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In this paper, we analyze whether the recent global process of strengtheningand harmonization of intellectual property rights (IPRs) affects decisions ofcross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We investigate if IPRs havea differential effect across sectors of different technology content and forcountries of different development level. Also, we study how imitation abilities of target countries interact with the tightening of IPRs. Using data for the post-TRIPS period (1995-2010), we estimate an extended gravity model to study the bilateral number of M&As, including a measure of the strength of IPRssystems on target countries and a set of control variables usually consideredas determinants of M&As. The estimation results verify the gravity structure for M&As and show that IPRs -and enforcement- influence decisions of cross-border M&As in all sectors regardless of their technological content. However, IPRs are more important in countries with high imitation abilities and in sectors of high-technology content. Furthermore, a strengthening of IPRs leads to a larger increase of M&As in developing countries than in developed countries.These results call the attention on the possible implications for least developedeconomies and challenge the adequacy of a globally harmonized IPRs systems. Fil: Campi, Mercedes Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economía Política de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economía Política de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Dueñas, Marco. Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano; Colombia Fil: Barigozzi, Matteo. The London School of Economics and Political Science; Reino Unido Fil: Fagiolo, Giorgio. Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna; Italia

En los últimos años, ha habido un creciente interés en estudiar el sistema alimentario mundial como una red compleja en evolución. Gran parte de la literatura se ha centrado en la forma en que los países están interconectados en el sistema alimentario a través de vínculos de comercio internacional y en qué consecuencias puede tener esto en términos de seguridad alimentaria y sostenibilidad. En cambio, se ha prestado poca atención a comprender cómo los países, dadas sus capacidades, se especializan en la producción agrícola y a los determinantes de los patrones de especialización de los países. En este trabajo, comenzamos a abordar este problema utilizando datos de producción de la FAO para el período 1993-2013. Caracterizamos el espacio de producción de alimentos como una secuencia temporal de redes bipartitas, conectando a los países con los productos agrícolas que producen, e identificamos propiedades y determinantes subyacentes a su evolución. Encontramos que el espacio de productos agrícolas es una red muy densa que, sin embargo, muestra comunidades de países y productos bien definidas y estables, a pesar de la presión sin precedentes que los sistemas alimentarios han experimentado en los últimos años. También encontramos que las comunidades\nobservadas no sólo están determinadas por las condiciones agroecológicas, sino también por factores económicos, sociopolíticos y tecnológicos.\nFinalmente, discutimos las implicaciones que estos hallazgos pueden tener en nuestra comprensión de las complejas relaciones que involucran \nlas capacidades de producción de los países, sus patrones de especialización, la seguridad alimentaria y el contenido nutricional de la parte doméstica de su oferta de alimentos. Fil: Campi, Mercedes. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas Fil: Dueñas, Marcos. Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano Fil: Fagiolo, Giorgio. Istituto di Economia. Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna

Nella creazione dei nuovi santi barocchi del mondo iberoamericano, il pontificato ha giocato un ruolo decisivo. Tuttavia, il processo ha coinvolto le chiese locali e anche il potere civile, che ha promosso le cause, mettendo davanti a sé i propri agenti. I nuovi santi rispondono soprattutto alle esigenze rappresentative della nuova Chiesa americana.

Using a complex-network perspective, this paper empirically explores the determinants of the process through which countries, given their capabilities, specialize in agricultural production. Using production data from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) for the period 1993-2013, we characterize the agricultural production space as a time-sequence of bipartite networks, connecting countries to the agricultural products they produce. We then project this representation in the agricultural production spaces, linking countries or products according to their similarity in production profiles, and we identify properties and determinants underlying their evolution. We find that, despite the unprecedented pressure that food systems have been undergoing in recent years, the agricultural production space is a very dense network displaying well-defined and stable communities of countries and products. We also show that the observed country community structures are not only shaped by environmental conditions, but also by economic, socio-political, and technological factors. We conclude by discussing the implications of such findings on our understanding of the complex relationships involving production capabilities and specialization patterns. Fil: Campi, Mercedes Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economía Política de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economía Política de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Dueñas, Marco. Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano; Colombia Fil: Fagiolo, Giorgio. Scuola Superiore Sant' Anna; Italia

La cerimonia di canonizzazione è strettamente compenetrata col “Gran Teatro barocco” della ba¬silica vaticana. Il primo “Teatro” (G. Rainaldi, 1610) era un anfiteatro ottagonale che trasformava S. Pietro in un ideale Paradiso per accogliere i nuovi santi. La tipologia fu poi sviluppata da Bernini intorno al Baldacchino e alla Cattedra: e infine il Colonnato di piazza San Pietro sarà concepito anche come teatro della santità., A la luz de Roma. Santos y santidad en el barroco iberoamericano

