.

4-amino-5-(pyridyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (X) with Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Sn2+ has been synthesized also used as PS photostabilizers. In chloroform solvent, these complexes mixed with PS to form modified PS, which involving (0.5 % wt) of complexes were prepared using casting method. At room temperature the intensity of light (6.02×10-9 Ein Dm-3 S-1) and wavelength 365 nm with utilized to irradiate polymeric films. PS films irradiation with UV light led to obvious changes in infrared spectra. The photostabilization activity of these polymeric films was investigated by observation the indices using FTIR spectroscopy.

The poly(vinyl chloride) PVC was photostabilized by gallic acid derivatives (0.5% by weight). The photodecomposition rate constant was reduced significantly in the existence of gallic acid derivatives along with PVC (blank). R1 compound was found to be the most effective stabilizer in photostabilization of PVC. The photodecomposition rate constant for PVC films containing R1 was found to be 1×〖10〗^(-4) compared to 8×〖10〗^(-4) sec-1 for PVC films in the absence of any additives. Different mechanisms of photostability for PVC films that involve gallic acid derivatives have been proposed.

N1,N4-Bis{(2-hydroxyethyl)(methyl)carbamothioyl}terephthalamide (1A) was synthesized by reacting terephthaloyl chloride and ammonium thiocyanate and the product was reacted with 2-Methyl amino ethanol to afford the final product. The product was characterized by Infra Red, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Electrospray Ionization mass Spectrometric techniques. The crystal was obtained by recrystallization from DMSO by slow evaporation technique. The X-ray studies reveal that (1A) is crystallized in monoclinic system with space group P 21/n, a = 6.9727(9), b = 17.649(2), c = 8.2629(11), α = 90, β = 112.329(4), γ = 90. Z = 2 and V = 940.6(2). In the crystal structure, the molecules are linked by O(1) … H(1) … S(1), and O(1) … H(1) … O(2) intermolecular H-bonds forming a 3-D network. In addition, the antibacterial activities against four different strains of bacteria and theoretical evaluation for the stable geometries for (1A) has been performed using semi-empirical calculations of PM3 method.

C28H20FN3O2S, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 9.1325(7) Å, b = 11.5184(9) Å, c = 11.6535(9) Å, α = 74.682(7)°, β = 84.253(6)°, γ = 76.720(6)°, V = 1149.68(15) Å3, Z = 2, R gt(F) = 0.0574, wR ref(F 2) = 0.1438, T = 296(2) K.

The photostabilization of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) film filled with an organotin complex in its structure was examined and compared with the blank PVC film. The organotin (IV) complex that contains 4-(benzylideneamino) benzenesulfonamide as a ligand was synthesized and applied as a PVC photostabilizer. The impact of the complex on the polymer was assessed by comparing the properties of the films with and without the complex, before and after irradiation, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, viscosity change, atomic force microscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Results showed that the complex film had lower weight loss, gel content, and molecular weight deterioration than the plain PVC film. Also, surfaces of the complexes-filled films were smoother, less lumpy, and more homogeneous. These findings were obtained via the FE-SEM and light microscope images and confirmed by measuring the roughness factor. The organotin (IV) complex proved its activity in delaying the photo-degradation of PVC by several mechanisms. Ultimately, the Tin complex has effectively protected the PVC film against irradiation. The photostabilization of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) film filled with an organotin complex in its structure was examined and compared with the blank PVC film. The organotin (IV) complex that contains 4-(benzylideneamino) benzenesulfonamide as a ligand was synthesized and applied as a PVC photostabilizer. The impact of the complex on the polymer was assessed by comparing the properties of the films with and without the complex, before and after irradiation, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, viscosity change, atomic force microscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Results showed that the complex film had lower weight loss, gel content, and molecular weight deterioration than the plain PVC film. Also, surfaces of the complexes-filled films were smoother, less lumpy, and more homogeneous. These findings were obtained via the FE-SEM and light microscope images and confirmed by measuring the roughness factor. The organotin (IV) complex proved its activity in delaying the photo-degradation of PVC by several mechanisms. Ultimately, the Tin complex has effectively protected the PVC film against irradiation.

