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A series of LiV(PO)/C composites with different amounts of carbon are synthesized by a combustion method. The physical and electrochemical properties of the LiV(PO)/C composites are investigated by X-ray diffraction, element analysis, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electrochemical measurements. The effects of carbon content of LiV(PO)/C composites on its electrochemical properties are conducted with cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance. The experiment results clearly show that the optimal carbon content is 4.3 wt %, and more or less amount of carbon would be unfavorable to electrochemical properties of the LiV(PO)/C electrode materials. The results would provide some basis for further improvement on the LiV(PO) electrode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of pyrazolone-based full heterocyclic and half heterocyclic hydrazone dyes as well as aniline modified hydrazone-azomethine dyes has been successfully synthesized and spectrally characterized. UV–Vis spectral comparisons indicate that the aniline modified hydrazone-azomethine dyes show significant red shifts compared with their common full heterocyclic precursor and respective half heterocyclic dyes with the same substituents in the absence of the 2-aminothiophene moiety. The incorporation of CH N and NH N units in the targeting hydrazone-azomethine dyes, which results in the increase of the π -conjugated system, is responsible for the bathochromic shifts in the UV–Vis spectra. Furthermore, solvatochromism and acid-base titration experiments have been carried out to explore the possible proton transfer within the multiple heteroatoms for this family of compounds. Our results demonstrate the existence of an equilibrium between the hydrazone and azo-keto tautomers and the transformation can be driven by the polarity of solvents and pH values. In addition, the easily deprotonated azo-enol tautomer is unlikely to be formed because of the alkaline stability in both organic solvents and water for this series of pyrazolone-based heterocyclic dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sonic hedgehog (SHH) morphogen regulates cell differentiation and controls a number of genes during renal morphogenesis. To date, the effects of SHH on fibroblast growth factors (Fgfs) in embryonic kidney development remain unclear. In the present study, explants of BALB/c mouse embryonic kidney tissues were used to investigate the role of exogenous SHH on Fgf8 and Fgf10 expression levels ex vivo. Ureteric bud branches and epithelial metanephric derivatives were used to determine the renal morphogenesis with Dolichos biflorus agglutinin or hematoxylin-eosin staining. mRNA expression levels were determined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, while the protein expression levels were examined using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. During the initial stages of metanephric development, low levels of SHH, Fgf8, and Fgf10 expression were observed, which were found to increase significantly during more advanced stages of metanephric development. In addition, exogenous SHH protein treatment increased the number of ureteric bud branches and enhanced the formation of nephrons. Exogenous SHH reduced the Fgf8 mRNA and protein expression levels, whereas cyclopamine (an SHH-smoothened receptor inhibitor) interfered with SHH-mediated downregulation of Fgf8 expression. By contrast, exogenous SHH protein was not found to modulate Fgf10 mRNA and protein expression levels. In conclusion, these results indicate that the modulatory effects of SHH on BALB/c mouse metanephric explant cultures may involve the regulation of Fgf8 expression but not Fgf10 expression, which provides evidence for the functional role of Fgf proteins in renal morphogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The angular power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background temperature anisotropies is one of the most important characteristics in cosmology that can shed light on the properties of the universe such as its geometry and total density. Using flat sky approximation and Fourier analysis, we estimate the angular power spectrum from an ensemble of the least foreground-contaminated square patches from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy ProbeW and V frequency band map. This method circumvents the issue of foreground cleaning and that of breaking orthogonality in spherical harmonic analysis because we are able to mask out the bright Galactic plane region, thereby rendering a direct measurement of the angular power spectrum. We test and confirm the Gaussian statistical characteristic of the selected patches, from which the first and second acoustic peaks of the power spectrum are reproduced, and the third peak is clearly visible, albeit with some noise residual at the tail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer is a difficult-to-treat cancer. Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the main subtype of lung cancer. Although there are many ways to treat lung cancer, the survival rate of patients is low. Therefore, novel molecules need to be identified to diagnose and treat LUAD. This study utilized The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) LUAD data to analyze and validate the value of EMID1 as a LUAD diagnostic surface marker and overall survival prognostic marker. Differential expression analysis formally confirmed that decreased EMID1 expression was significantly associated with advanced stage and metastasis of lung cancer. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed that the patients with low EMID expression are dismal. The relationship between clinicopathological features and EMID1 was scored using Wilcoxon signed-rank test and R (v.3.5.1) logistic regression and suggested that patients with low EMID1 expression had a worse prognosis than patients with high EMID1 expression. (Gene Ontology) GO, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG), and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were performed to investigate the potential mechanism of EMID1 expression on the prognosis of LUAD and suggested that Notch signaling pathway may be an important biological pathway for EMID1 to play a role in LUAD. Further, combined with univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis, it was speculated that high and low levels of EMID1 expression and the logistic regression analysis of related clinical variables had significant clinical significance to verify the underlying mechanism of LUAD focus and prognosis. EMID1 plays an important role in the immune milieu of LUAD. Meanwhile, the correlation between tumor-infiltrating immune cells and genes was assessed using CIBERSORT, and it was found that the level of B cell infiltration was positively correlated with the expression of EMID1, all of which were validated in the GEO and GEPIA databases. In all, this study helps to understand the immune microenvironment of LUAD and improve the survival of patients with LUAD. Thus, EMID1 may be a novel immune-related prognostic marker of LUAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the basic characteristics of various research methods is highly needed to predict the residual life of the pipeline accurately, help managers understand the operational risks, and provide a reference for developing pipeline transportation and maintenance inspection plans and anti-corrosion measures. Based on a comprehensive investigation of the existing research on the residual life of the pipeline, this paper finds that the current mainstream life prediction method, based on historical statistical data, has the shortcomings of inconsistent modeling methods, inconsistent basic data, and a lack of comparative evaluation among methods. Moreover, considering the in-depth study of BP neural network modeling, grey theory modeling, time series modeling, and exponential smoothing modeling, optimal prediction models using different methods based on the same historical data are established. These optimal modeling methods are discussed, and the feasible modeling path for the accurate prediction of the pipeline's residual life is given by comparing the prediction accuracy of each model. In addition, the findings serve as a guide