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BACKGROUND: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) is a multi-factorial disorder in most occupational setting and it has increased significantly in recent years. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical, cognitive, and environmental factors of ergonomics with the prevalence of WRMSDs in a car-parts manufacturing industry METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed among 220 workers in a milling unit of a car parts manufacturing company in 2021-2022. The prevalence of WRMSDs was assessed using the Extended Version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. Noise exposure was evaluated using dosimetry method. Mental and physical workload were evaluated by the NASA-TLX and key index methods (KIM-MHO and KIM-LHC), respectively. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0. RESULTS: The subjects' mean age and work experience were 36.3±6.5 and 8.35±6.41 years, respectively. Eighty-five percent of the subjects reported WRMSDs in at least one area of the body. The results of mental workload assessment revealed a high workload mean range (73.23±14.89) in all of the subjects. Mean score of KIM-LHC and KIM-MHO were 738.18±336.42 and 201.86±36.41, respectively with odds ratio of 1.32 for KIM-LHC in creating the WRMSDs. There was a significant relationship between the noise exposure, mental and physical workload and the prevalence of WRMSDs (p-value < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study revealed that environmental, physical and cognitive factors can simultaneously be effective in the prevalence of WRMSDs. Therefore, performing effective control measures requires comprehensive attention to physical, environmental, and cognitive ergonomics in the algorithm of ergonomics management in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) of the elbow plays a crucial role in elbow stability, specifically as a valgus and rotational constraint. Injuries to the UCL are common in overhead‐throwing athletes resulting in elbow instability. A timely diagnosis of early ulno‐humeral joint space widening in the overhead‐throwing athlete is required, to inform patient management and return to play. Sonographic assessment and measurement of the ulno‐humeral joint space with and without stress, and comparison to the contralateral uninjured side provides a quantitative assessment of instability. A systematic sonographic technique for single operator stress ultrasound is outlined to improve consistency of assessment and reporting of findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To explore the intensity and variation of workers' worries, pain, psychosocial factors, and margin of manoeuvre before and after a return-to-work program, and identified the psychosocial factors associated with non-return to work at the end of the rehabilitation program. Methods: A pre-post study design was used. A convenience sample of 80 workers starting a return-to-work program and having a compensated musculoskeletal injury that caused an absence of more than three months from their regular work was recruited. Data were collected at baseline and at the end of the rehabilitation program on the nature of the worries and maintenance factors defined in Dugas' generalized anxiety and worry model, using validated questionnaires. The margin of manoeuvre was assessed by the treating occupational therapist. A series of descriptive analyses were performed, as well as Generalized Estimating Equations analyses. Results: Workers' worries were work-related or disability-related 83% of the time at baseline. These worries were essentially based on the situation then occurring at work 90% of the time. For the Generalized Estimating Equations analyses on work status, the final model was significant, explaining 54% of the variance in non-return to work (Pseudo R2 = 0.54; p = 0.0001). Workers were 8.52 times less likely to return to work when the margin of manoeuvre was insufficient, and twice as likely not to return to work in the presence of intense worry. Worries were significantly associated with insufficient margin of manoeuvre. Conclusion: A strong association between workers' lack of margin of manoeuvre at work and their worries about their return to work, and poor work outcomes, supports the importance of the worker-environment interaction in rehabilitation programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lean and ergonomics are two disciplines that shared common goals to improve manufacturing production systems. However, there are limited studies that specifically link ergonomics with Lean's 3 M concept of Muda (waste), Muri (overburden), and Mura (inconsistency). The study employed semi-structured interview with 10 experienced practitioners on past lean projects to establish potential linkage between ergonomics and Lean's 3 M. A conceptual framework integrating ergonomics components into the Lean's 3 M components was then generated through group discussion, and validated using Fuzzy Delphi Method analysis. The interviews revealed four themes linking ergonomics to Lean's 3 M: (1) Human energy waste, (2) Uneven workload distribution, (3) Overburden of worker's capacity, and (4) Worker performance affects work performance. A conceptual framework integrating ergonomics components into the Lean's 3 M components was then proposed, which redefines several components of Lean's 3 M from ergonomics perspective. Fuzzy Delphi Method analysis on 12 practitioners showed overall agreement with the content, structure, and applicability of the proposed framework (threshold (d) value ≤0.2, expert consensus ≥75%, and fuzzy score ≥0.5). The findings may provide platform for lean and ergonomics practitioners to communicate and bridge the gaps between the two disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human–computer cooperation process guided by natural interaction, intelligent interaction, and human–computer integration is gradually becoming a new trend in human–computer interaction. Cooperative scenarios of human–computer interaction systems often contain multi-interface and multi-device results in edges often interrupt the cognitive ergonomics of interface layout. This research takes typical areas as an example to establish a stepwise regression model to predict reaction time at an arbitrary position on the left interface. It uses a foveal region to position the starting point of attention and a parafoveal region to calculate the radius of each objective area, and design 10 similar tasks to analyze eye-tracking indexes through physiological assessment. Unlike fixed thinking such as spatial proximity on multi-interfaces, this research summarises cognitive features of layout based on the positive and negative effects of edge impact through eye-tracking analysis. It analyzes cognition including input, process, and output in human–computer cooperation from human intelligence and artificial intelligence respectively, and visualises the mapping relationship between these indexes and specific stages of cognition. Besides, the quantitative evaluation of the regression equation and qualitative analysis of the eye-tracking indexes provide a reference for other interfaces around the front interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sometimes during breastfeeding women adopt positions that may cause problems with musculoskeletal system, resulting in back pain. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of lower back, upper back and neck pain in breastfeeding women and how this may be related to the act of breastfeeding. Methods: An online survey within Poland was conducted among 395 breastfeeding women who were 1 to 48 months postpartum and were divided into two groups; "no back pain" and "back pain present". The measurement tools used included an original questionnaire, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), a Numerical Pain Rating Scale (0–10), and the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire. Pearson's chi-squared tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, Student's t-tests, and Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA tests were used to compare the groups. Results: It was found that 84% of breastfeeding mothers suffered from back pain at least once a month. Pain was experienced at least once a week in the cervical, thoracic and lumbosacral regions in 48%, 36%, and 66% of the women, respectively. A dysfunctional state was present in 27.6% of breastfeeding mothers who suffered from back pain. Mothers experiencing back pain spent significantly more time on single breastfeeding episodes (p < 0.05) and had an increased total time breastfeeding per day (p < 0.01) compared to mothers with no back pain. Neck pain was significantly less intense in mothers preferring to breastfeed in a lying position as compared to mothers preferring a sitting position in a chair or an armchair (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This survey of Polish breastfeeding mothers revealed a very high prevalence of lower back, upper back and neck pain. The amount of time spent on breastfeeding and the choice of body position for breastfeeding were important factors differentiating the prevalence and intensity of the pain. It is recommended that breastfeeding mothers do not extend the single-feeding time in the adopted position beyond the required time. It is of utmost importance to choose a breastfeeding position