Poly(vinyl chloride) PVC materials are used in many industrial and household outdoor applications which exposed to sunlight ultraviolet. This exposure motivates photo-degradation of the PVC and hence, reduces its life time and leads to undesirable physical properties. Herein, three new Schiff bases containing a trimethoprim moiety were investigated as photo-stabilizers for poly(vinyl chloride) against photo-decomposition. Merely 0.5% by weight of these Schiff bases was mixed with the polymer to form blend films with thickness of (40 µm). The films were irradiated for a period of time from 0 to 300 h and the irradiation impact on the PVC stabilization was monitored every 50 h. The efficiency of these additives as photo-stabilizers was investigated as a function of different parameters during the course of irradiation, such as weight loss, growing carbonyl and alkene groups as well as the surface morphology of the prepared films. The changes during irradiation were obvious for the blank films in comparison to the films containing the new additives. Therefore, these Schiff bases were found to act as photo-degradation inhibitors through reducing the elimination of hydrogen chloride molecules and as free radical scavengers or peroxide decomposers.

The photooxidative degradation process of plastics caused by ultraviolet irradiation leads to bond breaking, crosslinking, the elimination of volatiles, formation of free radicals, and decreases in weight and molecular weight. Photodegradation deteriorates both the mechanical and physical properties of plastics and affects their predicted life use, in particular for applications in harsh environments. Plastics have many benefits, while on the other hand, they have numerous disadvantages, such as photodegradation and photooxidation in harsh environments and the release of toxic substances due to the leaching of some components, which have a negative effect on living organisms. Therefore, attention is paid to the design and use of safe, plastic, ultraviolet stabilizers that do not pose a danger to the environment if released. Plastic ultraviolet photostabilizers act as efficient light screeners (absorbers or pigments), excited-state deactivators (quenchers), hydroperoxide decomposers, and radical scavengers. Ultraviolet absorbers are cheap to produce, can be used in low concentrations, mix well with polymers to produce a homogenous matrix, and do not alter the color of polymers. Recently, polyphosphates, Schiff bases, and organometallic complexes were synthesized and used as potential ultraviolet absorbers for polymeric materials. They reduced the damage caused by accelerated and natural ultraviolet aging, which was confirmed by inspecting the surface morphology of irradiated polymeric films. For example, atomic force microscopy revealed that the roughness factor of polymers’ irradiated surfaces was improved significantly in the presence of ultraviolet absorbers. In addition, the investigation of the surface of irradiated polymers using scanning electron microscopy showed a high degree of homogeneity and the appearance of pores that were different in size and shape. The current work surveys for the first time the use of newly synthesized, ultraviolet absorbers as additives to enhance the photostability of polymeric materials and, in particular, polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene, based mainly on our own recent work in the field.

New tin complexes were made from the reaction of various tin reagents with atenolol. These complexes were mixed with PVC to produce the stabilized polymeric films. The stability of the films was evaluated using UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The rate of photodecomposition constant have been calculated for PVC films as a method for evaluating the efficiency of atenolol-tin complexes 1–4 that used as a photostabilizers after 300 hour of irradiation. The results have showed that the additives had reduced the rate of photodecomposition constant of PVC films significantly with comparison to PVC (blank). The rate constant of photodecomposition (kd) value for PVC films was higher than that after addition of atenolol tin complexes as photostabilizers.

The department of Chemistry is one of the main academic departments in the College of Science at Al-Nahrain University. The department awards Bachelor degree in Chemistry and Master degree in Analytical, Physical, Organic, Inorganic, and Biochemistry. Chemistry department since its establishment has twenty one laboratories within. Fifteen of them are devoted for postgraduate students and the rest are for undergraduates. During 2016, we aimed to focus our attention towards maintaining safety measures within all of these laboratories to ensure a safe working environment. In 2016, the department witnessed many significant achievements with regards to disseminating safety measures through lectures, workshops, seminars and publications as well as renovating infrastructures. Also, during the last six years, the department adopted a strategy to promote safety and security which has been approved by Civilian Research and Development Foundation (CRDF). Herein, we would like to shine a spotlight to all departmental activities and programs conducted to motivate and educate our students and affiliates to take safety as their first priority at all times and keep maintaining safety standards in our department.

The Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Al-Khwarizmi College of Engineering at Baghdad University has lately renovated its own research laboratories to comply with international safety measures and conduct undergraduate and postgraduate research. In this regard, the department has harnessed some amenities within the college to establish these laboratories taking into accounts creating a convenient, safe, and developed working environment for both researchers and students. A precise procedure was followed to establish this laboratory which includes providing new bench tops which offer spacious working places for workers. These benches were supplied with power points, gas, water, and compressed air outlets. In addition, the laboratories were provided with fume hoods, fire extinguishers, and other auxiliary safety tools. For all that, an inspection conducted by experts to these laboratories showed some major and minor faults which need to be taken into considerations to ensure safety for all workers within these amenities.

Chemistry laboratories have been classified as dangerous workplaces as many hazardous chemicals are used within. Some of these chemicals have a high risk score and dealing with them without taking into considerations any potential damage to properties/people is absolutely unprofessional and irresponsible. In this regard, in order to offer a reasonable protection for people and facilities, we deduce a feasible safety practice based on our thorough evaluation for one of the chemistry laboratories in our academic institution (Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Women, Baghdad University). This evaluation revealed that safety precautions must be always adopted within any chemistry laboratory and safety officer must regularly inspect laboratories to check their compliance with safety standards. Herein, we present our evaluation, and observations as well as thoughts to promote this chemistry laboratory in terms of safety measures.

Hypertension (HT) And related diseases such as chronic kidney disease(CKD) share in that one of the main reasons for them is to increase the oxidative stress, which in turn increases the severity of the disease and exacerbation of symptoms. Reactive molecules produced from oxidative stress, in addition to causing tissue damage by oxidation of biomolecules like DNA, lipids, proteins and sugars; they are lead to the formation of mediators with potent inflammatory effect. The objective of this study was to investigate some markers of oxidative stress in hypertension (HT) and HT with CKD patients in addition to some biochemical parameters related to these diseases. This study involved 84 male subjects aged between (25-65) year equally divided into three groups, first and second one belong to HT and HT with CKD patients respectively from Al-yarmouk Teaching hospital, while the third one for apparently healthy 28 subjects considered as control group. For each subject in the three groups these markers and parameters were evaluated; 4-hydroxy-2-nonenl(4HNE), induced nitric oxide synthase(iNOS), albumin, urea, creatinine ,total serum protein. The results were compared to control; There was a significantly higher (p

The forensic DNA facility at Al-Nahrain University was established in 2011 with a clear message to be as a training and research center in Iraq. Iraq is still suffering from the existence of many mass graves in different provinces, and complicated criminal cases. Predominantly, the forensic DNA facility will offer a solid platform to support forensic investigations as casualties in most cases are anonymous to the government. The forensic DNA investigation laboratories were built without any considerations to safety measures and standard laboratories ergonomics. Herein, we report a genuine safety program adopted and performed by some experts to alleviate all safety problems that were reported in the laboratories as well as qualifying those according international standards of safety. The forensic DNA facility at Al-Nahrain University now is considered as a typical example in Iraq and we aim for becoming an internationally accredited center in the Middle East in the near future. In this concern, the vision implemented is to be achieved via complying with international standards and making collaboration with the International Committee on Missing Persons (ICMP).

The corrosion of zinc in 4 M HCl by has been investigated at room temperature, and at different temperatures using weight loss measurements, and inhibited by using ciprofloxacin drug. Results obtained showed that ciprofloxacin is a convenient inhibitor and its inhibition efficiency (IE %) increased with the increase of inhibitor concentration. The best temperature which showed the lowest corrosion rate values was at 318K.The mechanism of adsorption had been explained on the basis of chemical structure of the investigated inhibitor. It was found that the protection of zinc metal using this corrosion inhibitor is not complicated at room temperature, and the optimum concentration of inhibitor has been calculated which had showed the maximum surface coverage.