for developing an anti-corrosion strategy by highlighting the contribution of the prediction results of the residual life to pipeline decision-making. By comparison, it is found that the accuracy of the four prediction models is as follows: the grey theory prediction model, the exponential smoothing prediction model, the BP neural network prediction model, and the time series prediction model, from high to low, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focuses on the stress intensity correction factor (M k) for internal surface cracks located at the girth pipe root toe. To assess the impact of various parameters on M k , three-dimensional finite element models are developed. These models take different types of misalignment, a range of variable-wall-thickness ratios, and initial crack depths into account. The findings reveal that the stress intensity correction factor M k tends to increase with the rise in misalignment and variable-wall-thickness ratio. Conversely, an increase in the initial crack depth leads to a decrease in M k. The study demonstrates that the M k values, when accounting for different geometric factors, are significantly higher than those calculated using BS 7910. This suggests that the BS 7910 standard may provide overly optimistic predictions. As a result, a revised M k formula is proposed, which generally maintains an error margin of less than 10 %. This modified formula offers a significant enhancement to prevailing codes and standards, furnishing a more dependable benchmark for the assessment of structural integrity in pipeline laying procedures. • Sophisticated models of the root toe considering different geometric parameters are established to study the K. • Different geometric parameters exert distinct impacts on the stress intensity factor K. • An enhanced M k formula is derived and the conservative property of the existing M k formula is proved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first example of nickel-catalyzed decarboxylative fluoroalkylation of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids has been developed with commonly available fluoroalkyl halides. This novel transformation has demonstrated broad substrate scope, excellent functional-group tolerance, mild reaction conditions, and excellent stereoselectivity. Mechanistic investigations indicate that a fluoroalkyl radical is involved in the catalytic cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first example of nickel-catalyzed decarboxylative fluoroalkylation of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids has been developed with commonly available fluoroalkyl halides. This novel transformation has demonstrated broad substrate scope, excellent functional-group tolerance, mild reaction conditions, and excellent stereoselectivity. Mechanistic investigations indicate that a fluoroalkyl radical is involved in the catalytic cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field isolates of Alternaria alternata from peach were previously characterized for their sensitivity to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides and the underlying molecular basis of resistance was determined. In the present study, we report that isolates resistant to the SDHI fungicide boscalid, regardless of genotype, were also resistant to pyraclostrobin and thiophanate-methyl. Resistance to pyraclostrobin was due to the G143A mutation in cytochrome b and resistance to thiophanate-methyl was due to 167Y in β-tubulin. Representatives of the two most commonly isolated SDHI resistance genotypes, H277Y in sdh subunit B and H134R in sdh subunit C, as well as genotype D123E in sdh subunit D, were selected for fitness evaluations. Genotypes H277Y and H134R suffered no fitness penalties based on mycelial growth on potato dextrose agar, spore production in vitro, osmotic sensitivity, oxidative sensitivity, germination ability, or the ability to cause disease on peach fruit. Hypersensitivity to oxidative stress and weak sporulation was observed only in genotype D123E. No competitive advantage was detected for sensitive isolates over the course of five consecutive transfers on peach fruit when spores were mixed with genotypes H277Y or H134R. Results suggest that, in the absence of fungicide pressure, A. alternata isolates resistant to methyl benzimidazole carbamate, quinone outside inhibitor, and SDHI fungicides carrying the H277Y mutation in SDHB and the H134R mutation in SDHC may effectively compete with the boscalid-sensitive populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lewisacid B(C6F5)3catalyzedthe Diels–Alder reactions of multisubstituted open-chain dienesand α,β-enals to afford the desired products with high exo-selectivities are reported. The substituent effect ofthe dienes and dienophiles on the product’s stereoselectivitywas thoroughly investigated, and it was found that most of the desired exo-Diels–Alder products could be obtained in goodyields and with high exo-stereoselectivities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of a bilateral paravertebral block (PVB) on cognitive function in elderly patients undergoing radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Methods: Sixty patients (40 men and 20 women) aged 65–80 undergoing radical gastrectomy surgery under general anaesthesia were included and randomly assigned to either the PVB group or the control group. Patients in the PVB group had before incision a single-shot ultrasound-guided bilateral PVB at the T8 level with 20 mL of ropivacaine 0.375%, while patients in the control group had no block. Patients in both groups had a BIS-guided total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol and remifentanil infusions. Postoperative cognitive function assessed by the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and NSE (neuron-specific enolase) was the primary outcome. Results: The awareness time in group PVB was shorter than that in the group C, and the propofol and remifentanil dosages were less than that in group C (P<0.001, P = 0.007, respectively). Furthermore, the change of the MMSE score and the NSE concentration was significant from day0 to day1 and day1 to day2. (P<0.001). Conclusion: A single-shot bilateral PVB active throughout radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer reduces the needs for general anaesthetic agents and improve postoperative recovery, along with a surrogate evidence for neuroprotective effects. Trial registration: ChiCTR2200060088. Registered 18 May 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we set out to study the ensemble forecast for tropical cyclones. The case study is based on the Conditional Nonlinear Optimal Perturbation related to Parameter (CNOP-P) method and the WRF model to improve the prediction accuracy for track and intensity, and two different typhoons are selected as cases for analysis. We first select perturbed parameters in the YSU and WSM6 schemes, and then solve CNOP-Ps with simulated annealing algorithm for single parameters as well as the combination of multiple parameters. Finally, perturbations are imposed on default parameter values to generate the ensemble members. The whole proposed procedures are referred to as the Perturbed-Parameter Ensemble (PPE). We also conduct two experiments, which are control forecast and ensemble forecast, termed Ctrl and perturbed-physics ensemble (PPhyE) respectively, to demonstrate the performance for contrast. In the article, we compare the effects of three experiments on tropical cyclones in aspects of track and intensity, respectively. For track, the prediction errors of PPE are smaller. The ensemble mean of PPE filters the unpredictable situation and retains the reasonably predictable components of the ensemble members. As for intensity, ensemble mean values of the central minimum sea-level pressure and the central maximum wind speed are closer to CMA data during most of the simulation time. The predicted values of the PPE ensemble members included the intensity of CMA data when the typhoon made landfall. The PPE also shows uncertainty in the forecast. Moreover, we also analyze the track and intensity from physical variable fields of PPE. Experiment results show PPE outperforms the other two benchmarks in track and intensity prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) are common surgical