in which all parts of the mother's body are supported. To prevent neck pain, lying and semi-lying positions with head support are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prolonged sitting with awkward posture during sewing results in musculoskeletal disorders among sewing operators. This study aimed to identify the compatibility of the sewing furniture with operators’ anthropometry. Therefore, 13 anthropometric measurements of 368 sewing operators were collected and compared with sewing furniture dimensions. The results showed that all anthropometric measurements other than hip breadth were larger for male participants. In addition, statistical analysis performed on the collected data showed significant variation compared to the existing dimensions of sewing machines. Results also indicated a high mismatch for different dimensions of the sewing table and chair, such as seat height, seat width, seat depth, table depth, etc. For this reason, sewing operators often experience musculoskeletal disorders. Finally, this study recommends some guidelines for designing the sewing workstation, which might act as a basis for manufacturers or importers to set provisions for sewing machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Lumbar spine fixation and fusion is currently performed with intraoperative tools such as intraoperative CT scan integrated to navigation system to provide accurate and safe positioning of the screws. The use of microscopic visualization systems enhances visualization and accuracy during decompression of the spinal canal as well. Methods: We introduce a novel setting in microsurgical decompression and fusion of lumbar spine using an exoscope with robotized arm (RoboticScope) interfaced with navigation and head mounted displays. Conclusion: Spinal canal decompression and fusion can effectively be performed with RoboticScope, with significant advantages especially regarding ergonomics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed Reality is a technology that has gained attention due to its unique capabilities for accessing and visualizing information. When integrated with voice control mechanisms, gestures and even iris movement, it becomes a valuable tool for medicine. These features are particularly appealing for the operating room and surgical learning, where access to information and freedom of hand operation are fundamental. This study examines the most significant research on mixed reality in the operating room over the past five years, to identify the trends, use cases, its applications and limitations. A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines to answer the research questions established using the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator and Outcome) framework. Although implementation of Mixed Reality applications in the operations room presents some challenges, when used appropriately, it can yield remarkable results. It can make learning easier, flatten the learning curve for several procedures, and facilitate various aspects of the surgical processes. The articles' conclusions highlight the potential benefits of these innovations in surgical practice while acknowledging the challenges that must be addressed. Technical complexity, equipment costs, and steep learning curves present significant obstacles to the widespread adoption of Mixed Reality and computer-assisted evaluation. The need for more flexible approaches and comprehensive studies is underscored by the specificity of procedures and limited samples sizes. The integration of imaging modalities and innovative functionalities holds promise for clinical applications. However, it is important to consider issues related to usability, bias, and statistical analyses. Mixed Reality offers significant benefits, but there are still open challenges such as ergonomic issues, limited field of view, and battery autonomy that must be addressed to ensure widespread acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban ground subsidence, a major geo-hazard threatening sustainable urban development, has been increasingly reported worldwide, yet comprehensive investigations integrating multi-temporal ground deformation monitoring and predictive modeling are still lacking. This study aims to characterize the spatial-temporal evolution of ground subsidence in Tianjin's Jinnan District from 2016 to 2023 using 193 Sentinel-1 A ascending images and the advanced Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) techniques of Small Baseline Subset Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SBAS-InSAR) and Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR). The maximum cumulative subsidence reached − 326.92 mm, with an average subsidence rate of -0.39 mm/year concentrated in industrial, commercial, and residential areas with high population density. Further analysis revealed that subway construction, human engineering activities, and rainfall were the primary drivers of ground subsidence in this region. Simultaneously, this study compared the predictive capabilities of five machine learning methods, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT), Random Forest (RF), Extremely Randomized Tree (ERT), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network, for future ground subsidence. The LSTM-based prediction model exhibited the highest accuracy, with a root mean square error of 2.11 mm. Subdomain predictions generally outperformed the overall prediction, highlighting the benefits of reducing spatial heterogeneity. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms and patterns of urban ground subsidence, facilitating sustainable urban planning and infrastructure development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fitts' law, a predictive model for motor task completion time, is widely utilized in human–computer interaction (HCI) research. While its formulas in two dimensions have achieved consensus over the decades, research diverges on its application in three dimensions. This paper synthesizes practical applications across touchscreens, virtual reality (VR), pedals, handheld devices, etc., with a specific emphasis on enhancing interaction experiences for vulnerable populations. This review studies Fitts' law's applicability in diverse interaction scenarios, highlighting design considerations for touchscreens and handheld/foot-held devices. This article underscores the need for future research to explore three-dimensional applications and consider user age, with potential expansions into medical and sports domains. This systematic review aims to empower designers in crafting more ergonomic products and improving HCI experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals working in the field of dentistry have a high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) owing to monotonous and one-sided physical exertion. Inertial measurement units (IMU) are increasingly shifting into focus for assessing postural risk at work. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of an ergonomic lecture and training intervention on postural risk and MSDs in dental assistant students using inertial sensor-based motion capture (MoCap). Eighteen female dental assistant students (age: 19.44 ± 6.83 years; height: 164.59 ± 5.32 cm; weight: 64.88 ± 16.52 kg; BMI: 19.70 ± 4.89 kg/m2), randomly divided into intervention (n = 9) and control (n = 9) groups, participated in the present study. The participants completed the Nordic Questionnaire on MSD prevalence, after which a 90 s MoCap with Xsens IMU was performed. A lecture on ergonomics was provided, followed by a five-week intervention for the intervention group. Follow-up assessments were performed, and 5- and 18-week follow-up MSD questionnaires were administered. Mixed analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed a significant difference in the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) and part-scores of the upper arm and wrist. Despite a reduction in MSDs, no significant differences in the time of measurement and groups were detected after the five-week training intervention and the 18-week follow-up questionnaire. A targeted ergonomics lecture was effective for dental assistant students, and technologies such as IMU improved workplace ergonomics in dentists. Further studies with a longer measurement periods, follow-up, and larger sample sizes are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Undergraduate dental curricula and courses containing ergonomic principles are introduced to students from the very beginning of dental education. Still, dentists present a high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders, which are a direct burden on quality of life, leading to early retirement from the profession. This study aimed to assess the state of students' knowledge and awareness regarding the role of ergonomics in dentistry and its practical implementation. Methods: a cross-sectional study using a predesigned self-administered questionnaire was conducted among fourth- and fifth-year dental students of the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland (response rate of 69.2%). Results: A total of 94.6% of students declared a good, fair, or moderate level of knowledge of the subject, with a significant difference in favor of the fifth-year students (p = 0.008). Moreover, 76.1% of respondents showed a good or very good attitude toward ergonomics as a university curriculum subject. A