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Four experiments were conducted to examine whether 3-year olds comprehension of was affected by the discourse prominence of the possible antecedents. The experiments proved that young childrens comprehension of sentence is affected by the prominence of each referent in a representation of the discourse besides the knowledge of its words and syntactic structure.

The Modified Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory (MEPSI) is an 80-item, comprehensive measure of psychosocial development based on Erikson's theory with published reliability and validity data. Although designed as a comprehensive measure, some researchers have used individual subscales for specific developmental stages as a measure; however, these subscale reliability scores have not been generally shared. This article reviewed the literature to evaluate the use of the MEPSI: the major research questions, samples/populations studied, and individual subscale and total reliability and validity data. In total, 16 research articles (1990-2011) and 28 Dissertations/Theses (1991-2016) from nursing, social work, psychology, criminal justice, and religious studies met criteria. Results support the MEPSI's global reliability (aggregate scores ranged .89-.99) and validity in terms of consistent patterns of changes observed in the predicted direction. Reliability and validity data for individual subscales were more variable. Limitations of the tool and recommendations for possible revision and future research are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Trauma has significant effects on individuals' health. Nurses are well-positioned to deliver trauma-informed care; however, there is a lack of trauma nursing education. The development of trauma education in nursing is just beginning; therefore, it is unclear what details should be integrated into nursing courses. Method: CINAHL, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases were searched to identify theoretical and empirical literature regarding trauma-information educational practices in health sciences. Results: Given that different disciplines have their specific training goals and requirements, trauma-related course goals, content, format, and structure are distinct and unique across disciplines. Educators in health sciences developed guidelines for trauma curricula and strategies for maintaining classroom safety. Conclusion: Trauma curricula in other health science disciplines provide a framework for creating trauma curricula in nursing programs. More groundwork is needed to integrate trauma into nursing education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose Trauma comes in many forms, including interpersonal, community, and institutional trauma. The adverse childhood event (ACE) studies demonstrated that adverse experiences in childhood can have a profound, cumulative impact on the course of health and development over a lifetime. It is critical for healthcare providers, such as nurse practitioners (NPs), working in primary care to screen adolescents and emerging adults for a history of ACEs and trauma. A review of current assessment tools used in assessing this population in health settings is needed to determine how screening for ACEs is being performed. Conclusions Clinically efficient tools for screening and assessment of high-ACE youth in primary care settings are lacking. Developing a process to assess ACEs, risk behaviors, and physical and mental health status that is efficient to use during a time limited clinical visit is an important step in providing holistic care to a challenging population. Implications for practice Primary care NPs are in the perfect position to implement assessments of ACEs through trauma-informed nursing care. ACE assessment in clinical practice will provide vital information to guide the development of tailored interventions for reducing risk behaviors and mitigate the long-term impacts of ACEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Ganciclovir-resistant (ganR) cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an emerging and important problem in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. Only through direct comparison of ganR- and ganciclovir-sensitive (ganS) CMV infection can risk factors and outcomes attributable specifically to ganciclovir resistance appropriately be determined. Methods. We performed a retrospective, case-control (1:3) study of SOT recipients with genotypically confirmed ganR-CMV (n = 37) and ganS-CMV infection (n = 109), matched by donor/recipient CMV serostatus, year and organ transplanted, and clinical manifestation. We used χ² (categorical) and Mann-Whitney (continuous) tests to determine predisposing factors and morbidity attributable to resistance, and Kaplan-Meier plots to analyze survival differences. Results. The rate of ganR-CMV was 1% (37/3467) overall and 4.1% (32/777) among CMV donor-positive, recipient-negative patients, and was stable over the study period. GanR-CMV was associated with increased prior exposure to ganciclovir (median, 153 vs 91 days, P < .001). Eighteen percent (3/17) of lung transplant recipients with ganR-CMV had received <6 weeks of prior ganciclovir (current guideline-recommended resistance testing threshold), and all non-lung recipients had received _90 days (median, 160 [range, 90-284 days]) prior to diagnosis of ganR-CMV. GanR-CMV was associated with higher mortality (11% vs 1%, P = .004), fewer days alive and nonhospitalized (73 vs 81, P = .039), and decreased renal function (42% vs 19%, P = .008) by 3 months after diagnosis. Conclusions. GanR-CMV is associated with longer prior antiviral duration and higher attributable morbidity and mortality than ganS-CMV. Upcoming revised CMV guidelines