complications in the elderly. Pyroptosis-associated inflammation has been suggested to participate in a series of neurocognitive diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Given that VRT-043198 can reportedly inhibit caspase-1-induced pyroptosis, this study sought to determine whether VRT-043198 reduced PND in a mouse model following abdominal exploratory laparotomy. Methods: 20-month-old male C57/BL mice were used to establish an abdominal exploratory laparotomy (AEL) model of PND. VRT-043198 (1, 10 and 100 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally immediately after surgery. Thirty days post-surgery, the mice were evaluated in the Morris water maze test. Their number of neurons, neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF) levels and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were measured. In the hippocampus, A1-type astrocytes and M1-type microglia were assessed using an immunofluorescence assay and Western blot, respectively. Caspase-1 activity, IL-1β, IL-18, and PPAR-γ were also measured 24h after surgery. Results: VRT-043198 administration increased the time to cross the platform and increased the ratio of distance and time in the targeted quadrant after surgery. Furthermore, it was found that VRT-043198 restored neuronal amount, increased NGF and BDNF and decreased the number of A1-type astrocytes and M1-type microglia. VRT-043198 also attenuated caspase-1 activity, downregulated IL-1β and IL-18, but increased PPAR-γ 24h post-surgery. Conclusion: VRT-043198 improved PND in aged mice after abdominal exploratory laparotomy by restoring the NGF and BNDF expression. These results indicate that VRT-043198 may be a potential therapy for PND. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A narrow-band filter with a broad tuning range is designed based on a magnetic field controlled ferrite defect in photonic crystal for a terahertz (THz) wave. The resonance defect modes of a ferrite defect in photonic crystal in the THz region are studied by using the finite difference time domain method. Detailed calculations on the shifts of the defect mode frequency and transmission properties reveal that the peak frequency of transmission spectra can continuously vary from 0.77 to 0.95 THz under the external magnetic field and the bandwidth of the filter is about 0.015 THz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background 15-F2t-isoprostane (15-F2t-IsoP), a prostaglandin F2-like compound, is widely recognized as a biomarker of chronic heart failure. This study investigated the potential role and prognostic significance of plasma 15-F2t-IsoP in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). Methods Plasma 15-F2t-IsoP concentrations were determined in 80 consecutive IPAH patients at the time of their first right heart catheterization, and monitored for 30±12months. The expression of 15-F2t-IsoP protein in autopsy lung samples was determined by immunohistochemical staining. Results Plasma 15-F2t-IsoP concentrations were significantly increased in patients with IPAH compared with healthy controls (91pg/ml vs. 30pg/ml, respectively; P<0.001). Patients with baseline 15-F2t-IsoP concentrations≥97pg/ml had a significantly lower survival rate than those with lower baseline concentrations (P<0.001). During follow-up, 15-F2t-IsoP concentrations in survivors decreased, whereas concentrations in non-surviving patients increased further (P<0.05). Elevated concentrations of 15-F2t-IsoP were correlated with a severity of WHO functional class, lower 6-minute walking distance and mixed venous oxygen saturation, higher mean right atrial pressure and brain natriuretic peptide. Multivariate analysis revealed that the plasma 15-F2t-IsoP concentration was an independent factor associated with mortality. Histological studies showed that the expression of 15-F2t-IsoP was up-regulated in remodeled pulmonary vessels. Conclusions An elevated plasma 15-F2t-IsoP concentration and a further increase during follow-up may be a risk factor for higher mortality in patients with IPAH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flatness plays a crucial role in determining the quality of products in strip cold rolling. Data driven methods have shown promise in flatness prediction by effectively capturing the nonlinearities and strong coupling present in cold rolling processing, surpassing the capability of conventional methods. However, existing data driven models remain restricted by a lack of rolling theory guidance, a black-box nature of predictive processes, and gradient conflict of multi-channel flatness. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes an interpretable mechanism guided multi-channel distributed meta learning framework for flatness prediction. Initially, significant physic-based parameters, such as theoretical rolling force deviation and tension deviation, and controller parameters are calculated to guide data driven modeling. Subsequently, a distributed meta learning framework is modeled for multi-channel flatness to eliminate gradient conflict. Furthermore, eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) technique is implemented to ensure the transparent predictive processes of multi-channel flatness. The analysis results present that theoretical parameters and controller parameters effectively improve the performance of flatness prediction. In addition, the comparative results demonstrate that the proposed framework outperforms the existing flatness prediction methods and other state-of-the-art machine learning methods by 4.24%. Importantly, the XAI-based explanation of the proposed framework effectively enhances the credibility of data driven flatness prediction. [Display omitted] • An interpretable distributed meta learning framework is proposed for flatness prediction. • The interpretability and performance of data driven model is enhanced by integrating rolling mechanism. • Distributed learning framework is effective in eliminating gradient conflict of multi-channel flatness in training procedure. • The predictive process of data-driven model in cold rolling is first explained by eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whiteflies from the Bemisia tabaci species complex have the ability to transmit a large number of plant viruses and are some of the most detrimental pests in agriculture. Although whiteflies are known to transmit both DNA and RNA viruses, most of the diversity has been recorded for the former, specifically for the Begomovirus genus. This study investigated the total diversity of DNA and RNA viruses found in whiteflies collected from a single site in Florida to evaluate if there are additional, previously undetected viral types within the B. tabaci vector. Metagenomic analysis of viral DNA extracted from the whiteflies only resulted in the detection of begomoviruses. In contrast, whiteflies contained sequences similar to RNA viruses from divergent groups, with a diversity that extends beyond currently described viruses. The metagenomic analysis of whiteflies also led to the first report of a whitefly-transmitted RNA virus similar to Cowpea mild mottle virus (CpMMV Florida) (genus Carlavirus) in North America. Further investigation resulted in the detection of CpMMV Florida in native and cultivated plants growing near the original field site of whitefly collection and determination of its experimental host range. Analysis of complete CpMMV Florida genomes recovered from whiteflies and plants suggests that the current classification criteria for carlaviruses need to be reevaluated. Overall, metagenomic analysis supports that DNA plant viruses carried by B. tabaci are dominated by begomoviruses, whereas significantly less is known about RNA viruses present in this damaging insect vector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate Chinese university teachers' experiences of a Finnish university pedagogical workshop. The qualitative research data were collected from the participants' learning journals and feedback. The findings reveal that Western educational practices cannot be imported as such, but have to be adapted to the Chinese culture. In a multicultural training, participants may face challenges that remain unrecognized by the educators. Similarly, participants may expect educators to behave in a manner that is unfamiliar to the educators. In order to further develop worthwhile tools for teaching and learning in the Chinese context, there is a need for collaboration between educators and participants. The findings of this study have practical implications for higher education related to developing university pedagogical training in multi-cultural and multidisciplinary contexts. In particular, the study generates new information for pedagogical cooperation projects between Western and Chinese universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing refractory epilepsy presents a significant a substantial clinical challenge. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has emerged as a promising avenue for addressing refractory epilepsy. However, the optimal stimulation targets and effective parameters of DBS to reduce seizures remian unidentified. This study endeavors to scrutinize the therapeutic potential of DBS within the zona incerta (ZI) across diverse seizure models and elucidate the associated underlying mechanisms. We evaluated the therapeutic potential of DBS with different frequencies in the ZI on kainic acid (KA)-induced TLE model or M1-cortical seizures model, pilocarpine-induced M1-cortical seizure models, and KA-induced epilepsy model. Further, employing calcium fiber photometry combined with cell-specific ablation, we sought to clarified the causal role of ZI GABAergic neurons in mediating the therapeutic effects of DBS. Our findings reveal that DBS in the ZI alleviated the severity of seizure activities in the KA-induced TLE model. Meanwhile, DBS attenuated seizure activities in KA- or pilocarpine-induced M1-cortical seizure model. In addition, DBS exerts a mitigating influence on KA induced epilepsy model. DBS in the ZI showed anti-seizure effects at low frequency spectrum, with 5 Hz exhibiting optimal efficacy. The low-frequency DBS significantly increased the calcium activities of ZI GABAergic neurons. Furthermore, selective ablation of ZI GABAergic neurons with taCasp3 blocked the anti-seizure effect of low-frequency DBS, indicating the anti-seizure effect of DBS is mediated by the activation of ZI GABAergic neurons. Our results demonstrate that low-frequency DBS in the ZI attenuates seizure via driving GABAergic neuronal activity. This suggests that the ZI represents a potential DBS target for treating both hippocampal and cortical seizure through the activation of GABAergic neurons, thereby holding therapeutic significance for seizure treatment. • DBS in the ZI attenuates the severity of hippocampal and cortical seizures. • DBS in the ZI shows anti-seizure effects at low frequency spectrum. • Low frequency DBS increases the calcium activities of ZI GABAergic neurons. • Activation of ZI GABAergic neurons mediates anti-seizure effects of DBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving decarbonization in the steel industry is of paramount importance for global carbon neutrality. Given the unavoidable generation of calcium-containing steel slag and carbon-rich flue gas emissions in the steelmaking process, steel slag carbonation is considered a CCUS technology capable of achieving pollution and carbon reduction in the steel industry. This study conducts a life cycle assessment (LCA) of the environmental impacts generated within the system boundaries of mainstream hot braising steel slag treatment and a novel carbonation steel slag approach. Results of the research demonstrate that the carbonation route based on carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology reduces the global warming potential (GWP) by 480% compared to the mainstream hot braising route, yielding −76.78 kg CO 2 eq./t steel slag. The carbonation route also mitigates the environmental impact of pollutant emissions; however, it introduces a burden shifting associated with energy and resource consumption. Furthermore, to tackle the challenges of industrial application of steel slag carbonation, this study has explored upgrading schemes and proposed a future carbonation steel slag route that achieves process upgrades. By enabling carbonation of flue gas and improving carbonation efficiency, this route is forecasted to elevate the potential of carbon footprint reduction from 5% to 15% throughout the entire life cycle of steelmaking process. The study confirms that steel slag carbonation is a viable carbon-negative technology, delivering a substantiated CCUS solution for achieving co-benefits of pollution and carbon reduction in the steel industry. [Display omitted] • The LCA of steel slag treatment via mainstream and CCUS route is studied. • Co-benefits for the pollution and carbon reduction in steel industry are considered. • Carbonation route shows a burden shifting about energy and resource consumption. • Climate impact of CCUS route is 480% lower than that of mainstream route. • CCUS route is forecasted to reduce the carbon footprint by 15% of the steel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron–sulfur clusters are essential cofactors found in all kingdoms of life and play essential roles in fundamental processes, including but not limited to respiration, photosynthesis, and nitrogen fixation. The chemistry of iron–sulfur clusters makes them ideal for sensing various redox environmental signals, while the physics of iron–sulfur clusters and its host proteins have been long overlooked. One such protein, MagR, has been proposed as a putative animal magnetoreceptor. It forms a rod-like complex with cryptochromes (Cry) and possesses intrinsic magnetic moment. However, the magnetism modulation of MagR remains unknown. Here in this study, iron–sulfur cluster binding in MagR has been characterized. Three conserved cysteines of MagR play different roles in iron–sulfur cluster binding. Two forms of iron–sulfur clusters binding have been identified in pigeon MagR and showed different magnetic properties: [3Fe–4S]-MagR appears to be superparamagnetic and has saturation magnetization at 5 K but [2Fe–2S]-MagR is paramagnetic. While at 300 K, [2Fe–2S]-MagR is diamagnetic but [3Fe–4S]-MagR is paramagnetic. Together, the different types of iron–sulfur cluster binding in MagR attribute distinguished magnetic properties, which may provide a fascinating mechanism for animals to modulate the sensitivity in magnetic sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent work has revealed that spontaneous release plays critical roles in the central nervous system, but how it is regulated remains elusive. Here, we report that synaptotagmin‐11 (Syt11), a Ca2+‐independent Syt isoform associated with schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease, suppressed spontaneous release. Syt11‐knockout hippocampal neurons showed an increased frequency of miniature excitatory post‐synaptic currents while over‐expression of Syt11 inversely decreased the frequency. Neither knockout nor over‐expression of Syt11 affected the average amplitude, suggesting the pre‐synaptic regulation of spontaneous neurotransmission by Syt11. Glutathione S‐transferase pull‐down, co‐immunoprecipitation, and affinity‐purification experiments demonstrated a direct interaction of Syt11 with vps10p‐tail‐interactor‐1a (vti1a), a non‐canonical SNARE protein that maintains spontaneous release. Importantly, knockdown of vti1a reversed the phenotype of Syt11 knockout, identifying vti1a as the main target of Syt11 inhibition. Domain analysis revealed that the C2A domain of Syt11 bound vti1a with high affinity. Consistently, expression of the C2A domain alone rescued the phenotype of elevated spontaneous release in Syt11‐knockout neurons similar to the full‐length protein. Altogether, our results suggest that Syt11 inhibits vti1a‐containing vesicles during spontaneous release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrode polarization analysis is frequently used to determine free-ion diffusivity and number density in ionic conductors. In the present study, this approach is critically examined in a wide variety of electrolytes, including aqueous and nonaqueous solutions, polymer electrolytes, and ionic liquids. It is shown that the electrode polarization analysis based on the Macdonald-Trukhan model [J. Chem. Phys. 124,144903 (2006); J. Non-Cryst. Solids 357, 3064 (2011)] progressively fails to give reasonable values of free-ion diffusivity and number density with increasing salt