total of 72.3% of respondents declared that the practical application of ergonomic rules in clinical dentistry is very important (five in a five-point scale). Women found dental ergonomics more important than men (p < 0.001). However, 79.3% of participants admitted not following basic ergonomic principles during clinical procedures. Conclusion: The research revealed a discrepancy between theoretical knowledge and awareness and the practical application of ergonomics in a clinical environment. Only by inculcating correct occupational standards and abiding by them from the commencement of dental education can consistency between theory and practice be achieved. This will hopefully ensure the health and well-being of dental team members throughout their professional lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D shape learning is an important research topic in computer vision, in which the datasets play a critical role. However, most of the existing 3D datasets use voxels, point clouds, mesh, and B-rep, which are not parametric and feature-based. Thus they can not support the generation of real-world engineering computer-aided design (CAD) models with complicated shape features. Furthermore, they are based on 3D geometry results without human-computer interaction (HCI) history. This work is the first to provide a full parametric and feature-based CAD dataset with a selection mechanism to support HCI in 3D learning. First, unlike existing datasets, mainly composed of simple features (typical sketch and extrude), we devise complicated engineering features, such as fillet, chamfer, mirror, pocket, groove, and revolve. Second, different from the monotonous combination of features, we invent a select mechanism to mimic how human focuses on and selects a particular topological entity. The proposed mechanism establishes the relationships among complicated engineering features, which fully express the design intention and design knowledge of human CAD engineers. Therefore, it can process advanced 3D features for real-world engineering shapes. The experiments show that the proposed dataset outperforms existing CAD datasets in both reconstruction and generation tasks. In quantitative experiment, the proposed dataset demonstrates better prediction accuracy than other parametric datasets. Furthermore, CAD models generated from the proposed dataset comply with semantics of the human CAD engineers and can be edited and redesigned via mainstream industrial CAD software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the manual handling of materials in a local market environment and evaluated workers’ awareness of ergonomics and health risks. Of 315 workers surveyed, 308 responded. The findings revealed a high prevalence rate of 96.4% for injuries and musculoskeletal discomfort, attributed to a low ergonomics and health risk awareness rate of only 6.8%. Consequently, 75% of workers resorted to self-medication or drug abuse for relief. The study also explored barriers to using engineering equipment, finding that 26.3% of respondents cited cost as a barrier, while 51% believed that the introduction of engineering equipment would lead to job loss. This research is valuable for practitioners and researchers as it highlights the current state of ergonomics and health risk awareness among workers who handle heavy loads. The study also highlights the need for improved ergonomic practices and health risk awareness to reduce injury rates and promote safer work environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Audrey Holland's core beliefs of respect for people and the quality of their lives informed her life's work. This examination of the ways she managed the academic, research, and clinical parts of her illustrious career shows how Audrey leaves a rich legacy and serves as a model for navigating an impactful career path and enhancing clinical interactions. First, she mentored more than 30 doctoral students who then mentored further generations of students, ran clinics, or shaped policy. She also regularly taught classes, supervised student clinicians, and traveled the world doing lectures and workshops. Second, her scholarship spanned more than 50 years and a range of subjects, such as assessment and treatment, self-determination and self-advocacy, pragmatics, counseling, coaching, and communication strategies. Third, her collaborations with many colleagues within the field and in related fields extended her impact even further. Finally, a close analysis of her clinical communication style shows how Audrey's simple, nonverbal behaviors (e.g., eye contact, body position) brought out the best in the people with whom she worked. On all these levels—mentorship, scholarship, collaboration, and communication style—Audrey's legacy leaves a vast array of powerful lessons that can be studied, emulated, and appreciated for years to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the significance of product-market fit (PMF) for UX professionals. PMF is the point at which a product's value proposition is confirmed by the market through its usage, sales, and growth. The article emphasizes the connection between user experience and PMF, highlighting the importance of usefulness in achieving PMF. It discusses the successes and failures of companies in attaining PMF and suggests that UX professionals should focus on addressing customer pain points to achieve PMF. The article concludes by discussing the contributions that UX professionals can make to ensure products and services achieve PMF. Additionally, it discusses the importance of evaluating product desirability and achieving PMF in the design and development process, suggesting adapting user research methods and a mixed methods approach. The article introduces the "Sean Ellis Test" as a metric for measuring product desirability and explains how it can be used to assess PMF. It emphasizes the need for UX researchers to prioritize understanding and validating the needs and desires of the target audience to create functional and valued products. [Extracted from the article]

Software modelling and model-driven engineering (MDE) is traditionally studied from a technical perspective. However, one of the core motivations behind the use of software models is inherently human-centred. Models aim to enable practitioners to communicate about software designs, make software understandable, or make software easier to write through domain-specific modelling languages. Several recent studies challenge the idea that these aims can always be reached and indicate that human factors play a role in the success of MDE. However, there is an under-representation of research focusing on human factors in modelling. During a GI-Dagstuhl seminar, topics related to human factors in modelling were discussed by 26 expert participants from research and industry. In breakout groups, five topics were covered in depth, namely modelling human aspects, factors of modeller experience, diversity and inclusion in MDE, collaboration and MDE, and teaching human-aware MDE. We summarise our insights gained during the discussions on the five topics. We formulate research goals, questions, and propositions that support directing future initiatives towards an MDE community that is aware of and supportive of human factors and values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is effective in treating carotid artery stenosis to prevent stroke. Historically, this operation has been performed utilizing loupe magnification with or without the operating microscope (OM). However, there remains a need for continued improvement in operative visualization and surgical ergonomics. Recently, newly developed digital 'exoscope' has provided the surgeon with unique lighting and magnification as well as improvements in surgical ergonomics and working angle. We sought to review our cumulative experience using a novel 4K high-definition (4K-HD) 3-dimensional (3D) exoscope (EX) for CEA surgery. All CEA surgery cases at our institution between 2013 and 2019 using the 4K-HD 3D EX were reviewed. Operative parameters, patient outcome and operator's assessment of the EX compared to OM-assisted cases was conducted. 