Transition metals represent the d block element which includes groups 3-12 on the periodic table. Their d shells are in a process of filling. This property of these kinds of metals realized the foundation of co-ordination structures. Some of new gold (III) compounds have been prepared that are enough consistent under physiological conditions and are promising contender for pharmacological testing as cytotoxic and antitumor administrators. In vitro pharmacological studies point out that some of these novel gold (III) structures are astoundingly cytotoxic toward refined human tumor cell lines. Preliminary results on legitimate to DNA in vitro were exhibited, raising that the affiliations were gen-erally slight. A few of Au (III) mixes with multi-dentate ligands such asen (ethylendiamine), dien (diethylendiamine) and sticky (N-benzyl-N, N-dimethylamine) have been seen to be dynamic against human tumor cell lines. How to Cite this Article Pubmed Style Firas Hassan, Salam Abd AlQadeem Mohammed, Anil Philip, Ayah Abdul Hameed, Emad Yousif. Gold (III) Complexes as Breast Cancer Drug. SRP. 2017; 8(1): 76-79. doi:10.5530/srp.2017.1.13 Web Style Firas Hassan, Salam Abd AlQadeem Mohammed, Anil Philip, Ayah Abdul Hameed, Emad Yousif. Gold (III) Complexes as Breast Cancer Drug. http://www.sysrevpharm.org/?mno=302644568 [Access: March 28, 2021]. doi:10.5530/srp.2017.1.13 AMA (American Medical Association) Style Firas Hassan, Salam Abd AlQadeem Mohammed, Anil Philip, Ayah Abdul Hameed, Emad Yousif. Gold (III) Complexes as Breast Cancer Drug. SRP. 2017; 8(1): 76-79. doi:10.5530/srp.2017.1.13 Vancouver/ICMJE Style Firas Hassan, Salam Abd AlQadeem Mohammed, Anil Philip, Ayah Abdul Hameed, Emad Yousif. Gold (III) Complexes as Breast Cancer Drug. SRP. (2017), [cited March 28, 2021]; 8(1): 76-79. doi:10.5530/srp.2017.1.13 Harvard Style Firas Hassan, Salam Abd AlQadeem Mohammed, Anil Philip, Ayah Abdul Hameed, Emad Yousif (2017) Gold (III) Complexes as Breast Cancer Drug. SRP, 8 (1), 76-79. doi:10.5530/srp.2017.1.13 Turabian Style Firas Hassan, Salam Abd AlQadeem Mohammed, Anil Philip, Ayah Abdul Hameed, Emad Yousif. 2017. Gold (III) Complexes as Breast Cancer Drug. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 8 (1), 76-79. doi:10.5530/srp.2017.1.13 Chicago Style Firas Hassan, Salam Abd AlQadeem Mohammed, Anil Philip, Ayah Abdul Hameed, Emad Yousif. "Gold (III) Complexes as Breast Cancer Drug." Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 8 (2017), 76-79. doi:10.5530/srp.2017.1.13 MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style Firas Hassan, Salam Abd AlQadeem Mohammed, Anil Philip, Ayah Abdul Hameed, Emad Yousif. "Gold (III) Complexes as Breast Cancer Drug." Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 8.1 (2017), 76-79. Print. doi:10.5530/srp.2017.1.13 APA (American Psychological Association) Style Firas Hassan, Salam Abd AlQadeem Mohammed, Anil Philip, Ayah Abdul Hameed, Emad Yousif (2017) Gold (III) Complexes as Breast Cancer Drug. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 8 (1), 76-79. doi:10.5530/srp.2017.1.13

Objectives: To investigate the cytotoxic effect of anastrozole on breast (MCF7), liver hepatocellular (HepG2), and prostate (PC3) cancer cells. Methods: This is a prospective study. Anastrozole’s mechanism of apoptosis in living cells was also determined by high content screening (HCS) assay. Methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay was carried out at the Centre of Biotechnology Research’s, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq between July 2015 and October 2015. The HCS assay was performed at the Centre for Natural Product Research and Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia between November 2015 and February 2016. Results: The most significant cytotoxic effect of anastrozole towards 3 cancer cell lines was obtained when its concentration was 400 µg/mL. The MCF7 cells were more sensitive to anastrozole compared with the HepG2 and PC-3 cells. There was a significant increase in membrane permeability, cytochrome c and nuclear intensity when anastrozole (200 µg/mL) was used compared with doxorubicin (20 µg/mL) as a standard. Also, there was a significant decrease in cell viability and mitochondrial membrane permeability when anastrozole (200 µg/mL) was used compared with positive control. Conclusion: Anastrozole showed cytotoxic effects against the MCF7, HepG2, and PC3 cell lines as determined in-vitro by the MTT assay. The HCS technique also showed toxic effect towards MCF7. It is evident that anastrozole inhibits the aromatase enzyme preventing the aromatization mechanism; however, it has a toxic effect. Saudi Med J 2017; Vol. 38 (4): 359-365 doi: 10.15537/smj.2017.4.17061 How to cite this article: Hassan F, El-Hiti GA, Abd-Allateef M, Yousif E. Cytotoxicity anticancer activities of anastrozole against breast, liver hepatocellular, and prostate cancer cells. Saudi Med J. 2017 Apr;38(4):359-365. doi: 10.15537/smj.2017.4.17061.