Un balance de los congresos de barroco iberoamericano, desde el primero en Roma, en 1980., Área de Historia del Arte, UPO

Sobre la creación de nuevos santos y santas en el mundo americano, tanto hispano como portugués. Con análisis de casos concretos., Área de Historia del Arte, UPO

La cerimonia di canonizzazione è strettamente compenetrata col ¿Gran Teatro barocco¿ della basilica vaticana. Il primo ¿Teatro¿ (G. Rainaldi, 1610) era un anfiteatro ottagonale che trasformava S. Pietro in un ideale Paradiso per accogliere i nuovi santi. La tipologia fu poi sviluppata da Bernini intorno al Baldacchino e alla Cattedra: e infine il Colonnato di piazza San Pietro sarà concepito anche come teatro della santità., Área de Historia del Arte, UPO

La cerimonia di canonizzazione è strettamente compenetrata col ¿Gran Teatro barocco¿ della basilica vaticana. Il primo ¿Teatro¿ (G. Rainaldi, 1610) era un anfiteatro ottagonale che trasformava S. Pietro in un ideale Paradiso per accogliere i nuovi santi. La tipologia fu poi sviluppata da Bernini intorno al Baldacchino e alla Cattedra: e infine il Colonnato di piazza San Pietro sarà concepito anche come teatro della santità. Área de Historia del Arte, UPO

Understanding specialization patterns of countries in food production can provide relevant insights for the evaluation and design of policies seeking to achieve food security and sustainability, which are key to reach several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this paper, we use production data from FAO for the period 1993 to 2013 to build bipartite networks of food products and food producing countries. We use methods from complex systems analysis to rank countries according to their capabilities or competitiveness and products according to their sophistication or need of capabilities. Competitiveness is quantified by the fitness of countries, which measures the quality and how diversified are their food production baskets. We observe two well-defined communities of food producing countries, one clustering countries with relatively developed agricultural systems, and the other one grouping only developing countries. We use network statistics on food production and specialization patterns and we perform an econometric analysis to study whether and how specialization patterns affect food supply, food security, and sustainability of food systems. We show that concentrating agricultural production decreases food supply, food security, and sustainability of food systems. The competitiveness or fitness of countries as well as the coherence of diversification patterns, both increase per capita food supply and food security, but might have a negative effect on sustainability. This reflects the trade-off between achieving food security while simultaneously improving sustainability, which needs to be considered when developing or implementing policies seeking to reach SDGs. Given that the position of countries in food trade dynamics also affects their decisions in food production specialization, the analysis opens the ground for trade policy considerations.

La creazione di nuovi santi e di nuove sante nei territori della Spagna, del Portogallo e dell’America iberica all’indomani dei decreti del Concilio di Trento contribuisce alla configurazione di un’arte nuova. Il processo ha inizio a Roma, sotto l’egida della Sacra Congregazione dei Riti e delle chiese locali, che negoziarono la creazione di questo nuovo immaginario. Questo primo volume si focalizza per tale ragione su Roma, sul funzionamento dell’organismo deputato alla valutazione delle nuove figure di cui si chiedeva la canonizzazione. I processi di beatificazione e di canonizzazione hanno un ruolo fondamentale nella configurazione di questo universo agiografico: essi rappresentano l’intervento della Chiesa di Roma ma testimoniano anche il processo di mediazione con le chiese locali, che ebbero parte attiva nella creazione della nuova santità. L’esito dei processi di canonizzazione fu celebrato attraverso cerimonie alle quali parteciparono la Chiesa di Roma e le chiese locali, con un apparato festivo e artistico che oggi possiamo studiare sia attraverso i testi, sia attraverso le stampe.

En España, más que en ningún otro lugar, el siglo XVII es el siglo de los santos. No solo por la elevación a los altares de aquel manípulo, sin precedentes, de hombres y mujeres cuyas virtudes fueron reconocidas por Roma en 1622, sino en un sentido más amplio, por la posición de encrucijada que tuvo la monarquía hispánica entre el Mediterráneo y el Atlántico. Espejo entre dos mares, la península ibérica, vio reflejada en su luna interior el manantial de ejemplos de vida cristiana de la primitiva iglesia, agigantados o sesgados, de acuerdo al corte y esgrima del escritor religioso, aunque reconocibles casi siempre, como esas sombras desfiguradas que dejaban ver los gruesos cristales enmarcados en maderas nobles que registran los inventarios de la época. Algo más cerca asoman al espejo hispano los arquetipos de santidad imitable o admirable de los siglos bajomedievales, santidad militante, claustral o guerrera, que desplegó un florilegio de ejemplos de vida vocacional, en la cátedra, en el púlpito, en el convento y hasta por los caminos. El lector barroco los redescubre y el artista los reinterpreta creando, cuando no hay imagen transmitida, una iconografía nueva., Área de Historia del Arte, UPO