28 patients were treated, 10 of which were operated using the EX. All procedures were performed without perioperative complications, or significant differences in operative parameters (blood loss <20 cm3 and 164 ± 49.5 minutes) compared to OM-assisted cases. Operators reported improved level of comfort performing 'high' bifurcation surgery and improved visualization and posture during inspection of the distal ICA lumen as primary advantages of EX-assisted CEA over OM-assisted CEA. The ORBEYE EX, albeit a learning curve necessitating a short period of the OR team, provided safety and outcome comparable to OM-assisted surgery. Potential advantages noted were improved visualization and ergonomics specifically for when extreme working angles were required. Our experience suggests that the exoscope may become a valuable alternative to standard magnification tools in CEA surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate and explore Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) management, office ergonomics, and musculoskeletal symptoms in a group of office workers relocating from cell offices to activity-based flex offices (AFOs). Methods: The analysis was based on qualitative interview data with 77 employees and longitudinal questionnaire data from 152 employees. Results: Results indicate that there was a need to clarify roles and processes related to the management of OHS. Self-rated sit comfort, working posture, and availability of daylight deteriorated and symptoms in neck and shoulders increased after the relocation and seemed to be influenced by many factors, such as difficulties adjusting the workstations, the availability of suitable workplaces, and age, sex, and individual needs. Conclusion.: Research on the long-term effects of physical work environments and management of (OHS) issues after implementing activity-based flex offices is sparse. This study demonstrates the importance of planning and organising OHS issue management when implementing an AFO, and to carefully implement office ergonomics among office workers. Practitioner summary: Knowledge of effects on the physical work environment and management of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) issues after implementing activity-based flex offices (AFOs) is sparse. Findings from this mixed methods longitudinal study suggests a possible need to reorganise the management of OHS issues and carefully implement office ergonomics when implementing flexible office types like AFOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The rising prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders has numerous physical, financial, and mental repercussions for surgeons. This study aims to establish whether the use of a wearable posture device can improve the operating time spent in suboptimal, high-risk postures. Methods: Surgeons were recruited in Phase 1 of this prospective randomised study and baseline postural data was obtained. In Phase 2, participants were randomised to receive either a traditional educational workshop or intraoperative vibrations from the device to correct postural lapses. During minor elective day cases, intraoperative postural data was collected and stratified by forward flexion angle, into five risk categories (negligible to very high). Participants' experience with the sensor was also assessed. Results: A total of 100 surgical procedures (Phase 1: n = 50; Phase 2: n = 50) were performed by eight surgeons of varying seniority. Exposure to the educational intervention increased time spent in suboptimal posture (Phase 1 vs. Phase 2); 47.5% vs. 67.8%, p = 0.05. However, the vibrational intervention significantly reduced this time; 50.0% vs. 20.7%, p = 0.005. Procedure type didn't influence posture although, laparoscopic interventions spent most time in negligible-risk postures; 47.7% vs. 49.3%, compared to open procedures. Surgical consultants spent less time in suboptimal posture compared to fellow/registrars; 30.3% vs. 72.6% (Phase 1) and 33.8% vs. 65.3% (Phase 2). Conclusion: Vibrational intervention from the device significantly decreased the time spent in suboptimal, high-risk postures. As procedure type wasn't correlated with postural changes, surgeon-specific factors in regulating posture are paramount. Finally, surgeon experience was positively correlated with improved surgical ergonomics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a systematic approach based on axiomatic design incorporating lean and ergonomic principles within the proposed design. The contribution to the body of knowledge is to keep construction workers safe by fostering a secure construction environment. Axiomatic design and lean approaches are combined to address human factors and eliminate wastes that hinder a safe construction environment. The application of the proposed system is set in the context of the construction industry. The methodology provides the construction sector with a road map toward reducing the occurrence of accidents and serves as a complementary approach between lean and ergonomic principles. The design solution has been validated and partially applied in a metro construction firm. Results show that the design solution can improve the efficiency of the construction phases by adopting a value-maximization strategy and has the potential to improve the safety and ergonomics of construction projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim is to report the design and baseline data of the 'National Surveillance of the Work Environment of Employees in Denmark' study (NASWEED). Methods: NASWEED consist of (a) bi-annual cross-sectional samples, based on probability samples of wage earners of the general working population in Denmark from 2021 onwards (surveillance), (b) a prospective cohort of all previous respondents every two years (epidemiology, questionnaire follow-up) and (c) longitudinal follow-up in Danish registers about work and health (epidemiology, register follow-up). Between February and May 2021, a stratified (38 occupational industries) probability sample of 63,391 Danish residents aged 15–69 years who were employed for at least 34 hours per month received an invitation to participate, of whom 30,099 (47.5%) completed the questionnaire, 897 (1.4%) partially completed the questionnaire and 32,395 (51.1%) did not respond. Baseline was completed in June 2021. NASWEED covers various topics about the work environment (psychosocial, ergonomic, chemical, biological, safety, accidents, working from home, etc), health behaviours and somatic and mental health-related conditions. Statistical analyses will mainly build on survey procedures with model-assisted weights to ensure that the sample will yield representative estimates of the general working population. Discussion: NASWEED will monitor the development of the work environment and health in Denmark until 2030. The survey data will be included in epidemiological studies with repeated measurement of the work environment, health variables and covariates, and follow-ups in national registers to investigate the prospective association in the years and decades to come between the work environment and workers' health and labour market participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standard manual wheelchairs (MWCs) are inefficient and pushrim propulsion may cause progressive damage and pain to the user's arms. We describe a wheel for a MWC with a novel propulsion mechanism. The wheel has two modes of operation called "Standard" mode and "Run" mode. In Run mode, the wheelchair is propelled forward by pushing a compliant handle forward and then pulling it back, both strokes contributing to forward propulsion. We report the propulsive force and preliminary testing on a rough outdoor circuit by three able-bodied participants. In Run mode, the peak applied force is reduced to 30% and the maximum force gradient is reduced to 10% of that for standard pushrim propulsion, for the same work output. The travel time for the 1.06 km outdoor circuit is about 60% of that for a brisk walk and about 40% of that for pushrim propulsion. At a propulsion speed of 1 m/s, the cardiovascular effort in Run mode is 56% of that for pushrim propulsion. Automatic hill-hold in Run mode improves safety when ascending slopes. The mechanism has three gears so that it can be used by people with widely varying strength and fitness. Folding the handle away converts the operation to Standard mode with the conventional pushrim propulsion, supplemented by three gears. Despite the increased weight, width and friction, the bimodal geared wheels facilitate wheelchair travel on challenging paths. This may bring significant improvement to the quality of life of MWC users. The novel bimodal geared propulsion may benefit users with impaired upper extremity function. The push–pull propulsion on handles is less strenuous than pushrim propulsion and may reduce repetitive strain injuries. Run mode has significantly reduced peak force and force gradient compared with standard pushrim propulsion, for equal work. The bimodal geared propulsion facilitates outdoor travel, providing exercise that may benefit the user's strength and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The perioperative environment presents unique ergonomic challenges related to lifting and moving patients. These challenges place perioperative team members and patients at an increased risk for injury. The updated AORN "Guideline for safe patient handling and movement" provides perioperative nurses with guidance on safe patient handling and movement practices to help minimize the incidence of injuries to patients and health care workers. This article provides an overview of the guideline and discusses recommendations for a safe patient handling and mobility (SPHM) program, ergonomic planning and facility design, SPHM technology, an individualized SPHM and ergonomic plan, and fall risk and mobility assessments. It also includes a scenario describing concerns related to patient and perioperative team member safety. Perioperative nurses should review the guideline in its entirety and apply the recommendations for safe patient handling and movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rancakalong village, Sumedang Regency, has been known for its small-scale palm sugar starch processing industry since 2013. This industry produces starch from palm trees, which is crucial for food and beverages. Generally, the processes involved in processing palm sugar starch include (i) splitting of the palm, (ii) grating, (iii) coarse fiber screening, (iv) fine fiber screening, (v) harvesting, and (vi) drying. Initial evaluations indicated that the workers experienced physical discomfort during their work. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the ergonomic aspects of processing palm sugar starch, including the working posture, standard time, workload, noise, and vibration. Based on the analysis, the risk level for each work element in processing palm sugar starch fell into the high-risk (score 8-10) and very high-risk (score 11-15) categories. These risks cause discomfort due to inappropriate work posture and duration, necessitating significant changes. The standard time required for each work element was as follows: 212.88±28.43 seconds/kg (palm splitting), 363.45±12.90 seconds/kg (grating), 95.08±9.74 seconds/kg (coarse fiber screening), 192.05±21.27 seconds/kg (fine fiber screening), 35.57±5.78 seconds/kg (harvesting), and 1821.01±41.09 seconds/kg (drying). Regarding workload analysis, processing palm sugar starch activities fell into the moderate category with total energy cost (TEC) values ranging from 92.66±1.50 265.55±3.88 kcal/hour. Regarding noise and vibration analysis, the grating work element was identified as the station with the highest exposure, i.e., 96.00±0.82 dB and 1.6±0.05 m/s², respectively. The results of this study could be used as a basis for developing more efficient work procedures, maintaining health, and improving safety in the processing of palm sugar starch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Digital device usage, especially during the pandemic, has catapulted into a new age problem, the computer vision syndrome. This study aimed to quantify the prevalence and determinants of digital eye strain (DES). Subject and Methods: A total of 345 university students in India were surveyed in June–July 2022, by a validated tool, the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS-Q) © in this cross-sectional study. According to American Optometric Association, digital eye strain and computer vision syndrome are synonyms. Non-parametric tests of medians were used to compare the median DES scores, Chi square test to compare categorical variables, and binary logistic regression to find the determinants of DES. Results: The average age of the study participants was 21.0 ± 2.2 years, ranging between 18–26 years with 52.8% females and 47.2% males. The prevalence of DES was 45.5% (CI 95% = 40.2%–50.8%). Any existing eye disease (p-value = 0.000, OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.26–0.65), average daily screen time (p-value = 0.001, OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.22–2.13) and using gadgets in the dark (p-value = 0.000, OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.23–0.61) were significant determinants of the same. Conclusion: Framing guidelines limiting the hours allotted for online classes for university students are imperative, with promotion of ergonomic practices for digital device usage such as blue light filters and night mode on devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Known as one of the largest coconut producers in the world, Indonesia has many coconut-producing regions. One of the areas that produces 85% of coconuts is Banyumas Regency. The leading product from this area is coconut sugar. However, the number of coconut farmers in Banyumas Regency has decreased due to the high number of work accidents. The Banyumas Regency Industry and Trade Office is looking for solutions to these problems by designing safety belts and body harnesses with three alternative packages. The purpose of this research is to analyze the product based on aspects of ergonomics, durability, and economic feasibility. Measurement of ergonomic aspects based on work posture analysis, anthropometry, and usability. Meanwhile, to measure the durability aspect based on the tensile test. Economic feasibility analysis based on a comparison of the selling price of each alternative. Furthermore, determining the most optimal product package using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results showed that all products require improvement for ergonomic aspects, are able to withstand loads >400kg based on tensile tests, and have selling prices ranging from Rp350,000.00 - Rp750,000.00 for each package. Based on AHP analysis, the optimal alternative is the second package. AHP analysis based on ergonomics, durability, and economic feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of the space hatch door mechanisms is crucial in the aerospace field, impacting not only durability and reliability but also the life safety of astronauts during space missions. This review extensively researches vehicle doors and hatches in civil and military systems across various environments, including land, sea, deep sea, aviation, aerospace, and extreme conditions. Specially, it focuses on the structural design of hatches and related mechanisms in civil aviation and military aerospace environments, such as opening and closing mechanisms, release mechanisms, locking mechanisms, sealing mechanisms, and the ergonomic design of door structures. The review highlights the integration of bionic design principles with hatch mechanisms to explore future solutions. By systematically examining these aeras, this review addresses the lack of comprehensive studies in previous reviews, which often overlook the interconnectivity and applicability of hatch mechanisms across different fields. The absence of such holistic reviews has led to fragmented knowledge and missed opportunities for cross-industry innovation. This review aims to fill these gaps by providing a wide range of design solutions and offering insights that can enhance the development of more reliable, efficient, and safe hatch mechanisms in aerospace and other high-stakes environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because arthritis and limited dexterity affect at least 25% of the US adult population (1) and these issues can make packaging more difficult to open, there has been an overall increase in interest about inclusive packaging (2). Inclusive packaging is designed to ensure that the largest number of consumers possible will be able to open a package without serious difficulty. When designing for those with arthritis, testing is often done using simulation technologies that impair hand and joint movements, such as the Cambridge Simulation Gloves (CSG). However, not all packages have been evaluated for inclusive design, and as such, the goal of this study was to use CSG to evaluate several representative packages currently in the marketplace for inclusivity and to redesign the one deemed most challenging for those with impaired dexterity. The study evaluated product packages that were deemed non‐inclusive, identified common trends between these products, including the necessity for fine finger movements, existence of small gripping areas, and opening mechanisms with little clearance between the two surfaces. Of the products examined, a common aspirin package, was found to be the most difficult to open—it was nearly impossible to lift the seal while wearing the CSG and the package required the most time to open. As such, this product was selected to undergo redesign, and this redesign focused on the tamper evident induction seal. The redesign process involved prototyping an included finger loop and then testing the prototypes using the CSG. This led to a final design consisting of a loop attached to the induction seal, which was then tested with the CSG to evaluate its effectiveness. This study shows the utility of incorporating the CSG into the preliminary design process as opposed to only at the final test of the product. Furthermore, the findings of the study strongly suggest that in designing inclusive packaging for those with limited dexterity, decreasing the required fine finger and joint movements and increasing the gripping areas, especially those involved in the opening mechanism of the package, are the most useful changes to make. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the effect of the toothbrush handle on video-observed toothbrushing behaviour and toothbrushing effectiveness. Methods: This is a randomized counterbalanced cross-over study. N = 50 university students and employees brushed their teeth at two occasions, one week apart, using either a commercial ergonomically designed manual toothbrush (MT) or Brushalyze V1 (BV1), a manual toothbrush with a thick cylindrical handle without any specific ergonomic features. Brushing behaviour was video-analysed. Plaque was assessed at the second occasion immediately after brushing. Participants also rated their self-perceived oral cleanliness and directly compared the two brushes regarding their handling and compared them to the brushed they used at home. Results: The study participants found the BV1 significantly more cumbersome than the M1 or their brush at home. (p < 0.05). However, correlation analyses revealed a strong consistency of brushing behavior with the two brushes (0.71 < r < 0.91). Means differed only slightly (all d < 0.36). These differences became statistically significant only for the brushing time at inner surfaces (d = 0.31 p = 0.03) and horizontal movements at inner surfaces (d = 0.35, p = 0.02). Plaque levels at the gingival margins did not differ while slightly more plaque persisted at the more coronal aspects of the crown after brushing with BV1 (d = 0.592; p 0.042). Discussion: The results of the study indicate that the brushing handle does not play a major role in brushing behavior or brushing effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this