concentration. This should be expected because the original model of electrode polarization is designed for dilute electrolytes. An empirical correction method which yields ion diffusivities in reasonable agreement with pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance measurements is proposed. However, the analysis of free-ion diffusivity and number density from electrode polarization should still be exercised with great caution because there is no solid theoretical justification for the proposed corrections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Random conjugations of chemotherapeutics to monoclonal antibodies result in heterogeneous antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) with suboptimal pharmacological properties. We recently developed a new technology for facile generation of homogeneous ADCs by harnessing human CD38 catalytic domain and its dinucleotide-derived covalent inhibitor, termed A DP- ri bosyl c yclase-enabled ADCs (ARC-ADCs). Herein we advance this technology by designing and synthesizing ARC-ADCs with customizable drug-to-antibody ratios (DARs). Through varying numbers and locations of CD38 fused to an antibody targeting human C-type lectin-like molecule-1 (hCLL-1), ARC-ADCs featuring DARs of 2 and 4 were rapidly generated via a single step with cytotoxic monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF) as payloads. In contrast to anti-hCLL-1 ARC-ADC carrying 2 drug molecules, anti-hCLL-1 ARC-ADC with a DAR of 4 shows highly potent activity in killing hCLL-1-positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells both in vitro and in vivo. This work provides novel ADC candidates for combating AML and supports ARC-ADC as a general and versatile approach for producing site-specific ADCs with defined DARs. [Display omitted] • Facile production of homogeneous ADCs by human CD38 and an NAD+ analogue. • Generation of ADCs with customizable drug-to-antibody ratios (DARs). • Site-specific synthesis of ADCs with DARs of 2 and 4 for human CLL-1. • Remarkable efficacy of an anti-CLL-1 ADC with a DAR of 4 in a murine model of AML. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective autophagy mediates specific degradation of unwanted cytoplasmic components to maintain cellular homeostasis. The suppressor of gene silencing 3 (SGS3) and RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase 6 (RDR6)‐formed bodies (SGS3/RDR6 bodies) are essential for siRNA amplification in planta. However, whether autophagy receptors regulate selective turnover of SGS3/RDR6 bodies is unknown. By analyzing the transcriptomic response to virus infection in Arabidopsis, we identified a virus‐induced small peptide 1 (VISP1) composed of 71 amino acids, which harbor a ubiquitin‐interacting motif that mediates interaction with autophagy‐related protein 8. Overexpression of VISP1 induced selective autophagy and compromised antiviral immunity by inhibiting SGS3/RDR6‐dependent viral siRNA amplification, whereas visp1 mutants exhibited opposite effects. Biochemistry assays demonstrate that VISP1 interacted with SGS3 and mediated autophagic degradation of SGS3/RDR6 bodies. Further analyses revealed that overexpression of VISP1, mimicking the sgs3 mutant, impaired biogenesis of endogenous trans‐acting siRNAs and up‐regulated their targets. Collectively, we propose that VISP1 is a small peptide receptor functioning in the crosstalk between selective autophagy and RNA silencing. Synopsis: Genomic analyses have predicted numerous potentially expressed small peptides in plants, but their functions remain largely unknown. Here, a virus‐induced peptide is identified as a new autophagy receptor triggering degradation of SGS3/RDR6‐bodies and negatively regulating siRNA amplification. VISP1 is a novel virus‐induced small peptide composed of 71 amino acids in Arabidopsis.VISP1 harbors a ubiquitin‐interacting motif (UIM), which mediates the interaction with ATG8.VISP1 serves as a new autophagy receptor and triggers autophagic degradation of SGS3/RDR6‐bodies.VISP1 negatively regulates SGS3/RDR6‐dependent siRNA amplification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ongoing, rapid urban growth accompanied by habitat fragmentation and loss challenges biodiversity conservation and leads to decreases in ecosystem services. Application of the concept of ecological networks in the preservation and restoration of connections among isolated patches of natural areas is a powerful conservation strategy. However, previous approaches often failed to objectively consider the impacts of complex 3‐D city environments on ecological niches. We used airborne lidar‐derived information on the 3‐D structure of the built environment and vegetation and detailed land use and cover data to characterize habitat quality, niche diversity, and human disturbance and to predict habitat connectivity among 38 identified habitat core areas (HCAs) in Nanjing, China. We used circuit theory and Linkage Mapper to create a landscape resistance layer, simulate habitat connectivity, and identify and prioritize important corridors. We mapped 64 links by using current flow centrality to evaluate each HCA's contribution and the links that facilitate intact connectivity. Values were highest for HCA links located in the west, south, and northeast of the study area, where natural forests with complex 3‐D structures predominate. Two smaller HCA areas had high centrality scores relative to their extents, which means they could act as important stepping stones in connectivity planning. The mapped pinch‐point regions had narrow and fragile links among the HCAs, suggesting they require special protection. The barriers with the highest impact scores were mainly located at the HCA connections to Purple Mountain and, based on these high scores, are more likely to indicate important locations that can be restored to improve potential connections. Our novel framework allowed us to sufficiently convey spatially explicit information to identify targets for habitat restoration and potential pathways for species movement and dispersal. Such information is critical for assessing existing or potential habitats and corridors and developing strategic plans to balance habitat conservation and other land uses based on scientifically informed connectivity planning and implementation. Article impact statement : Incorporating 3‐D structures of the built environment advances connectivity modeling of urban areas and thus informs policy and planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present detailed studies of the relationship between ionic conductivity and segmental relaxation in polymer electrolytes. The analysis shows that the ionic conductivity can be decoupled from segmental dynamics and the strength of the decoupling correlates with the fragility but not with the glass transition temperature. These results call for a revision of the current picture of ionic transport in polymer electrolytes. We relate the observed decoupling phenomenon to frustration in packing of rigid polymers, where the loose local structure is also responsible for the increase in their fragility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A chitinase (sAMC) was purified from the seeds of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, using a combination of 20–60% ammonium sulfate precipitation, regenerated chitin affinity column and Sephadex G-75. Purified chitinase was a monomer with a molecular mass of 35.5kDa on SDS–PAGE. Based on the homology search of amino acid sequences of four internal peptides, sAMC belongs to glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 19 chitinases which are mostly endochitinases. The optimal pH of sAMC was 5.0, and it was stable over a broad range of pH 4.0–8.0. sAMC exhibited an optimal temperature of 60°C and it was stable up to 60°C. sAMC hydrolyzed colloidal chitin into chitotriose, chitobiose and N-acetyl d-glucosamine suggesting its role in conversion of chitin wastes into useful products. It exhibited antifungal activity against Trichoderma viride, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani. This is the first report on chitinases from Astragalus sp. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this study, a higher metal ions-resistant bacterium, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila JC1 was isolated from contaminated soil in Jinchang city, Gansu Province, China. The Pb2+ (120 mg/L) and Cu2+ (80 mg/L) removal rate of the strain reached at 76.9% and 83.4%, respectively. The genome comprises 4268161 bp in a circular chromosome with 67.52% G + C content and encodes 3719 proteins. The genome function analysis showed czc operon, mer operon, cop operon, arsenic detoxification system in strain JC1 were contributed to the removal of heavy metals. Three efflux systems (i.e., RND, CDF, and P-ATPase) on strain JC1 genome could trigger the removal of divalent cations from cells. cAMP pathway and ABC transporter pathway might be involved in the transport and metabolism of heavy metals. The homology analysis exhibited multi-gene families such as ABC transporters, heavy metal-associated domain, copper resistance protein, carbohydrate-binding domain were distributed across 410 orthologous groups. In addition, heavy metal-responsive transcription regulator, thioredoxin, heavy metal transport/detoxification protein, divalent-cation resistance protein CutA, arsenate reductase also played important roles in the heavy metals adsorption and detoxification process. The complete genome data provides insight into the exploration of the interaction mechanism between microorganisms and heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orthorhombic (α) SSPbF 2 microcrystal was synthesized by a normal hydrothermal method. The influence of F/Pb ratio and hydrothermal reaction time on the crystal phase of the acquired PbF 2 samples were discussed, and a β to α phase transition was found according to the XRD results. The undoped α-PbF 2 powder showed a broad but weak emission band around 450–570 nm, which was due to (Pb 2 ) 3+ nearest neighbor pair centers. Dy 3+ ion doped α-PbF 2 samples showed main emission bands at 480 nm and 574 nm, which were assigned to the transitions from 4 F 9/2 to 6 H 15/2 and 6 H 13/2 of Dy 3+ , respectively. Furthermore, the morphology and crystalline properties of the undoped and Dy 3+ doped α-PbF 2 microcrystal powder were also discussed carefully. The decay time results combined with the X-ray excitation results suggested that Dy 3+ ion doped α-PbF 2 is a useful scintillating material for high energy physics applications, such as X-ray scintillating panel, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β -galactosidase has become the most widely used bio-marker in cellular senescence, however, it is unknown whether there are same changes in β -galactosidase activity during sperm senescence. Understanding the changes in such indicator during sperm senescence is important for sperm sorting and in vitro fertilization. Herein, we developed a NIR probe Si-βGal-P by using silicon xanthene as fluorophore. Si-βGal-P showed a good affinity to β -galactosidase together with high specificity and strong anti-interference ability. And Si-βGal-P was proved to be able to assess β -galactosidase in three different replicate senescence models. Besides, Si-βGal-P could easily pass blood-brain barrier and successfully imaged the up-regulated β -galactosidase activity in 34-week-old mouse brain. In addition, Si-βGal-P was successfully applied to hydrogen peroxide-induced premature sperm and visualized the up-regulated β -galactosidase activity for the first time, providing sperm senescence with a valid labeling tool. [Display omitted] • Si-βGal-P possesses a large Stokes shift and a NIR fluorescence emission at 710 nm. • Si-βGal-P could assess β -galactosidase activity in vitro as fast as 20 min. • Si-βGal-P passed blood-brain barrier and realized specific imaging of senile mouse. • We proved senile sperm had up-regulated β -galactosidase comparing with the young. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The raphe nuclei, the primary resource of forebrain 5-HT, play an important but heterogeneous role in regulating subcortical excitabilities. Fundamental circuit organizations of different median raphe (MR) subsystems are far from completely understood. In the present study, using cell-specific viral tracing, Ca2+ fiber photometry and epilepsy model, we map out the forebrain efferent and afferent of different MR Pet+ subpopulations and their divergent roles in epilepsy. We found that PetMR neurons send both collateral and parallel innervations to different downstream regions through different subpopulations. Notably, CA3-projecting PetMR subpopulations are largely distinct from habenula (Hb)-projecting PetMR subpopulations in anatomical distribution and topological organization, while majority of the CA3-projecting PetMR subpopulations are overlapped with the medial septum (MS)-projecting PetMR subpopulations. Further, using Ca2+ fiber photometry, we monitor activities of PetMR neurons in hippocampal-kindling seizure, a classical epilepsy model with pathological mechanisms caused by excitation-inhibition imbalance. We found that soma activities of PetMR neurons are heterogeneous during different periods of generalized seizures. These divergent activities are contributed by different projection-defined PetMR subpopulations, manifesting as increased activities in CA3 but decreased activity in Hb resulting from their upstream differences. Together, our findings provide a novel framework of MR subsystems showing that projection-defined MR Pet+ subpopulations are topologically heterogenous with divergent circuit connections and are diversely implicated in seizures. This may help in the understanding of heterogeneous nature of MR 5-HTergic subsystems and the paradox roles of 5-HTergic systems in epilepsy. • PetMR neurons send both collateral and parallel innervations to different regions through different subpopulations. • PetMR-CA3 and PetMR-Hb neurons are largely distinct subpopulations that receive divergent upstream inputs. • PetMR neurons shows heterogenous activities in seizure contributed by different projection-defined subpopulations. • PetMR-CA3 and PetMR-Hb neurons respond oppositely during generalized seizures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Rotavirus comprises eight species, designated A to H, and two recently identified tentative species I in dogs and J in bats. Species Rotavirus A, B, C and H (RVA, RVB, RVC and RVH) have been detected in humans and animals. While human and animal RVA are well characterized and defined, complete porcine genome sequences in the GenBank are limited compared to human strains. Here, we used a metagenomic approach to sequence the 11 segments of RVA, RVC and RVH strains from piglets in the United States (US) and explore the evolutionary relations of these RV species. Metagenomics identified Astroviridae, Picornaviridae, Caliciviridae, Coronoviridae in samples MN9.65 and OK5.68 while Picobirnaviridae and Arteriviridae were only identified in sample OK5.68. Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses identified multiple genotypes with the RVA of strain MN9.65 and OK5.68, with the genome constellation of G5/G9-P[7]/P[13]-I5/I5- R1/R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T7-E1/E1-H1 and G5/G9-P[6]/P[7]-I5-R1/R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1/T7-E1/E1-H1, respectively. The RVA strains had a complex evolutionary relationship with other mammalian strains. The RVC strain OK5.68 had a genome constellation of G9-P[6]-I1-R1-C5-M6-A5-N1-T1-E1-H1, and shared an evolutionary relationship with porcine strains from the US. The RVH strains MN9.65 and OK5.68 had the genome constellation of G5-P1-I1-R1-C1-M1-A5-N1-T1-E4-H1 and G5-P1-I1-R1-C1-M1-A5-N1-T1-E1-H1, indicating multiple RVH genome constellations are circulating in the US. These findings allow us to understand the complexity of the enteric virome, develop improved screening methods for RVC and RVH strains, facilitate expanded rotavirus surveillance in pigs, and increase our understanding of the origin and evolution of rotavirus species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to promote the thermostability of α-diimine nickel complex by ligand backbone structure, a series of α-diimine nickel complexes with substituents on acenaphthequinone backbone were synthesized and used as catalysts for ethylene polymerization. When the hydroxyethyl phenoxyl group was introduced to the acenaphthequinone-backbone, the thermal stability and activity of the catalyst could be significantly