Three new polyphosphates were synthesized in good yields by reacting diethylenetriamine with the appropriate phosphate ester in ethanol under acidic conditions. The polyphosphate structures were determined using FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopies, and their elemental compositions were confirmed by EDX spectroscopy. Polyphosphates were added to poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) at low concentrations to fabricate thin films. The PVC films were irradiated with ultraviolet light for long periods, and the effect of polyphosphates as the photostabilizer was investigated by determining changes in the infrared spectra (intensity of specific functional group peaks), reduction in molecular weight, weight loss, and surface morphology. Minimal changes were seen for PVC films containing polyphosphate compared to that for the blank film. In addition, optical, scanning electron, and atomic force microscopies were used to inspect the surface morphology of films. Undesirable changes due to photodegradation were negligible in PVC films containing additives compared to films containing no additives. In addition, the surfaces were smoother and more homogeneous. Polyphosphates, and in particular ones that contain an ortho-geometry, act as efficient photostabilizers to reduce the rate of photodegradation. Polyphosphates absorb ultraviolet light, chelate with polymeric chains, scavenge radical moieties, and decompose peroxide residues.

A compound is prepared and its structure is confirmed via FTIR and HNMR spectroscopies. Schiff base was grafted on PVC chains to get flexible PVC. The link of the (L) with the PVC resulted in creating a homogenous polymeric mixture. PVC-L-Cu(II) has been produced by adding PVC-L to copper chloride. Polymeric films had been exposed to UV light 300 hours and investigated by FTIR, weight loss percentage and SEM.

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), a polymer widely used in common household and industrial materials, undergoes photodegradation upon ultraviolet irradiation, leading to undesirable physicochemical properties and a reduced lifetime. In this study, four telmisartan organotin(IV) compounds were tested as photostabilizers against photodegradation. PVC films (40-&micro, m thickness) containing these compounds (0.5 wt%) were irradiated with ultraviolet light at room temperature for up to 300 h. Changes in various polymeric parameters, including the growth of hydroxyl, carbonyl, and alkene functional groups, weight loss, reduction in molecular weight, and appearance of surface irregularities, were investigated to test the efficiency of the photostabilizers. The changes were more noticeable in the blank PVC film than in the films containing the telmisartan organotin(IV) compounds. These results reflect that these compounds effectively inhibit the photodegradation of PVC, possibly by acting as hydrogen chloride and radical scavengers, peroxide decomposers, and primary photostabilizers. The synthesized organotin(IV) complexes could be used as PVC additives to enhance photostability.

A new Schiff base (L) was synthesized and confirmed by 1HNMR, FTIR spectroscopy. The modified PVC with new Schiff base (L) was synthesized to produce a homogenous blend (PVC-L). A homogenous blend (PVC-L) added to copper chloride to produce PVC-L-Cu(II). The PVC films had been irradiated with an ultraviolet light for long period and confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy, weight loss and surface morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy.

Polyphosphates have been used as polystyrene photostabilizers against ultraviolet irradiation for long period. The efficiency of polyphosphates was herein evaluated by the use various techniques that include determination of the weight loss, average molecular weight, chain-scission, and degree of deterioration, in addition to infrared spectroscopy of the polystyrene films following irradiation for up to 300 h at room temperature. The results showed that the addition of polyphosphates at low concentrations significantly enhanced the photostability of polystyrene. In addition, the surface morphologies of the polystyrene films were inspected by the use of optical, atomic force, and scanning electron microscopy. The surfaces of the polyphosphate-containing polystyrene films were significantly smoother and contained lower numbers of cracks compared to the blank films. Furthermore, the polyphosphate bearing ortho substituents was the most effective photostabilizer. Scanning electron microscopy of the polystyrene film containing this polyphosphate showed that after 300 h of irradiation, ball-like pores of varying diameters (3.25–4.26 μm) and shapes (ellipsoid and sphere) were present.