Primer volumen dedicado al lugar que Roma ocupó en la definición del nuevo santoral católico a partir de los dictados tridentinos., Área de Historia del Arte, UPO

We study the relationships between firm financial structure and growth for a large sample of Italian firms observed from 1998 to 2003. We expand upon existing analyses testing whether liquidity constraints affect firm performance by considering among growth determinants also firm debt structure. Panel regression analyses show that more liquid firms tend to grow more. However, firms do not use their capital to expand, but rather to increase debt. We also find that firm growth is highly fragile as it is positively correlated with non financial liabilities and it is not sustained by a long term debt maturity. Finally, quantile regressions suggest that fast growing firms are characterized by higher growth cashflow sensitivities and heavily rely on external debt, but seem to be less bank backed than the rest of the sample. Overall, our findings suggest that the link between firms investment and expansion decisions is far more complicated than postulated by standard tests of investment cashflow sensitivities.

First Online: 13 February 2018 A considerable amount of studies in the transport literature is aimed at understanding the behavioural processes underlying travel choices, like mode and destination choices. In the present work, we propose the use of evolutionary game theory as a framework to study commuter mode choice. Evolutionary game models work under the assumptions that agents are boundedly rational and imitate others’ behaviour. We examine the possible dynamics that can emerge in a homogeneous urban population where commuters can choose between two modes, private car or public transport. We obtain a different number of equilibria depending on the values of the parameters of the model. We carry out comparative-static exercises and examine possible policy measures that can be implemented in order to modify the agents’ payoff, and consequently the equilibria of the system, leading society towards more sustainable transportation patterns.

In the last years, there has been a growing interest in studying the global food system as a complex evolving network. Much of the literature has been focusing on the way countries are interconnected in the food system through international-trade linkages, and what consequences this may have in terms of food security and sustainability. Little attention has been instead devoted to understanding how countries, given their capabilities, specialize in agricultural production and to the determinants of country specialization patterns. In this paper, we start addressing this issue using FAO production data for the period 1993-2013. We characterize the food production space as a time-sequence of bipartite networks, connecting countries to the agricultural products they produce, and we identify properties and determinants underlying their evolution. We find that the agricultural product space is a very dense network, which however displays well-defined and stable communities of countries and products, despite the unprecedented pressure that food systems have been undergoing in recent years. We also find that the observed community structures are not only shaped by agro-ecological conditions but also by economic, socio-political, and technological factors. Finally, we discuss the implications that such findings may have on our understanding of the complex relationships involving country production capabilities, their specialization patterns, food security, and the nutrition content of the domestic part of their food supply.

Fin dall¿inizio (1564 c.) il piano di Juan Bautista de Toledo prevedeva un ¿cimiterio de los antiguos¿: la cripta dell¿Escorial riceverà il nome di Panteón a somiglianza del tempio di Roma e, secondo il padre Santos, se il Pantheon era stato dedicato a tutti gli Dei ¿por la misma razon se podra llamar tambien a este sepulcro Panteón, porque está dedicado para todos los Reyes de España, que fuera de ser dioses en la tierra¿ se podran llamar Dioses del cielo¿ tanta a sido su religion i piedad¿. L¿edificio ideato da G.B. Crescenzi si ispirava per di più alle catacombe e alle confessiones realizzate a Roma nel tardo `500, da S. Maria Maggiore a S. Pietro (siti in cui Crescenzi aveva lavorato come soprintendente). Gli elementi decorativi bronzei, ispirati ai mosaici medievali romani e alle tombe fiorentine dei Medici, vengono letti in riferimento a Cristo arbor Vitae (da cui discendevano i Re spagnoli, milites christiani); l¿epigrafe sull¿altare ¿RESURRECTIO NOSTRA¿ identifica la resurrezione di Cristo con quella dei re spagnoli. Il Panteón è insieme mausoleo imperiale, ¿cappella palatina¿, rotonda dell¿Anastasis e Retablo-Teca-Reliquiario., Área de Historia del Arte, UPO, Postprint

In this work we introduce and analyze a new and comprehensive multilayer dataset covering a wide spectrum of international relationships between coutries. We select two cross sections of the dataset corresponding to years 2003 and 2010 with 19 layers and 112 nodes to study the structure and evolution of the network. Country centrality is measured by the multiplex PageRank (MultiRank) and the multiplex hub and authority scores (MultiHub and MultiAuth). We find that the MultiHub measure has the highest correlation to GDP per capita, with respect to the other multilayer measures and to their single layer analogues. Finally we analyze the differences in the ranking between GDP per capita and the multilayer centrality measures to evaluate them as measures of development.