study is to point out the issue of various impacts of musculoskeletal disorders in chainsaw operators and their impact on human health. The first goal was to find out whether the body mass index is responsible for excessive stress to individual parts of the body of chainsaw operators at work. The second goal was to determine whether the excessive load to the individual body parts is affected by the time of working with the chainsaw. Questionnaires created for the fulfilment of the goals were distributed to professional forest loggers working in the Czech Republic, which were filled in by 161 of them. Questions in the first part of the questionnaire were formulated in such a way that answers to them would clearly identify information on the individual respondents. The second part of the questionnaire was focused on the assessment of the load upon 12 body parts of the operators (each part being split into the right and left sides). The results of the statistical analysis showed that neither the body mass index (BMI) nor the length of time working with the chainsaw affect the load on the individual parts of the body of the chainsaw operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the growing global computer workforce, concerns exist about the escalation of computer related injury with Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) being one of the most reported work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among office workers. The optimal range of keyboard angles for sitting and standing positions based on wrist posture, forearm muscle activities and user preference as well as the keyboard location in relation to user position were analysed. 30 volunteers with an above 40 words per minute typing speed participated in this study. Result show that, although user prefer to use positive keyboard angle, the negatively tilted keyboard is more ergonomically friendly at both sitting and standing workstations, reducing muscle activity and awkward wrist posture while maintaining performance. The findings indicate that negative sloped keyboard might have the possibility to reduce the risk of developing CTS in office workers. Practitioner summary: This study determines the range of optimal slope of keyboard angle in a sit and stand workstation. Our results indicate a trend in the negative slope keyboard as an ergonomically friendly option for the intervention to Carpal tunnel pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the German working-age population no publicly available and detailed anthropometric raw dataset exists, although several studies have collected anthropometric datasets. Unfortunately, the publication of raw data may be restricted by data usage regulations. This study presents a synthesis and validation algorithm to create a virtual copy of an already existing dataset. A detailed anthropometric dataset from a regional epidemiological public-health study in Germany was used for the synthesis and validation algorithm. Results revealed only minor deviations within the validation process. Compared to the original dataset, the virtual dataset was statistically almost identical. In a next step, the virtual dataset was weighted to approximate nationally representative values. In summary, the computed unweighted and weighted virtual data can be published without restrictions and used for ergonomic designing. Furthermore, the synthesis and validation algorithm is suitable for the generation of virtual copies and can be applied to other detailed anthropometric datasets. Data usage regulations may restrict the publication of anthropometric datasets. A synthesis and validation algorithm was developed which can be applied to existing anthropometric datasets to create a virtual copy that is almost identical and can be published. In the current study this algorithm was used for data from Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: There are some rules that furniture designers must take into consideration to design ergonomic furniture. The main design principle is the target group for which the furniture will be designed, considering the dimensions of people who use the furniture. OBJECTIVE: The paper presents the correlation between 12 parts of children's body, as well as the proportion between stature and 11 other parts of the body which are used for the purposes of furniture and interior designers. METHODS: Field measurements include: Stature (S), Sitting height (She), Shoulder height (Sh), Popliteal height (Ph), Hip width (Hb), Elbow rest height (Erh), Buttock-popliteal length (Bpl), Buttock-knee length (Bkl), Thigh clearance (Tc), Eye height sitting (Eh), Knee height (Kh) and Shoulder breadth (Sb) to pupils aged 6–11 (grades 1 to 5). The measurements were done in 687 children in 12 primary schools in 4 different regions in Kosovo. RESULTS: The data of the study shows that, in general, there is a correlation (in some parts strong and in some medium) for the measured parts. Also, the study presents the proportion between the stature and other parts of the body which are necessary for the design of children's furniture. CONCLUSION: Using this data will enable furniture designers to easily target the dimensions of the group they will design, even by measuring only one dimension, i.e. stature and then setting the proportions for each piece separately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal disorders are one of the most important problems faced by ergonomists today. OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of weather conditions, working conditions and mental workload on musculoskeletal disorders of rescuers and water and sewage company accidents in hot and cold seasons. METHODS: The present study was a longitudinal study that was performed on all employees of rescue and disaster teams of Shiraz Water and Sewerage Company in Iran (184 people) by census. Demographic and Nordic questionnaires, NASA Load Index (NASA-TLX), work environment assessment with temperature screening checklist and workplace ergonomic risk factor (WERA) assessment method were performed by the researcher. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 23 software and parametric and non-parametric statistical tests. RESULTS: The results showed that the highest and lowest prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders related to knee and back in winter and thigh in summer with prevalence of 57.1, 55.4 and 6%. The comparison of exposure to heat stress factors in summer and winter seasons showed that the temperature factors and work clothes of the workers in both seasons are in worse conditions than other factors (P < 0968). The results of the mental workload of people in two seasons showed that the highest and lowest mental workload is related to physical changes in the winter season and frustration in the summer season, and this relationship was significant (P < 0.001). Using multiple logistic regression model, the potential risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries including age, height, BMI, level of education and work experience in both hot and cold seasons were compared. The results showed that in summer, work experience (OR = 1.16 (1.06–1.28.)) and height (OR = 1.03(0.98–1.08) had a direct effect on the prevalence of pain and discomfort arranged in the back areas. One year of increase in work experience significantly increases the chance of a disorder in the back by 16% and a one centimeter increase in height increases the chance of a disorder in the lumbar region by 3%, although this relationship is significant. CONCLUSION: It is recommended that suitable solutions such as using appropriate and up-to-date mechanical tools, reducing activity time, increasing rest time, increasing the number of personnel in order to reduce mental workload, using work clothes suitable for the season and type of work, and ergonomics training for workers are on the agenda of company officials. Water and sewage should be placed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Hybrid working arrangements that combine remote and office work are on the rise. Although hybrid work has been associated with mental health benefits in employees, challenges in the transformation to hybrid persist particularly in public administration organizations which have been connected to a pronounced culture of presence and inadequate technical infrastructure. Further evidence on the link between hybrid working conditions and employee health is needed. To support the establishment of healthy hybrid working conditions, this study aims to identify employees' job demands, resources and support needs in public administration. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with N = 13 employees who work hybrid in public administration organizations in Northern Germany between February and May 2023. Interviewees were asked about their perceived job demands, resources, and support needs in hybrid work. The data was analyzed in a deductive-inductive approach of qualitative content analysis, primarily supported by the job demands-resources model as a theoretical framework. Results: Several job demands, e.g., an increase in work and meetings, and resources such as personal freedom and responsibility, were identified in the context of hybrid work. A multitude of the reported job resources and demands relate to work organization and social relationships. The results disclose discrepancies between participants' experiences of job demands and resources, underlining the subjectivity of employees' perceptions of hybrid working conditions. Interviewees' support needs for hybrid work also varied, encompassing structural-level aspects such as increased acceptance and promotion of hybrid work in the organization as well as behavioral-level aspects, for instance, strategies and self-discipline for boundaries and structure. Conclusions: This study provides a first comprehensive overview of the job demands, resources and support needs in hybrid work in public administration. This study builds an important basis for further research to understand the impact of hybrid working conditions on health-related employee outcomes. The identified support needs provide a valuable point of reference for health-promoting hybrid working conditions which public administration employers should begin establishing as early as possible in the ongoing transition to hybrid work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industry 4.0 is potentially innovative in the workers' role, which is becoming increasingly involved in smart activities. In this situation, it is necessary to improve highly repetitive uncomfortable working postures to reduce physical risks. This study intends to assess physical risks during VR interaction for manufacturing work. Posture-related physical risk levels were calculated using ergonomic risk assessment tools RULA, REBA, and OWAS. Three task conditions were considered for the experiment in a VR-based car-assembly environment. An analysis of variance was applied to investigate significant differences between task conditions, and it suggested that a higher risk level was obtained while working in the overhead position for RULA and REBA, whereas the squatting position obtained a higher risk level for OWAS. Sensitivity analysis identified that the upper arm and neck were responsible for the highest risk level for RULA, the upper arm, neck, and trunk for REBA, and the back posture parameter for OWAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of our country's population is young people. There is no doubt that the application of this vital project in the education of preschool children will have a great practical effect. After all, the future of Uzbekistan is created by today's young generation, It is a fact that our motherland, located at an important crossroads of the Great Silk Road, has been the cradle of world civilizations in the past. Our ancestors such as Muhammad Khorezmi, Abu Raikhan Beruni, Ibn Sina, Abu Nasr Farabi, Ahmad Farghani, Alisher Navoi, Mirza Ulugbek left behind a great scientific and spiritual heritage. Therefore, we must try to effectively use such advanced innovations and good ideas to provide them with modern education. "The state standard of preschool education and upbringing" states: The organization of a preschool education system based on modern requirements is aimed at introducing methods and educating a spiritually mature generation, healthy and comprehensively mature children, and effective forms of education. Expanding the network of preschool educational organizations, providing qualified teaching staff, radically increasing the level of preparation of children for school. Widespread implementation of the recommended innovative idea throughout the republic will create the basis for the emergence of great thinkers in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), a landmark of human engineering, has significantly altered the hydrodynamics and ecology of its surrounding environment. Our research explores the hydrodynamic and ecological changes in the TGR, focusing on their implications for reservoir-induced water quality and water resource issues. We designed a 2D hydrodynamic and water quality model and implemented 15 operational scenarios with an advanced dynamic storage capacity method for the TGR during flood season, drawdown and impoundment periods. Our simulations well reproduced and predicted water levels, discharge rates, and thermal conditions of the TGR, providing critical insights. The dynamic storage capacity method significantly improved the precision of water level simulations. This approach achieved modeling errors below 0.2 m when compared to real measurements from seven stations. We performed a detailed analysis of the sensitive, sub-sensitive, and insensitive areas during three reservoir operation periods. The drawdown period showed the most extensive impact range (468 km river channel), while the impoundment period had the least impact range (76 km river channel). Furthermore, we quantified the delay of temperature waves during these periods, observing a maximum delay of approximately 120 km and a minimum delay of less than 10 km, which underscores the variability in hydrodynamic responses under different operational scenarios. Our findings reveal the complex sensitivities of the TGR to varied operational modes, aiding in the development of eutrophication and water resources control strategies. Our modeling application provides different operational scenarios and insights for ecological management strategies in large dam systems globally, informing future water resource management and policy-making, ensuring sustainable and effective management of large reservoir systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landslide is a typical geological disaster distributed in most countries worldwide. Due to long-term natural weathering and human engineering disturbances, the instability of landslides is prone to occur. Once monitoring and disposal methods are implemented inappropriately, they can lead to landslide hazards, seriously threatening the safety of people's lives and property. For a long time, extensive research on landslide monitoring has been conducted from various countries, providing crucial technical support for reducing the incidence and severity of landslide hazards. However, considering the complex geological conditions of actual landslides and the direct impact of internal and external factors such as rainfall, storms, and earthquakes, the early warning accuracy of landslide hazards is still relatively low. Therefore, based on advanced research achievements, it is significant to carry out research on the current status and development trends of landslide monitoring technology. Based on the Web of Science core database, this study quantitatively analyzes the advanced research achievements in global landslide monitoring in the past decade using bibliometric analysis. A systematic analysis of landslide monitoring technology development is conducted according to each study's publication time, keywords, and countries. On this basis, a multi-dimensional monitoring system for landslides was proposed, which utilizes the complementary advantages of multi-dimensional monitoring technology to achieve all-round, high-precision, and real-time monitoring of landslides. Finally, taking the Xinpu landslide in the Three Gorges Region of China as an example, a multi-source and multi-field-monitoring experiment was conducted. The application of landslide multi-field-monitoring technology provides an essential reference for monitoring, early warning, as well as the scientific prevention and control of landslide hazard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current thermal balance of permafrost in northeastern China has been upset by human engineering construction disturbances and global warming. This has resulted in a rise in ground temperature and a fall in the permafrost table, which has a major impact on the stability, longevity, and operational safety of highway subgrades. To solve the issues above, the ground temperature monitoring data at K60+230 of the Shiwei–Labudalin highway were analyzed, and the numerical simulation of the temperature field change over 15 years was carried out for the ordinary subgrade as well as for sections of block-stone material subgrade with 1 m of straight-filled and different thicknesses of replacement fill (1 m, 2 m, 3 m, 4 m) by applying Comsol Multiphysis software. The results show that the temperature field of the subgrade exhibits significant asymmetry. There are variations in the rate of decline at different sites during the course of the 15 years when compared to where the permafrost table was located at the start of the study. Still, the rate of decline of the permafrost table is decreasing yearly. The straight-filled 1 m block-stone subgrade has a permafrost table 0.77 m higher in the bottom portion of its top surface than the ordinary subgrade. The replacement 1 m, 2 m, 3 m, and 4 m block-stone subgrade has a permafrost table in the lower portion of the top surface that is 1.05 m, 2.12 m, 3.32 m, and 4.75 m higher than the ordinary subgrade. The replacement block-stone subgrades, as opposed to ordinary subgrades, can strengthen the foundation, raise the permafrost table, and effectively reduce the impact of the upper boundary temperature on the lower permafrost. They can also increase the stability of permafrost subgrades. Of them, the block-stone filling with a thickness of 4 m and a particle size of 6–8 cm had the best impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whilst the benefits of telehealth were identified during the COVID-19 pandemic, we noted barriers to its use at a vital time. Through a health service improvement approach, we sought to increase allied health professional capability in telehealth, but we also sought