Novel, porous, highly aromatic organotin(IV) frameworks were successfully synthesized by the condensation of telmisartan and an appropriate tin(IV) chloride. The structures of the synthesized organotin(IV) complexes were elucidated by elemental analysis, 1H-, 13C-, and 119Sn-NMR, and FTIR spectroscopy. The surface morphologies of the complexes were inspected by field emission scanning electron microscopy. The synthesized mesoporous organotin(IV) complexes have a Brunauer&ndash, Emmett&ndash, Teller (BET) surface area of 32.3&ndash, 130.4 m2&middot, g&minus, 1, pore volume of 0.046&ndash, 0.162 cm3&middot, 1, and pore size of around 2.4 nm. The tin complexes containing a butyl substituent were more efficient as carbon dioxide storage media than the complexes containing a phenyl substituent. The dibutyltin(IV) complex had the highest BET surface area (SBET = 130.357 m2&middot, 1), the largest volume (0.162 cm3&middot, 1), and was the most efficient for carbon dioxide storage (7.1 wt%) at a controlled temperature (323 K) and pressure (50 bars).

The title molecule, C22H21FN8O, comprises fluorophenyl (A), methyltriazolyl (B), methyltriazolyl (C) and tolyl (D) rings. The twist angles between the planes through neighbouring ring pairs A/B, B/C and C/D are 45.0 (1), 9.4 (1) and 43.2 (1)°, respectively. Intermolecular π–π interactions between rings A and C and between B and D propagate the structure in the [010] direction and weak C—H...O interactions also occur.

Five Schiff bases derived from melamine have been used as efficient additives to reduce the process of photodegradation of poly(vinyl chloride) films. The performance of Schiff bases has been investigated using various techniques. Poly(vinyl chloride) films containing Schiff bases were irradiated with ultraviolet light and any changes in their infrared spectra, weight, and the viscosity of their average molecular weight were investigated. In addition, the surface morphology of the films was inspected using a light microscope, atomic force microscopy, and a scanning electron micrograph. The additives enhanced the films resistance against irradiation and the polymeric surface was much smoother in the presence of the Schiff bases compared with the blank film. Schiff bases containing an ortho-hydroxyl group on the aryl rings showed the greatest photostabilization effect, which may possibly have been due to the direct absorption of ultraviolet light. This phenomenon seems to involve the transfer of a proton as well as several intersystem crossing processes.

The title compound, C23H17ClFN5OS, comprises fluorophenyl (A), furanyl (B), pyrazolyl (C), methylthiazoyl (D) and chlorophenyl (E) rings. The B–C–D–E linked ring system is close to planar with the dihedral angles B/C, C/D and D/E being 7.6 (1), 3.4 (1) and 8.4 (1)°, respectively. The fluorophenyl group is almost perpendicular to the pyrazoyl ring, as indicated by an A/C twist angle of 79.4 (1)°. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of C—H...S contacts are observed.

The title compound, C28H23FN6S, comprises phenyl (A), triazolyl (B), thiazolyl (C), pyrazoyl (D), tolyl (E) and fluorophenyl (F) rings, with twist angles between neighbouring rings pairs A/B, B/C, C/D, D/E and D/F of 64.6 (1), 11.7 (2), 23.5 (2), 8.2 (2) and 73.3 (1)°, respectively. A short intramolecular C—H...N contact and a weak intermolecular C—H...π interaction occur. The crystal chosen for data collection was found to be an inversion twin.

This work included synthesis of several new pyridine derivatives by cyclization of compound (3) with appropriate aromatic aldehydes (4-Chloro-3-formylcoumarin, 4-bromobenzaldehyde, 4-chlorobenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde and 4-N,N-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde) in presence of malononitrile and ammonium acetate to obtain pyridine derivatives (5a-e). The new synthesized compounds have been characterized using Melting point, TLC, FT-IR spectroscopy and 1H-NMR. Five new pyridine derivatives have used like inhibitors untill Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) photodegradation. The pyridine derivatives have added into PVC onto a concentration from 0.5% through weight. The PVC thinlayers (40µ m thickness) have irradiated onto room temperature through ultraviolet (UV) light into up into 300 h. The changes within PVC thinlayers after irradiation have monitored through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, weight lack, while atomic strength microscopy. These alterations have quite remarkable within the empty PVC thinlayers liken into the ones gained when Active substances have uitilized. The pyridine derivatives have prevent the PVC photodegradation during immediate absorption from UV light, interfere through PVC chains, while touching like radical tie up while proton transfer action into stabilize the polymeric compounds.