should incorporate organ transplant-specific thresholds of prior drug exposure to guide rational ganR-CMV testing in SOT recipients. Improved strategies for prevention and treatment of ganR-CMV are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being overweight is contributing to health problems in children. This study aimed to validate a causal model, the Weight Status Model among Thai School Age Children, depicting the pattern of relationship among children with unhealthy dietary pattern, physical activity and parent and family factors in predicting weight status among Thai school-age children. The participants were 603 dyads of children who were studying in nine primary schools and their parents in Bangkok. The questionnaires used were the Unhealthy Dietary Pattern Questionnaire, the Child Physical Activity Questionnaire, the Parent Physical Activity Questionnaire, the Food Parenting Practice Questionnaire, the Unhealthy Food Available in the Home Scale, the Parent Encouragement of Child Activity Scale, and the Parent Monitoring of Child Television Viewing Scale. Data were analyzed through use of descriptive statistics and path analysis. The results indicated that parental weight status had a significant positive direct effect on child weight status. Unhealthy food available in the home, parents' unhealthy dietary patterns, and permissive and authoritarian food parenting practices had an indirect effect on weight status through child unhealthy dietary pattern. The Model suggests that nursing interventions to control weight status in children should be focused on shaping them to have a healthy dietary pattern which relates to family factors. However, the Model accounted for only 15.4% of the variance in child weight status. Thus, additional relevant predicting variables such as monitoring of a child's computer game use and parental concern about their child's weight should be included in future studies, and the Model tested further with different populations of children and their parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Previous studies have reported an association between IA development and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), but many SNPs have not been replicated in a separate cohort. The presence of a positive serum galactomannan assay (SGM1) has also been associated with a worse prognosis in patients with IA, and genetic determinants in this subset of patients have not been systematically studied. The study cohort included 2609 HCT recipients and their donor pairs: 483 with proven/probable IA (183 SGM1) and 2126 with no IA by standard criteria. Of 25 SNPs previously published, we analyzed 20 in 14 genes that passed quality control. Samples were genotyped via microarray, and SNPs that could not be genotyped were imputed. The primary aim was to replicate SNPs associated with proven/probable IA at 2 years; secondary goals were to explore the associations using an end point ofSGM1IA or proven/probable IA using a different genetic model or time to IA (3 months vs 2 years) compared with the original study. Two SNPs in 2 genes (PTX3, CLEC7a) were replicated. Thirteen SNPs in 9 genes had an association at P ≤ .05 using the secondary aims (PTX3, CLEC7a, CD209, CXCL10, TLR6, S100B, IFNG, PLG, TNFR1), with hazard ratios ranging from 1.2 to 3.29. Underlying genetic differences can influence development of IA following HCT. Identification of genetic predispositions to IA could have important implications in donor screening, risk stratification of recipients, monitoring, and prophylaxis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a youth-centered assessment, the Sexual Risk Event History Calendar (SREHC), compared with the Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services (GAPS) assessment, on sexual risk attitudes, intentions, and behaviors. Methods The Interaction Model of Client Health Behavior guided this participatory research-based randomized control trial. Youth participants recruited from university and community clinics in the Midwestern United States were randomized to a health care provider visit using either the SREHC or GAPS and completed surveys at baseline, postintervention, and 3, 6, and 12 months. Results Participants included 181 youth (15–25 years old) and nine providers. Findings showed that youth in the SREHC group reported stronger intentions to use condoms compared with those in the GAPS group. Age and race were also significant predictors of sexual experience. Discussion This study highlights the importance of using a youth-centered, systematic approach in the assessment of sexual risk behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses how supervisors are affected by making appraisals and giving feedback and offers recommendations for countering such undesired outcomes. Many of the newer rating devices, such as behaviorally-anchored rating scales and behavioral checklists, force raters to observe their subordinates rather closely. This may have a dysfunctional effect on superior/subordinate relationships. Requiring more detailed and frequent performance monitoring and appraisal may lead to lowered trust in the subordinate by the superior. Superiors seem particularly dismayed by the thought of appraising performance when they are required to give feedback to their subordinates, especially if the feedback is negative. Being required to appraise and give feedback may lead to low job satisfaction for the superior. If a large part of one's work time must be devoted to an unpleasant task, low satisfaction and turnover are likely consequences. One means of preventing or reducing supervisors' problems with disliking, distorting, or avoiding appraisal and feedback is to provide extensive training in how to conduct successful appraisal interviews.