to understand if there were risks associated with its use. We designed and implemented tools to evaluate allied health professional competence and confidence in using telehealth with private and public patients in a metropolitan teaching hospital setting. With an emphasis on technology capability, we undertook audits over three consecutive years (2020 to 2022) of allied health professional telehealth occasions of service reporting on compliance with the audit criteria and investigating staff confidence in undertaking telehealth sessions using a co-designed survey. The audit tool and confidence survey results were used to identify risk factors to telehealth service delivery using a Modified Health Failure Modes, Effects Analysis. Although confidence levels were relatively high among staff, confidence in managing safety factors and technology risks associated with telehealth were not initially verified by the audit findings. Remedial efforts resulted in service improvements in many identified risk factors, yet technology performance and its troubleshooting remained a primary variable in the ability of staff to comply with the requirements of the real-time audits. Health workers using telehealth should have training to engage safely and effectively in telehealth care and the technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ergonomics, which is the process of adapting the physical environment to the human, aims to prevent the wear and tear of employees due to excessive stresses and to maximize employee performance. For this purpose, it can be stated that ergonomics applications will provide positive benefits for both employee and employer and considering today's economic and social conditions, the importance of ergonomics in enterprises is increasing. In this study, a research has been carried out on the evaluation of the studies on ergonomics in manufacturing enterprises. In this context, studies on risk assessment methods in the field of ergonomics in manufacturing enterprises in the national literature were analyzed bibliometrically. During the determination of the studies, inquiries were made using the relevant keywords. As a result of the investigations, the research universe was evaluated according to the status of the research. In the analysis phase, answers were asked to what are the ergonomic factors in the studies, what methods are used in the evaluation of ergonomic risks, the frequency of use of methods, what are the applied sectors, and the distribution of the studies according to the years. As a result of the analyzes, suggestions were made for the researchers who focused on ergonomics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on musculoskeletal disorders among tomato farmworkers is limited. This pilot study aims to generate insights and preliminary data on tasks performed by tomato farmworkers at a demonstration test plot, evaluating associated ergonomic risk factors. A demonstration test plot was constructed to simulate tasks performed by tomato farmworkers. Muscle activity in the anterior deltoid and upper trapezius was measured using surface electromyography (sEMG) and compared among tasks. The intensity of physical activity during stake pounding, bucket tossing, and tying tasks was monitored using a GT9X activity monitor. Non-parametric ANOVA revealed that the upper trapezius exhibited the highest muscle activity in all tasks (p < 0.05). Stake pounding showed the highest muscle activity, peak loads, and the most intense physical activity. Future studies will focus on assessing tomato farmworker activities over longer shifts and evaluating the impact of posture, fatigue, and energy expenditure on the risk for musculoskeletal disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the accuracy of machining and quality of the equipment used, it is important to consider the human--machine environment when designing a vertical machining center. The designer should make full use of ergonomic principles to design the appearance of the product. This paper considers the variety of unit components that feature in the design of the CY-VMC850 vertical machining center based on its function and aesthetics. The authors propose an ergonomic design for the vertical machining center. In light of applications of the equipment, the vertical machining center and its functional components were designed using data based on human--machine theory and achieved good results. Fully consider the ergonomic equipment structure configuration, machine interface layout, operator's comfort level and psychological state and other factors, effectively improve the operating environment of operators, to reduce operator fatigue, improve the efficiency of complex parts processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to present a methodology for encouraging local stakeholders to cooperate on the prevention of an emerging risk. It concerns the degradation of mountain permafrost, which, with global warming, generates natural hazards (landslides, collapses, torrential lava) that create vulnerability for mountain professionals, public protection authorities and citizens living in the valleys. This methodology involves two steps. Firstly, an individual interview, based on intermediate objects (maps and real-life cases), leads the person into a reflective activity. This step prepares the way for the second step: the democratic workshop, where stakeholders discuss and exchange their needs on a regional level. The construction of this methodology, based on an interdisciplinary approach between ergonomics and geosciences, enables us to better grasp the stakes involved in the risk of permafrost degradation for those working in the field, in relation to their human activity and its evolution. It leads to a better understanding of phenomena in a given area, and to the development of preventive actions and social demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is the result of ergonomic action research carried out in a hospital environment. The method and tools we created, inspired by organisational simulation, are based on a multifactorial and systemic approach to the effects of working hours. These are determined by the interaction of dimensions, linked to the individual and the work, which constitute the situation concerned and which need to be taken into account in any change to the working time system. The article presents simulation media that have been created to represent not only the time system but also the other dimensions that make up the work situation, the activity through which these dimensions are articulated, and the diversity of viewpoints held by the different players. These simulation tools are of three types: temporal models, spatial models and mental diagrams. They were deployed in groups of people affected by the changes: carers, managers, doctors and secretaries. Analysis of these groups shows that the simulation tools were used to represent the temporal, spatial and simultaneous work flow, the current and future versions of the timetable system, and the dimensions of work and non-work impacted by the reorganisation solutions. The results confirm that the conceptual and operational articulation of organisational simulation, and the multifactorial and systemic approach constitute a relevant way of equipping a design approach based on working time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The number of individuals with work-related musculoskeletal disorders is increasing in Poland. Aim of the study: This study aimed to analyze and evaluate pain symptoms among upholsterers and compare these ailments with a group of employees who do not perform physical work. It also examined the associations between pain intensity and frequency with age, length of employment, and somatic characteristics in both research groups. Material and methods: Ninety-four men were examined, including 50 upholsterers and 44 non-physical workers, who were the control group. Pain location was assessed using the Nordic musculoskeletal Questionnaire, pain intensity in the lower back was measured using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and the frequency of lower back pain was determined using the Jackson-moskowitz Scale. Participants also provided information relating to age, length of employment, and education. Body mass and height were measured. Results: Among the study participants, 94% of the upholsterers and 73% of the control group experienced pain in at least one area of the body. The largest percentage of the study participants from both groups reported pain in the lower back. upholsterers experienced pain in their elbow joints and hands/wrists significantly more often than the control group. The control group experienced pain in the upper back, neck, and hip joints significantly more often than upholsters. Significant positive correlations were found between age and length of employment and the VAS and Jackson-moskowitz Scale results in both groups. Conclusions: The locations of pain complaints in the group of upholsterers and in the group of employees who did not perform physical work differed. In both groups, lower back pain predominated. Working as an upholsterer promoted pain in the elbow joints and wrists/hands. Performing mental and mixed work was associated with neck, upper back, and hip/thigh pain. Future studies should aim to assess the prevalence and analyze the risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]