Though PVC is one of the most common synthetic polymers that differ from their analogues in low molecular weight alkyl halides in that they do not readily demonstrate the effects of simple nucleation. Chlorine removal is preferred in many condensation reaction situations, and the creation of the following double bond guarantees dark colored products. The chemical adaptation of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) with new functional thiol compound has been reported. A homogenous blend has been inserted to nickel chloride; the polymeric film were exposed to ultraviolet light for 300 hours. The structural changes in the modified film were observed by FTIR spectroscopy and losing in weight; the morphology of surface has been examined by optical microscope.

Scientists at universities across Iraq are actively working to report actual incidents and accidents occurring in their laboratories, as well as structural improvements made to improve safety and security, to raise awareness and encourage openness, leading to widespread adoption of robust Chemical Safety and Security (CSS) practices. This manuscript highlights the importance of periodic maintenance on fume cupboards, and is the fourth in a series of five case studies describing laboratory incidents, accidents, and laboratory improvements. In this study, we describe a situation in which the ventilation capacity of the fume cupboard in the undergraduate chemistry laboratories at Al-Nahrain University had decreased to an unacceptable level. The CSS Committee investigated and found the ducting system had been blocked by plastic sheets and dead birds. All the ducts have since been cleaned, and four extra ventilation fans have been installed to further increase ventilation capacity. By openly sharing what happened along with the lessons learned from the accident, we hope to minimize the possibility of another researcher being injured in a similar incident in the future.

Pure and Antimony Trioxide Sb2O3 doped PMMA films were prepared by the casting method. Optical absorption measurements in the wavelength range 200-800 nm were studied by using a computerized UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV-1601 PC) and these confirmed that PMMA films have a direct band gap that decreases from 5.15 to 4.66 eV as the doping concentration increases to 5wt%. The increase in the density of localized states from 8.9 to 74.5 meV causes an expansion in the Urbach tail and consequently decreases the energy gap. The dispersion of the refractive index was analyzed using the concept of a single oscillator. The values of the single oscillator energy were 32.70, 13.59, 7.06, and 4.58 eV, while the dispersion energy values were 4.36, 49.04, 21.76 and 14.15 eV for the pure, and 3%, 4% and 5% Sb2O3 for the doped PMMA films respectively. The single-term Sellmeier were determined, and the average oscillator position was investigated, the value of which decreased with increasing doping concentration. The value of average oscillator strength increased with increasing Sb2O3 concentration to 5wt%. Skin depth and optical conductivity could be calculated, and results show a decrease in Skin depth with an increasing impurity percentage, but an increase of optical conductivity with greater impurity

There is no doubt that laboratories are extremely dangerous places as many hazardous materials are dealt with. It is mandatory to take safety precautions in laboratories at all times with no excuses. Herein, we report an incident took place in a research laboratory at Department of Chemistry Al-Nahrain University as a result of dealing with some chemicals without knowing their risks in advance. We emphasize the importance of having all necessary information of the chemical that we wish to deal with, including the safety data sheet (SDS) and based on that we can make the risk assessment form. Also, we would like to recommend adding good and functional smoke detectors as well as some oxygen sensors to ensure safe working area.

The improvement of students’ awareness of concepts in science and its uses, practical scientific abilities and considerate of how science and scientists effort in laboratory experiences have been considered key aspects of education in science for over 100 years. Facility requirements for the necessary level of safety and security combined with specific requirements relevant to the course to be conducted dictate the fundamental strategy of a specific lab, and the strategy procedure need to address both. This manuscript is the second in a series of five case studies describing laboratory incidents, accidents, and laboratory improvements. We summarize the process used to guide a major renovation of the chemistry instructional laboratory services at Al-Nahrain University and discuss lessons learned from the project

Scientists at universities across Iraq are actively working to report actual incidents and accidents occurring in their laboratories in order to raise awareness and encourage openness, leading to widespread adoption of robust Chemical Safety and Security (CSS) practices. In this study, we describe a serious event that resulted in a postgraduate student sustaining serious injuries when the biological safety cabinet (BSC) she was using exploded. Of particular note, the paper highlights how a combination of failures and deficiencies at many levels within an organization and its technical community (rather than a single piece of faulty equipment or the careless behaviour of one person) can lead to a dangerous, potentially life-threatening incident. By openly sharing what happened along with the lessons learnt from the accident, we hope to minimize the possibility of another researcher being injured in a similar incident in the future.