improved. The catalytic activity of complex C2 [5-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenoxyl)-N,N-bis(2,6-diisopropyl)acenaphthylene-1,2-diimine]nickel(II) dibromide with isopropyl substituents on N-aryl reached 8.2 × 106 g/(molNi·h) at 70 °C and 2 MPa. The activity of [5-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenoxyl)-N,N-bis(2,6-dibenzhydryl-4-menthylphenyl)acenaphthylene-1,2-diimine]nickel(II) dibromide (C3) still maintained at 6.7 × 105 g/(molNi·h) at 120 °C. Compared with C3 containing bulky dibenzhydryl substituents, the activity of C2 was sensitive to the change of the polymerization pressure. However, the polyethylenes obtained from complex C3 had lower branching density. Meanwhile, the molecular weight could reach 971 kg/mol, which is almost 5 times as much as that of the polyethylene obtained from complex C2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] New films of SiAlON were prepared by ion beam sputtering method. [•] SiAlON films show excellent antireflective effects for zinc sulfide window materials in infrared region of 3–5μm. [•] SiAlON films are mechanically hard enough to protect zinc sulfide window materials, such as high speed application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper is essential for many metabolic processes but must be sequestrated by copper chaperones. It is well known that plant copper chaperones regulate various physiological processes. However, the functions of copper chaperones in the plant nucleus remain largely unknown. Here, we identified a putative copper chaperone induced by pathogens (CCP) in Arabidopsis thaliana. CCP harbors a classical MXCXXC copper-binding site (CBS) at its N-terminus and a nuclear localization signal (NLS) at its C-terminus. CCP mainly formed nuclear speckles in the plant nucleus, which requires the NLS and CBS domains. Overexpression of CCP induced PR1 expression and enhanced resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 compared with Col-0 plants. Conversely, two CRISPR/Cas9-mediated ccp mutants were impaired in plant immunity. Further biochemical analyses revealed that CCP interacted with the transcription factor TGA2 in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, CCP recruits TGA2 to the PR1 promoter sequences in vivo , which induces defense gene expression and plant immunity. Collectively, our results have identified a putative nuclear copper chaperone required for plant immunity and provided evidence for a potential function of copper in the salicylic pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) is one of the most common malignant tumors, and its occurrence and prognosis are closely related to inflammation. The aim of the present study was to identify gene signatures and construct an immune-related gene (IRG) prognostic model in STAD using bioinformatics analysis. Methods: RNA sequencing data from healthy samples and samples with STAD, IRGs, and transcription factors were analyzed. The hub IRGs were identified using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Using the hub IRGs, we constructed an IRG prognostic model. The relationships between IRG prognostic models and clinical data were tested. Results: A total of 289 differentially expressed IRGs and 20 prognostic IRGs were screened with a threshold of P<0.05. Through multivariate stepwise Cox regression analysis, we developed a prognostic model based on seven IRGs. The prognostic model was validated using a GEO dataset (GSE 84437). The IRGs were significantly correlated with the clinical outcomes (age, histological grade, N, and M stage) of STAD patients. The infiltration abundances of dendritic cells and macrophages were higher in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group. Conclusions: Our results provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of STAD. An IRG prognostic model based on seven IRGs exhibited the predictive value, and have potential application value in clinical decision-making and individualized treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exosomes are critical intercellular messengers released upon the fusion of multivesicular bodies with the cellular plasma membrane that deliver their cargo in the form of extracellular vesicles. Containing numerous nonrandomly packed functional proteins, lipids, and RNAs, exosomes are vital intercellular messengers that contribute to the physiologic processes of the healthy organism. During the post‐genome era, exosome‐oriented proteomics have garnered great interest. Since its establishment, mass spectrometry (MS) has been indispensable for the field of proteomics research and has advanced rapidly to interrogate biological samples at a higher resolution and sensitivity. Driven by new methodologies and more advanced instrumentation, MS‐based approaches have revolutionized our understanding of protein biology. As the access to online proteomics database platforms has blossomed, experimental data processing occurs with more speed and accuracy. Here, we review recent advances in the technological progress of MS‐based proteomics and several new detection strategies for MS‐based proteomics research. We also summarize the use of integrated online databases for proteomics research in the era of big data. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a general method for producing edge-modified graphene using electrophilic aromatic substitution. Five types of edge-modified graphene were created from graphene/graphite nanoplatelets sourced commercially and produced by ultrasonic exfoliation of graphite in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. In contrast to published methods based on Friedel–Crafts acylation, this method does not introduce a carbonyl group that may retard electron transfer between the graphene sheet and its pendant groups. Graphene sulphonate (G–SO3−) was prepared by chlorosulphonation and then reduced to form graphene thiol (G–SH). The modifications tuned the graphene nanoparticles' solubility: G–SO3− was readily dispersible in water, and G–SH was dispersible in toluene. The synthetic utility of the directly attached reactive moieties was demonstrated by creating a "glycographene" through radical addition of allyl mannoside to G–SH. Chemical modifications were confirmed by FT-IR and XPS. Based on XPS analysis of edge-modified GNPs, G–SO3− and G–SH had a S:C atomic ratio of 0.3:100. XPS showed that a significant amount of carbon sp2 character remained after functionalisation, indicating little modification to the conductive basal plane. The edge specificity of the modifications was visualised on edge-modified samples of graphene produced by chemical vapour deposition (CVD): scanning electron microscopy of gold nanoparticles attached to G–SH samples, epifluorescence microscopy of a glycographene bioconjugate with a fluorescently tagged lectin, and quenched stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (qSTORM) of thiol-reactive fluorophores on CVD G–SH samples. Microelectrochemistry of unmodified CVD graphene and dye-modified CVD G–SH showed no statistically significant difference in interfacial electron transfer rate (k0). This platform synthesis technology can allow pristine graphene, rather than graphene oxide or its derivatives, to be used in applications that require the superior mechanical or electronic properties of pristine graphene, including theranostics and tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first isolation of a flavivirus from fish was made from moribund Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from the Eel River, California, USA. Following observation of cytopathic effect in a striped snakehead-fish cell line, 35-nm virions with flaviviral morphology were visualized using electron microcopy. Next generation sequencing and rapid amplification of cDNA ends obtained the complete genome. Reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) confirmed the presence of viral RNA in formalin-fixed tissues from the wild salmon. For the first time, in vivo replication of an aquatic flavivirus was demonstrated following intracoelomic injection in a Chinook salmon model of infection. RT-qPCR demonstrated viral replication in salmon brains up to 15 days post-injection. Infectious virus was then re-isolated in culture fulfilling Rivers' Postulates. Only limited replication occurred