A process has been developed for the production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) with bacterium Rhodococcus equi using crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) as a carbon source. Such process will enable the production of biodegradable biopolymers to overcome some of the limitations associated with the use of petroleum-based plastics. A pure isolate was obtained from a fertile soil and was screened using the Nile Red stain for its ability for polyhydroxyalkanoates production. The isolate was identified by morphological characterization and biochemical tests. Identification by 16S rRNA has confirmed the species as Rhodococcus equi. Different carbon sources were used in an attempt to find the best one for the biosynthesis of PHB. The microscopic observations of PHB inside the bacteria were checked by the phase-contrast light microscope which showed a bright appearance. Moreover, the fluorescent microscope showed a bright orange fluorescence, and the transmission electron microscope showed white PHB granules with different sizes and different numbers within the bacteria cells. Rhodococcus equi gave the maximum cell dry mass as 1.43 g/L with the maximum PHB content as 38.1 % by weight when CPKO (1 %) was used as a carbon source.

The photostabilization of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) films in the presence of 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)propanoate metal complexes (0.5 wt%) was investigated at room temperature under ultraviolet radiation ( $$\lambda = 320 \hbox { nm}$$ ) for 300 h. The changes in various functional groups indices, viscosity average molecular weight and quantum yield of the chain scission of PVC films were monitored upon irradiation. The metal complexes used showed decreases in PVC films photodegradation. The quantum yield for the chain scission was measured exhibiting a range of $$2.054 \times 10^{-6}$$ and $$1.005 \times 10^{-7}$$ . The photostabilization of poly(vinyl chloride) in the presence of metal complexes was in the order $$\hbox {ZnL}_{2} (\hbox {H}_{2}\hbox {O})_{2}< \hbox {CdL}_{2} (\hbox {H}_{2}\hbox {O})_{2}

Photocatalytic degradation of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) polymeric films (30 μm thickness) containing different concentrations of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation (λmax = 313 nm) has been studied. The activity of TiO2 (0.001-0.005%) as a photocatalyst was determined by monitoring various functional group indices, weight loss in polymeric films and photodegradation rate constant (kd) with irradiation time. Photodegradation was found to be highly dependent on the TiO2 nanoparticles concentration and the UV irradiation time. The rate of PHB sample photodegradation was highest when the concentration of TiO2 was 0.005% (by weight) and lowest when its concentration was 0.001%.

This study aims to point out the main factors that causing to tax evasion. It was relay on a sample of point views of external auditors in Amman city of 173 auditors. The main concluded were that tax rate, penalty, and company size have a statistical sign affecting on the tax evasion in Jordan. The study has recommended that there is a necessity to put a strategy for training to the employees who deal with the taxation according to the tax law.

The present study focused on modification of the optical properties of PVC films Phenyle Phrine HCl Acid complexes. Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) react with Phenyle Phrine HCl Acid (L) in THF to form the PVC‐L compound. PVC‐L has further been reacted with different metal's ions to form PVC‐L‐MII complexes. The structure of these complexes has been characterized by FT‐IR and UV‐Vis spectrophotometry. The optical data analyzed and interpreted in terms of the theory of phonon assisted direct electronic transitions. According to energy gap data, the conductivity of PVC and the complexes were obtained. From the microscopic image analysis, the relations between morphology and optical properties were explained.

The photostabilization of polystyrene (PS) films by (4-amino-5-(2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)piperidino)-1,2,4-triazole-3-thion(L) compounds was investigated. PS films containing concentration of complexes 0.5% by weight were produced by the casting method from chloroform as a solvent. The photostabilization activities of these compounds were determined by monitoring the carbonyl and hydroxyl indices with irradiation time. The photostabilization of PS films by prepared complexes was investigated. The PS films containing concentration of complexes 0.5% by weight were produced by the casting method from (CHCl3) solvent. The photodegradation of the obtained films was investigated using UV-vis. spectra. The photostabilization activity of these compounds was determined by calculating the photodecomposition rate constant (kd) for the modified PS.