in the kidneys of Chinook salmon or in tissues of rainbow trout Onchorhynchus mykiss. The proposed salmon flavivirus (SFV) has a 10.3 kb genome that encodes a rare dual open reading frame uncharacteristic of classical flaviviruses. Phylogenetic analysis places SFV in a basal position among a new subgroup of recently recognized aquatic and bat flaviviruses distinct from the established mosquito-borne, tick-borne, insect only, and unknown vector flavivirus groups. While the pathogenic potential of the virus remains to be fully elucidated, its basal phylogeny and the in vivo infection model will allow SFV to serve as a prototype for aquatic flaviviruses. Ongoing field and laboratory studies will facilitate a better understanding of the potential impacts of SFV infection on ecologically and economically important salmonid species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subsequent to the sharp surge in quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation, the pace at which waste treatment facilities are being constructed in some cities cannot meet the increasing demand for MSW treatment capacity. As a remedy to this, the co-processing of MSW in high-temperature cement kilns has become a potential MSW treatment option in emerging countries, and has been widely implemented in developed countries such as Netherlands and Germany. However, the environmental impacts of MSW co-processing in cement kilns differ from those of traditional treatment technologies. Besides, it is necessary to determine whether MSW co-processing in cement kilns could reduce the overall environmental impacts of MSW treatment and disposal as a whole, which is a key step in analyzing the feasibility of the treatment technology. Hence, this study used the life cycle assessment (LCA) method to quantitatively analyze the environmental impacts of MSW co-processing in cement kilns and the results further compared with other MSW treatment technologies. The functional unit was one ton of raw MSW, and real operational data from the cement industry and MSW treatment project in China was used for case studies. The results revealed that when compared to incineration and mechanical biological treatment (MBT), the environmental impact mitigation of energy recovery during MSW co-processing in cement kilns is not that significant. However, since there is no required additional treatment of residual waste and wastewater, the environmental impact caused by MSW co-processing in cement kiln appeared to be much lower from a life cycle perspective. Therefore, under conditions of insufficient MSW treatment capacity, co-processing in cement kiln could be an effective complementary approach to MSW management in China and other emerging countries which have many new dry cement kilns suitable for this alternative complementary technique of MSW treatment and disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Viruses have high mutation rates and generally exist as a mixture of variants in biological samples. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches have surpassed Sanger for generating long viral sequences, yet how variants affect NGS de novo assembly remains largely unexplored. Results: Our results from > 15,000 simulated experiments showed that presence of variants can turn an assembly of one genome into tens to thousands of contigs. This "variant interference" (VI) is highly consistent and reproducible by ten commonly-used de novo assemblers, and occurs over a range of genome length, read length, and GC content. The main driver of VI is pairwise identities between viral variants. These findings were further supported by in silico simulations, where selective removal of minor variant reads from clinical datasets allow the "rescue" of full viral genomes from fragmented contigs. Conclusions: These results call for careful interpretation of contigs and contig numbers from de novo assembly in viral deep sequencing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies indicated the involvement of cholinergic neurons in seizure; however, the specific role of the medial septum (MS)-hippocampus cholinergic circuit in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) has not yet been completely elucidated. In the current study, we used magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging to characterize the pathological change of the MS-hippocampus circuit in 42 patients with TLE compared with 22 healthy volunteers. Using optogenetics and chemogenetics, combined with in vivo or in vitro electrophysiology and retrograde rabies virus tracing, we revealed a direct MS-hippocampus cholinergic circuit that potently attenuates seizure through driving somatostatin inhibition in animal TLE models. We found that patients with TLE with hippocampal sclerosis showed a decrease of neuronal fiber connectivity of the MS-hippocampus compared with healthy people. In the mouse TLE model, MS cholinergic neurons ceased firing during hippocampal seizures. Optogenetic and chemogenetic activation of MS cholinergic neurons (but not glutamatergic or GABAergic [gamma-aminobutyric acidergic] neurons) significantly attenuated hippocampal seizures, while specific inhibition promoted hippocampal seizures. Electrophysiology combined with modified rabies virus tracing studies showed that direct (but not indirect) MS-hippocampal cholinergic projections mediated the antiseizure effect by preferentially targeting hippocampal GABAergic neurons. Furthermore, chemogenetic inhibition of hippocampal somatostatin-positive (rather than parvalbumin-positive) subtype of GABAergic neurons reversed the antiseizure effect of the MS-hippocampus cholinergic circuit, which was mimicked by activating somatostatin-positive neurons. These findings underscore the notable antiseizure role of the direct cholinergic MS-hippocampus circuit in TLE through driving the downstream somatostatin effector. This may provide a better understanding of the changes of the seizure circuit and the precise spatiotemporal control of epilepsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Group A rotavirus (RVA) associated diarrhoea in piglets represents one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in pig farms worldwide. A diarrhoea outbreak occurred among nomadic piglets in north‐western district of Bangladesh in February 2014. Outbreak investigation was performed to identify the cause, epidemiologic and clinical features of the outbreak. Rectal swabs and clinical information were collected from diarrhoeic piglets (n = 36). Rectal swabs were tested for RVA RNA by real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT‐PCR) using NSP3‐specific primers. The G (VP7) and P (VP4) genes were typed by conventional RT‐PCR and sanger sequencing and full genome sequences were determined using next‐generation sequencing. We found the attack rate was 61% (50/82) among piglets in the nomadic pig herd, and the case fatality rate was 20% (10/50) among piglets with diarrhoea. All study piglets cases had watery diarrhoea, lack of appetite or reluctance to move. A novel RVA strain with a new P[49] genotype combined with G4 was identified among all piglets with diarrhoea. The genome constellation of the novel RVA strains was determined to be G4‐P[49]‐I1‐R1‐C1‐M1‐A8‐N1‐T7‐E1‐H1. Genetic analysis shows that the novel G4P[49] strain is similar to Indian and Chinese porcine or porcine‐like G4 human strains and is genetically distant from Bangladeshi human G4 strains. Identification of this novel RVA strain warrants further exploration for disease severity and zoonotic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An epitaxial BiFeO3/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (BFO/LSMO) multiferroic heterostructure is grown on an LaAlO3 (001) substrate by laser molecular beam epitaxy, and its photovoltaic properties are investigated. It is found that the photocurrent is significantly increased under illumination, and the short-circuit photocurrent has a linear relationship with the laser intensity. Furthermore, when the ferroelectric polarization of the BFO layer is switched, the short-circuit photocurrent and open-circuit voltage can be switched. These results are discussed by considering the contributions from the ferroelectric polarization and the electrode/film interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]